Test Bank for
Eric B. Shiraev and David A. Levy
Cross-Cultural Psychology Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications
Seventh Edition Taylor and Francis Prepared by
Eric B. Shiraev and David A. Levy The test bank contains several types of questions including:
1. Questions related to key terms (definitions); 2. Multiple choice questions (related to general comprehension and application of knowledge); 3. True-False questions; 4. Short-answer; and 5. Essay questions
There are approximately fifty questions to select from for each chapter. In addition, a short quiz has been created for every chapter. The quizzes may be used for regular and practice tests. For additional inquiries and comments please contact professors Eric Shiraev and David Levy: eshiraev@gmu.edu dlevy@pepperdine.edu Visit regularly updated discussions related to the textbook materials on Facebook:
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology CHAPTER 2. Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology CHAPTER 3. Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research CHAPTER 4. Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness CHAPTER 5. Intelligence CHAPTER 6. Emotion CHAPTER 7. Motivation and Behavior CHAPTER 8. Human Development and Socialization CHAPTER 9. Psychological Disorders CHAPTER 10. Social Perception, Social Cognition, and Social Interaction CHAPTER 11. Personality and the Self CHAPTER 12. Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Important Highlights from Social Justice, Digital Culture, and Healthcare
Chapter 1
Chapter 1. Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology
1.1 Multiple choice questions (key terms) 1. The critical and comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology is called: a. multiculturalism b. cross-cultural psychology c. cultural relativism d. cultural psychology e. cultural absolutism Answer: b
2. The term ________ refers to behavior based on interdependence, collective responsibilities, and care for others. a. individualism b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. femininity Answer: d
3.________ is the study that seeks to discover systematic relationships between culture and psychological variables. a. multiculturalism b. cross-cultural psychology c. cultural relativism d. cultural psychology e. cultural absolutism Answer: d 4. The degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity is called in cross-cultural psychology: a. comfort zone b. uncertainty avoidance c. societal uncertainty d. degree of ambiguity e. inexact vagueness Answer: b
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5. The term _________ refers to a set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next. a. nation b. collectivism c. cultural relativism d. cultural psychology e. culture Answer: e 6. What is the term for a cultural heritage shared by a category of people who also share a common ancestral origin, language, and religion? a. ethnicity b. collectivism c. cultural psychology d. anthropology e. cultural absolutism Answer: a 7. The view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer’s own ethnic, national, or cultural group’s outlook is called: a. ethnocentrism b. cross-cultural psychology c. cultural relativism d. cultural absolutism e. cultural psychology Answer: a
8. Complex behavior based on concern for oneself and one's immediate family or primary group as opposed to concern for other groups to which one belongs is defined as: a. ethnocentrism b. individualism c. culture concern d. cultural relativism e. family values Answer: b 9. Which type of knowledge in cross-cultural psychology exists in the form of laws and other prescriptions established by authorities? a. authoritarian b. collectivist c. prescribed d. legal e. popular beliefs Answer: d
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10. What is the term for the view that encourages recognition of equality for all cultural and national groups and promotes the idea that various cultural groups have the right to follow their own paths of development and have their own unique activities, values, and norms? a. individualism b. multiculturalism c. femininity d. cultural relativism e. uncertainty avoidance Answer: b 11. The term_________indicates an individual’s acceptance of knowledge, beliefs, and practices related to a particular faith (fill in the blank). a. attitudes b. religious affiliation c. ethnic affiliation d. cultural dichotomy e. social identity Answer: b 12. What is the term for the extent to which the members of a society accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally? a. individualism b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. femininity Answer: b 13. A large group of people distinguished by certain similar and genetically transmitted physical characteristics is called: a. race b. crowd c. ethnicity d. culture e. nation Answer: a 14. The term ________________refers to people’s common ways to handle uncertainty in their daily situations and lives in general. a. individualism b. power distance orientation c. uncertainty orientation d. conservative orientation e. femininity Answer: c
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15. The term _________ is used to describe cultures based largely on beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles established predominantly in the past, confined in local or regional boundaries, restricting and mostly intolerant to social innovations. a. advanced culture b. collectivism c. traditional culture d. power distance e. uncertainty avoidance Answer: c 16. Cultures based largely on modern beliefs, rules, symbols, and principles relatively open to other cultures, absorbing and dynamic, science-based, technology-driven, and relatively tolerant to social innovations are referred as: a. advanced cultures b. collectivist norms c. non-traditional cultures d. individualist norms e. industrial communities Answer: c 17. A tradition that emphasizes the subjective side of the individual (such as the sense of freedom, beauty, creativity, and moral responsibility) is called: a. the subjective tradition b. the freedom school c. the moral school d. the creativity tradition e. the humanist tradition Answer: e 18. How would you call the view that supports judgment about other ethnic, national, and cultural groups and events from the observer’s own ethnic, national, or cultural group’s outlook? a. multiculturalism b. cultural psychology c. ethnocentrism d. collectivism e. individualism Answer: c
1.2. Multiple choice questions (comprehension and application) 1. If a psychologist examines a degree to which people in a certain country accept inequality between the leaders and the led, the elite and the commons, what psychological phenomenon does this researcher actually study? a. collective identity
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b. uncertainly avoidance c. power sharing d. power distance e. democratic collectivism Answer: d Section: Empirical Examination of Culture 2. People in cultures measured “high” on the measure of _________tend to support beliefs promising certainty, and to maintain social institutions protecting conformity (fill in the blank) a. collectivism b. uncertainty avoidance c. power distance d. femininity e. masculinity Answer: b Section: Empirical Examination of Culture 3. Since the beginning of scientific polling almost seventy years ago, how many Americans consistently report that they believe in God? a. about 35% b. about 55% c. about 65% d. about 75% e. about 95% Answer: e Section: Religious Affiliation 4. In South Korea, there are several hundred thousands of professional mediators, called manshin. What is their role? a. teaching traditional medicine b. teaching the legal aspects of marriage and divorce c. direct communication with multitudes of gods and spirits d. mediating interpersonal conflicts between spouses e. mediating interpersonal conflicts between parents and children Answer: c Section: Knowledge in Cross-Cultural Psychology 5. A journal editor asks you to write a research article about “indigenous psychologies.” This means that your article is likely to be about __________________. a. culture-rooted hostility b. large cultural groups that migrate from place to place and mix with other groups while preserving some of their own customs and beliefs c. cultural groups understood from “within” with the help of methodologies associated almost exclusively with these groups d. small groups of collectivist tribes living exclusively in the mountains e. small urban communities pursuing an ethnocentric view of reality Answer: c Section: Indigenous Psychology 6. If a psychologist studies the hidden meanings that people of different countries attach to their birthday greetings, she is studying which cultural characteristics?
