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Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Unit 2 You know I’m no good

Unit 3 Made in America

Unit 4 It is not what it seems

143

Unit 5 Travel fever

179

Unit 6 A food affair

223

Unit 7 Let’s do science

273

ISBN 978 90 4861 250 5 KB D/2015/0147/2 Bestelnr. 96 4010 036 NUR 118, 119 © die Keure, 2015

Verantwoordelijke uitgever: NV die Keure, Kleine Pathoekeweg 3, 8000 Brugge - RPR 0405 108 325 Lay-out, opmaak en druk: die Keure Niets uit deze uitgave mag verveelvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of op welke wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. Verhuur van dit boek is niet toegelaten zonder uitdrukkelijke toestemming van de uitgever. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher. This book cannot be rented out without specific permission from the publisher. De uitgever heeft naar best vermogen getracht de publicatierechten volgens de wettelijke bepalingen te regelen. Zij die niettemin menen nog aanspraken te kunnen doen gelden, kunnen dat aan de uitgever kenbaar maken.

Unit 1

Man is by nature a social beast Focus on â€Ś Social media Bullying

7 25

The basics Linking words: an introduction 11 Revision past tenses 18 Job hopping IT sector

Shuffle Joking aside: British humour 33 Digging deeper Taking notes

How to â€Ś give an carry out instructions

Reading matters Blogs

Bizz app Geek chic

On the spot

I’m the king / queen of social media! So you think you know social media? Test how savvy you really are by putting your online networking knowledge to the test. Check your results and see which social media type you are: social guru, spectator or hermit*. 1)

ou are writing a message on Twitter. What is the maximum number Y of characters you can use? a) 120 b) 140 c) 160 d) 180

ou have created a PowerPoint presentation that you want to embed Y in a web page. A site that enables you to do that is… a) YouTube b) Vimeo c) Slideshare d) PPTme

ou can modify your YouTube account so comments must be approved before they are visible. Y a) true b) false

hat social networking site has a feature called ‘answers’ that allows users to ask other members W for professional advice? a) My Space b) Tumblr c) Yahoo d) LinkedIn

Which of these are real Twitter applications? a) Twhirl, Tweetylicous, Twitterpost c) Tweetylicious, Tweetdeck, Tweet-r

ou are the administrator of a Facebook group, what is the maximum number of members you Y can have in your group if you want to send a mass message to the entire group? a) 500 b) 1,000 c) 5,000 d) 10,000

What is YouTube’s slogan? a) Broadcast yourself

Mark Zuckerberg is the founder of … . a) Snapchat b) Facebook c) Twitter

What does RSS stand for? a) Really Simple Syndication c) Reading Social Style

b) Phweet, Twhirl, Tweetdeck

b) Just vid it

c) Think different

d) Record. Post. Play.

d) WhatsApp

b) Reading Simple Standard d) Really Simple Subscription

10) Which mobile instant messaging service has the most active users? a) Twitter b) Google+ c) WhatsApp d) Kik 11) H ow many pictures are sent via self-destruction photo sharing service Snapchat every day? a) 150 million b) 275 million c) 350 million d) 400 million 12) W hat social media-spawned* word was named as 2013’s word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries? a) selfie b) hashtag c) frape d) app More than 8 correct answers? You’re a social guru! You know what’s up with WhatsApp and a search party is sent out if a day passes without you snapping a selfie – you’re at the centre of social media with your finger firmly on the Facebook pulse. You’ve done us proud – go forth online networking aficionado* and continue your good work.

Between 5 and 8 correct answers? You’re a spectator! Staying firmly on the sidelines of social media, you’re aware of whose finger Charlie bit but your familiarity with Instagram filters is in need of being refreshed. Burying your head in blogs will soon polish your social media skills to a Mark Zuckerberg standard.

a hermit: a person who has withdrawn from society and lives alone; a recluse to spawn: to produce, give rise to

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

an aficionado: a fan or devotee

Less than 5 correct answers? You’re a hermit! LOL cats are lost on you and the closest you’ve got to a viral hit is contracting the flu – it may be time to take a sneak peak outside your shell and shape up on social media. Dust off your typing fingers and get tweeting before you miss another tidal wave of Internet updates.

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1 Focus on … 1a

Social media

I forgot my phone! Discuss. • Do you have a smartphone? How long have you had it? • What do you use it for? Which apps do you have and what do you use them for? • How many times a day do you check your phone, on average? • How do you feel when you accidentally forget your phone at home or when your battery dies in the middle of the day?

Watch the clip and answer the questions. 1)

Can you relate to the girl in the clip?

What happens during her day? How do her friends act?

ompared to her friends, does she miss out on things because she doesn’t have her phone with C her? Or is it the other way around?

Social media platforms. Answer the questions. 1)

Which social media platforms do you know? Write down the names that go with the logos underneath.

Each platform has its own characteristics. What are they typically used for?

Which other social media platforms do you know?

d) e)

i) h) j)

k) o) m)

n) Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Social media buzzwords. How familiar are you with social media basics? Match these words with their corresponding meaning. 1)

a buzzword

2) an app

b) a message that you post on a social media platform

3) the blogosphere

c) a visual representation of information or data, e.g. as a chart or diagram

4) a vlog

d) to circulate rapidly and widely from one Internet user to another

5) an entry / a post

e) a word or expression that has become fashionable, usually in a particular subject or group of people

6) an infographic

f) a shortcut to make using social media networks and associated services more efficient

7) to go viral

g) short for video blog

8) a hack

h) an imaginary universe, containing all blogs and their interconnections

a) an application that performs a specific function on your computer or handheld device

Eat. Sleep. Tweet. Repeat. What do you do on social media platforms? Read the texts and complete the sentences with the appropriate verbs and nouns. Pick words from the box. a news feed – a channel – a comment – (to) upload – a wall – (to) subscribe – (to) accept – a hashtag – (to) tweet – (to) follow (2x) – to retweet – a tweet – (to) share (3x) – a friend – a playlist – a friend request – (to) unfriend/defriend – (to) post – (to) like – to comment 1) Twitter A (1) … is an expression of a moment or idea. It can contain text, photos and videos. You (2) … people on Twitter. You can add (3) … to a (1) … and join the conversation. If you appreciate someone’s (1) … , you can (4) … it or (5) … it so that it appears on your own timeline. You can add a (6) … to assign a topic to your (1) … . You don’t twitter a (1) … , you (7) … it.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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2) YouTube On YouTube, you can (1) … your own videos and films and (2) … them with others.

You can also (3) … to other users’ (4) … and watch their videos.

You can put together (5) … in which you save videos by topic or genre.

3) Facebook On Facebook, you can send a (1) … to people you know. If they (2) … your (1) … , you become Facebook (3) … . If you remove people from your list, you (4) … them. You can (5) … messages, photos, videos and links to your (6) … . Others can (7) … your messages, (8) … to them or (9) … them on their own (6) … . You can also (10) … pictures, comments or the pages of celebrities and organisations. New messages and posts by others appear in your (11) … .

10)

11)

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Discuss the pictures, using the new vocabulary.

I like Twitter / Facebook / Instagram / Pinterest / … the most. What?

rite a short text about your favourite social media platform. (Use exercise 4 as an W inspiration) Why? To show your own preferences in the field of social media. What matters? Use of the newly acquired vocabulary.

Find a classmate who chose a different platform than you. Ask and answer questions in turn: why did he / she pick this particular platform? Why does he / she like that one more than the one you picked yourself? What does he / she dislike about the platform you chose?

First, watch the clip Look up, by Gary Turk. It was posted on YouTube on April 25th 2014, and by May 7th it had already been viewed over 26,000,000 times! Then, answer the questions. 1) Complete the lines from the text. What do you notice?

(a) … , it’s just an e, av h e w y nolog of inclusion All this tech ) … , a sense (b f y, it n u m this (c) … o of com away from ep st u d yo rl o en w yet wh see, a u awaken to delusion, yo . of (d) …

I can’t stand to hear the silence, of a busy commuter train, when no one wants to talk through the fear of looking (g) … . We’re becoming (h) … , it no longer satisfies to engage with one another, and look into someone’s eyes.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

We (e) … and exaggerate, we crave adulation, we pretend we don’t notice the social (f) … . We put our words into, until our lives are glistening, we don’t even know if anyone is listening.

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Now the parks are so quiet, it gives me a chill to see no children outside and the swings hanging still. There’s no skipping or hopscotch, no church and no steeple, we’re a generation of (i) … , (j) … and (k) … .

Don’t give in to a life wher e you follow the (l ) … , give peo ple your love, don’t g ive them yo ur (m) … . (n) … from the need to be heard and defined . Go out into the world, leave (o) … behind.

m) n) 2)

What is Turk’s message? How does he illustrate this in the video?

3) Do you agree with Turk’s point of view? Which are his most convincing arguments? Which the least?

Watch a short interview with Gary Turk on BBC and listen to the comments. Then answer the questions. 1)

ho do you agree with most: journalist Eleanor Margolis W or Gary Turk?

Why is it ironic that this video went viral? Discuss.

an you think of other videos or images that went viral on C social media? What was special about them? Discuss.

2 The basics 8

Link it up!

