Test Bank for Psychology 2nd Edition by Hudson, Whisenhunt
ISBN: 9780135329566
Chapter 1: Psychology as a Science
Topic
Learning Objective 1.1
Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
the
Multiple Choice 2 [intro, NA], 7–10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35 4, 5, 6 [intro, NA], 11, 25 1, 3 [intro, NA], 12, 14, 28 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31
Learning Objective 1.2
Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Multiple Choice 37, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52 38, 40, 43, 44, 46, 59, 64 41, 49, 51, 53–58, 61 36, 39, 48, 60, 62, 63, 65
Learning Objective 1.3
Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Learning Objective 1.4
List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Learning Objective 1.5
Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Learning Objective 1.6
Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Learning Objective 1.8
Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Learning Objective 1.9
Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Learning Objective
1.10
Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Learning Objective 1.11
Recall the components of experimental research.
Multiple Choice 106, 107, 108 109, 110 Short Answer 169 Essay
Multiple Choice 111, 112 [intro, NA], 113, 115 114, 117 116 118, 119 Short Answer 170 Essay
Multiple Choice 120 121, 122, 123 Short Answer Essay
Multiple Choice 124, 125 [intro, NA], 126–129, 131, 132 133, 137 130, 134, 135, 136, 138
Answer 171 Essay 176
Learning Objective
1.12
Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Learning Objective 1.13
Analyze how the crosscutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Multiple Choice 141, 144, 147, 148 140, 142, 143, 146 139, 149, 150 145, 151, 152, 153
Multiple Choice 156, 159, 162 155, 157, 158 154, 160, 161 Short Answer Essay
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Dr. Lopez studies why parents choose to discipline their children in specific ways based on cultural practices. Dr. Lopez works in the field of __________.
A) biology
B) philosophy
C) psychology
D) botany
Answer: C
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Psychology?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
2. Psychology is the scientific study of __________.
A) the human condition
B) behavior and mental processes
C) skepticism
D) the mind
Answer: B
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Psychology?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
3. __________ includes any action that can be directly observed, while __________ include internal activities in the mind that are not directly accessible.
A) mental processes; behavior
B) behavior; mental processes
C) dualism; empiricism
D) empiricism; dualism
Answer: B
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Psychology?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
4. Behavior can __________, and mental processes __________.
A) change; do not change
B) be directly observed; cannot be directly observed
C) not be directly observed; can be directly observed
D) never change; can change
Answer: B
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Psychology?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
5. Sometimes we are skeptical about research results from psychological studies. What leads to this skepticism?
A) Psychology is not a real science.
B) The findings of the research do not support our commonly held assumptions.
C) The findings of the research are presented by philosophers who have observed behavior.
D) Casual observations are often more accurate than actual research.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Psychology?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
6. A research study claims that children who play team sports are more likely to engage in bullying. You recall how the children you know who play team sports are friendly and supportive toward others. You become skeptical of the research study because
A) the results do not match your own experiences
B) the results do not explain why children bully
C) the results are part of psychology, which isn’t a real science
D) the results were obtained through a carefully controlled study with a good random sampling
Answer: A
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Psychology?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
7. The origins of psychology can be traced to __________, shaped by the ideas of Socrates, Plato, Descartes, and Avicenna.
A) anthropology
B) theology
C) philosophy
D) biology
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
8. Socrates and Plato believed that the mind did not cease to exist when the body died, and that thoughts and ideas could exist separately from the body. This concept is known as
A) monism
B) dualism
C) theism
D) empiricism
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
9. Dualism is the belief that thoughts and ideas __________.
A) arise from the body
B) can exist separately from the body
C) occur together in the mind
D) do not occur separately from the body
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
10. Descartes concluded that the __________ was the seat of the soul, where all thoughts were formed.
A) heart
B) brain
C) pineal gland
D) mind
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
11. Avicenna, a Persian philosopher, recognized the __________.
A) separation of mind and body
B) connection between emotional distress and physical illness
C) influence of evolution on mental processes
D) soul flowed through the body via hollow tubes
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
12. You believe that people are born with no innate knowledge and that all knowledge is gained through experience. Your belief system reflects that of __________.
A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) John Locke
D) Max Wertheimer
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
13. John Locke believed that at birth the human mind was a ________.
A) tabula rasa
B) full notebook
C) template
D) picture board
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
14. Erica believes that knowledge is gained through experience. Erica’s belief is similar to that of __________.
A) Edward Titchener
B) Max Wertheimer
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) John Locke
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
15. Empiricism is the __________.
A) view that knowledge originates through experience
B) idea that the brain and the mind are separate entities
C) idea that consciousness is composed of individual elements
D) examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
16. __________ is known as the “father of psychology.”
A) Edward Titchener
B) Rene Descartes
C) Wilhelm Wundt
D) John Locke
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
17. Psychology was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in __________ in __________.
A) Sweden; 1940
B) France; 1920
C) Germany; 1879
D) the United States; 1863
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
18. __________ is to purpose as __________ is to components.
A) Empiricism; Functionalism
B) Operationalism; Structuralism
C) Functionalism; Structuralism
D) Introspection; Functionalism
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
19. Edward Titchener is considered to be the founder of the school of psychology concerned with studying the individual elements of consciousness which is called ____________.
A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) introspection
D) dualism
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
20. Edward Titchener believed that experiences could be __________.
A) broken down into individual emotions and sensations
B) explained by how they help promote survival
C) evaluated based on function
D) ever-changing and never separated into individual elements
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology. Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
21. Mateo received a LEGO robot for Christmas. He began to take the robot apart, recording each piece of the robot. In studying his robot, Mateo is much like the early ___________ in the field of psychology.
A) empiricists
B) functionalists
C) structuralists
D) behaviorists
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
22. Who was the first Black individual to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in 1920?
A) Carl Rogers
B) Francis Cecil Sumner
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Takeo Doi
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology. Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
23. While engaging in serving others, Arnold is asked to reflect on how he feels while doing the work, how he feels when giving to others, and what thoughts go through his mind as he completes the service. Arnold is being asked to engage in __________.
A) functionalism
B) empiricism
C) introspection
D) complex problem solving
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
24. What contributed to the decline of structuralism in the early history of psychology?
A) It depended on natural selection, which was not well accepted until after Darwin made it famous.
B) It was limited as a means of scientific discovery due to its reliance on introspection.
C) Confirming its conclusions relied on technology that had not been discovered yet.
D) It could not be applied to internal thoughts and processes.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
25. What area of contemporary psychology was highly influenced by structuralism?
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Biological psychology
C) Sensation and perception
D) Learning and memory
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
26. A school of psychology focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment is known as __________.
A) dualism
B) structuralism
C) functionalism
D) empiricism
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
27. When Jamal observed the animal rocking back and forth just prior to launching into the air to catch his prey, he wondered how rocking back and forth benefited the animal in catching his prey. In doing this, Jamal is taking a __________ perspective.
A) gestalt
B) dualist
C) functionalist
D) structuralist
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
28. It is believed that the white color of the snowy owl protects it from being detected in its habitat in the Arctic. This trait has likely been passed down through generations as part of
A) survivor benefits
B) natural selection
C) introspection
D) structuralism
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
29. William James believed that consciousness _________.
A) could be broken down into individual elements
B) could not be broken down into individual elements
C) arises from the pineal gland
D) should be the focus of study in psychology
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
30. Alejandro studies what elements of a song contribute to the emotional experience of listening to it. He analyzes the role of rhythm, melody, and harmony in shaping this experience. Alejandro’s interests most closely reflect the approach of __________.
A) functionalism
B) behaviorism
C) a psychoanalytic perspective
D) structuralism
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
31. Malik studies how human hand gestures enhance communication and help convey emotions more effectively in social interactions. Malik’s research interests most closely reflect the approach of __________.
A) dualism
B) structuralism
C) functionalism
D) gestalt psychology
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
32. While reading a partially torn poster, Diego assumes the phrase says “live music tonight,” even though some letters are missing. According to __________, Diego is organizing the information based on a perceived pattern.
A) psychodynamic psychology
B) behaviorist psychology
C) humanistic psychology
D) gestalt psychology
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
33. __________ is the psychologist whose ideas developed into Gestalt psychology.
A) John Watson
B) Max Wertheimer
C) Mary Whiton Calkins
D) John Locke
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology. Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
34. __________ psychology was founded by Max Wertheimer.
A) Humanistic
B) Gestalt
C) Psychodynamic
D) Cognitive Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
35. __________ was the first female in America to obtain her PhD in psychology and become the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
A) Mary Whiton Calkins
B) Margaret Floy Washburn
C) Rosalie Raynor
D) Anna Freud
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
36. Which of the following perspectives best represents the psychodynamic approach in psychology?
A) Alejandro, who believes that human behavior is driven by the type and frequency of rewards received for that behavior.
B) Farah, who believes that most of her clients are struggling because of unconscious drives that want to be fulfilled.
C) Kareem, who believes that most of his clients are trying to reach self-actualization.
D) Tenzin, who believes that behavior is driven by hormones and chemicals in the body.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
37. __________ is the founder of the psychodynamic approach in psychology.
A) John Watson
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Margaret Floy Washburn
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
38. According to Freud, intrude on the conscious mind through dreams, slips of the tongue, or symptoms of psychological disorders.
A) repressed urges
B) basic needs
C) conscious processes
D) social experiences
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
39. Laura was attracted to John and was looking forward to attending his party on Saturday. When she arrived, she realized John’s ex-girlfriend, Camila, had shown up to the party as well. When Laura approached Camila standing with John, she said, “I’m mad to see you here” instead of “I’m glad to see you here.” Which of the following provides a psychodynamic explanation of this behavior?
A) Laura’s unconscious anger with Camila slipped out.
B) Laura expressed her conscious anger intentionally to hurt Camila and be disrespectful in front of John.
C) Laura has been rewarded for saying mean things in the past.