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a. explicit b. collectivist c. implicit d. individualist e. power-distance related Answer: c
Section: Culture
7. What is the second largest racial group recognized by the U.S. Bureau of the Census? a. Hispanic b. White c. Black d. Asian and Pacific Islander e. American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut Answer: a Section: Society, Race, and Ethnicity 8. The Cultural Mixtures Approach challenges which concept in cross-cultural psychology? a. cultural dichotomies b. power distance c. uncertainty avoidance d. collectivism e. individualism Answer: a Section: The Cultural Mixtures Approach
9. The United States' culture is commonly associated with individualism. This means that most likely_________. a. about 90 percent of Americans are individualists b. most people in the USA enjoy individual freedom c. there are more individualist than collectivist features in the US culture d. the individualists influence the level of power distance e. the individualists influence the level of uncertainty avoidance Answer: c Section: Cultural Traditionalism 10. Which of the following is not typical of traditional cultures? a. most social roles are prescribed individuals b. there is a clear distinction between good and evil in behavior c. individuals’ choices are restricted to the boundaries of social perceptions d. truth is revealed through the competition of ideas e. all these features are typical in traditional cultures Answer: d Section: Cultural Traditionalism 11. According to evolutionary psychologist, Geoffrey Miller, the brain, like the peacock’s tail, is designed through evolution to __________________ a. attract attention of enemies b. attract the opposite sex c. help in searching for food
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d. intimidate enemies e. help in case of bad weather Answer: b Section: Evolutionary theories 12. At the turn of the twentieth century, the American sociologist Fredrick Turner (1920) argued that while facing the challenges of the frontier, Americans as conquerors and builders developed both __________________ a. individualistic and egalitarian culture b. violent and religious culture c. traditional and non-traditional culture d. respect to authority and desire to make money e. unruly behavior and individual ambition Answer: a Section: Ecocultural Approach 13. A kind of multiculturalism that involves combining features of two cultures into one unique blend is called: a. twin culture b. double-sided cultural influence c. dual culture d. biculturalism e. twofold dilemma Answer: d Section: Multiculturalism 14. A typical humanist (or the follower of the humanist tradition in sciences) is a person who embraces: a. the importance of studying human beings b. the importance of studying human beings and animals c. altruism, passion, and ethics d. action, willpower, and resolve e. creativity and originality in research Answer: C Section: The Humanities Approach
1.3. True/false questions 1. Cross-culturally, poverty and life expectancy (the measure of how long the individual is expected to live in that country) are correlated. Answer: T Section: The Integrative Approach 2. Individuals from “high-power-distance” cultures tend to reject inequality between various social groups, such as parents and children. Answer: F Section: Empirical Examination of Culture 3. Cultural psychology advocates the idea that mental processes are the products of an interaction between education and the individual.
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Answer: F
Section: What is Cross-cultural Psychology?
4. Although the word “Hispanic” has been the official government term in the United States since 1980, this term is generally not used in Latin America. Answer: T Section: Society, Race, and Ethnicity 5. Two people can belong to different nationalities but share the same ethnicity. Answer: T Section: Society, Race, and Ethnicity 6. Studies show that compared with Asians, Western Europeans such as the British and the Germans tend to be more independent in their relationships and decisions. Answer: T Section: Collectivism and Individualism: Further research 7. Traditional cultures embrace the ideology of liberal individualism. Answer: F Section: Cultural Traditionalism 8. Research shows that people in Eastern and Western cultures are generally similar in how they handle uncertainty. Answer: F Section: Uncertainty Orientation 9. Max Weber believed that in success-oriented societies, people tend to see each other on the basis of “what they are,” not “who they are.” Answer: T Section: Sociological Approach 10. Atheists or agnostics account for 4 percent of the total population of the United States, according to surveys. Answer: T Section: Religious affiliation 11. Psychologists H. Hermans and H.Kempen suggest that the “old” cross-cultural psychology is captivated by an illusion that cultures are confined within certain geographic locations. Answer: T Section: The Cultural Mixtures Approach 12. It was shown that people in colder areas, by far, are poorer economically than those in hotter areas. Answer: F Section: Ecocultural Approach 13. Indigenous groups are protected by international or national laws Answer: T Indigenous Psychology 14. Natural science encompasses many branches of biology including anatomy, physiology, the evolutionary sciences, genetics, and neuroscience. Answer: T The Natural Science Approach 15. Within the social sciences, cross-cultural psychology draws from geography and geology. Answer: F The Social Sciences Approach
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