Read the sentence on the right and answer the questions. 1)

here’s a linking word missing from this sentence. Which T linking word from the word cloud on the next page suits the best? Pick wisely!

hich other linking words fit in this sentence, changing its W meaning?

He will ask me out … I like his photo on Instagram.

Linking words A linking word is a word which shows a connection between clauses or sentences. Linking words improve your fluency in English, as they help you to create longer sentences. Moreover, they help to guide your reader through your writing. In unit 3 you’ll go into more detail.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Sort the linking words from the word cloud according to their meaning into the grid below. Use the categories from the green box. continuation – contrast – sequence – cause / effect – condition – conclusion

Create your own word cloud for the category ‘illustration’. Which linking words fit this category?

Make one example sentence for each category.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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Step by step. This blog entry from the blog www.theminimalist.com has been jumbled up. Try to restore the order of the paragraphs, paying attention to linking words. 1) Highlight any linking words that help you to reconstruct the text. 2) Mark the ones that link together paragraphs in yellow, mark the ones that connect phrases and ideas in another colour.

How to Start a Blog or Website: Step-by-Step Instructions The first thing we did was go to Bluehost and register our domain. We didn’t even need to set up a WordPress page first, since Bluehost does all that for you. Bluehost’s basic price is $3.95 a month, which works for 99% of people. Then, we did a simple install of WordPress through Bluehost. When we had questions we were able to chat with the ‘live chat’ folks at Bluehost for free; they pointed us in the right direction and made the set-up super easy.

Genesis is WordPress theme frameworks on the market, but We looked at the framework first. There are several es merely them Genesis is the first half of your theme. Many without a doubt the best and most flexible choice. e. Simply Them Child your provides a necessary foundation for handle the aesthetics of your new blog, but Genesis b . go to StudioPress and purchase the Genesis Framework But good news: it’s easier than you think. We’ve learned a ton during our ascent to 2 million readers. And now you can learn from our pain and suffering to circumvent* much of the tedium* involved in creating a successful blog. Here’s how we started our blog, step by step.

Once we had our domain, hosting, WordPress, and theme, we spent a lot of time tweaking* the theme to get the look and feel we wanted (i.e., making our vision a reality). Then we spent even more time tweaking the theme, arguing about it and tweaking it some more. We also set up a free Feedburner account so people could subscribe to our site via email and RSS subscriptions. And then we established a free Google Analytics account to track our stats. Feedburner and Google Analytics were both easy to sign up for, and we still use both today. d

After you get your Genesis Framework, you’ll want to find that right Child Theme (which is just a silly way to say ‘blog design’). The Minimalists uses the beautiful ‘tru’ theme, which is availabl e at BYLT, the Genesis Community Marketplace. Head on over to BYLT, browse their carefully curated collection of themes, and find the design that’s right for you.

So you want to start a blog or a website, but you don’t have any idea where to start, right? Guess what – neither did we. We were clueless. Literally. When we started The Minimalists a few years ago, we had no idea how to start a blog. We could hardly spell HTML, let alone build a beautiful website. f

online and we designed our logo using free images we found Last but not least, let’s focus on the content. First, important is (this r heade we put a picture of ourselves in the text from a regular word-processing program. Then g them postin and posts blog new g Finally we started writin because people identify with people, not logos). g y. regularly (at least once a week). And the rest is histor Next, we had to decide which theme to use. A good theme gives you the look and feel you want for your blog, allowing you to design your blog exactly how you want it to look. If you’re not a coder (we certainly weren’t), then a theme makes the design work a million times easier. Plus, once you purchase a theme, which are inexpensive for the time they save you, you own it for life. A theme has two halves: the framework (the bones) and the Child Theme (the beauty). h to circumvent: to find a way of avoiding something a tedium: a long and boring activity to tweak: to change something slightly to try to improve it

Source: www.theminimalists.com/blog/

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Write a blog entry about your first introduction to social media. What?

rite a blog entry that describes how you first came into contact with social media and W how your use of social media has evolved up until now. Why? To prove that you can write a well-structured text, using linking words. What matters? Correct use of the (past) tense(s), structure of the text, use of linking words, use of newly acquired vocabulary.

3 Reading matters 12

Blogs

Read the blogpost and do the exercises.

Have social media changed the way we speak and write English? 1

There’s no (a) … that social media have transformed the way we interact with each other. From sharing our thoughts and photos to planning a night out, most people tend to organise their social lives, or at least have it significantly influence them, through some form of technology-based engagement. But, has this shift away from more physical interaction actually (b) … the way we speak and write English?

First of all, social media have forced us to keep it short. They have enabled us to communicate with a much larger number of people on a global scale in a way that we only really used to be able to do on a local level. This is great when it means we’re keeping friendships alive over great distances, but it’s also increasing the demands placed on an individual to keep a much larger number of relationships going (c) … . The average number of friends a person has on Facebook in the UK is around 300 – even if you’re only actually really friends with, say, 10% of that number that’s still 30 friendships to be maintaining.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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The result? An ever-increasing speed of communication. Facebook lets you communicate quickly, effectively and, most importantly, efficiently because written exchanges are concise and shared between all the friends you are connected with, meaning you only need to write them once. On Twitter there’s a 140 character limit, so even if you’re not against the clock you are quite literally forced to make the statement brief. Other examples are the use of (d) … – an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word – and (e) … – a representation of a facial expression such as a smile or frown, formed by various combinations of keyboard characters. (d) … are now commonplace substitutes to whole sentences; LOL (laugh out loud), OMG (Oh my God), TTYL (talk to you later) are just a few that demonstrate how social media speed things up by lessening the need to write longer phrases and reduces space. (e) … are used to convey what the user is feeling or to express the intended tone without actually having to write it. You could argue that this is a lazy form of writing, but social media aren’t a process of creative writing (at least not in the traditional sense), it’s a fast and convenient way of interacting with an audience. Secondly, language is an evolving thing. It’s naive to think that the language of social media isn’t having an effect on the way we use English in day-to-day life. It’s more appropriate to consider just how much of an effect it’s having on the way we communicate. For starters, a whole host of words originating from social media and the wider Internet have become so commonplace that they’ve now slipped into popular usage, and we don’t even realise it. Just a few interesting words that have their origins in technology are (f) … – the collective word for personal websites called blogs-, (g) … – someone who creates conflict online by starting arguments or upsetting people – and (h) … – a word or phrase that is fashionable at a particular time or in a particular context. Even some acronyms have made the transition into everyday speech as words, ‘lol’ for example. Another curious phenomenon we’ve seen in recent years is the reappropriation of existing words and words based on brands to refer primarily to their social media context. Reappropriation is the cultural

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

process by which a group claims words that were previously used in a certain way and gives them a new meaning. In this way the people who engage with social media are quite literally creating new words and giving new meanings to existing words. ‘Friended’ and ‘unfriended’ are two examples of words that have been given a new meaning due to their usage online. The word ‘friend’ and ‘befriend’ is from Old English originating in the 13th Century, but it has been given an entirely new meaning thanks to Facebook (the process of adding or removing someone from your circle of friends). ‘Like’ and ‘viral’ are other popular examples of words that have had their meaning reappropriated by social media. There are even examples of this lifted directly from social media too; ‘tweet it’ refers to writing a message using Twitter, but has essentially come to mean ‘share it’. So, have social media changed the way we speak and write English? Yes, undeniably. Just think, ten years ago, if someone you’d just met asked you to ‘be their friend’ or ‘Instagram’ a photo of their lunch, you’d have scratched your head and wondered if in fact they were feeling alright.

Lena works as a social media specialist for EF Englishtown and edits this blog. Originally from Germany, she moved to England over 14 years ago to pursue her love for all things British.

Source: www.englishtown.com/blog/has-social-media-changed-the-way-we-speak-and-write-english/#sthash.ZASYfviJ.dpuf

Complete the gaps in the text with one of the words below.

buzzwords – emoticons – denying – trolls – affected – blogosphere – acronyms – simultaneously

atch these underlined words from the text with their explanations in the column on the right M hand side. 1) to interact / interaction

a) not unusual; ordinary

2) significant(ly)

b) an act of giving one thing and receiving another (especially of the same kind) in return

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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3) to exchange / an exchange

c) an event or situation that is observable and studied by people because they do not understand it fully

4) concise

d) in a sufficiently great or important way as to be worthy of attention

5) commonplace

e) to develop gradually

6) to convey

f) make an idea, impression, or feeling known or understandable

7) to evolve

g) to act in such a way as to have an effect on each other

8) a phenomenon

h) giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive

Complete the quotes below with one of the words from the previous exercise.

“There is more to sex appeal than just measurements. I don’t need a bedroom to prove my womanliness. I can … just as much sex appeal, picking apples off a tree or standing in the rain.”

Audrey Hepburn

“Vigorous writing … . A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all sentences short or avoid all detail and treat subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.”

“The only people for me are the mad ones, the ones who are mad to live, mad to talk, mad to be saved, desirous of everything at the same time, the ones who never yawn or say a … thing, but burn, burn, burn like fabulous yellow roman candles exploding like spiders across the stars.” Jack Kerouac

William Strunk Jr.

“I want to lose weight by eating nothing but moon pies, which have … less gravity than earthier foods such as fruits and vegetables.”