D) Laura is trying to achieve her best self by saying what she means.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
40. Contemporary psychodynamic theories focus more on the influence of __________ in behavior.
A) rewards and punishments related to repressed unconscious urges
B) the unconscious processes related to social experiences and relationships
C) the needs hierarchy and its importance in family relationships
D) unconscious sexual and aggressive urges
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
41. Kim visits a therapist, complaining that she is unable to form a long-term meaningful relationship with a boyfriend. The therapist believes that she is allowing an unconscious resentment for her stepfather to enter her relationships. Kim is most likely seeing a __________ psychologist.
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
42. The behavioral approach to psychology concentrates on __________ behavior.
A) abnormal
B) optimal
C) observable
D) easily explained
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
43. In the famous experiment involving “Little Albert,” Watson demonstrated that __________ could be conditioned.
A) happiness
B) sadness
C) surprise
D) fear
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
44. To condition fear, Watson and Rayner paired a rat (something the child did not fear) with , something the child feared naturally.
A) loud noise
B) a bright light
C) a pin prick
D) music
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
45. __________ is credited with developing the behavioral approach to psychology.
A) Sigmund Freud
B) John Watson
C) Max Wertheimer
D) Carl Rogers
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
46. B. F. Skinner worked on studies demonstrating that behavior could be altered through __________.
A) self-esteem
B) bringing repressed urges into consciousness
C) positive thoughts
D) reinforcement
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
47. The __________ approach proposes that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency.
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) evolutionary
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
48. Luka seeks the assistance of a counselor who focuses on the importance of recognizing his own free will. They work on issues related to self-esteem and self-expression in their therapy sessions. Luka’s counselor is most likely a __________ psychologist.
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
49. Yusuf set a goal with his therapist to “achieve his full potential.” He is using various activities to learn and to grow. According to Maslow, Yusuf is trying to achieve
A) nirvana
B) stability
C) self-actualization
D) positive thinking
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
50. __________ and __________ were two of the founding theorists of the humanistic approach to psychology.
A) Skinner; Maslow
B) Maslow; Rogers
C) Freud; Watson
D) Wertheimer; Rogers
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
51. Dr. Patel studies how brain games focusing on memory and attention can delay dementia in humans. Dr. Patel is most likely a __________ psychologist.
A) behavioral
B) gestalt
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
52. __________ is a field of psychology concerned with mental processes such as perception, thinking, learning, and memory.
A) Biological psychology
B) Humanistic psychology
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Evolutionary psychology
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
53. Dr. Morales studies how highly emotional situations affect the memory of a given event. Dr. Morales is using the __________ approach to study human mental processes.
A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive
D) behavioral Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
54. Anika is focused on studying the structure and function of the nervous system to understand certain behaviors. Anika is interested in the __________ approach in psychology.
A) evolutionary
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) behavioral Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
55. Johnathan is studying the structure and function of the brain focused on reading abilities. Johnathan is using the __________ approach to psychology.
A) psychodynamic
B) biological
C) humanistic
D) sociocultural
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
56. Dr. Kim researches the neurotransmitters involved in mental disorders like anxiety and depression. Dr. Kim is most likely a __________ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) biological
D) evolutionary
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
57. Dr. Tanaka studies how brain chemistry influences anxiety and mood disorders. Dr. Tanaka is using the __________ approach in her studies.
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
58. Idris is interested in understanding the genetic contributions to mental disorders Idris is using the __________ approach to complete his studies.
A) evolutionary B) psychodynamic C) cognitive D) biological Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
59. Understanding how behavior has changed over time to help humans adapt to their environment is known as the __________ approach to psychology.
A) biological B) evolutionary C) sociocultural D) behavioral Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
60. Dr. Marcos believes that chronic pain experiences may actually contribute to the survival of the individual in a society. Dr. Marcos is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
61. Dr. Bright studies how sexual attraction might be related to survival in humans. Dr. Bright is a(n) __________ psychologist.
A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) evolutionary
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
62. Dr. Vasquez is studying increased rates of empathy in women versus men. She believes this difference plays an important role in the gender roles of a society. Dr. Vasquez is using the __________ approach in psychology.
A) sociocultural
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
63. Dr. Thompson is interested in understanding if race and socioeconomic class might impact self-esteem and success. Dr. Thompson is using the __________ approach to conduct his research.
A) humanistic
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) sociocultural
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
64. Psychologists who adopt multiple perspectives to study an issue are using a(n) __________ approach to understanding human behavior and mental processes
A) eclectic
B) sociocultural
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
65. Dr. Sharma is treating a young man who complains that he experiences anxiety when at work and feels pressured to work harder. Dr. Sharma uses a variety of therapeutic strategies, including examining the man’s negative thinking patterns, his medications, reinforcers in his environment, and any repressed negative experiences from his childhood. Dr. Sharma is using a(n) __________ approach in his treatment of this client.
A) psychodynamic
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) eclectic
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
66. Dr. Elena Cruz specializes in treating clients with anxiety disorders. She uses evidencebased approaches, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness techniques, to help clients manage their symptoms. Dr. Cruz is a(n) __________ psychologist.
A) applied
B) clinical
C) academic
D) eclectic Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
67. Dr. Hassan sees clients who want to stop smoking. She suggests behavioral modification programs to help her clients stop smoking. Dr. Hassan is most likely a __________ psychologist.
A) humanistic
B) clinical
C) applied
D) academic
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
68. Dr. Park is a physician who sees clients with severe mental disorders. She prescribes medication to help them manage their disorders. Dr. Park is most likely a(n) __________.
A) psychiatrist
B) nurse
C) clinical psychologist
D) clinical social worker
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
69. A __________ is a specialist in psychology who studies the relationship between the brain and behavior. These professionals may help assess for conditions such as dementia or evaluate the consequences of a stroke.
A) counseling psychologist
B) clinical social worker
C) neuropsychologist
D) psychiatric nurse
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
70. Dr. O’Connor is a psychologist who works in an academic setting to help students with learning and behavioral problems. Dr. O’Connor is likely to be a __________.
A) counseling psychologist
B) school psychologist
C) neuropsychologist
D) clinical social worker
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
71. A(n) __________ uses psychological theory and practice to tackle real-world problems.
A) neuropsychologist
B) humanistic psychologist
C) applied psychologist
D) clinical psychologist
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
72. Which of the following best represents the work of an applied psychologist?
A) Dr. Chen, who provides therapy to clients struggling with daily stress and anxiety.
B) Dr. Lopez, who designs training programs to improve employee performance at a tech company.
C) Dr. Diallo, who works with athletes to improve focus and reduce competition-related anxiety through visualization techniques.
D) Dr. Ramirez, who teaches undergraduate psychology courses at a university.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
73. Dr. Hadi is currently working on a program to assist a company in retaining high-quality employees by providing ongoing training and compensation for skills improvement. Dr. Hadi is likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
A) academic
B) sports
C) counseling
D) industrial/organizational
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
74. Dr. Novak spends most of her time teaching and advising students about careers, but she also conducts research in her specialty area. Dr. Novak is mostly likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
A) applied
B) clinical
C) counseling
D) academic
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields
75. Dr. Chavez studies peoples’ temperaments and how that makes them respond to stress differently. In addition to her research, she also teaches classes in the psychology department. Dr. Chavez is most likely an academic psychologist with a specialty in __________ psychology.
A) developmental
B) personality
C) social
D) abnormal
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
76. Dr. Carter is interested in understanding at what age humans develop some sense of morality. Dr. Carter has academic expertise in __________.
A) abnormal psychology
B) sports psychology
C) developmental psychology
D) social psychology
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
77. An academic psychologist who studies people with mental disorders specializes in _________ psychology.
A) developmental
B) abnormal
C) personality
D) social
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
78. An academic psychologist who specializes in studying how people in groups make different decisions than people by themselves is a _________ psychologist.
A) developmental
B) cognitive
C) learning
D) social
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
79. Liana has two friends who got married two years ago but they are now getting divorced. Liana says she knew the marriage wouldn’t last. Liana’s belief is an example of
A) false consensus effect
B) overestimation
C) hindsight bias
D) telling the truth
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
80. A person’s tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share his or her beliefs and behaviors is known as the __________.
A) hindsight bias
B) false consensus effect
C) underestimation effect
D) observer bias
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
81. The scientific method is better than common sense because it provides a process for conducting a(n) __________ through data collection and data analysis.
A) subjective conclusion
B) objective inquiry
C) estimation
D) anecdotal conclusion
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
82. Which of the following represents the correct order of the steps of the scientific method?
A) Identify the problem, formulate a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze your results, conduct background research, report your results.
B) Formulate a hypothesis, identify the problem, conduct background research, report your results, test the hypothesis, analyze your results.
C) Identify the problem, conduct background research, formulate a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze your results, report your results.
D) Background research, formulate a hypothesis, identify the problem, test the hypothesis, report your results, analyze your results.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
83. The first step in the scientific method is to ___________.
A) formulate a hypothesis
B) test the hypothesis
C) identify the problem
D) conduct background research
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
84. Which of the following represents a testable hypothesis about college students?
A) Do college students believe in luck?
B) College students who get at least seven hours of sleep perform better on exams than those who get less sleep.
C) What motivates college students to pursue their dreams?
D) Can college students predict the future?
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
85. A hypothesis is __________.
A) a process of repeating a study using the same methods and same participants
B) a general explanation about behavior and events
C) a testable prediction about new facts, based on existing theories
D) nonscientific and cannot be used to draw conclusions about behavior
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
86. A general explanation about behavior and events is known as __________.
A) hindsight bias
B) replication
C) a hypothesis
D) a theory
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
87. You have just finished testing your hypothesis. What is the next step in the scientific method?
A) Conduct background research.
B) Communicate your results.
C) Analyze your results.
D) Develop a new hypothesis.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
88. You have just identified a problem for a research study. According to the scientific method, what is your next step in the process of conducting your research?
A) Formulate a hypothesis
B) Identify a theory.
