Test Bank for Personality-Theories and Applications 2nd Edition by Shiraev
ISBN: 9781071857182
Personality-Theories and Applications (2nd)
ISBN 9781071857182 | Chapter 1
Total Questions: 98
Multiple Choice (74)
Q1. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Personality is defined as ______.
a) a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual ✓ correct
b) a set of distinguishable displays or patterns of behavior and experience
c) enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture
d) a consistent set of beliefs about the world
Q2. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
What are distinct and stable patterns of behavior and experience?
a) types
b) self-enhancement
c) traits ✓ correct
d) values
Q3. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Which of the following is a reason that personality is important for psychological practice?
a) It helps make predictions regarding a person’s behavior. ✓ correct
b) It exists in all living things.
c) It helps identify peripheral traits in all individuals.
d) It connects a person’s behaviors to each other.
Q4. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
What is meant in stating that personality is a concept that indicates that an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior originate from within a person?
a) Personality is organized by its central traits.
b) Personality tends to be wide-ranging.
c) There is consistency in one’s personality.
d) Personality is a cause of one’s behavior. ✓ correct
Q5. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The more central traits are the ______.
a) predictions about the person’s behavior will be more difficult to do b) essence of the individual’s personality. ✓ correct
c) lower number of peripheral traits there are
d) more behavior is a product of the situational norm
Q6. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The concept of central and peripheral traits suggests that personality ______.
a) is more stable than types
b) is the cause of behavior
c) is organized ✓ correct
d) has few secondary features
Q7. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What are peripheral traits?
a) The core or more salient characteristics in a person.
b) The behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that originate from within a person.
c) Characteristics that are in most people most of the time.
d) Other, secondary, less essential characteristics in a person. ✓ correct
Q8. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What are central traits?
a) Other, secondary, less essential characteristics in a person.
b) The core or more salient characteristics in a person. ✓ correct
c) Characteristics that are in most people most of the time.
d) The behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that originate from within a person.
Q9. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Peter likes initiating a conversation in a group on some occasions but not all the time. This behavior suggests that Peter’s trait of friendliness is a ______ trait.
a) central
b) peripheral ✓ correct
c) consistent
d) causal
Q10. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge ______ refers to a kind or category of elements or features sharing similar characteristics or qualities.
a) Central traits
b) Peripheral traits
c) Pessimism
d) Type ✓ correct
Q11. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application Which of the following shows “pessimism” as a peripheral trait?
a) The person displays persistent sadness. ✓ correct
b) The person is resistant to new experiences.
c) The person is distrustful of others.
d) The person is self-disciplined.
Q12. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge ______ refers to a persistent, broad-spectrum belief in and anticipation of undesirable, negative, or damaging outcomes.
a) Self-enhancement
b) Optimism
c) Pessimism ✓ correct
d) Organization
Q13. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
The character Ebenezer Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" shows that personality is ______.
a) persistent
b) organized
c) stable and evolving ✓ correct
d) typical
Q14. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Judgments about normal and abnormal traits of a person vary across ______.
a) Circumstances, norms, and time
b) circumstances, generations, and culture ✓ correct
c) Stability, circumstances, and consistency
d) situational norms
Q15. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
What is the tendency to deem ourselves as superior to peers?
a) self-enhancement ✓ correct
b) openness to experiences
c) cynicism
d) sensitivity to honor
Q16. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
What are enduring patterns of behavior and inner experiences that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture?
a) tolerance
b) central traits
c) peripheral traits
d) personality disorders ✓ correct
Q17. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Personality traits that tend to be more specific are ______.
a) central
b) peripheral ✓ correct
c) stable
d) persistent
Q18. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Mark, who is from North America describes their self as ambitious, intelligent, and industrious. The traits Mark used to describe their self are traits relevant to ______.
a) collectivism
b) individualism ✓ correct
c) consistency
d) stability
Q19. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Ana has a natural curiosity about the world. Personality psychologists would describe this characteristic of theirs to be ______.
a) cutting edge
b) a type
c) peripheral
d) central ✓ correct
Q20. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The general discussion about biological and social factors that affect human development, behavior, and experience is known as the ______.
a) mind-body interaction
b) scarcity mindset
c) nature-nurture ✓ correct
d) self-enhancement
Q21. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
______ who believe that they will get healthier tend to achieve more positive results than ______.
a) Optimists; pessimists ✓ correct
b) Self-enhancers; narcissists
c) Pessimists; narcissists
d) High self-esteemers; optimists
Q22. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge ______ is a reaction to a shortage of resources.