Albert Einstein

Thomas Wolfe

“The whole conviction of my life now rests upon the belief that loneliness, far from being a rare and curious … , is the central and inevitable fact of human existence.” g

Jarod Kintz

“You can’t measure the mutual affection of two human beings by the number of words they … .” Milan Kundera

“I fear the day technology will surpass our human … . The world will have a generation of idiots.”

“Only after disaster can we be resurrected. It’s only after you’ve lost everything that you’re free to do anything. Nothing is static, everything is … , everything is falling apart.” h Chuck Palahniuk

h) Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

What is the thesis statement of this blog text? How does the writer formulate the thesis statement?

hich arguments does the writer give to support the thesis statement? Mark the linking words that W he uses to structure his text.

The text mentions the term ‘reappropriation’. Explain in your own words and give examples.

o you agree with the conclusion of the article? Why (not)? Can you come up with more arguments D or counterarguments?

Write a brief comment to the blog entry. What? Write a comment to the blog entry, expressing whether you agree or disagree with the writer of the blog. Why? To prove you can express your opinion properly. What matters? Text structure, the correct use of linking words. How? 1) In paragraph 1, express your statement. 2) In paragraph 2, give two arguments for or against. 3) In paragraph 3, write a conclusion.

4 The basics 14a

Yesterday is history

Read the following text. David Mitchell wrote a short story, entitled The Right Sort, built up out of tweets. Mitchell tweeted the entire story on his Twitter-account. This is how the story starts: David Mitchell

David Mitchell

@david_mitchell

We get off the Number 10 bus at a pub called ‘The Fox and Hounds’. ‘If anyone asks,’ Mum tells me, ‘say we came by taxi.’

‘I thought lying was wrong,’ I say. Butter wouldn’t melt in my mouth. Mum gives me a look. ‘It’s called “creating the right impression”.’

8:00 AM - 14 Jul 2014

8:01 AM - 14 Jul 2014

113 RETWEETS 112 FAVORITES

46 RETWEETS 57 FAVORITES

David Mitchell

@david_mitchell

A lorry rumbles by. ‘Besides,’ adds mum, ‘if your *father* paid what the judge told him to pay, on time, we would travel more by taxi.’

Westwood Road’s not a run-down road, but it’s hardly posh either. Joined-up red-brick houses, like ours. Small drives. Dustbins.

8:02 AM - 14 Jul 2014

8:03 AM - 14 Jul 2014

29 RETWEETS 40 FAVORITES

46 RETWEETS 57 FAVORITES

In total, the story comprises 280 tweets. The Right Sort tells a suspenseful tale about a boy named Nathan whose reality turns into a surrealist nightmare when he accompanies his mother to a piano recital. Inspired by David Mitchell, news website Mashable asked their readers to submit their own Twitter short stories – built up out of just one tweet.

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Here are some of the winning tweets:

14b

Travis Seppala

Rose Marsh / Stevens

@TravisSeppala

@RoseFMarsh

#MashReads I watched her dance from across the room. Beautiful. Elegant. She couldn’t be more percect, if she were a vampire like me.

As Tessa picked through the rubble she found a picture of the house, drawn by her childhood self. It had survived the blast #MashReads

12:09 AM - 19 Sep 2014

8:02 PM - 28 Sep 2014

1 FAVORITES

2 RETWEETS 3 FAVORITES

Cole Comstock

AtomicNicky

@CDComstock

@AtomicNicky

It stood before us a bold mountain, calling us to courage. So we climbed with grace. #MashReads

Youngest of six. Five uniforms returned, neatly folded. Now, an only child. #MashReads

4:49 PM - 25 Sep 2014

2:30 PM - 18 Sep 2014

1 RETWEETS 3 FAVORITES

4 RETWEETS 3 FAVORITES

Discuss. • What are these stories about? • Do you agree that these are stories? Why (not)? • Which of these ‘stories’ is the best, according to you? Why?

14c

Underline all the past tense verb forms in the stories and answer the questions. 1)

Which tense is used here?

o you remember how this tense and the other past tenses are formed and when / why they are D used?

Past tenses Refresh your memory with the Back to basics book.

Write your own Twitter short story to enter the MashReads contest. Then, share your Twitter short story with your classmates. Which story is the best? Why? Beware: it can only total 140 characters, including the hashtag #MashReads!

8:03 AM - 14 Jul 2014 99 RETWEETS 1256 FAVORITES

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Virtual reality. Read the newspaper article and complete it with the appropriate verb forms. Answer the questions afterwards.

(1 – Student, to convince) family (2 – she, to be) on trip around Asia – despite NEVER leaving her bedroom this to show people that we filter and manipulate what we show on social media.” Amazingly, pictures of the Dutch student snorkelling in turquoise water with tropical fish around her (13 – to take) at a local swimming pool and then digitally (14 – to alter) at home. Ms Van Den Born even (15 – to photoshop) herself onto tuk tuks, beautiful beaches and luxury resorts in the 42 days (16 – she, to spend) hidden in her Amsterdam apartment with her boyfriend – the only person in the know*.

A STUDENT (1) her family and friends she (2) on a five-week trip around South East Asia – but, in reality, (3 – she, never, to leave) her bedroom. After waving goodbye to her family at the airport, Zilla Van Den Born, 25, (4 – to go) to extraordinary lengths to fool her friends into thinking (5– she, to travel) through Thailand, Cambodia and Laos by mocking up photographs of exotic food and tourist attractions. Little (6 – they, to know) that Ms Van Den Born, from Amsterdam, (7 – to sit) on her sofa.

a ruse: a trick, clever plan in the know: aware, informed

To carry out her ruse*, (8 – she, to fake) Skype calls to her parents under Christmas lights and a Thai umbrella, while also sending texts in the middle of the night to add to her credibility. (9 – It, to be) all part of her university graduation project, to show how social media does not always reflect reality. (10 – she, to say): “(11 – My goal, to be) to prove how common and easy it is to distort reality. “(12 – I, to do)

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

The freelance graphic designer also (17 – to take) photos of tropical aquariums at Amsterdam’s Artis Zoo, (18 – to go) to a butterfly garden, (19 – to buy) exotic Asian souvenirs at a market and (20 – to cook up) Thai meals in her own kitchen. She even (21 – to spend) time in tanning booths to get a healthy holiday glow and (22 – to send) postcards, which no-one (23 – to notice) (24 – to stamp) with Dutch postmarks. “We create an online ideal world which reality can no longer match up to,” (25 – she, to add). “Everybody knows that pictures of models are manipulated but we often overlook the fact that we manipulate reality in our own lives as well. A picture is perhaps one of the most layered and contradictory objects that we can see around us. It represents the reality, but also falsehood. It is a fact, but also an opinion. It is technology, but also an art form.” The fake holiday (26 – to discover) when (27 – she, to reveal) all to

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Source: www.express.co.uk/ news/world/509243/Studentconvinced-family-triparound-Asia-despite-neverleaving-bedroom

her family and friends and (28 – to film) their shocked reaction. To chronicle her adventure, Ms Van Den Born (29 – recently, to put together) a book called ‘Sjezus say, Zilla’ – ‘Oh God, Zilla’ in English – to give readers the chance to see her

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16)

32)

What do you think of Ms Van Den Born’s experiment?

Have you ever posted a ‘fake’ message online? Why (not)?

pictures before and after (30 – they, to edit). Ms Van Den Born (31 – to explain) her fascination behind the project. “There is a constant battle going on between the two considerations: the photographed object being as beautiful as possible and it telling the truth,” (32 – she, to add). “What a picture really shows is not the exact situation as it really was, but what it represents. This ambiguous relationship with reality makes photography so fascinating to me. It raises questions about the representative power of pictures and reality itself.”

17a

Look up the word ‘catfish’ in the online Oxford Dictionary on www.oxforddicationaries.com. Due to social media, it has been reappropriated (see exercise 12). Explain.

17b

Watch the trailer of Catfish: the movie and answer the questions. 1)

Have you ever heard of it? Seen it?

What do you think it is about?

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

17c

17d

Look up more information about Catfish: the movie and answer the questions. 1)

Who / what is the documentary about?

Which criticism did the documentary makers receive?

Catfish: the movie resulted in the MTV-show Catfish. Work in groups of 2 or 3. Watch an episode of your choice on YouTube and summarise it. Then present your findings to your classmates. Provide answers to the following strategy: • Who is it about? • How did they meet? • How long have they known each other? • Is it a case of catfishing or not?

5 How to … 18

give and carry out instructions

Can you carry out instructions? Your teacher will give you a test to see how well you can follow instructions. See which of your classmates carries out the instructions the best.

What are these people saying? Use the given verbs. to cheat – to throw – to clean – to tie – to take pictures – to open

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20a

Read this excerpt from Blogging for dummies and carry out the instructions.

Source: Susannah Gardner and Shane Birley, Blogging for Dummies

20b

Now look at the verb forms that are used in the instructions and answer the questions. 1)

Underline the verb form in every sentence.

What is the name for this verb form?

How is it formed?

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Giving instructions. When you give instructions, it is important to be accurate and precise. Your teacher will give you an instruction sheet to fold an origami figure. Don’t show it to your neighbour. Instead, guide him / her through the process, step by step. Use the imperative as much as you can.

Read the following text and rewrite it to step-by-step instructions, using the imperative.