C) Conduct background research
D) Test the hypothesis.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
89. What is the function of conducting background research when using the scientific method?
A) To copy a hypothesis from someone else
B) To determine what studies have been done already in the area of your interest
C) To determine what research design is appropriate for your study
D) To identify other theories that need to be tested along with your study
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
90. Replication of research allows us to establish the __________.
A) validity and generalizability of the original results
B) true hypothesis of the original experiment
C) manipulation of variables in the experiment
D) phenomenon that cause a behavior
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
91. You should report the results of your research study _________.
A) if you agree with the results of your study
B) if your study confirms your hypothesis
C) whether your results support your hypothesis or not
D) if you can identify a specific mistake you made while conducting your research
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
92. In the scientific method, __________ occurs after you have tested your hypothesis.
A) conducting background research
B) analyzing your results
C) reporting your results
D) reformulating your hypothesis
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
93. __________ is a way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions.
A) Cognitive analysis
B) Critical thinking
C) The scientific method
D) Testing hypotheses
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: The Importance of Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
94. You attend a webinar on the challenges of managing COVID-19 symptoms at home. The presentations leave you feeling anxious about home care and convinced that hospitalization is always necessary. During a break, you discover that the webinar is sponsored by a company that manufactures hospital equipment. Which of the following problems may affect the information you are receiving?
A) The quality of the evidence is in question.
B) You are concerned that your emotions are taking over in the decision-making process.
C) They are presenting falsified data.
D) There may be an ulterior motive for the information being presented.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: The Importance of Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
95. When engaging in critical thinking, how do you evaluate the quality of the evidence used to support claims?
A) Evaluate the claim using the “common sense” test.
B) Evaluate the author’s use of the scientific process to determine if the evidence is reliable.
C) Relate the results to your own personal experience.
D) Relate the claims to an online search
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: The Importance of Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
96. A(n) __________ enables researchers to observe and describe behaviors without investigating the relationship between specific variables.
A) correlation
B) experiment
C) descriptive study
D) replication
Answer: C
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
97. A researcher wants to study whether waiting in a long line for a popular roller coaster will make people more likely to cut in line for snacks afterward. He observes a snack stand near the exit of the ride and records how many people who waited in the longest line try to sneak ahead in the snack line. This study is an example of a __________.
A) case study
B) survey
C) true experiment
D) naturalistic observation
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
98. Missy is interested in determining how people behave at weddings. She attends a number of weddings and records the behaviors she observes while there. Missy is conducting a(n)
A) case study
B) experiment
C) correlation
D) naturalistic observation
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
99. A researcher visits a dog park to observe how often dogs bark at each other. Surprisingly, the dogs bark much less when the researcher is present. The dog owners suggest that the dogs are on their best behavior because they sense they’re being watched. This is an example of __________.
A) observer bias
B) hindsight bias
C) false consensus effect
D) reactivity
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
100.If a participant in a naturalistic observation detects they are being observed and changes their behavior as a result of the observation, this is called __________.
A) replication
B) observer bias
C) reactivity
D) generalizability
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
101. Lina knew that “Diego,” the monkey she was observing in the lab, had been separated from his mother early in life. Lina saw Diego sitting in the corner with his shoulders hunched over and his hands on the floor and recorded his behavior as a “depressive posture.” Another researcher started to laugh as she noticed from her angle that Diego was actually playing with a mouse he had trapped under his hands. Lina made an error in her judgment of Diego’s behavior because of her expectations, which is a form of __________.
A) reactivity
B) blind observation
C) observer bias
D) sampling error
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
102.One benefit of a laboratory study over a naturalistic observation is that it can allow __________.
A) reduced participant expectations
B) increased observer bias
C) control over environmental conditions
D) reduced reactivity
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
103.A case study with an individual who has insensitivity to pain syndrome showed the person has fewer pain receptors than normal. Scientists conclude that insensitivity to pain syndrome is caused by a reduced number of pain receptors. This conclusion violates a number of things you know about case studies. Why is this conclusion problematic?
A) Case studies should not be generalized to a larger population.
B) The control group in the study was not randomly selected.
C) Case studies do not typically reveal important information
D) A case study is not an appropriate research method when studying one individual.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.7 Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Case Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
104.A case study would be the best option for which of the following research questions?
A) What is the relationship between eating sugary cereals and hyperactivity?
B) What causes slower cognition in people who have consumed alcohol?
C) Would people prefer to read the news on the Internet or in a newspaper?
D) How well does a child develop language abilities after years of neglect and abuse?
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.7 Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Case Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
105.A __________ consists of an in-depth study of one individual or a few individuals.
A) survey
B) correlation
C) case study
D) field study
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.7 Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Case Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
106.A university dean wants to assess student satisfaction with campus dining services. She sends out an online questionnaire to gather feedback from all enrolled students. This is an example of a __________.
A) survey
B) correlational study
C) naturalistic observation
D) case study
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
107.What is a primary advantage of using a survey to conduct research?
A) It allows causal conclusions to be drawn from the data.
B) It allows relatively easy access to the private information of a large number of people.
C) It allows researchers to take advantage of naturally occurring behaviors as they occur in their natural environment.
D) It allows researchers to study something in great depth that occurs in only a few people.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
108.Blake is a researcher who is sitting down individually with numerous participants to ask them the same set of questions. Their responses are then coded with numerical methods to score the responses. Blake’s research method is a(n) __________.
A) case study
B) naturalistic observation
C) self-report questionnaire
D) interview
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
109.Jake wants to understand how people in Colorado feel about a new tax. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way for Jake to obtain his sample for his study?
A) Place the names of all Colorado residents in a hat and draw out 100 of them.
B) Get a Colorado phonebook and call the first 100 people listed
C) Get a Colorado phonebook and call the last 100 people in the book.
D) Drive around neighborhoods in Colorado and survey people who are home.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
110. Carlos wants to find out how college students at his university feel about the new campus meal plan. Due to time constraints, he can’t survey everyone, so what is the best way for Carlos to make sure his data is representative of the student body?
A) Survey all students who are juniors.
B) Obtain a list of students and randomly select 100 of them.
C) Survey the first 100 students he sees in the cafeteria.
D) Survey all students who attend a meeting about the meal plan.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
111.Correlational studies allow researchers to measure the degree to which _________.
A) one variable causes another
B) two variables are related
C) three variables interact
D) four or more variables cause changes together
Answer: B
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
112.A(n) __________ is any characteristic that can vary, such as age, weight, or height.
A) correlation coefficient
B) operational definition
C) variable
D) confounding variable
Answer: C
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
113.The correlation coefficient can range from __________.
A) −100 to +100
B) +1 to −1
C) 0 to 1
D) 1 to 0
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
114.Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship?
A) −.05
B) +.35
C) −.69
D) +.17
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
115.A negative correlation indicates that __________.
A) the two variables vary in the same direction up
B) the two variables vary in the same direction down
C) the two variables vary in opposite directions
D) the two variables are unrelated
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.1
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
116.There is a very strong negative correlation between cold temperatures and your heating bill. Which of the following best represents a strong negative correlation?
A) −.02
B) +.60
C) −.83
D) −.22
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
117.A zero-sloping scatterplot graph of two variables indicates that __________.
A) there is a positive correlation between the two variables
B) there is a negative correlation between the two variables
C) there is no relationship between the two variables
D) there is a perfect relationship between the two variables
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
118.In a recent study, researchers found that as the number of hours high school students spend playing video games increased, their reported hours of sleep decreased. Which of the following correlation coefficients best represents this relationship?
A) 0.0
B) +.18
C) +.42
D) −.35
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.1
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
119.Researchers found a correlation coefficient of .46 when studying the relationship between the number of hours spent binge-watching TV shows and the number of missed homework assignments among college students. Which of the following best summarizes the data?
A) As binge-watching increases, missed homework increases.
B) As binge-watching increases, missed homework decreases.
C) As binge-watching decreases, missed homework increases.
D) There is no relationship between binge-watching and missed homework.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Coefficients
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.1
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
120.Correlation ________ causation.
A) is equal to
B) does not equal
C) predicts
D) leads to
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.10 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Separating Correlation from Causation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
121.Imagine a researcher found that there is a strong negative correlation between frosted flake consumption and cancer. Which of the following conclusions is most likely correct?
A) Eating frosted flakes increases the incidence of cancer.
B) Having cancer causes you to eat fewer frosted flakes.
C) There is a relationship between eating frosted flakes and cancer, but the nature of that relationship is unknown.
D) There is no reason to believe these variables are related because you have several family members who have had cancer but they never ate frosted flakes.
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.10 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Separating Correlation from Causation
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
122.A study shows that the correlation between eating rice and intelligence is .03. This indicates that __________.
A) eating more rice will cause you to become more intelligent
B) eating less rice will cause you to become more intelligent
C) there is not a relationship between eating rice and intelligence
D) the more intelligent you are, the more rice you seem to eat
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.10 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Separating Correlation from Causation
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
123.Proficiency at algebra is positively correlated with practice. Which of the following statements is true?
A) There is no relationship between practice and how well you do algebra.
B) There is a relationship between practicing algebra and being proficient at algebra
C) The less you practice algebra, the more proficient you become in using it.
D) The more proficient you are with algebra, the less you will want to practice.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.10 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Separating Correlation from Causation
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.1
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
124.The most conclusive way to determine causal relationships between variables is to conduct a(n) __________.
A) survey
B) case study
C) correlational study
D) experiment
Answer: D
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.1
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
125.Experiments are intended to determine if one variable __________ another.
A) is related to
B) causes C) is the same as D) is more important than Answer: B
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.1
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
126.In experiments, a confederate is __________.
A) a participant who responds to the experiment in the opposite way from what the experimenter expected
B) a participant who responds the way the experimenter expected
C) an actor who is part of the experiment and knows the aim of the study
D) a variable that the researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
127.The __________ is the variable that a researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment.
A) control group
B) experimental group
C) independent variable
D) dependent variable
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
128.The __________ is the variable that is being measured in an experiment to determine the impact of changes in the independent variable.
A) control group
B) experimental group
C) independent variable
D) dependent variable
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
129.A(n) __________ is a precise definition of each variable in a study, including a specification of how the variables will be measured in the context of research.
