Test Bank for Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6th Edition by Mertens ISBN: 9781071853801
Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology (6th) ISBN 9781071853801 | Chapter 1 Total Questions: 50
Multiple Choice (25) Q1. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The views of the role of paradigms in the research design community ______. a) are consistent in that all researchers believe they are necessary b) vary widely ✓ correct c) are consistent in that all researchers believe they are inescapable d) are consistent in that all researchers see the value in them Q2. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
According to Shadish, differences in research are due to ______. a) assumptions we make when we construct knowledge ✓ correct b) the different methods that are used to gain and understand data c) the use of mixed methods in gathering data to evaluate d) differences of choice between hegemony and liberation Q3. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
A(n) ______ is a way of looking at the world. a) axiological question b) ontological question c) methodological question d) paradigm ✓ correct Q4. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
According to Guba and Lincoln’s (2005) belief systems, the ______ question asks about the nature of values and ethics. a) ontological b) epistemological c) axiological ✓ correct d) methodological Q5. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
An ontological question asks about the nature of ______. a) knowledge b) systematic inquiry c) values and ethics d) reality ✓ correct Q6. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
What would be an example of an epistemological question in paradigm research? a) What are characteristics of ethics? b) How do we study phenomena? c) How do we know something? ✓ correct d) What is and reality?
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q7. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Many terms are used to describe different research paradigms. For example, the transformative paradigm has been referred to as ______. a) social transformation b) postpositivist c) emancipatory ✓ correct d) postcolonial Q8. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The main paradigm that directed the early days in educational research history was the ______ paradigm. a) positivism ✓ correct b) transformative c) constructivism d) pragmatic Q9. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
What shifted the focus of thought from positivism to postpositivism? a) The rejection of the broadness of positivism. b) The rejection of the idea that what can be studied is limited to what can be observed. ✓ correct c) An increase in focus on objectivity. d) The change in scientific methodologies over time. Q10. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Postpositivists believe in using ethical standards and norms to guide research. One specific ethical principle involves maximizing good outcomes for society and avoiding or reducing harm to participants. This is referred to as ______. a) respect in research b) justice c) beneficence ✓ correct d) informed consent Q11. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The idea that researchers should take all precautions to avoid experimenter bias and influence is related to the ______ assumption of postpositivist. a) epistemological ✓ correct b) axiological c) methodological d) ontological Q12. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Suppose you are doing postpositivist research on a new study skills program, what example most closely follows postpositivist methodology? a) Interview of students before and after implementing the new program. b) Use a randomized experimental design using a treatment and control group. ✓ correct c) The use of observations in naturalistic and laboratory settings. d) Use focus groups to gain information about effectiveness of the new program.
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q13. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Hermeneutics gave way to the ______ paradigm in research. a) postpositivist b) constructivist ✓ correct c) transformative d) pragmatic Q14. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The constructivists ontological view is that ______. a) objective researchers can establish the facts b) probability rather than fact proves a theory c) reality is objective and easily discernable d) reality is subjective and socially constructed ✓ correct Q15. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The transformative paradigm would be most associated with ______. a) Marxists, feminists, and minority groups ✓ correct b) the use of stringent ethical guidelines and reducing bias c) the theory of causality d) quantitative methods of research Q16. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
One motivating factor regarding the shift from constructivist to the transformative paradigm was ______. a) criticism of male dominated perspectives and participants in psychological study ✓ correct b) arguments on methodology at that time in history c) the belief that the constructivist paradigm was unbiased d) change in perspectives from observable behaviors to including cognitive processes Q17. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
One of Merten’s (2009) three characteristics of the transformative paradigm included the idea that ______. a) research results must be linked to social action ✓ correct b) transformative researchers should be pluralistic and use mixed methods c) marginalized groups should not be involved in the research process d) conceptual resources need to be distributed equally, but material resources do not Q18. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Kirkhart proposed five justifications for multicultural validity, including ______. a) consequential ✓ correct b) intrapersonal c) empirical d) pragmatic Q19. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Suppose you are a pragmatist researcher studying children’s prosocial behaviors. According to pragmatic epistemology, what methods would most likely be used? a) Mixed methods would be used as well as high interaction between researcher and community. ✓ correct b) Researchers would observe only in order to not distract participants in the study. c) Single-method research using naturalistic observations. d) Correlational research that maintains distance between the researcher and community.