How to change your privacy settings on Facebook 1

23a

It’s a well-known fact that having a Facebook account isn’t great for your privacy. If you aren’t careful, you could post the wrong thing to the world and get in trouble at work, school, with family or even the law. So, it should come as no surprise when I say that having the right Facebook privacy settings is critical. It keeps the wrong people from seeing what you post. Even if you think you already have them set correctly, Facebook changes its settings and where they’re located frequently so you should double-check regularly. Start by logging in to your Facebook account. Then click the downward arrow in the upper-right corner and choose Settings. The Privacy tab controls who can see what you post and who can contact and find you. In the ‘Who can see my stuff ’ menu, you should set ‘Who can see my stuff ’ to ‘friends’. After you’ve done that, you should click the ‘Limit Past Posts’ link to limit the audience for posts you’ve shared with

friends of friends or public to ‘friends’. Next, also have a look at the ‘Who can contact me?’ menu. If you want to keep strangers from contacting you, you should put the settings to ‘friends of friends’. You could also switch from ‘Basic Filtering’ to ‘Strict Filtering’ to weed out a lot of the messages you receive. Under ‘Who can look me up?’ you want to change the settings to ‘friends,’ ‘friends’ and ‘No.’ This makes it much harder for strangers or stalkers to find you if they just have a phone number, email address or know your name. Keep in mind, this will also stop old friends from easily finding you.

Write your own instruction manual. Pick a topic and write or record a ‘how to’ for it in 10 steps max. Ideas: • how • how • how • how • how • how • how • …

23b

to to to to to to to

play a certain game tie a tie look up / buy / download a song on iTunes cook a certain dish register on www.goodreads.com find / buy something on www.etsy.com upload something on your school’s electronic platform

Publish your instruction manual on your blog and ask at least two of your readers for feedback. Are your instructions clear? Did you miss any steps? Rewrite when necessary.

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6 Focus on … 24

Bullying

These pictures represent the three main categories of bullying. Look at the pictures, read the descriptions and try to derive the names of the three categories. Then answer the questions. 1

This type of bullying incorporates the use of words to inflict harm.

This type of bullying may involve the use of violence, but also spitting, shoving, kicking and punching.

This type of bullying is also known as relational aggression. It may involve spreading rumours, excluding someone from certain activities or refusing to talk to someone.

Which of these three types do you think is most harmful. Why?

Have you ever experienced bullying yourself? Which type?

Have you ever seen someone being bullied? Which type?

Read this newspaper article and do the exercises.

Father’s death was ‘final act’ of bullying · Accused pair deny east London shooting · Victim’s life made a misery by gang, jury told

A young father who had been the victim of a campaign of violence and harassment

was shot dead shortly after he confronted a group of youths near his home in east London, a jury was told yesterday. Two teenagers have pleaded not guilty to the murder – the ‘final chapter’ in a long catalogue of bullying. Peter Woodhams, 22, of Custom House, east London, was shot four times at close range* on the doorstep of his home in August last year, the court heard, and died in front of his fiancee and young son. Bradley Tucker, 18, of Canning Town, Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

at close range: from a short distance a prosecutor: a lawyer who conducts a case against a defendant in a criminal court to permeate: to spread to swerve: to change direction abruptly to dodge (the bullets): to manage to avoid source: www.theguardian.com/ uk/2007/mar/07/ukcrime. ukguns

and a 17-year-old, who cannot be named because of his age, both deny murder and firearms offences. Prosecutor* Brian Altman said that in January last year Woodhams was stabbed in the neck during a dispute with a group of youths. No one was arrested for that attack. Before the shooting, he had been “subject to bullying by a group of local youths who had made Woodhams’ life and those of his family a complete misery,” Mr Altman told the court. “Shooting him dead was the final chapter in this campaign of violence and bullying that had permeated* Mr Woodhams’ life over that period of time.” Earlier, Woodhams had confronted a group after one kicked a football into the path of his car, forcing him to swerve*. He drove after the youths and chased them. One witness had heard Tucker “ranting and raving. He was shouting something like ‘fucking tosser, if he wants it he can have it, if he comes back round here he’ll get it, I’ll have him.’” “Clearly Mr Woodhams had had enough. It appeared very much as if he had set out to confront the group of youths who he considered had been responsible for plaguing him,” said Mr Altman. The court was told that there were no

Give the correct underlined word from the text for the definitions below. a) an argument

b) to be the primary cause of something and so able to be blamed or credited for it

c) a breach of a law or a rule, an illegal act

d) to suddenly fall down

e) to be involved; to join an activity

f) to come face to face with someone with hostile intent

g) to experience something bad or unpleasant

h) to pursue in order to catch or catch up with someone or something 2)

immediate arrests after the murder but that Bradley Tucker had later handed himself into the police. The other youth, who was 16 at the time of the shooting, was arrested at his home a day later, the jury heard. He has denied knowing Woodhams. When interviewed by the police, he also denied taking part in or assisting in the murder. Mr Altman said that the two teenagers had been seen close to the murder scene. There was also CCTV footage which showed them arriving and running away into a block of flats after the shooting. “Shots were fired and Mr Woodhams moved as if to trying to dodge the bullets* before collapsing to the ground,” said Mr Altman, describing the shooting. Woodhams was struck in the chest by a shot that pierced his left lung and then his heart. He suffered massive blood loss and the shot proved fatal. He had also been struck in the hand as he tried to protect himself and another shot had grazed his chin. He collapsed and died in front of his fiancée, Jane Bowden, and their son. A neighbour had found what he believed was a home-made bullet after the shooting. However, the officer who was given it “thought the object could be a screw or some other building-type material” and it has since been lost, the jury heard. The trial continues.

Use the words from the previous exercise in one of the sentences from Charles Dickens’ novels below. a) T he smiling Mrs. Boggin, feeling it incumbent on her to … the conversation, and being charmed with the emphatic little wife and her ready interest, here offered her acknowledgments and inquired what there was against him. (Our Mutual Friend)

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b) M oreover, he was a boy whom no man could hurt; an invulnerable and dodging serpent who, when … into a corner, flew out again between his captor’s legs, scornfully yelping. (Great Expectations) c) I wouldn’t recall my trouble such as it is and has been and it is light in comparison with trials which hundreds of good people … every day, I know I wouldn’t recall it tomorrow, if I could. (Martin Chuzzlewit) d) H aving witnessed the little … between Mr. Gamfield and the donkey, he smiled joyously when that person came up to read the bill, for he saw at once that Mr. Gamfield was exactly the sort of master Oliver Twist wanted. (Oliver Twist) e) A s the excellent old gentleman’s nails are long and leaden, and his hands lean and veinous, and his eyes green and watery; and, over and above this, as he continues, while he claws, to slide down in his chair and to … into a shapeless bundle, he becomes such a ghastly spectacle, even in the accustomed eyes of Judy. (Bleak House) f) M r. Dorrit knitted his brows and rejoined, after a moment or two, “Inform Mrs. Finching, sir,” emphasising the name as if the innocent man were solely … for it, “that she can come up.” (Little Dorrit) g) “ Well,” said Bounderby, stopping and facing about to … them all, “I’ll tell you.” (Hard Times) h) T he … had been committed within the district and indeed in the immediate neighbourhood of a very notorious metropolitan police office. (Oliver Twist)

True or false? Correct the false ones. T

a) There had been no other incidents before Peter Woodhams was shot.

b) W oodhams chased a couple of youths after they had kicked a ball in the path of his car, which caused him to swerve.

c) T he two accused have both admitted the crime.

d) Both suspects were seen close to the murder scene.

e) Woodhams was shot in the chest.

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26a

26b

Go to www.bullying.co.uk. Click home > Advice > Bullying > General advice > What is bullying? and try to find the answers to the following questions. 1)

Which definition of bullying does the site give?

What is cyberbullying?

Why do people bully others, according to the site?

Find a word on the page that matches these descriptions: a) making someone feel unhappy, disappointed or worried

b) exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally

c) planned or meant

d) able to be endured

e) trust someone enough to tell them of a secret or private matter

f) deal effectively with something difficult

ook at the list of examples of bullying and make your own top 5. Which forms of behaviour do L you find most disturbing?

Discuss. • Why do you find these particular forms most disturbing? • Which of these have you experienced yourself? • Which have you witnessed? • How did it make you feel? • How did you react?

Go to www.bullying.co.uk. Click home > Advice > Bullying > General advice > Verbal bullying, and find the answers to the following questions. 1)

ook for these words in their context on the page. First, try to describe these words in your own L words. Then, check their meanings in a dictionary. a) wellbeing

b) to feel intimidated c) a consequence d) self-esteem e) to affect

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27a

27b

What is the difference between bullying and banter?

Which factors can verbal bullying be based on?

Why do some people turn to bullying according to the site?

Make a list of negative emotions and harmful behaviour that might be caused by bullying. • negative emotions • harmful behaviour

How can you get verbal bullying to stop according to the site?

an you think of other ways to stop the verbal bullying? Can you think of reactions that might not C be as effective or appropriate?

The world’s ugliest woman? Watch the first part of a speech, given by Lizzie Velasquez, and answer the questions. 1)

Describe how Lizzie discovered a video about herself on the Internet.

What was the title of the video?

What impact did it have on her? How did she feel?