A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) operational definition
D) confounding variable
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
130.An experimenter wanted to study the impact of a new intervention on students’ motivation. The experimenter assigned the first 10 students arriving in the classroom to the experimental group and the last 10 students to the control group. The experimenter then exposed the students in the experimental group to the motivational strategy, and they measured their motivation after the manipulation. Which of the following represents a confounding variable in this experiment?
A) The students were not subjected to random assignment into groups.
B) The motivational strategy is a confounding variable.
C) The measure of motivation is a confounding variable.
D) The classroom is a confounding variable.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
131.In an experiment, the __________ is subject to the independent variable.
A) confederate
B) control group
C) experimental group
D) dependent variable
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
132.In an experiment, the __________ is given either no treatment or a treatment with no effect.
A) confederate
B) control group
C) experimental group
D) dependent variable
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
133.A researcher wants to study the effects of caffeine on reaction time. The experimental group is given a beverage with 200 mg of caffeine, while the control group gets a caffeine-free beverage. Participants then complete a reaction time test where their response speed is recorded. It is found that the group that drank caffeine had faster reaction times compared to the group that drank the caffeine-free beverage. In this experiment, __________ is the dependent variable.
A) reaction time
B) caffeine
C) caffeine-free beverage
D) the amount of beverage the participants received
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
134.In an experiment, the researcher wants to determine the impact of nutrition on energy levels. Participants are provided fast food or a healthy diet for three days and then asked to engage in a long day of physical activity. The amount of time participants continue to engage in physical activity is measured. It is found that participants provided a healthy diet are able to engage in physical activity for a significantly longer period of time compared to those who were in the fast-food group. In this experiment, how is the dependent variable operationally defined?
A) Fast food
B) Healthy diet
C) Amount of time participants continue to engage in physical activity
D) Engaging in physical activity
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
135.Sandra wants to study the effects of stress on performance. In her experiment, she exposes the experimental group to a scary video while the control group watches a cartoon. Fifteen minutes after watching the videos, participants are asked to perform a manual dexterity task that involves picking up small metal rods from a table placed in front of them. The length of time it takes for the participant to pick up the metal rods is measured. In this experiment, what is the operational definition of stress?
A) Exposure to a cartoon
B) The amount of time it takes to pick up the rods
C) Exposure to a scary movie
D) The 15 minutes between the video and the performance task
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
136.Carlton conducts a study for his senior project in psychology. He gives students a questionnaire that measures their degree of anxiety and then exposes the experimental group to a relaxation exercise (15 minutes of visual imagery), while the control group is given the same time to listen to music. After the exercise, he measures their anxiety again to see if it has been reduced. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?
A) Amount of time exposed to relaxation
B) Questionnaire measuring anxiety
C) Relaxation exercise versus listening to music
D) Degree of anxiety
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
137.Carlos is conducting an experiment to determine the impact of daily meditation on stress levels in college students. He first measures stress levels in all participants using a standardized survey. Then, Carlos randomly assigns students to the experimental and control groups, with the experimental group practicing 10 minutes of guided meditation daily for six weeks. After six weeks, the stress level survey is administered again, and comparisons between the two groups are made. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?
A) Scores on the stress level survey
B) Participating in daily meditation or not
C) Amount of time the meditation sessions last
D) Overall stress reduction at the end of the experiment
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
138.Samira wants to study the impact of caffeine consumption on performance in a classroom. She takes two classes (one meets at 9 a.m. and the other meets at 3 p.m.) and provides caffeine to the 9 a.m. class. She then compares scores on identical exams between the two classes. She finds that caffeine dramatically affects performance by improving scores. What might be a concern about the conclusions she draws about her data?
A) Assignment to the experimental versus control groups was not random.
B) There may have been a placebo effect.
C) The conclusions would be stronger if she had varied the exams between the two classes as well.
D) Samira cannot compare scores on identical exams.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
139.In an experiment on painkillers, the control group received a sugar pill after having a painful procedure. Over 80 percent of the participants reported less pain after taking the sugar pill. These participants were demonstrating the ____________ effect.
A) confounding
B) placebo
C) blind observer
D) double-blind
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
140.When a participant engages in a study and is told that the treatment may make them dizzy, the participant may report dizziness because they believe that it is expected. The __________ can be one source of bias in an experiment.
A) expectations of the participant
B) errors in data collection
C) expectations of the experimenter
D) errors in ethics
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
141.The __________ effect occurs when participants receiving a fake treatment react as if they were receiving the real treatment because they believe they are actually receiving the real treatment.
A) single-blind
B) violation
C) placebo
D) expectation
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
142.When conducting drug studies, researchers must have a control group that receives a(n) __________ pill to avoid the placebo effect.
A) active
B) real
C) sugar
D) no
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
143.If the experimenter knows which participants are in the control group and which are in the experimental group, using a placebo control group sets up a(n) __________ experiment.
A) incomplete
B) complete
C) single-blind
D) double-blind
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
144.A __________ experiment occurs when the research participants do not know if they have been assigned to the control group or the experimental group, but the experimenter does.
A) controlled
B) single-blind
C) double-blind
D) marginally ethical
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
145.Ayesha conducted a study to investigate the effects of energy drinks on athletic performance. She regularly drinks energy drinks and strongly believes they enhance physical performance. During the study, a few participants consuming energy drinks showed mixed performance results. Wanting to give them the benefit of the doubt, Ayesha recorded their results as showing improvement in performance. This is known as __________ bias.
A) participant
B) placebo
C) experimenter
D) analysis
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
146.To minimize both experimenter bias and placebo effects, the best type of experimental design would be a __________ study.
A) single-blind
B) confounding
C) double-blind
D) confounding
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
147.A _________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.
A) correlation
B) naturalistic observation
C) double-blind
D) single-blind
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
148.The __________ is the ethics review panel established by a publicly funded research institution to evaluate all proposed research by an institution.
A) Institutional Review Board
B) Ethics Consortium
C) American Psychological Association
D) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
149.Before conducting his research, Marcos had to submit his research proposal to the __________ for evaluation for potential breaches of ethics.
A) American Psychological Association
B) Moral Principle Guide
C) Institutional Review Board
D) Informed Consortium
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
150.Nia is participating in a study being conducted at her school. Prior to starting the study, she receives information about what the study is trying to do and what will be expected of her as she participates in the study so that Nia can make a decision about her desire to participate in the study. If Nia decides to continue with the study, she is providing
A) a release of rights
B) voluntary withdrawal
C) protection of confidentiality
D) informed consent
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
151.Jamal agrees to participate in a study on sleep patterns and signs an informed consent form. However, after a few sessions, he feels uncomfortable with the sleep deprivation involved. What ethical consideration applies in this situation?
A) Avoiding deception when explaining the study to Jamal
B) Allowing Jamal to voluntarily withdraw from the study
C) Ensuring Jamal’s data remains confidential
D) Changing the study to reduce Jamal’s discomfort
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
152.Dante is participating in a study and has asked that the results be communicated to him once the study is finished. When Dante receives the study summary, he discovers that the data gathered is listed with each participant’s name. In this case, the study has violated what ethical principle?
A) Avoiding deception
B) Obtaining informed consent
C) Assuring confidentiality
D) Minimizing harm to participants
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
153.Aarav is proposing a study that will require participants to wear a device implanted under their skin to monitor hormone levels in real-time. This device will transmit continuous data to Aarav and his research team. Aarav has just submitted the study for ethical approval. What ethical issue needs to be addressed most strongly by Aarav?
A) Developing a legal waiver in case of complications
B) Cost/benefit analysis to justify potential harm to subjects from surgery
C) Voluntary withdrawal from research if the surgery goes badly
D) Protecting the confidentiality of the participants
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
154.Which of the following is true about the original research that outlined a causal relationship between vaccines and autism?
A) The original sample was representative of the greater population.
B) Participants were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups.
C) The researchers were “blind” to the study and its intent.
D) The original study had a very small sample size.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
155. What led scientists to begin asking if there was a causal relationship between vaccines and autism?
A) Autism is first diagnosed around the same time that children receive immunizations.
B) Other countries have found a causal relationship between immunizations and autism.
C) Immunizations contain neurotoxins, but it has always been believed they were safe.
D) As the use of immunizations increased, there was an increase in diagnoses of autism.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
156. Who published the controversial study that claimed a causal relationship between vaccines and autism?
A) Hooker
B) DeStefano
C) Wakefield
DSmith
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
157. What happened to the original study that claimed it found a causal relationship between vaccines and autism?
A) It was found to be fraudulent and was retracted from the journal that originally published it.
B) It has been reprinted in a number of new journals so that its findings can be further disseminated.
C) It was found to use proper ethical practices, but the data became questionable.
D) It was confirmed by many other researchers through replication.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
158. Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a decline in MMR vaccination rates among kindergarteners has been attributed to __________.
A) increased vaccine hesitancy in general
B) reduced availability of vaccines for children
C) stronger vaccine mandates in schools
D) MMR vaccines being replaced with other required immunizations
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
159. The Wakefield study was criticized for having a small sample size, nonblind researchers, and it __________.
A) lacked a control group
B) ignored that the children in the study were diagnosed with autism before they received their vaccines
C) ignored that the children in the study also had heart defects that may have come from the vaccines
D) included data from children that were not a part of the study
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
160. Hooker published a paper that argued that the CDC has omitted data that showed an increased risk of the development of autism in Black boys vaccinated between 2 and 3. This paper was later removed because of concerns about the accuracy. Which of the following summarizes a primary concern with the re-analysis?
A) The CDC study used a case-control methodology while Hooker used a cohort model and this could account for some differences in the data.
B) Hooker’s study was not based on actual data from Black children.
C) Hooker’s study used a different definition for autism than the CDC used in their study.
D) The CDC study used older children than the Hooker study did.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
161. What is the most likely explanation for the recent increase in measles and mumps cases among unvaccinated children following the COVID-19 pandemic?
A) Reduced effectiveness of the MMR vaccine
B) Increased number of unvaccinated children due to rising vaccine hesitancy
C) New strains of measles and mumps that are resistant to vaccines
D) Over-reporting of measles and mumps cases in schools
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
162. The ethical violations of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment led to what common practice in research today?