a) Determinism
b) Optimism
c) Scarcity mindset ✓ correct
d) Knowledge
Q23. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
According to the scarcity mindset, children from wealthier families tend to see coins as ______ than they actually are.
a) larger in value
b) smaller in value ✓ correct
c) accurately
d) nonvaluable
Q24. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The view that psychological phenomena are causally determined by a preceding event or by some identifiable factor is called ______.
a) fatalism
b) scarcity mindset
c) values
d) determinism ✓ correct
Q25. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
According to the scarcity mindset, people who are chronically lonely tend to be ______.
a) better interpreters of other people’s emotions ✓ correct
b) worse in judging other people
c) concerned about how others perceive them
d) very logical
Q26. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
The scarcity mindset demonstrates that personality is ______.
a) fixed and set
b) adaptable ✓ correct
c) situation-specific
d) a product of nature
Q27. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The view that humans are not in control of their lives because something or somebody else predetermines or programs them is called ______.
a) determinism
b) narcissism
c) pessimism
d) fatalism ✓ correct
Q28. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension ______ encourages personality psychologists to study factors that influence personality and its various features.
a) Fatalism
b) Scarcity mindset
c) Determinism ✓ correct
d) Values
Q29. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis One challenge about determinism is ______.
a) there are too many unknown factors affecting people’s behaviors ✓ correct
b) it will be nearly impossible to predict how personality develops in the future
c) humans are not in control of their lives
d) many factors that control personality are not related to each other
Q30. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The view that individuals generally are in control of our plans, actions, responses, minds, and personality features is called ______.
a) fatalism
b) determinism
c) character
d) self-determination ✓ correct
Q31. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Psychologists tend to avoid ______ and instead state that people are generally in control of their actions and plans.
a) self-determinism
b) determinism
c) fatalism ✓ correct
d) optimism
Q32. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application Tom relishes having the perks of being in a country club and makes a point of mentioning it to his new acquaintances. Tom embodies ______.
a) fatalism
b) self-determinism
c) self-esteem
d) narcissism ✓ correct
Q33. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What is knowledge?
a) It is information that has a purpose or use. ✓ correct
b) It is information that is accurate.
c) It is based on one’s sets of values.
d) It is a consistent set of values.
Q34. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Knowledge about shyness was based on earlier studies that indicated it was a complex reflex to the present studies that show that it is a dynamic combination of psychological and hereditary factors. Thus, the study of shyness demonstrates that knowledge is ______.
a) fixed
b) evolving ✓ correct
c) inconsistent
d) variable
Q35. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Information that has a purpose or use is called ______.
a) values
b) theory
c) knowledge ✓ correct
d) beliefs
Q36. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Knowledge accumulated through research and systematic empirical observations is called ______.
a) popular
b) scientific ✓ correct
c) essential
d) tested
Q37. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
An aspect of scientific knowledge is that the relevance of the information is ______.
a) continually changing with time ✓ correct
b) fixed and invariable
c) not representative of views of the world
d) always true
Q38. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Descartes’ theory about emotion was replaced by the James–Lange theory and was then later replaced by the Cannon-Bard theory and then was changed to the theory of emotions as learned reflexes. This change about theories of emotions demonstrates ______.
a) the establishment of rules
b) assumptions held about a phenomenon
c) organizing principles or ideas
d) changes in scientific knowledge ✓ correct
Q39. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The theory of emotions as stated in the Cannon-Bard theory was replaced by the behavioral view that emotions are ______.
a) fixed
b) learned reflexes ✓ correct
c) unconditional responses
d) variable
Q40. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The most accessible type of knowledge is ______.
a) scientific knowledge
b) values
c) popular beliefs ✓ correct
d) legal knowledge
Q41. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Janice thinks that short people compensate for their short height by being ambitious. Janice expressed a(n) ______.
a) popular belief ✓ correct
b) stereotype
c) value
d) opinion
Q42. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Observations and assumptions that represent a form of “everyday psychology” created by the people and for the people are referred to as ______.
a) scientific knowledge
b) value
c) legal knowledge
d) popular belief ✓ correct
Q43. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Many popular beliefs are accurate. What does this mean?
a) Popular beliefs may be based on already existing facts or scientific research. ✓ correct
b) Popular beliefs are opinions strongly held in belief by perceivers.
c) Popular beliefs are contained in most theories of personality.
d) Popular beliefs are never contradictory.