There were thousands of comments on the video. Give a few examples.

Discuss. • How would you feel if you were in Lizzie’s shoes? • How do you think Lizzie will react to this situation?

Watch the second part and answer the questions. 1)

Lizzie’s tears quickly turned into something else. What did she want to do?

Did she do it? Why (not)?

Who did she turn to during her struggle? Who would you turn to?

Discuss. • Why is this not banter, but bullying? • Why would someone make this type of video? • What type(s) of bullying is (are) this (these)? • Which advice would you give to Lizzie in retrospect? How should she have dealt with this situation, according to you?

Let it all out! Record a video message, addressing the person who made the video about Lizzie. Use the vocabulary from exercises 20, 21 and 22. What?

video message of at least 1 minute long in which you address the person who made A the video about Lizzie. Tell him / her about the impact the video has had on Lizzie. Tell him / her why this behaviour is inappropriate and which negative outcomes this could have had for Lizzie. Why? To show that you can put your own opinion into words in a well-structured way. What matters? Use of newly acquired vocabulary, originality, structure, pronunciation.

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7 Job hopping 29

This is IT!

This is IT. Work in pairs and try to answer the questions. 1)

What does IT stand for?

What objects, jobs, companies do you think of when you hear the term IT? Make a word cloud.

Make correct combinations and translate into Dutch.

employment – a threat – something done – a problem – abroad

a) to solve

b) to get

c) to work

d) to provide

e) to manage

Read the text and answer the questions afterwards.

Overview of the IT sector in the UK At the centre of everyday life and found in almost all industries and businesses, the IT sector provides employment for vast numbers of people, ranging from creating technological applications or systems and solving problems usingtechnology to supporting people who use it. Within the IT industry there are also jobs in business, marketing, HR and finance. More than 40% of IT professionals work outside of the IT industry, in areas such as retail, finance, manufacturing and the public sector. 1

What areas of IT can I work in? Types of work that fall under the IT umbrella include: • content and network/systems management; • data analysis and analytics; • games development; • software and hardware engineering; • IT consultancy – business and technical; • IT sales; • technical support. Who are the main graduate employers? Large companies in the IT industry include: • Fujitsu;

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

• IBM; • Infosys; • Microsoft. What’s it like working in the sector? Graduates entering the IT sector can expect: • an average starting salary – according to the Graduate Market in 2014 research by High Fliers, graduate starting salaries in IT are expected to be close to the national median of £29,000; • typically long working hours – employers emphasise getting the project done rather than maintaining standard 9  a.m.5 p.m. hours;

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keen: enthusiastic, eager Source: www.prospects.ac.uk/ information_technology_ sector_overview.htm

• opportunities to work abroad – many IT companies have branches or subsidiaries in other countries; • self-employment opportunities – it is not unusual for graduates to go freelance at an early stage in their career. What are the key issues in the IT sector? Employment of IT professionals through to 2020 is forecast to grow at 1.62% per annum – nearly twice as fast as the UK average. Growth is expected to be in more senior roles, such as software professionals, ICT managers and strategy and planning (Technology Insights 2012, e-skills UK). There is a demand for higher level technical skills, in particular to develop products and services to meet the needs of the fast-moving nature of the industry. This includes knowledge of the most up to date programming languages and systems, such as cloud computing. Cyber security is a growing field. Currently there are not enough experts

to counteract more advanced cyber attacks. There is also an increase in opportunities for information security officers and information risk managers, who manage threats posed to a business. Large organisations, the government and social media companies, such as Facebook and Twitter, are all keen* to employ cyber experts. Companies are looking for graduates who can combine technical skills with an understanding of broader business objectives, to be able to solve real business issues, particularly for consultancy roles. There is a demand for numerate and IT-literate graduates to work in analytics and solve business problems.

True or false? Correct the false ones. T

a) The IT sector employs few people. b) Technology Insights 2012 predicts that to 2020 the number of people who work in IT will grow at 1,62% each year. c) There is a need for more cyber security experts. d) A job in IT equals a high salary. e) A lot of IT professionals are self-employed. 2)

Discuss. • Which skills do companies expect from IT professionals? • Which parts of being an IT specialist appeal to you? Which don’t? • There is a future in IT: do you agree or disagree?

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

31a

Problem solving. You work at a technical support service. Choose the correct preposition and then match each problem with a solution. 1) I don’t understand the menu! It’s in / with German!

a) Click on / at the start button and look for it at / in the ‘all programs’ menu.

2) My files are too large to attach on / to an email.

b) Try closing down / off the other programs that are currently open.

3) There’s no program icon at / on the desktop.

c) Have you checked to see if there is an update available in / on the Internet?

4) The app always closes down. I think there are bugs in / at its software.

d) Use an app to compress them with / at or find a website to transfer large files.

5) My computer says there’s not enough memory for / to run this program.

e) You should change the language setting in / at the control panel.

31b

Point out the underlined items from the exercise above in the drawing. Can you also point out the following items? keyboard – key – space bar – return / enter key – external hard drive – screen – track pad – system unit

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Career choices. Watch the video, take notes and discuss afterwards. 1)

How does James Banting describe his workplace?

What is the essence of his job?

hat was the first game he ever made? What is he currently W working on?

omment on these job characteristics. Why are these C characteristics necessary to be a good software engineer? • detail-oriented • flexitime

• numerical ability • innovative

Which technical and other skills does James Banting mention?

How many years of post-secondary education do you need? And what’s the average salary?

Give two reasons why this is a good career choice.

Discuss. • Would software engineering be a good job for you? Why (not)? • Which skills do you have? Which skills do you lack?

8 Shuffle

Joking aside: British humour

The Brits are known for being phlegmatic*, but that doesn’t mean that they can’t tell a joke. In fact, the British sense of humour might even be the most striking characteristic of Englishness. phlegmatic: unemotional, cold, indifferent

Read the dictionary entries.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Watch the excerpts and study the sentences. Try to match them to one or more types of humour from the previous exercise. 1)

Milton Jones

Shappi Korsandi

Jack Whitehall

Jack Dee

Monty Python

Bridget Jones

Adrian Mole

Fawlty Towers

The Office

10)

11)

12)

13)

Oh Iâ€™m sorryâ€Ś Did the middle of my sentence interrupt the beginning of yours?

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14)

15)

iers for h s a c n e h I ha,t“eWwill that be it ask ?”. this l l a e u k i o l y no, I’d too. Umisible shit, inv

16)

Look up more information about one of these comedians / shows. Give the types of humour that are used, look up an excerpt to illustrate this and present your findings orally to your classmates. • Tommy Cooper • Rowan Atkinson • Charlie Chaplin • Michael McIntyre

• Dara O Briain • Keeping Up Appearances • Miranda • Nina Conti • Ab Fab • Sarah Millican • Little Britain • Blackadder • Allo, Allo!

9 Digging deeper

Taking notes

Listen and take notes.

Some symbols and abbreviations are commonplace. Write them down. and

versus

for instance

number, amount

that is

male – female

someone

years

something

as soon as possible

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Which symbols or abbreviations are you going to use for the following words or concepts? increase, decrease

with, without

more, less

on the contrary, contrast

important

difference, different from

leads to, consequence

larger than / smaller than

related to, has something to do with

because

Take a look at the following note-taking systems. There are as many note-taking systems as there are students, and it is important to find a system that suits your needs. To demonstrate the vast differences in approaches, look at these two completely different note-taking systems and pick the one that is most appealing to you. Discuss what you based your decision on. The Cornell Method

Cues Questions, main points, visual clues, and other clues that jog your memory go here. Fill this section in after class.

Notes This is the section where you should take your notes during the course of the lecture. Use bullets, sentences, short-hand, etc.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Summary Most important points and main ideas go here. Fill in this section after class when you are in the reviewing process.

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Visual note-taking

40a

The curly fry conundrum: why social media ‘likes’ say more than you might think. Listen to Jennifer Golbeck, a computer scientist who explains the surprising things social media can guess about you from random likes and shares. Take notes. Use the tips from the previous exercises.

40b

Compare your notes to your neighbour’s. Give each other feedback and try to fill any voids in your neighbour’s notes using yours and vice versa. Answer the questions below. • How do your notes differ? • Whose notes look the most organised? • Whose notes are most complete? • Did you miss any important information?

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Bizz app Geek chic 1

Read the text and answer the questions.

Ten typical jobs in IT The IT industry is host to a whole raft of job titles. In this exercise, you find a number of IT job titles that an IT graduate might encounter when searching for a jobs. 1)

Graduate job 2

GRADUATE JOB 1 typically k of a software engineer This job in brief: The wor -level tem sys ing mm progra job 1 Graduate includes designing and bedded em s, tem sys se aba dat s, software: operating system h software d how bot unders Theywork on. The This job in of tan a software engineer typically sobrief: s and system talking to lve invo can function. The andworkprogramming system-level hardware designing and includes t solution or define wha ess and gues to ass software: operating systems, database systems, embedded and collea clients lot of interaction there’s ahow means ch whi , systems and so on. They understand both software and ded nee is tem sys Software engineers k. involve wor hnical -on tecThe hardware function. work can talking to clients l as full as wel ns communicatio and tele ctronic assess ands define what solution or system n found intoele oftecolleagues are and g or related ine eng re twa sof , there’s a lot of erin ing put com is needed, which means interaction as well A ies. pan com . as full-on technical work. Software engineers are often is needed degree

found in electronics and telecommunicationsmw companies. ork and A king, tea ical thin log s, lysi ana e: computing, software engineering or related degree is needed. lud inc ls Key skil attention to detail.