A) The use of control groups
B) The use of ethics review boards
C) The use of informed consent
D) The use of peer review before publication of research
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 1.13 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
Short Answer Questions
163 List the seven modern perspectives in psychology and briefly describe each Answers may vary but should contain the following for full credit:
• The psychodynamic approach focuses on unconscious processes.
• The behavioral approach focuses on effects of reward/punishment.
• The humanistic approach focuses on people’s tendency toward selfactualization.
• The cognitive approach focuses on how we process information
• The biological approach focuses on the structure and function of the nervous system
• The evolutionary approach focuses on understanding a behavior based on how well it serves the survival of the species.
• The sociocultural perspective focuses on the interaction between social and cultural factors and how they impact behavior and thinking.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
164. Imagine a person seeks help from different psychologists about issues he is having at work. Propose questions that could be asked by psychologists from each of the approaches listed below.
• Psychodynamic approach
• Humanistic approach
• Behavioral approach
• Biological approach
Answers may vary. Check to make sure they include the attributes of that particular approach.
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
165. Identify the three main categories for career opportunities in psychology and provide an example of each area.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• Clinical psychology: a therapist who helps people overcome life challenges
• Academic psychology: a teacher who may also do research in their area of specialty.
• Applied psychology: a psychologist who applies principles of psychology to real-world situations (i.e., sports psychology).
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
166. List the steps of the scientific method
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• Identify the problem
• Conduct background research
• Formulate a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Analyze the results
• Report your results
Learning Objective: 1.4 List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: The Steps of the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
167. Summarize the four steps for evaluating information critically. Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• Consider any underlying motives for making a particular claim.
• Evaluate the quality of the evidence used to support the claim.
• Generate alternative explanations for the results.
• Avoid using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim.
Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: The Importance of Critical Thinking
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
168. Outline the costs and benefits of conducting naturalistic observations in the field or conducting observations in a laboratory. Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• Field: more natural behavior (benefit)
➢ Must watch for reactivity and observer bias (cost)
• Laboratory: easier to control environmental variables (benefit)
➢ May alter behavior due to unnatural situation (cost)
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
169 What steps should a researcher take to make sure meaningful data is gathered from a survey?
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• Random sampling
• Questions free of bias or leading assumptions
• The survey should have a well-defined purpose, and all questions should be associated specifically with that purpose.
Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Surveys
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
170. Describe what information can be obtained from a correlation coefficient.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
A correlation coefficient provides you with the degree of relatedness of the two variables. The closer the coefficient is to zero, the smaller the correlation. The closer the coefficient is to 1 or +1, the stronger the correlation. The minus or plus sign indicates the direction of the relationship. Positive correlations indicate that both variables move in the same direction such that as one variable moves up, the other also moves up, and so on. The negative correlation indicates that the two variables move in opposition.
Learning Objective: 1.9 Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway: 1.1.1 and 1.1.2
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
171 Define each of the following:
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Control group
• Experimental group
• Confounding variable
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
Independent variable: the variable manipulated by the researcher. Dependent variable: the variable intended to measure the effect of the independent variable.
Control group: the group that receives no manipulation.
Experimental group: the group that receives the independent variable. Confounding variable: a variable other than the independent variable that could have an impact on the dependent variable.
Learning Objective: 1.11 Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway: 1.2.2 and 1.2.3
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
172. Describe five ethical considerations that should be addressed in any research study. Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• Obtain informed consent
• Minimize harm to participants
• Avoid deception when possible
• Voluntary withdrawal from research
• Protect confidentiality of participants
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
Essay Questions
173 Compare and contrast the structuralist and functionalist approaches to psychology. Give an example of a question that might be asked by each approach.
Answers will vary, but should contain the following for full credit: The structuralist approach attempts to break down an answer to identify the individual elements of the question. The functionalist approach seeks to identify how the specific behavior in question serves an adaptive value.
(Student suggestions for examples of questions will vary.)
Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: A Brief History of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
174 Describe the careers available to psychologists. Include in your description an example of each career.
Answers will vary, but should contain the following for full credit (examples may also vary):
Psychologists can become clinical psychologists, applied psychologists, or academic psychologists. Clinical psychologists provide therapy or intervention for people who need help coping with life circumstances. An example would be a neuropsychologist who helps people cope with brain injury or disease. An applied psychologist is someone who applies psychological principles to real-world problems. An example of an applied psychologist is the industrial/organizational psychologist who uses his or her skills to improve work productivity and environments. An academic psychologist is generally someone who teaches at a college or university. Along with their teaching responsibilities, they will also engage in research for their area of specialty. Some examples of areas of specialty include developmental, biological, social, and so on.
Learning Objective: 1.3 Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Careers in Psychology
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields.
175. You are interested in running a naturalistic observation of how college students interact in group study sessions at the campus library. Describe how you would set up your study to gather your data and how you would avoid the common difficulties that can arise in a naturalistic observation study.
Key Concepts to Address:
The researcher should remain unobtrusive to avoid altering participants' behavior because they know they are being observed.
Clear operational definitions should be established for behaviors being measured (e.g., frequency of verbal contributions, signs of engagement, or body language).
Learning Objective: 1.6 Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Naturalistic Observations
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
176 Describe how you would set up an experiment to determine whether sleep deprivation causes decreased academic performance. In your design, specify the independent and dependent variables. Define their operational definitions and state a clear hypothesis.
Answers may vary. Watch for the correct identification of independent and dependent variables. Look for clear operational definitions for how they will create stress and how they will measure illness. Make sure the hypothesis is truly testable by the research design as it is described.
Learning Objective: 1.11 Understand the components of experimental research.
Topic: Components of an Experiment
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science.
177. Describe the importance of satisfying the ethical principles discussed in the chapter. Answers may vary, but should address the following for full credit:
• Obtain informed consent: All participants should be informed of what they are participating in and how it may impact them. Careful consideration should be given to the use of deception, so participants can fairly decide if they want to participate.
• Minimize harm to participants: All studies should minimize any potential for harm to participants. While some studies still need to be done that could cause harm, a careful cost/benefit analysis should be done to make sure the study is absolutely necessary.
• Avoid deception when possible: While gaining informed consent, participants should receive all the information when possible. If deception cannot be avoided, it should be minimized.
• Voluntary withdrawal from research: All participants should be able to withdraw from a study at any time without threat of consequence. This protects the participant if they sense any issues once they begin a study.
• Protect confidentiality of participants: Confidentiality in all things is critical. There is no reason that a participant should have their identification be sacrificed for the sake of research.
Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Cautions with Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science
REVEL QUIZZES
The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology, Second Edition.
End of Module Quiz 1.1: The Discipline of Psychology
EOM Q1.1.1
The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called __________, which involved “looking inward” and reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences.
a) introspection
b) intervention
Consider this: This technique was developed as a means to understand the structures of the mind by looking inward as a person engaged in an activity such as smelling a flower.
LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
c) insight inventory
Consider this: This technique was developed as a means to understand the structures of the mind by looking inward as a person engaged in an activity such as smelling a flower.
LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
d) induction
Consider this: This technique was developed as a means to understand the structures of the mind by looking inward as a person engaged in an activity such as smelling a flower.
LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: The Discipline of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.1.2
In 1920, Francis Cecil Sumner became the first _________________.
a) psychologist to establish a scientific laboratory
Consider this: The field of psychology has tended to recognize and acknowledge the significant contributions made predominantly by individuals from privileged backgrounds. However, the current field of psychology has been built upon the foundation made by contributions from a diverse group of people including historically marginalized groups. LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
b) Black individual to receive a PhD in psychology
c) philosopher to write about the mind-body connection and dualism
Consider this: The field of psychology has tended to recognize and acknowledge the significant contributions made predominantly by individuals from privileged backgrounds. However, the current field of psychology has been built upon the foundation made by contributions from a diverse group of people including historically marginalized groups. LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
d) psychologist to publish a book about the humanistic approach
Consider this: The field of psychology has tended to recognize and acknowledge the significant contributions made predominantly by individuals from privileged backgrounds. However, the current field of psychology has been built upon the foundation made by contributions from a diverse group of people including historically marginalized groups. LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: The Discipline of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.1.3
Professor Thomas approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that they accept which of the following psychological approaches?
a) sociocultural approach
Consider this: This approach was developed by Freud and focuses on the influences of the unconscious mind and inner conflicts on overt behavior. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
b) humanistic approach
Consider this: This approach was developed by Freud and focuses on the influences of the unconscious mind and inner conflicts on overt behavior. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
c) psychodynamic approach
d) behavioral approach
Consider this: This approach was developed by Freud and focuses on the influences of the unconscious mind and inner conflicts on overt behavior. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: The Discipline of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.1.4
The __________ approach is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the mental processes in perception, memory, language, and problem solving.
a) cognitive
b) biological
Consider this: This perspective focuses on how we learn, memorize, process language, and problem solve. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
c) learning
Consider this: This perspective focuses on how we learn, memorize, process language, and problem solve. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
d) sociocultural
Consider this: This perspective focuses on how we learn, memorize, process language, and problem solve. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: The Discipline of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.1.5
Which of the following is accurate regarding clinical psychologists?
a) Clinical psychologists focus on human behavior in organizations and workplaces.
Consider this: Clinical psychologists typically have either a PhD or a PsyD and treat people with specific mental or behavioral problems. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
b) Clinical psychologists are medical doctors in most states.
Consider this: Clinical psychologists typically have either a PhD or a PsyD and treat people with specific mental or behavioral problems. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
c) Clinical psychologists are able to prescribe medications in some states.
d) Clinical psychologists work predominantly in hospitals.