Q44. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Popular beliefs are shared by several people. However, they ______.
a) cannot be tested in an empirical study
b) can be validated with other opinions
c) are specific to the culture
d) can be ignored, accepted, or rejected ✓ correct
Q45. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
A popular belief about why some people are rich and others are poor is that ______.
a) majority of people believe the cause is beyond people’s control ✓ correct
b) majority of people believe the cause is due to an individual’s lack of effort
c) it is equally due to both circumstances beyond one’s control and also due to one’s lack of effort
d) it is due to the lack of opportunities to advance in society
Q46. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
What is a type of knowledge related to personality and designed for mass consumption, and it reaches peoples primarily through the media?
a) scientific knowledge
b) values
c) pop psychology ✓ correct
d) legal knowledge
Q47. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What are values?
a) Information that is simple and often times sensational.
b) Stable perceptions about the individual’s place and his or her role in the world. ✓ correct
c) Knowledge encapsulated in the law and detailed in rules and principles.
d) Information gathered through the scientific methods.
Q48. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application Topics of good versus evil, purpose of life, and right and wrong are some examples of ______.
a) pop psychology
b) religion
c) attitude
d) values ✓ correct
Q49. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge ______ is one of the most powerful sources of values.
a) Determinism
b) Philosophy
c) Religion ✓ correct
d) Frugality
Q50. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Which nation has the highest number of atheists?
a) Great Britain
b) China ✓ correct
c) Japan
d) South Korea
Q51. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What emerges in official prescriptions by authorities?
a) law
b) values
c) legal knowledge ✓ correct
d) scientific knowledge
Q52. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The term “lunatic” is a label that places individuals in categories. What produces these labels?
a) scientific knowledge
b) legal knowledge ✓ correct
c) self-enhancement
d) determinism
Q53. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Legal knowledge provides guidelines about an individual’s ______.
a) social status ✓ correct
b) self-perception
c) psychological health
d) religion
Q54. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
The book called “The Mirror Effect” illustrates that ______.
a) all four types of knowledge are deeply interconnected in personality ✓ correct
b) mental illness as described in the book includes personality disorders
c) narcissism is expressed in one’s behaviors
d) even tabloid stories can provide clues to personality
Q55. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What occurs with the breaking of something complex into smaller parts to understand their essential features and relations?
a) determinism
b) scientific inquiry
c) analysis ✓ correct
d) values
Q56. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What is a comprehensive, scientific explanation about what personality is, how it develops, and how it functions?
a) values
b) legal knowledge
c) analysis
d) theory ✓ correct
Q57. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What can explains facts and provide new hypotheses?
a) knowledge
b) theory ✓ correct
c) values
d) beliefs
Q58. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What brings together scholars that share similar views on a particular scientific approach, subjects, or method?
a) theories
b) personality perspectives
c) academic traditions ✓ correct
d) organizational functions
Q59. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What is the first function of academic traditions?
a) organizational function ✓ correct
b) consolidation of knowledge
c) protection
d) control of information
Q60. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Several scholars working on the same problem or using the same theoretical approach can work more efficiently than individual scholars working separately. This is the ______ function of academic traditions.
a) organizational function
b) consolidation of knowledge ✓ correct
c) protection
d) control of information
Q61. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Scientists exchange their ideas and discuss their research with one another. This is the ______ function of academic traditions.
a) consolidation of knowledge
b) protection
c) control of information
d) organizational function ✓ correct
Q62. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
What is the deliberate practice of selecting and disseminating what is deemed “appropriate” knowledge and restricting knowledge that is deemed inappropriate?
a) application
b) consolidation
c) censorship ✓ correct
d) evaluation
Q63. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
What is an applied setting in which clinical professionals use an individual’s unique personality characteristics to choose the most effective treatments?
a) conflict analysis
b) personalized medicine ✓ correct
c) reeducation
d) interpersonal perspective
Q64. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Personality psychology aids forensic and security fields by ______.
a) assist in identifying suspects ✓ correct
b) assess performance evaluation
c) improve intervention techniques
d) provide valuable knowledge of treatment
Q65. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Identifying personality traits of hackers could be the area of ______.
a) clinical psychology
b) business
c) forensic field
d) cybersecurity ✓ correct
Q66. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Personality psychology helps to create new procedures and methods to help people recover from abuse and to discontinue harmful behavioral patterns in which application field?
a) organization development
b) personalized medicine
c) clinical and counseling psychology ✓ correct
d) forensic field
Q67. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is on one’s self-oriented goals in life?