Key skills include: thinking, teamwork and

analysis, attention to

logical detail.

This job in brief: Systems analysts investigate and analyse business problems and then design information systems that provide a feasible solution, typically in response to requests from their business or a customer. They gather requirements and identify the costs and the time needed to implement the project. The job needs a mix of business and technical knowledge, and a good understanding of people. It’s a role for analyst programmers to move into and typically requires a few years’ experience from graduation. Key skills include: ability to extract and analyse information, good communication, persuasion, sensitivity.

b in brief: The work software engineer includes designing gramming system-level e: operating systems, This job in brief: Business analysts are true midfielders, equally happy talking with e systems, embedded technology people, business managers and end users. They identify opportunities for and so on. They improvement to processes and business operations using information technology. The role and how both software is project based and begins with analysing a customer’s needs, gathering and documenting rdware function. The requirements and creating a project plan to design the resulting technology solution. Business an involve talking to analysts need technology understanding, but don’t necessarily need a technical degree. nd colleagues to assess fine what solution or Key skills include: communication, presentation, facilitation, project management and is needed, which means problem solving. a lot of interaction as full-on technical oftware engineers are found in electronics telecommunications of a software engineer es. A computing, typically includes designing e engineering or and programming system-level degree is needed. software: operating systems, ills include: analysis, database systems, embedded Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast 38 thinking, teamwork systems and so on. They ttention to detail. understand how both software

◊ Graduate job 3 ◊

Soft ware engineers

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Graduate job 4

This job in brief: These are the professional trouble-shooters of the IT world. Many techni cal support specialists work for hardware manufacturers and suppliers solving the problems of business customers or consumers, but many work for end-user companies supporting, monitoring and maintaining workplace technology and responding to users’ requests for help. Some lines of support require professionals with specific experience and knowledge, but this job can also be a good way into the industry for graduates. Key skills include: wide ranging tech knowledge, problem solving, communication/listening, patience and diplomacy.

Graduate job 5 Programming This job in brief: This is one of the more technically

of a software engineer demanding IT jobs. Broadly speaking the role involves typically includes designing setting up, administering, maintaining and upgrading and programming systemcommunication systems, local area networks and wide area level software: operating networks for an organisation. Network engineers are also systems, database systems, responsible for security, data storage and disaster recovery embedded systems and so strategies. It is a highly technical role and you’ll gather a on. They understand how hoard of specialist technical certifications as you progress. A both software andtelecoms hardwareor computer science-related degree is needed. function. The work can involve talking Key to clients skills include: specialist network knowledge, and colleagues communication, to assess planning, analysis and problem solving. and define what solution or system is needed, which means there’s a lot of interaction as well 6) work. as full-on technical This job in brief: Software engineers are The work of a often found in electronics software engineer and telecommunications Graduate job 6 typically includes companies. A computing, designing and prosoftware engineeringThis or job in brief: The term ‘consultant’ can be gramming systema tagline for many IT jobs, but typically techni related degree is needed. level software: cal consultants provide technical expertise to, Key skills include: analysis, operating systems, and develop and implement IT systems for, logical thinking, teamwork database systems, external clients. They can be involved at any and attention to detail. or all stages of the project lifecycle: pitching for a contract; refining a specification with the client team; designing the system; managing part or all of the project; after sales support... or even developing the code. A technical degree is preferred, but not always necessary.

embedded systems and so on. They understand how both software and hardware function. The work can involve talking to clients and colleagues to assess and define what solution or system is needed, which means there’s a lot of interaction as well as full-on technical work. Software engineers are often found in electronics andtelecommunications companies. A computing, software engineering or related degree is needed. Key skills include: analysis, logical thinking, teamwork and attention to detail.

Key skills include: communication, presenGRADUATE JOB 7 tation, technical and business understanding, This job in brief: This may be one of the least project management and teamwork. hands-on technical roles, but it still requires an understanding of how IT is used in business. This job in brief: The work of a software You may sell hardware, or extol the business engineer typically includes designing and benefits of whole systems or services. Day 8) programming system-level software: to day, the job could involve phone calls, meetings, conferences and drafting Thisproposals. job in brief: The operating systems, database systems, There will be targets to meet and commission work of a software embedded systems and so on. They Graduate job 8 when you reach them. A technology degree engineer typically understand how both software and hardware isn’t necessarily essential, but you includes will need designing to and function. The work can involve talking This job in brief: Project managers organise have a thorough technical understanding of programming system- to clients and colleagues to assess and people, and or resources make sure define whattime solution system tois needed, the product you sell. level software: operating information technology projects meet stated which means there’s a lot of interaction systems, database requirements and are completed on time and Key skills include: product knowledge, systems, embedded as well as full-on technical work. Software on budget. mayfound managein a electronics whole project engineers areThey often persuasion, interpersonal skills, drive, mobility, systems and so on. They from start to finish or manage part of a larger and telecommunications companies. A business awareness. understand how both ‘programme’. It isn’t an entry-level role: project software and hardware computing, software engineering or related managers have to be pretty clued up. This requires function. The work can degree is needed. experience and a analysis, good foundation technology Key skills include: logicalofthinking, involve talking to clients and soft skills, which are essential for working and colleagues to assess teamwork and attention to detail. with tech development teams and higher-level and define what solution business managers. or system is needed, which means there’s a Key skills include: organisation, problem solving, lot of interaction as well communication, clear thinking and ability to stay as full-on technical work. calm under pressure. Software engineers are often found in electronics and telecommunications Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast companies. A computing, software engineering or related degree is needed.

b in brief: The raduate job of a software of designing the user interfaces r typically This job in brief: Web development is a broad job and of new websites. The role can be s designing and covers everything to do with found in organisations large and mming systembuilding websites and all the small. oftware: operating infrastructure that sits behind , database them. It is still viewed as the Key skills include: basic , embedded trendy side of IT years after it understanding of web are often found both software and hard- engineers and so on. They first emerged. These days the job technologies (client side,and server telecomThis job in brief: The work ware function. The work in electronics and how both is pretty technical and involves side and databases), analytical munications companies. A can involve talking to cliof a software engineer typie and hardware some hardcore programming as thinking, problem solving and computing, software engients and colleagues to ascally includes designing n. The work can well as the more creative side creativity. and programming system- sess and define what solu- neering or related degree is talking to clients level software: operating tion or system is needed, needed. leagues to assess job in brief: The systems, database systems, which means there’s a lot of Key skills include: analysis, ine what solution 10) k of a software embedded systems and so interaction as well as full- logical thinking, teamwork tem is needed, neer typically on. They understand how on technical work. Software and attention to detail. means there’s a udes designing and nteraction as well gramming systemon technical work. GRADUATE JOB 10 l software: operating e engineers are This job in brief: Bugs can have a massive impact on the productivity and ems, database reputation of an IT firm. Testers try to anticipate all the ways an application or und in electronics ems, embedded system might be used and how it could fail. They don’t necessarily program lecommunications ems and so on. They but they do need a good understanding of code. Testers prepare test scripts and ies. A computing, erstand how both macros, and analyse results, which are fed back to the project leader so that e engineering or ware and hardware fixes can be made. Testers can also be involved at the early stages of projects in degree is needed. order to anticipate pitfalls before work begins. You can potentially get to a high tion. The work can s include: analysis, level as a tester. lve talking to clients hinking, teamwork colleagues to assess ntion to detail. Key skills include: attention to detail, creativity, organisation, analytical and define what solution investigative thinking and communication. system is needed,

Programming of a software engineer typically includes designing and programming systemlevel software: operating systems, database systems, embedded systems and so on. They understand how both software and hardware function. The work can involve talking to clients and colleagues to assess and define what solution or system is needed, which means there’s a lot of interaction as well as full-on technical work. Software engineers are often found in electronics and telecommunications ch means there’s a companies. A computing, of interaction as well Source: https://targetjobs.co.uk/career-sectors/it-and-technology/286189-ten-typical-jobs-graduates-can-do-in-it ull-on technical work. This job in brief: The work ware function. The work in electronics and telecom- software engineering or ware engineers are of a software engineer typi- can involve talking to cli- munications companies. A related degree is needed. 1) Match the correct job title to the correct description. n found in electronics cally includes designing ents and colleagues to as- computing, software engi- Key skills include: analysis, neering or relatedengineer degree is– logical thinking, teamwork sess andanalyst define –what and programming systemtelecommunications Technical account manager – Business Websoludeveloper – Software needed. tion or system is needed, level software: operating attention to detail. panies. A computing, Network engineer – Systems Analyst – Problem manager – Project manager – Softwareand tester – Key skills include: analysis, which means there’s a lot of database systems, ware engineering Technical or systems, consultant embedded systems and so interaction as well as full- logical thinking, teamwork ted degree is needed. 2) Combine theseunderstand words from the text with thework. correct meaning. and attention to detail. on technical Software on. They how skills include: analysis, cal thinking, teamwork both software and hard- engineers are often found 1) to embed; embedded a) to praise enthusiastically attention to detail. 2) a hoard; to hoard b) to guess or be aware of what will happen and take action in order to be prepared 3) to extol

c) a hidden or unexpected danger or difficulty

4) a requirement

d) t o design and build something as an integral part of a system or device; incorporated within something else

5) to anticipate

e) something that is needed or wanted, something that is compulsory

6) a pitfall

f) a large stock of something, typically one that is secret or carefully guarded; to collect a large stock of something

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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Fill out the gaps with one of the words from the previous exercise. a) This guide will give an overview of some of the more common e-commerce … . It obviously cannot cover all potential problem areas, but it will provide you with some useful pointers in terms of what not to do, and things to take account of, as you develop your own e-commerce offerings. b) Looking for a job as a software developer? Join us at Bluifruit, the … software programming and development specialist based in Redruth, Cornwall. c) Research shows that we … £7.3 billion worth of unused items, so roll up your sleeves as we show you how to benefit financially from cleaning. d) The cloud and thunder and lightning effects are spoken of as very impressive, and the scenery of the lake and its shores has been much … by travellers. e) My friends convinced me to go to the movies, and although I wasn’t really in the mood, it turned out much better than I had … . f) Your computer, web browser, and Internet connection need to meet these minimum … to access Amazon Instant Video content.