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q20. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The methodology of pragmatists are most compatible with ______. a) correlational research b) qualitative and quantitative methods ✓ correct c) monolithic methods (i.e. scientific method) d) cross-comparison research Q21. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The idea that all humans and the environment are connected would be most associated with what aspect of indigenous axiology? a) reverence b) reciprocity c) relationality ✓ correct d) reflexivity Q22. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The idea that understanding is created through conversation and establishing culturally responsive relationships is most closely aligned with ______. a) indigenous axiology b) transformative epistemology c) constructivist ontology d) indigenous epistemology ✓ correct Q23. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
The National Research Council’s report (2002) notes that ______ methods are the preferred strategy and the gold standard for causal investigations. a) correlational b) experimental ✓ correct c) quasi-experimental d) observational Q24. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The National Research Council established a fundamental principle regarding experimental educational research, which emphasizes ______. a) the need for not only quantitative, but qualitative measures in research as well b) determining causality through randomized experimentation ✓ correct c) the use of subjective measures of experimentation d) systematic, naturalistic observation in the educational system Q25. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Using more than one research paradigm at a time is referred to as ______. a) dialectical pluralism ✓ correct b) radical relativism c) mixed method research d) dual paradigms True/False (15)
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q26. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The importance of using paradigms in research is that when they are not used, there are assumptions that are not recognized or examined. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q27. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Some researchers believe that the choice of paradigm used in research establishes a decision between hegemony and liberation. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q28. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
A paradigm is comprised of philosophical beliefs that guide thinking and action. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q29. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Positivists believe that there is a lot of human behavior that is difficult to observe, which can decrease generalizability. a) True b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False Q30. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Constructivist are concerned with marginalized communities; they set out to “construct” social change. a) True b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False Q31. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Beneficence, related to the transformative paradigm, is associated with social justice and promoting human rights. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q32. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Pragmatists are less concerned with ontology than other research assumptions because truth and reality are not an important part of their philosophies. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q33. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
There is a universal agreement that the indigenous paradigm should be characterized as a paradigm, like the other four. a) True b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False Q34. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The methodological assumption in the indigenous paradigm is most concerned with decolonization. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q35. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Debates between postpositivists and pragmatists were at one time called the paradigm wars. a) True b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False Q36. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Most professional organizations agreed with the definition of research found in the NCLB legislation. a) True b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False Q37. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Maxwell (2012) aragues that qualitative methods are necessary if researchers want to make valid and useful claims about causality in educational and psychological research. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q38. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Many researchers combine the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q39. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Bloch suggests that research is a contested territory; many contexts are important in educational research. a) True ✓ correct b) False Correct answer: True Q40. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Eclectic research paradigm can be described when different paradigms are used in research at the same time. a) True b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False Essay (10) Page 6
Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q41. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
There are five justifications for multicultural validity. Describe two of these justifications. Suggested answer: Sample response: The interpersonal justification looks at the quality of interactions among participants during the research process. The experiential justification relates to the congruence with the lived experience of participants in the program and in the evaluation process. Q42. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Compare and contrast neo-pragmatism and pragmatism in research paradigms. Suggested answer: Sample response: Pragmatism is divided in history by early pragmatism and neo-pragmatism. Both belong to the pragmatic paradigm in research; pragmatism is the over-arching belief, and the neo-pragmatism is a more current updated understanding of the philosophies. They believe that the use of a single scientific method could not truly align with the real world and that the best method is one that most closely aligns with what is being studied. Neo-pragmatists go beyond emphasizing common sense, practical thinking, and mixed methods research. Q43. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Describe the differences between the indigenous and transformative paradigms. Suggested answer: Sample response: While both paradigms are concerned with increased justice, indigenous paradigm’s goal is to have human rights recognized and lands restored. Transformative paradigm examines inequality and injustice in society. Q44. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Regarding research paradigm history, explain the “paradigm wars.” Suggested answer: Sample response: The “paradigm wars” was a time when arguments were high between the postpositivism and constructivism assumptions in research. Postpositivism is the oldest paradigm, followed by constructivist and transformative paradigms. Q45. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Maxwell believes that qualitative methods are important for establishing causality in educational research. Identify his rationale and provide an example of using qualitative methods in educational psychology. Suggested answer: Sample response: Maxwell believes the use of qualitative methods are important because it takes broader contexts into account, including social and cultural aspects. It provides researchers with more understanding of complex ideas. An example of a qualitative method would be doing one-on-one interviews with students to provide rich qualitative data. Q46. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Imagine you are a constructivist researching the effectiveness of a specific program to increase critical thinking skills in schools. In terms of ontology, what might be some important factors or techniques you would use to gather information? Suggested answer: Sample response: Constructivists are concerned with reality and how it can be measured objectively given the social and individual nature of humans. In this study, you would interview teachers to obtain more qualitative information about the program/study. You would want to know what the teachers thought of the program and how exactly they used the program within their classroom. Using case studies or first-hand accounts of this program, how well it was implemented, and the success or failure seen by teachers or others are techniques that can be used. Q47. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Describe the theoretical foundation for the transformative paradigm in research and provide an example of one specific philosophical basis. Suggested answer: Sample response: The theoretical foundation for the transformative paradigm in research includes the use of mixed methods, qualitative, feminist, and disability research, participatory action research, critical ethnography, culturally responsive research as well as international development. One specific philosophical basis is participatory action research that focuses on marginalized communities and the problems they face. One example may be looking at family and community involvement in poverty-stricken areas. Meeting with school faculty, parents, students, and those within the community and establishing programs or activities to increase this involvement.
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank
Q48. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Suppose you are wanting to do a research study on the Inuit population in northern Quebec. What research paradigm would be best to use and why? What are important related factors to remember while doing the study? Suggested answer: Sample response: The Indigenous paradigm would be the best paradigm to use for this research study. The reason for this is due to wanting to study Indigenous populations. Transformative paradigm is a good paradigm, but Indigenous fits better. Important factors to remember with this paradigm is that it is important to have high community involvement between researchers and the Inuit population. It is important for researchers to build relationships with the community members and to fully understand the contextual, relational, and culturally connected reality of this Indigenous group. Q49. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
In terms of educational psychology, describe the relationship between paradigms and legislation. Suggested answer: Sample response: When legislation started being passed regarding public school children’s education, like the No Child Left Behind Act and the more current Elementary and Secondary Education Act, it provided a push for scientifically sound evidence. The issue with this is that this type of research mentality can leave out lots of important information about students and the educational system. Focusing solely on rigorous methodology like legislation is pushing for can have lasting effects on schools Q50. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Discuss your thoughts about the different research paradigms. Which paradigm applies more to your own worldview? Explain your answer. Suggested answer: Sample response: The different outlooks or assumptions of these paradigms are very important to research. Research is not just about the methodology you use, but also the philosophical and theoretical aspects involved. The transformative paradigm is most closely aligned with my worldview. I think there are many injustices occurring in the world, in society. I am more personally interested in social justice and welfare of marginalized communities. I am interested in social change which directly relates to the transformative research paradigm.
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Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology 6e Mertens Test Bank