a) individual
b) interpersonal ✓ correct
c) global
d) minority
Q68. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is on relating with others?
a) individual
b) interpersonal ✓ correct
c) global
d) minority
Q69. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
What context of personality psychology is discussed when the focus is to improve the lives of people?
a) individual
b) interpersonal
c) global ✓ correct
d) minority
Q70. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is focusing on the ______ context.
a) individual
b) interpersonal
c) global ✓ correct
d) minority
Q71. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Learning one’s strengths and weaknesses through the lens of personality psychology refers to the ______ context.
a) individual ✓ correct
b) interpersonal
c) global
d) minority
Q72. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Knowledge about specific factors of individual decision-making in health-related issues falls under which area of application in personality psychology?
a) the global context ✓ correct
b) the individual context
c) the interpersonal context
d) the minority context
Q73. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
“I want to make a difference in this world as a person” would be a statement reflecting which area of application of knowledge in personality psychology?
a) the global context
b) the individual context
c) the minority context
d) the interpersonal context ✓ correct
Q74. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Applying scientific knowledge directly to social issues is called ______.
a) intervention
b) progressivism ✓ correct
c) policy making
d) social orientation
True/False (15)
Q75. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Judgments about normal and abnormal traits of a person vary across circumstances, generations, and cultures.
a) True ✓ correct b) False
Correct answer: True
Q76. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Theory can explain facts and provide new hypotheses.
a) True ✓ correct b) False
Correct answer: True
Q77. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Personality is defined as a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q78. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Values fluctuate and are unstable aspects of personality.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q79. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
A theory transforms facts into logical constructions.
a) True ✓ correct b) False
Correct answer: True
Q80. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Scientific knowledge is accumulated through systematic and empirical research, measurement, and evaluation of facts.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q81. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis Science is always a work in progress.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q82. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Popular beliefs are difficult to access.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q83. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The four types of knowledge are not interconnected.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q84. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Popular beliefs are never inaccurate or wrong.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q85. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Most narcissists are driven to become celebrities.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q86. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Specific personality features are called central traits.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q87. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Legal knowledge only agrees with popular beliefs.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q88. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
The deliberate practice of selecting and disseminating what is deemed “appropriate” knowledge and restricting knowledge that is deemed inappropriate is called censorship.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q89. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Personality is stable and evolving.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Essay (9)
Q90. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
List the central and peripheral traits contained by Ebenezer Scrooge in “A Christmas Carol” study.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Central--stingy, grumpy old man, selfish, cold. Peripheral--impolite, lacks empathy, unhelpful.
Q91. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Explain what is meant by the statement that personality has consistency and stability.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Consistency in personality suggests that an individual’s observable qualities and characteristics can lead to predictions about a person’s future behavior. Stability in personality is also related to consistency and allows predictions to be made about a person’s behavior.
Q92. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Discuss the differences between central traits and peripheral traits. Give examples of each.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Central traits are wide-ranging and present in various degrees in most people most of the time. An example is openness to experience. Peripheral traits tend to be more specific and also tend to appear in specific individuals; or cultural circumstances. An example can be pessimism.
Q93. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Explain the nature-nurture debate and its relation to personality.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Discussion about the biological (nature) and social (nurture) factors that affect the development of the person, including personality. It is accepted today that it’s both that influence the development of a whole human being.
Q94. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
How is the knowledge contained in personality psychology applied in business?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Personality psychology provides knowledge about skills assessment, performance evaluation, and creative potentials.
Q95. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Compare scientific knowledge to popular beliefs.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Scientific knowledge is accumulated through research and systematic evaluation. Popular beliefs are everyday assumptions about psychological phenomena and behavior.
Q96. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Application
How are values different from popular beliefs? Give an example of a value.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Values are deep-seated beliefs while popular beliefs are grounded on unwavering principles. An example is in the area of religion.
Q97. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Explain how personality psychology is applied in education and in business.
Suggested answer: Sample response: In education, many applications of personality psychology help improve educational effectiveness. Educational success is based, along with many other factors, on the type of motivation that teachers and students bring to classrooms. Successful learning is often about the ability to perform difficult, sometimes tedious tasks. Applied to business, personality research provides knowledge about skills assessment, performance evaluation, and creative potentials related to various professional activities.
Q98. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Discuss how academic traditions foster personality research.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Academic traditions create favorable conditions for particular research to occur and this helps the development of scientific knowledge. It also helps to support a theory.