True or false? Correct the false ones. T

a) The job of a software engineer includes both full-on technical work and close interaction with colleagues and clients. b) Project managers and software engineers need good problem solving skills. c) Technical account managers have a highly technical job. d) Business analysts don’t need technology understanding. e) Software testers can climb to a higher position in a company.

Professional gaming. PewDiePie is the game name of the world’s most watched professional gamer on YouTube. Watch the interview and complete the fact file on PewDiePie.

Game name: PewDiePie First name: Surname: Age: Nationality: Current residence:

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Answer the questions. 1)

How many viewers does he have on YouTube?

What did he do that was slightly controversial? Why did he do that?

How does he earn money with gaming?

What happened after one of the editors showed his six-year-old son some clips from PewDiePie?

What is PewDiePieâ€™s response to this incident?

Which positive side effect is there to his popularity?

How did he and his girlfriend meet?

How does he see his future in gaming?

According to the female guest, why is gaming the equivalent of rock-and-roll in the 50s and 60s?

10) True or false? Correct the false ones. T a) He dropped out of high school. b) Last year, he made an estimated 3 million pounds. c) PewDiePie sometimes envies gamers with less viewers. d) PewDiePie does not intend on cursing less in his videos. e) At first, CutiePie thought PewDiePie was an idiot.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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On the spot Check

Repeat

Teacher’s notes

Focus on … I can use vocabulary about social media.

p. 7-11 ex. 1-7

I can use vocabulary about bullying.

p. 25-30 ex. 24-28

The basics I can form and use the linking words.

p. 11-14 ex. 8-11

I can form and use the past tenses.

p. 18-22 ex. 14-17

How to … I can give and carry out instructions.

p. 22-25 ex. 18-23

Bibliography Exercise 10 Millburn, J.F. (2014). How to start a successful blog today. The minimalists. Retrieved from http://www.theminimalists.com/ blog/ Exercise 12 Weber, L. (2014) Has social media changed the way we speak and write English? Englishtown. Retrieved from http://www. englishtown.com/blog/has-social-media-changed-the-way-we-speak-and-write-english/#sthash.R8Vgm0IH.dpuf Exercise 16 Perring, R. (2014) Student convinced family she was on trip around Asia – despite NEVER leaving her bedroom. Express. Retrieved from http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/509243/Student-convinced-family-trip-around-Asia-despite-neverleaving-bedroom Exercise 20a Gardner, S., Birley, S. (2012). Blogging for dummies. NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Exercise 25 Campbell, D. (2007) Father’s death was ‘final act’ of bullying. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/ uk/2007/mar/07/ukcrime.ukguns Exercise 30 Overview of the IT sector in the UK. Editorial. (2014) Prospects. Retrieved from http://www.prospects.ac.uk/information_ technology_sector_overview.htm Bizz app Ten typical jobs graduates can do in IT. (n.d.) Targetjobs. Retrieved from https://targetjobs.co.uk/career-sectors/it-andtechnology/286189-ten-typical-jobs-graduates-can-do-in-it

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Recap Focus on … 1

Complete these headlines from TheGuardian.com with one of the given words. Use the correct form of the verbs! a buzzword – to go viral – a retweet – to convey – a phenomenon – vulnerable – to upset – self-esteem

The headteacher’s tender note to her pupils …

Ebola ‘panic’ headlines fail … the humanity of volunteers.

Let’s give girls with low … strong role models in school.

More than 300k systems ‘still … ’ to Heartbleed attacks.

Yahoo users’ webcam chats are so saucy they’re even … the spies.

Ellen DeGeneres’ Oscars selfie beats Obama … record on Twitter.

Snapchat: the self-destructing message app that’s becoming a … .

Diversity is a bombastic … and I’m over it.

What are the opposites of these words? 1)

elaborate

unimportant

a cause

to decline

to download

Complete these sentences with one of the words from exercise 2a. 1)

oth the CDC and the American Veterinarian Medical Association agree: B U.S. pets are not an … risk for Ebola.

he University of Cambridge has ... a remarkable collection of lute T manuscripts dating back to the 16th century to its Cambridge Digital Library.

he primary objective of this study was to analyse soil degradation and T altered flood risks as a … of deforestation.

ublished in 1952, The Popular Handbook of British Birds was … , readable P and affordable to a new generation of bird watchers and went into five editions.

o I pulled up alongside and I offered him a ride. He … with a smile so we S drove for a while. I didn’t ask him his name, this lonely boy in the rain.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

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What do you see? 1

The basics 4a

Complete these sentences with an appropriate linking word from the box. although – thus – and – consequently – therefore – however – unless 1)

He is ill. … he can’t come.

Mary can read Spanish. … , she can’t speak it.

he test was difficult … I didn’t have enough time to answer all T the questions, … I think I will get a bad mark.

… he had a sprained ankle, he went out for a walk.

he directors have a meeting every Friday, … there is nothing to T discuss.

She didn’t like the pudding. … , she threw it away.

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Try to replace the linking words with another linking word with the same meaning. Modify the sentence a little bit if necessary. 1)

Complete the article with the missing past tense verb forms.

Boy who (1 – to inspire) Britain: dying cancer teenager’s charity appeal hits £2.5m as he says: ‘Thank you from me and every young cancer patient of the future’ • Stephen Sutton (2 – to tell) the world he (3 – to be) on brink of death earlier this week • 19-year-old initially (4 – to 5 set out) to raise just £10,000 for Teenage Cancer Trust but quickly (5 – to soar) past £1m • Celebrity supporters (6 – to include) Rebecca Adlington and Sir Chris Hoy 1

Just days ago Stephen Sutton bravely (7 – to tell) the world he (8 – to be) on the brink of death, and (9 – to thank) well-wishers for helping him raise more than £1million for charity. But the 15 teenage cancer patient’s achievement was only the beginning: he (10 – to spark) one of the most extraordinary fundraising drives the country (11 – ever / to see). In the four days since 20 he (12 – to post) his heartbreaking message on Tuesday donations (13 – to pour) in at an astonishing rate of more than £400,000 a day. 10

On Wednesday Stephen’s plight (14 – to prompt) donations of £1.4million – an amazing achievement considering the former school athlete (15 – to set out) to raise a modest £10,000 for the Teenage Cancer Trust charity. Last night the total

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

(16 – to soar) to just under £2.5m with contributions from more than 96,000 supporters. It (17 – to prompt) Stephen, 19, to gather the strength to write a Facebook 35 message from his hospital bed to thank his supporters. He (18 – to say): ‘Hi guys, currently I am feeling well and would describe my current situation as stable. The tumours in my body are still rife 40 and dangerous, but I feel so lucky to just still be here, and in fact I feel completely privileged to be in this position where I can help make such a difference to other people’s lives. The main thing I (19 – 45 always / to feel) passionately about is helping others... I (20 – always / to be) a firm believer that people are “good”, and to see people come together for the cause recently in the way they have is 50 incredibly touching and heartwarming. 30

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Source: www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ article-2613494/Boy-whosinspired-Britain-Dyingcancer-teenagers-charityappeal-hits-2-5m-says-Thankyoung-cancer-patient-future. html

I always describe my cancer as a huge kick up the backside that (21 – to teach) me a lot of good: the importance of helping others, of making every second 55 count, of making sure life is for LIVING, amongst other things.’ Stephen, of Burntwood, Staffordshire, (22 – to diagnose) with bowel cancer when he (23 – to be) 15. After he (24 – to 60 realise) he (25 – not to have) long to live, he (26 – to set) himself a ‘bucket list’ of 46 challenges to tick off in his final days, including a charity skydive, quizzes, a football match and playing the drums 65 in front of a huge crowd. Stephen (27 – to manage) to tick off 33 goals, the first of which (28 – to be) raising £10,000 for the Teenage Cancer Trust. But his plight so (29 – to capture) the hearts of 70 those who (30 – to follow) his Facebook, Twitter and other internet updates that he (31 – to use) the growing goodwill to continue fundraising. Stephen’s everincreasing fund is the single largest 75 donation the Teenage Cancer Trust (32 – ever / to receive). Siobhan Dunn, the charity’s chief executive, (33 – to say): ‘I (34 – to have) the privilege of meeting him and 80 his positivity is always remembered by all who meet him or hear him speak. Stephen is making the biggest possible

difference to Teenage Cancer 85 Trust and the young people who need our help.’ In a post on 90 Thursday Stephen (35 – to reveal) how he (36 – to bounce) back after suffering a collapsed lung, 95 adding with characteristic fearlessness: ‘In all honesty I (37 – to be) probably not too far from nearly leaving you all. One doctor while seeing me even (38 – to say) how my medical notes and how 100 I (39 – to be) actually doing (40 – not to seem) to match up. The progress since (41 – to continue) to be good but steady. I am still in a very vulnerable position. I am very limited in what I can do and am 105 still permanently hooked up to oxygen.’ Stephen (42 – to be) healthy and active before he (43 – to strike) with colorectal cancer, competing at county level in athletics and cross-country 110 running, and playing for Walsall FC’s youth team. His burning ambition (44 – to be) to become a doctor. He (45 – to pass away) peacefully in his sleep on May 14, 2014.