Consider this: Clinical psychologists typically have either a PhD or a PsyD and treat people with specific mental or behavioral problems. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: The Discipline of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.1.6
__________ usually divide their time between supervising and teaching students, completing administrative tasks, and carrying out psychological research.
a) Sports psychologists
Consider this: Many psychologists don’t spend their time treating psychological disorders; instead, they divide their time between teaching and research. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
b) Academic psychologists
c) Counseling psychologists
Consider this: Many psychologists don’t spend their time treating psychological disorders; instead, they divide their time between teaching and research. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
d) Psychiatric social workers
Consider this: Many psychologists don’t spend their time treating psychological disorders; instead, they divide their time between teaching and research. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: The Discipline of Psychology
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
End of Module Quiz 1.2: Psychology and the Scientific Method
EOM Q1.2.1
The first step in any scientific investigation is __________.
a) forming a hypothesis
Consider this: The first step in a scientific inquiry is to notice something that you would like to explain or investigate. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
b) coming to a conclusion
Consider this: The first step in a scientific inquiry is to notice something that you would like to explain or investigate. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
c) identifying the problem
d) developing an argument
Consider this: The first step in a scientific inquiry is to notice something that you would like to explain or investigate. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: Psychology and the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.2.2
“Students who spend more time studying will have higher exam scores.” According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a __________.
a) conclusion
Consider this: This is an educated guess based on observation that can be tested using the scientific method. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
b) result
Consider this: This is an educated guess based on observation that can be tested using the scientific method. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
c) fact
Consider this: This is an educated guess based on observation that can be tested using the scientific method. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
d) hypothesis
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: Psychology and the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.2.3
After you have identified a problem you want to study, the next step in the scientific method is to ____________.
a) conduct background research
b) develop a hypothesis
Consider this: This step involves investigating what other research has been conducted on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
c) test the hypothesis
Consider this: This step involves investigating what other research has been conducted on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
d) report your results
Consider this: This step involves investigating what other research has been conducted on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: Psychology and the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.2.4
A way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions is called __________.
a) critical thinking
b) scientific evidence
Consider this: This allows us to participate in the scientific process and evaluate research studies. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
c) hindsight bias
Consider this: This allows us to participate in the scientific process and evaluate research studies. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
d) false consensus
Consider this: This allows us to participate in the scientific process and evaluate research studies. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: Psychology and the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.2.5
If you are reading a review of a product and discover that the person writing the review is a part owner of the product’s company, you might question the reviewer’s claims based on which of the following?
a) the quality of the evidence
Consider this: It is one of the steps in the process of critical thinking that examines who is behind a message. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
b) the underlying motive of the writer
c) the emotional appeal
Consider this: It is one of the steps in the process of critical thinking that examines who is behind a message. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
d) alternative explanations for the results
Consider this: It is one of the steps in the process of critical thinking that examines who is behind a message. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: Psychology and the Scientific Method
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
End of Module Quiz 1.3: Descriptive Research Methods
EOM Q1.3.1
Ancel went to the mall to observe people shopping. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jumpsuits. Ancel said he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of __________.
a) crowd size
Consider this: Participants would know they are being observed and behave differently because of the camera crew. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
b) participant observation
Consider this: Participants would know they are being observed and behave differently because of the camera crew. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
c) reactivity
d) the overstimulating environment
Consider this: Participants would know they are being observed and behave differently because of the camera crew. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.3.2
When you watch children play in the park, or watch how people respond while waiting in long lines, you are engaging in a form of __________.
a) case study research
Consider this: It is the study of people or animals in their own environment. It enables researchers to obtain a realistic picture of how their subjects behave. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
b) survey research
Consider this: It is the study of people or animals in their own environment. It enables researchers to obtain a realistic picture of how their subjects behave. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
c) psychometric study
Consider this: It is the study of people or animals in their own environment. It enables researchers to obtain a realistic picture of how their subjects behave. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
d) naturalistic observation
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.3.3
A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?
a) the development of a child who was raised in a severely neglectful environment and never exposed to other people
b) the ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girls
Consider this: This type of study is useful for providing information that would otherwise not be possible or ethical to obtain. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
c) the math skills of students in China as compared to those of U.S. students
Consider this: This type of study is useful for providing information that would otherwise not be possible or ethical to obtain. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
d) physiological changes that occur when people watch violent movies
Consider this: This type of study is useful for providing information that would otherwise not be possible or ethical to obtain. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.3.4
A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a __________.
a) case study
b) representative sample
Consider this: It is an in-depth study of an individual or individuals with detailed observations. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
c) single-blind study
Consider this: It is an in-depth study of an individual or individuals with detailed observations. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
d) naturalistic observation
Consider this: It is an in-depth study of an individual or individuals with detailed observations. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.3.5
Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?
a) What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average?
Consider this: This type of research is usually conducted through self-report questionnaires or interviews. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
b) Do people prefer to live in climates that are cold or hot?
c) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?
Consider this: This type of research is usually conducted through self-report questionnaires or interviews. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
d) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability?
Consider this: This type of research is usually conducted through self-report questionnaires or interviews. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.3.6
A group of randomly selected participants for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called __________.
a) volunteer bias
Consider this: A research study must have a random method of selection to ensure that each person in your sample has the same chance of being chosen for the study and matches the characteristics of your population. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
b) an experimental group
Consider this: A research study must have a random method of selection to ensure that each person in your sample has the same chance of being chosen for the study and matches the characteristics of your population. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
c) a control group
Consider this: A research study must have a random method of selection to ensure that each person in your sample has the same chance of being chosen for the study and matches the characteristics of your population. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
d) a representative sample
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Descriptive Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
End of Module Quiz 1.4: Correlational Studies
EOM Q1.4.1
Jacob records data that indicate that the number of winter clothing items purchased at a store increases as the temperature outside decreases (for example, more jackets are bought during the winter than in the summer). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding?
a) There is no correlation between the two variables.
Consider this: As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
b) There is a strong, positive correlation between the two variables.
Consider this: As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
c) There is a negative correlation between the two variables.
d) There is a weak, positive correlation between the two variables.
Consider this: As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.4.2
All of the following variables, except for __________, would likely show a negative correlation.
a) number of cigarettes smoked and lung health
Consider this: Two variables that increase or decrease together are positively correlated. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
b) amount of TV watched and hours spent studying
Consider this: Two variables that increase or decrease together are positively correlated. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
c) alcohol consumption and decision-making ability
Consider this: Two variables that increase or decrease together are positively correlated. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
d) hours worked and paycheck size
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.4.3
A study shows that the correlation between shoe size and intelligence is .05. This means that __________.
a) there is no relationship between shoe size and intelligence score
b) an increase in shoe size by one size is associated with a two time increase in intelligence score
Consider this: The closer the correlation coefficient is to +/-1.00, the stronger the relationship between the two variables while the closer the correlation coefficient is to 0, the weaker the relationship between the two variables. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
c) the smaller your shoe size, the lower your intelligence score
Consider this: The closer the correlation coefficient is to +/-1.00, the stronger the relationship between the two variables while the closer the correlation coefficient is to 0, the weaker the relationship between the two variables. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
d) being highly intelligent causes people to have larger feet
Consider this: The closer the correlation coefficient is to +/-1.00, the stronger the relationship between the two variables while the closer the correlation coefficient is to 0, the weaker the relationship between the two variables. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.4.4
Hours spent studying is negatively correlated with test anxiety levels. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
a) The more time you spend studying, the lower you test anxiety.
b) The more time you spend studying, the higher your test anxiety.
Consider this: A negative correlation means that the variables vary in the opposite directions so as one increases the other variable decreases. It allows us to predict relationships, but not prove cause and effect. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
c) The less time you spend studying, the lower your test anxiety.
Consider this: A negative correlation means that the variables vary in the opposite directions so as one increases the other variable decreases. It allows us to predict relationships, but not prove cause and effect. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
d) Spending more time studying causes people to have low test anxiety.
Consider this: A negative correlation means that the variables vary in the opposite directions so as one increases the other variable decreases. It allows us to predict relationships, but not prove cause and effect. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.4.5
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?
a) +.07
b) -.15
Consider this: The positive or negative sign in a correlation coefficient only indicates the direction of the relationship rather than the strength of the relationship. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
c) +.60
Consider this: The positive or negative sign in a correlation coefficient only indicates the direction of the relationship rather than the strength of the relationship. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
d) - 80
Consider this: The positive or negative sign in a correlation coefficient only indicates the direction of the relationship rather than the strength of the relationship. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.4.6
The variables of attention and comprehension are positively correlated. This means __________.
a) attention causes, or leads to comprehension
Consider this: Correlational studies allow us to predict relationships between variables, but they do not provide us with information about cause and effect. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
b) we cannot determine causality with a correlation
c) comprehension causes, or leads to attention
Consider this: Correlational studies allow us to predict relationships between variables, but they do not provide us with information about cause and effect. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
d) there is a third variable that causes, or leads to both attention and comprehension
Consider this: Correlational studies allow us to predict relationships between variables, but they do not provide us with information about cause and effect. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Correlational Studies
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
End of Module Quiz 1.5: Experimental Research
EOM Q1.5.1
The administration at Innovative Solutions Inc. wants to know if ambient music affects work performance. They play two different types of music (classical and jazz) and then measure employees' productivity. In this study, __________ is the independent variable, and __________ is the dependent variable.
a) employees’ productivity; type of music
Consider this: The independent variable is the variable the researchers manipulate, while the dependent variable is the variable affected by the manipulation. The dependent variable is the measured outcome. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
b) type of music; classical or jazz
Consider this: The independent variable is the variable the researchers manipulate, while the dependent variable is the variable affected by the manipulation. The dependent variable is the measured outcome. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
c) classical or jazz; type of music
Consider this: The independent variable is the variable the researchers manipulate, while the dependent variable is the variable affected by the manipulation. The dependent variable is the measured outcome. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
d) type of music; employees' productivity
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.5.2
Experiments are more valuable than other research methods because they __________.
a) are always double-blind
Consider this: The major limitation of case studies, surveys, and correlational studies is eliminated by using an experimental design. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
b) can determine correlations
Consider this: The major limitation of case studies, surveys, and correlational studies is eliminated by using an experimental design. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
c) require informed consent
Consider this: The major limitation of case studies, surveys, and correlational studies is eliminated by using an experimental design. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
d) allow a determination of cause-effect relationships
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.5.3
In a laboratory, students are given either a smartphone with social media apps or a smartphone without social media apps. The experimenter measures their levels of focus and productivity following one hour of phone use. The experimental group in this scenario consists of students who __________.
a) are not using any technology
Consider this: The experimental group is the group that is subject to the independent variable. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
b) do not use a smartphone
Consider this: The experimental group is the group that is subject to the independent variable. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
c) use the smartphone with social media apps
d) use the smartphone without social media apps
Consider this: The experimental group is the group that is subject to the independent variable. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.5.4
Izzie is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1970s. If Isabella does not account for variables such as age, which could also influence one’s ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) __________ variable.
a) confounding
b) random
Consider this: This is a variable other than the independent variable that could have an impact on the dependent variable. Researchers may use random assignment to protect against this problem. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
c) dependent
Consider this: This is a variable other than the independent variable that could have an impact on the dependent variable. Researchers may use random assignment to protect against this problem. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
d) independent
Consider this: This is a variable other than the independent variable that could have an impact on the dependent variable. Researchers may use random assignment to protect against this problem. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOM Q1.5.5
Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?
a) In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition.
b) In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition.