13)

25)

37)

14)

26)

38)

15)

27)

39)

16)

28)

40)

17)

29)

41)

18)

30)

42)

19)

31)

43)

20)

32)

44)

21)

33)

45)

10)

22)

34)

11)

23)

35)

12)

24)

36)

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

Words unit 1 Social media an app a blogosphere a buzzword a channel a comment an entry / a post a friend request a hack a hashtag an infographic a newsfeed a playlist a tweet a vlog a wall

to accept to follow to go viral to like to post to retweet to share to subscribe to tweet to unfriend/ defriend to upload

Do you know the game Angry Birds? It’s a really cool … . I wonder what the … has to say about that provocative picture that Kim Kardashian has just posted. The … of last year were ‘sustainability’ and ‘game changer’. Anglophenia is a blog about British culture with an American accent, and it also has a YouTube … with a lot of interesting clips. Your … on her Facebook status was really rude! It’s been a while since he has posted an / a … on his blog.

een app een blogosfeer

Someone named Marcus Aurelius has sent me a … on Facebook, but I really don’t know who that man is, so I’m going to decline. Did you know that you can use soda-pop tabs to offset hangers and save space in your closet? That’s a convenient life … . After his crash, Michael Schumacher’s family launched a website and the … #keepfightingmichael to support him. According to this … , coffee is the second most popular drink in the world after water. … is the constantly updating list of status updates, photo’s, likes etc. on your homepage. Could you make a … with all the songs that you played at your party? I’d like to listen to them again. Ellen Degeneres sent out this hilarious … : ‘Last year, I asked Santa for the sexiest person ever for Christmas… I woke up in a box…’ Do you know Lilly Singh? – Is that the girl who runs the ‘superwoman’ … on YouTube? Foo Fighters posted their latest videoclip on their Facebook … yesterday.

een vriendschapsverzoek een hack

I sent him a friendrequest on Facebook. Do you think he will … ? Who are your favourite instagrammers? – I … Kim Kardashian, 9gag and sarcasm_only. Have you seen the clip ‘10 hours of walking in NYC as a woman’? It … in 2014: it has been watched over 38.6 million times already! Oh look, over 300 people have … that cute photo of you! Why did you … that awful Dubsmash on my Facebook wall? The blog whispond.com offers 52 methods on how to get your tweets … by others. Her dog ran away, so she asked me to … her status update on Facebook in the hopes of finding it. I think it woud be best to … to our teacher’s blog on wich he post useful links for his course. Iggy Azalea and Snoop Dog had an argument after they had … insulting things about each other. When I see Jim and Molly in real life, they always ignore me, so I think I’m going to … them on Facebook. Good riddance! I’m trying to … a clip on YouTube but my browser keeps crashing… ! – Maybe the file is too large?

accepteren volgen

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

een hypewoord een kanaal een commentaar een bericht

een hashtag een infographic een nieuwsfeed een afspeellijst een tweet een vlog een muur

viraal gaan liken posten retweeten delen inschrijven tweeten ontvrienden uploaden

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Bullying a consequence

In fact, twice as many people die in Britain as the result of cold winter nights as they do as a ... of hot summer days. My sister and I had a ... about who could use the bathroom first. Drinking while pregnant could become a criminal ... in the UK. ... in relationships, like domestic violence, is still taboo.

een gevolg

A mother claims she has been forced to take her son out of school over never-ending ... . We hope to build people’s confidence and ... with these projects.

fysiek pesten

verbal bullying well-being

A study claims that name calling is the worst form of ... . It is essential for health and ... to maintain a positive attitude to life.

verbaal pesten welzijn

tolerable

The British summer would be far more … with a little more sunshine.

upsetting

Harry Potter characters on Tinder is the most … thing you’ll see all day. The inmates say the new prisons leave them isolated and … to abuse by guards.

draaglijk, toelaatbaar teleurstellend, bedroevend kwetsbaar

a dispute an offence emotional bullying physical bullying self-esteem

vulnerable

to affect to be responsible for to chase to collapse (to the ground) to confide in to confront

The effects of the hunger … each of them differently. Violence genes may … one in 10 serious crimes, according to Swedish scientists. I … after her and caught her left arm with my free hand, forcing her to stop. Eye witness reports said part of the roofing structure … .

I would urge her to seek help and … in somebody she trusts. The trick is to … a bully in a way that doesn’t ignite further anger or violence. to cope At this time of year, we are at our busiest and occasionally, we get more requests in than we can … with. to feel intimiAlthough he … by her appearance, he gathered up all of his nerve to dated speak to her. to suffer (from) Larry … from a mental illness and spends his days rocking in a chair. to take part in Jay insists that his son … the same activities as every other kid in America: baseball, basketball and camp. to upset Those insults really … me.

een onenigheid een overtreding emotioneel pesten

eigenwaarde, zelfvertrouwen

beïnvloeden verantwoordelijk zijn voor achterna zitten neerstorten (op de grond) vertrouwen in confronteren verwerken geïntimideerd zijn lijden (aan) deelnemen aan van streek maken

Job hopping a control panel an external hard drive a file a a a a

I don’t know how to access the … in Windows 8. If you have a lot of large files, it’s best to store them on an … .

Users will also need special software to play the … on their desktop computers. key To ensure that the computer remains in Standby, do not move the mouse or press any … on your keyboard. keyboard To ensure that the computer remains in Standby, do not move the mouse or press any keys on your … . menu Important operations are hidden in right-mouse-click pop-up … . program icon How many … do you have on your desktop screen?

een controlepaneel een externe harde schijf een bestand een toets een toetsenbord een menu een programmaicoontje

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

a return key / an entry key a screen a space bar a start button a system unit a track pad to get something done to manage a threat

Don’t type ‘y’ or ‘yes’; just accept the defaults by hitting the … .

een entertoets

Check out how to set a desktop background as your start … backeen scherm ground. It’s a flash game where pressing the … rewards you with goofy photos een spatiebalk of its creators holding up your score. The … allows users to access their computer programs or configure een startknop Microsoft Windows easily. The … is the main part of a personal computer and contains the motherboard, the hard drive, etc. The … works well, but it is more convenient to get a small travel mouse and plug it in to one of the USB ports. I didn’t have time to finish my essay yesterday, but I’m determined to … today. There were at least 1,000 hooligans in the streets, but the police … well.

to provide em- In 2013, agriculture and horticulture … for 150,000 people in Finployment land. to solve a prob- Boyan Slat, a 19-year old from Holland, might have … one of the biglem gest environmental … with his Ocean Cleanup Array. to work abroad After I graduated, I … for a couple of years.

een systeemunit een trackpad, touchpad iets verwezenlijken een bedreiging weten aan te pakken werkgelegenheid voorzien een probleem oplossen in het buitenland werken

Reading matters an an an an

acronym emoticon exchange interaction

a phenomenon a troll

commonplace concise significant(ly)

BFF, OMG and LMAO are all … . The smiley face and the sad face were the first … . He liked her iPod and she liked his PSP, so they agreed to an … . They were supposed to work together, but there wasn’t much … between them. That band is a pop … just for their sales figures alone! Derren Brown put a homophobic Twitter … in his place with a short, sharp quick-witted response.

een een een een

None of the others had noticed the little scene; it was an event too … to mark. The explanation of the science at work was clear and … . For Fagan, the next few weeks promise to be the most … of her year.

alledaags, gewoon

simultaneous(ly)

The concerts will take place … at five venues around the world.

to to to to

He was visibly emotionally … by the tragedy. As the name indicates, the film Nostalgia … feelings of nostalgia. Officials have repeatedly … the existence of a secret report. Trains on railways such as these moved slowly, and the footpaths alongside them gradually … into roads. They seemed keen to keep in touch once they returned to India so we … e-mail addresses. Be careful with alcohol and medication: they may … .

affect convey deny evolve

to exchange to interact

Unit 1 Man is by nature a social beast

acronym emoticon uitwisseling wisselwerking

een fenomeen een (internet)trol

beknopt opmerkelijk, beduidend gelijktijdig

beïnvloeden overbrengen ontkennen evolueren uitwisselen op elkaar inwerken