Consider this: Random assignment prevents the groups from having significant differences prior to the study that could impact the dependent variable. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
c) Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over.
Consider this: Random assignment prevents the groups from having significant differences prior to the study that could impact the dependent variable. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
d) The best formula for random assignment is birth dates.
Consider this: Random assignment prevents the groups from having significant differences prior to the study that could impact the dependent variable. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Experimental Research
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
End of Module Quiz 1.6: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
EOM Q1.6.1
What does the evidence show about the link between autism and vaccines?
a) There have been no scientifically sound studies showing a link between autism and vaccines.
b) The evidence is mixed with some studies showing a link between autism and vaccines and other studies showing that no link exists.
Consider this: Only one study has ever shown a link between autism and vaccines and that study was later found to be fraudulent. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
c) There is significant evidence of a link between autism and vaccines.
Consider this: Only one study has ever shown a link between autism and vaccines and that study was later found to be fraudulent. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
d) Conclusions cannot be made because very few research studies have examined this question.
Consider this: Only one study has ever shown a link between autism and vaccines and that study was later found to be fraudulent. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOM Q1.6.2
You read a study that claims a new vaccine is highly effective in preventing HIV/AIDS. Which of the following is NOT an example of a question you should ask to critically evaluate the study using the scientific method?
a) Was there a control group that did not receive the vaccine?
Consider this: The scientific method relies on objective, evidence-based questioning rather than confirmation of preexisting beliefs.. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
b) Does the study align with my personal views on HIV/AIDS vaccines?
c) What was the sample size used in the study?
Consider this: The scientific method relies on objective, evidence-based questioning rather than confirmation of preexisting beliefs.. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
d) Does the study rely on anecdotal evidence?
Consider this: The scientific method relies on objective, evidence-based questioning rather than confirmation of preexisting beliefs.. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.6.3
Numerous ethical concerns were raised in Wakefield’s study linking MMR to autism. Which concern was related to the lack of proper ethical oversight?
a) He conducted invasive medical procedures on children.
Consider this: Wakefield engaged in multiple layers of fraud, dishonesty, and ethical violations. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
b) He actively recruited participants into his study out of a pool of parents who already held a belief that the MMR vaccine caused autism.
Consider this: Wakefield engaged in multiple layers of fraud, dishonesty, and ethical violations. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
c) He never received approval from the ethics review board at the hospital.
d) He was paid $780,000 by lawyers planning to sue makers of the MMR vaccine months before he conducted his study.
Consider this: Wakefield engaged in multiple layers of fraud, dishonesty, and ethical violations. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOM Q1.6.4
Many Black American citizens are distrustful and wary of the medical establishment based on what study conducted by the U.S Public Health Service between 1932 and 1972?
a) Tuskegee syphilis experiment
b) Tuskegee LSD experiment
Consider this: The results of the study were horrific, and many men died and their wives and children contracted the disease. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
c) autism experiment
Consider this: The results of the study were horrific, and many men died and their wives and children contracted the disease. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
d) marijuana experiment
Consider this: The results of the study were horrific, and many men died and their wives and children contracted the disease. LO 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.13: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology relate to the topic of vaccine research in autism.
Topic: Piecing It Together: Vaccines and Autism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
End of Chapter Quiz: Psychology as a Science
EOC Q1.1
Which early movement of psychology investigated how our minds help us adapt to the world around us?
a) behaviorism
Consider this: This approach focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment. LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
b) cognitivism
Consider this: This approach focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment. LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
c) functionalism
d) structuralism
Consider this: This approach focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment. LO 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.1: Describe the major historical perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.2
What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
a) “Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.”
Consider this: John Watson’s approach focused on behavior and the scientific analysis of behavior. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
b) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.”
Consider this: John Watson’s approach focused on behavior and the scientific analysis of behavior. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
c) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.”
Consider this: John Watson’s approach focused on behavior and the scientific analysis of behavior. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
d) “Focus on observable behavior.”
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.3
Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because __________.
a) they help humans adapt to their natural environment
b) human brains are similar to the brains of the higher primates
Consider this: This approach focuses on how humans have passed on behaviors and psychological traits that have helped them adapt and survive. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
c) they are the result of learning that has taken place over many centuries
Consider this: This approach focuses on how humans have passed on behaviors and psychological traits that have helped them adapt and survive. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
d) they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors
Consider this: This approach focuses on how humans have passed on behaviors and psychological traits that have helped them adapt and survive. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.4
You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological approach is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
a) humanism
b) behaviorism
Consider this: This approach developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasizes self-esteem, self-expression, and reaching one’s full potential; also known as self-actualization. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
c) functionalism
Consider this: This approach developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasizes self-esteem, self-expression, and reaching one’s full potential; also known as self-actualization. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
d) psychodynamic
Consider this: This approach developed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasizes self-esteem, self-expression, and reaching one’s full potential; also known as self-actualization. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.5
If you are interested in how families, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the __________ perspective.
a) sociocultural
b) cognitive
Consider this: This approach focuses on the social environment rather than individuals. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
c) behavioral
Consider this: This approach focuses on the social environment rather than individuals. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
d) psychodynamic
Consider this: This approach focuses on the social environment rather than individuals. LO 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the seven modern perspectives in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.6
Which of the following is NOT an example of applied psychology?
a) A personality psychologist assists a prosecutor with the jury selection process for a trial.
Consider this: Applied psychology refers to the use of psychological theory and practice to tackle real-world problems. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
b) An I/O psychologist performs individual assessments to determine whether candidates are suitable for a position.
Consider this: Applied psychology refers to the use of psychological theory and practice to tackle real-world problems. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
c) A cognitive psychologist studies the link between memory and attention.
d) A clinical psychologist teaches a patient to use breathing exercises to calm his anxiety.
Consider this: Applied psychology refers to the use of psychological theory and practice to tackle real-world problems. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.7
__________ psychologists interview patients, give diagnostic tests, and provide psychotherapy.
a) Industrial organizational
Consider this: Psychologists in this field work to treat people with mental disorders like depression or schizophrenia. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
b) Academic
Consider this: Psychologists in this field work to treat people with mental disorders like depression or schizophrenia. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
c) Developmental
Consider this: Psychologists in this field work to treat people with mental disorders like depression or schizophrenia. LO 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
d) Clinical
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify various career options available to those with a degree in psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.8
A psychology student had to use the steps of the scientific method for a class project. He first decided to study the effect of age on clothing choices. He then formulated a hypothesis that older people would prefer more conservative clothing than younger people. Where did he go wrong?
a) He did not conduct background research before developing his hypothesis.
b) His hypothesis was not a testable statement.
Consider this: The second step in the scientific method is to determine what other studies have been conducted on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
c) He did not first test his hypothesis.
Consider this: The second step in the scientific method is to determine what other studies have been conducted on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
d) He did not analyze his results first.
Consider this: The second step in the scientific method is to determine what other studies have been conducted on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.9
Renee is using the scientific method to test whether male children are more violent than female children. What will she most likely do first?
a) Research previous scientific studies about children, gender roles, and violence.
b) Formulate a hypothesis stating that young males are more violent than young females.
Consider this: The next step after development of the question is to see what other researchers have done on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
c) Select five male children and five female children and monitor their reaction to a violent video game.
Consider this: The next step after development of the question is to see what other researchers have done on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
d) Perform statistical analysis to determine whether male children are more violent than female children.
Consider this: The next step after development of the question is to see what other researchers have done on the topic. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.10
Testing a hypothesis is the __________ step in a scientific investigation.
a) first
Consider this: Testing a hypothesis comes after identification of the problem, conducting background research, and formulating a hypothesis. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
b) second
Consider this: Testing a hypothesis comes after identification of the problem, conducting background research, and formulating a hypothesis. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
c) third
Consider this: Testing a hypothesis comes after identification of the problem, conducting background research, and formulating a hypothesis. LO 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
d) fourth
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.4: List the steps of the scientific method and apply them to the field of psychology.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.11
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking?
a) accurately measuring and recording precise results
Consider this: Critical thinking is a way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
b) copying a previous experiment
Consider this: Critical thinking is a way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
c) evaluating the quality of evidence used to support a claim
d) researching facts about a topic
Consider this: Critical thinking is a way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.12
A large automobile company says the cars the company makes are the safest in the world. You have driven one of these vehicles for a week and have not had any accidents or problems. Therefore, you believe the company’s claim about safety. This error in critical thinking is related to which of the following steps?
a) failing to do follow-up research
Consider this: You are using something you have experienced to arrive at your conclusion without considering other evidence. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
b) evaluating the quality of the evidence for the claim
Consider this: You are using something you have experienced to arrive at your conclusion without considering other evidence. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
c) considering any alternative explanations for the results
Consider this: You are using something you have experienced to arrive at your conclusion without considering other evidence. LO 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
d) avoiding using emotions or personal experiences when evaluating the claim
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.5: Recall some of the skills needed to be a critical thinker.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.13
__________ occurs in situations where a research participant’s behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed.
a) Reactivity
b) Observer bias
Consider this: People change their behavior when they know they are being watched. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
c) Blind observation
Consider this: People change their behavior when they know they are being watched. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
d) Reliability
Consider this: People change their behavior when they know they are being watched. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.14
Dr. Chang is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of the study, they most likely are engaged in __________.
a) naturalistic observation
b) laboratory observation
Consider this: This researcher most likely watches participants in their natural environment without controlling their experiences. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
c) correlational research
Consider this: This researcher most likely watches participants in their natural environment without controlling their experiences. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
d) experimental research
Consider this: This researcher most likely watches participants in their natural environment without controlling their experiences. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.15
Stuart conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. He believes many parents spoil their children in today’s society. He observed many parents allowing their children to get away with bad behavior such as being rude to the waitstaff. When Stuart described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the __________.
a) butterfly effect
Consider this: This phenomenon happens when the observer expects to see a particular behavior and notices only actions that support that theory. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
b) observer bias
c) parent effect
Consider this: This phenomenon happens when the observer expects to see a particular behavior and notices only actions that support that theory. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
d) restaurant effect
Consider this: This phenomenon happens when the observer expects to see a particular behavior and notices only actions that support that theory. LO 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.6: Summarize the potential advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation.
Topic: Psychology as a Science Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.16
Dr. Alkis wants to know whether or not the first three years of life are critical for acquiring language. They decide to study a child who was tragically deprived of human language by their parents. This type of research is called a(n) __________.
a) experiment
Consider this: This type of research is an in-depth study of an individual or individuals with a unique set of circumstances that could not be replicated in an experiment due to ethical concerns and guidelines. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
b) survey
Consider this: This type of research is an in-depth study of an individual or individuals with a unique set of circumstances that could not be replicated in an experiment due to ethical concerns and guidelines. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
c) case study
d) correlational study
Consider this: This type of research is an in-depth study of an individual or individuals with a unique set of circumstances that could not be replicated in an experiment due to ethical concerns and guidelines. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.17
Which of the following is a limitation of a case study?
a) Case studies provide information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain.
Consider this: Case studies provide detailed information about unique or unusual situations with one or a few individuals. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
b) It is difficult to obtain detailed information using a case study.
Consider this: Case studies provide detailed information about unique or unusual situations with one or a few individuals. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
c) Case studies focus on too many people at one time.
Consider this: Case studies provide detailed information about unique or unusual situations with one or a few individuals. LO 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
d) It is difficult to generalize to other people or situations based on a case study.
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.7: Recall some uses and limitations of case studies.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.18
Rory conducts a study in which he calls participants and asks them questions about their opinions. He is conducting a __________.
a) survey
b) case study
Consider this: A researcher uses this method, which consists of a series of questions about the participants’ behavior or opinions, to collect a large quantity of data. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
c) biased study
Consider this: A researcher uses this method, which consists of a series of questions about the participants’ behavior or opinions, to collect a large quantity of data. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
d) laboratory observation
Consider this: A researcher uses this method, which consists of a series of questions about the participants’ behavior or opinions, to collect a large quantity of data. LO 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.19
Dr. Zimmerman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should __________.
a) select a representative sample among college juniors
b) require students’ names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie
Consider this: A cross-section of the entire group a researcher is interested in needs to be selected to ensure the survey is unbiased and representative of that group. LO 1.8:
Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
c) remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research
Consider this: A cross-section of the entire group a researcher is interested in needs to be selected to ensure the survey is unbiased and representative of that group. LO 1.8:
Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
d) give the survey to every college junior in the country
Consider this: A cross-section of the entire group a researcher is interested in needs to be selected to ensure the survey is unbiased and representative of that group. LO 1.8:
Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.8: Explain the methods used by researchers when designing a survey.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.20
Sarah notices that the more hours she spends practicing the violin, the better she performs at her recitals. There is __________ correlation between the amount Sarah practices and her recital performance.
a) a negative
Consider this: This type of correlation happens when two variables increase or decrease together. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
b) a positive
c) a perfect
Consider this: This type of correlation happens when two variables increase or decrease together. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
d) no
Consider this: This type of correlation happens when two variables increase or decrease together. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.21
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
a) .45
Consider this: The strength of the relationship between the two variables is signified by how close the coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.00 (the + or – of the number doesn’t matter). LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
b) –.35
Consider this: The strength of the relationship between the two variables is signified by how close the coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.00 (the + or – of the number doesn’t matter). LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
c) –.85
d) .70
Consider this: The strength of the relationship between the two variables is signified by how close the coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.00 (the + or – of the number doesn’t matter). LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.22
All of the following variables would tend to be positively correlated EXCEPT __________.
a) study time and exam scores
Consider this: When two variables change in the opposite direction, that is a negative correlation. As one increases, the other variable decreases. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
b) exercise frequency and physical fitness
Consider this: When two variables change in the opposite direction, that is a negative correlation. As one increases, the other variable decreases. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
c) education level and income
Consider this: When two variables change in the opposite direction, that is a negative correlation. As one increases, the other variable decreases. LO 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
d) time spent playing video games and academic performance
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 1.9: Describe how correlations measure relationships between variables.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.23
Correlations do not show __________.
a) causal relationships
b) the strength of a relationship between two variables
Consider this: Correlational research shows the strength and direction of relationships between variables, and can predict the relationship between two variables. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
c) the direction of a relationship between two variables
Consider this: Correlational research shows the strength and direction of relationships between variables, and can predict the relationship between two variables. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
d) the degree to which two variables are related
Consider this: Correlational research shows the strength and direction of relationships between variables, and can predict the relationship between two variables. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.24
You read in a textbook that people who exercise more often tend to have better sleep quality. Your roommate says, “I guess if I run more often, I will finally start getting more sound sleep.”
You respond with __________.
a) “Just because those variables are correlated doesn’t mean that one caused the other ”
b) “Exercise and sleep can’t possibly be related. ”
Consider this: Correlational research demonstrates a relationship between two variables and can predict the relationship between the two variables but doesn’t indicate cause-and effect-relationships. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
c) “Actually, better sleep quality often leads to increased motivation for exercise.”
Consider this: Correlational research demonstrates a relationship between two variables and can predict the relationship between the two variables but doesn’t indicate cause-and effect-relationships. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
d) “It looks like that is true!”
Consider this: Correlational research demonstrates a relationship between two variables and can predict the relationship between the two variables but doesn’t indicate cause-and effect-relationships. LO 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.10: Distinguish between correlation and causation.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.25
Independent variable is to dependent variable as __________.
a) measure is to manipulate
Consider this: A researcher will change the experience of one group and look for the outcome as a result of that change. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
b) manipulate is to measure
c) experimental is to correlation
Consider this: A researcher will change the experience of one group and look for the outcome as a result of that change. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
d) effect is to confound
Consider this: A researcher will change the experience of one group and look for the outcome as a result of that change. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
EOC Q1.26
A researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given chocolate to eat, and some are given no chocolate at all, and then all of the participants are tested for nervousness an hour later. In this experiment, the participants who eat the chocolate are in the __________ group, while the people who did not eat any chocolate are in the __________ group.
a) control; experimental
Consider this: Which group is subject to the independent variable, and which group has had no change at all? LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
b) independent variable; dependent variable
Consider this: Which group is subject to the independent variable, and which group has had no change at all? LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
c) experimental; control
d) dependent variable; independent variable
Consider this: Which group is subject to the independent variable, and which group has had no change at all? LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.27
A research hypothesis proposes that participating in a daily mindfulness meditation session improves exam performance. One group of students practices mindfulness meditation for three weeks, whereas a second group does not engage in any meditation practice. The average exam scores of each group are then compared. What is the dependent variable?
a) length of time spent meditating
Consider this: The dependent variable is the outcome variable or what is measured in the experiment. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
b) type of meditation practiced
Consider this: The dependent variable is the outcome variable or what is measured in the experiment. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
c) exam scores
d) frequency of meditation sessions
Consider this: The dependent variable is the outcome variable or what is measured in the experiment. LO 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 1.11: Recall the components of experimental research.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
EOC Q1.28
__________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.
a) The double-blind study
b) Field research
Consider this: This type of study is the most effective at reducing bias because neither the researchers nor the participants know to which group the participants are assigned. This reduces the placebo effect as well as researcher bias. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
c) The single-blind study
Consider this: This type of study is the most effective at reducing bias because neither the researchers nor the participants know to which group the participants are assigned. This reduces the placebo effect as well as researcher bias. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
d) Correlational research
Consider this: This type of study is the most effective at reducing bias because neither the researchers nor the participants know to which group the participants are assigned. This reduces the placebo effect as well as researcher bias. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.29
Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle for psychological research?
a) Avoid any deception
b) Voluntary withdrawal from research
Consider this: Ethical guidelines must protect participants from physical or psychological harm. Some research may need to hide the true reason for the research to obtain the most effective results. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
c) Minimize harm to participants
Consider this: Ethical guidelines must protect participants from physical or psychological harm. Some research may need to hide the true reason for the research to obtain the most effective results. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
d) Obtain informed consent
Consider this: Ethical guidelines must protect participants from physical or psychological harm. Some research may need to hide the true reason for the research to obtain the most effective results. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
EOC Q1.30
Researchers designed an experiment that tested the impact of drinking alcohol on test taking abilities. They gave one group a drink with alcohol (vodka) and the other group a drink without alcohol (tonic water). Neither group knew which drink they received. One interesting result of the experiment was that several members of the group who received the drink with the tonic water acted as if they were impaired. This result is called the __________.
a) bystander effect
Consider this: Some participants in research experiments respond as if they are receiving a treatment simply because they believe they are receiving a treatment. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
b) placebo effect
c) alcohol effect
Consider this: Some participants in research experiments respond as if they are receiving a treatment simply because they believe they are receiving a treatment. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
d) variable effect
Consider this: Some participants in research experiments respond as if they are receiving a treatment simply because they believe they are receiving a treatment. LO 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 1.12: Explain how researchers try to control for potential bias, and consider ethical standards when conducting research.
Topic: Psychology as a Science
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know