Test Bank for Memory-Foundations and Applications 5th Edition by Schwartz
ISBN: 9781071930663
Memory-Foundations and Applications (5th)
ISBN 9781071930663 | Chapter 1
Total Questions: 50
Multiple Choice (35)
Q1. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
For scientific research to be empirical, it must also be ______.
a) verifiable ✓ correct
b) provable
c) calculable
d) honorable
Q2. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Smith and Johnson completed a study on memory in 2020. Jones and Allan will conduct the study again to make sure they get the same results. This ensures the research is ______.
a) demonstrable
b) valuable
c) replicable ✓ correct
d) standardized
Q3. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Humans have been examining their own thinking and memories since prehistoric times. This shows evidence of ______.
a) introspective behavior ✓ correct
b) meta-analysis
c) memory consolidation
d) generalizations
Q4. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
In Ebbinghaus’s memory studies, what did the savings score represent?
a) the length of time information can be held in working memory
b) the reduced time needed to relearn previously learned material ✓ correct
c) the speed with which someone begins to forget newly acquired information
d) the amount of time between a person studying a list and retrieving that list
Q5. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Compared with massed practice, distributed practice results in ______.
a) shorter retention of content
b) greater paired-associate learning
c) reduced amount of content mastered
d) faster mastery of content ✓ correct
Q6. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Continuing to study material after it has been thoroughly learned is termed ______.
a) metamemory
b) massed practice
c) the retention interval
d) overlearning ✓ correct
Q7. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Although he was also known for his work with memory measurements, Ebbinghaus is also accredited with an even broader study of human memory. Considering his life work, what is this broader study?
a) designing the first studies on human memory ✓ correct
b) designing a flash card system for memorization
c) explaining the forgetting and savings graphs
d) developing standards for dream interpretation as it relates to memory
Q8. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Mary Calkins is associated with ______.
a) paired-associate learning ✓ correct
b) the spacing effect
c) behaviorism
d) suppressed memories
Q9. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Watson and other behaviorists spent time studyinglearningbut notmemory. This is because ______.
a) behaviorists like to study emotions but not emotional memories
b) behaviorists only wanted to work with animals, not humans
c) behaviorists only study observable behavior and memory is not observable ✓ correct
d) behaviorists decline to study anything in the cognitive realm
Q10. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Which statement accurately describes Frederic Bartlett’s beliefs about memory?
a) Memory is composed of compartments.
b) Memory is exact in all forms.
c) Expectations can affect the accuracy of memories. ✓ correct
d) Memory cannot be effectively studied because it cannot be directly observed.
Q11. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Tulving introduced the idea that ______.
a) long-term memory involves different systems for personal memories and memories of facts ✓ correct
b) a centralized area of the brain is responsible for memory
c) retrieved memories may not be factually accurate
d) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is an important area in the regulation of memory retrieval
Q12. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Endel Tulving is associated with what type of memory?
a) episodic/semantic ✓ correct
b) long-term/short-term
c) recall/recognition
d) cognitive/behavioral
Q13. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Compared to behaviorism, cognitive psychology concentrates more on ______ and other processes that aren’t visible.
a) the mind ✓ correct
b) the soul
c) social interactions
d) reflexes
Q14. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Elizabeth Loftus is a memory expert, but she doesn’t work on forgetting or amnesia, she works with ______.
a) transience and blocking
b) false memories ✓ correct
c) Alzheimer’s patients
d) patient’s experiencing encoding failure
Q15. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Fong witnesses a mugging. She initially reported to police on the scene that the mugger had blonde hair. After the police officer asked, ‘Are you sure it wasn’t brown hair?” Fong changed her answer and said it was brown hair. This is an example of ______.
a) misinformation effect ✓ correct
b) operant conditioning
c) proactive interference
d) temporary amnesia
Q16. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Cognitive neuroscience is ______.
a) the study of operant and classical conditioning
b) the study of the role of the brain in producing cognition ✓ correct
c) the study of short-term memory
d) the application of neuroimaging
Q17. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Benoit and colleagues were interested in the parts of the brain responsible for ______.
a) remembering emotional memories
b) remembering traumatic memories
c) suppressing happy memories
d) suppressing unwanted memories ✓ correct
Q18. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Which area of the brain is able to suppress painful memories?
a) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ✓ correct
b) temporal lobe
c) somatosensory cortex
d) amygdala
Q19. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
You witnessed a crime and the police ask you to describe as much as you can about the crime. Which test of memory will be used?
a) forced-choice recognition test
b) free recall test ✓ correct
c) old/new recognition test
d) cued recall test
Q20. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
A research study is examining the effect of a new drug on memory decline seen in Alzheimer’s disease. Some people are given an active drug. Others are given an inactive pill. A memory assessment is given to all participants before and after taking the pills. What is the independent variable in this study?
a) the inactive pill
b) the active drug ✓ correct
c) the assessment scores before the study
d) the assessment scores after the study
Q21. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application Kim asks Jen, “What is your mother’s maiden name?” Jen will have to use ______ to remember this.
a) cued recall ✓ correct
b) free recall
c) recognition
d) relearning
Q22. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application Zakiyah is taking a multiple-choice test. She believes multiple-choice is easier than short answer, because she is using ______ versus ______.
a) recall; recognition
b) recognition; recall ✓ correct
c) relearning; recognition
d) recognition; relearning
Q23. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
A research scientist administers a test to assess the nonconscious aspects of memory. The study participants will do not know their memory is being tested. What kind of test is the scientist using?
a) source judgment test
b) implicit memory test ✓ correct
c) recall memory test
d) recognition review test
Q24. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge ______ is the amount of time required to perform a particular task.
a) Recall time
b) Reaction time ✓ correct
c) Recognition time
d) Relearning time
Q25. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application Which activity represents reality monitoring?
a) teaching someone how to make bread
b) telling a friend that you never forget a face
c) measuring the amount of time it takes to hit the buzzer in a game show
d) recognizing a memory of going to the state fair as a real event ✓ correct
Q26. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
A researcher who is studying predictions participants make about whether or not they can learn or retrieve a particular item is studying ______.
a) reality monitoring
b) source judgments
c) forced-choice recognition
d) judgments of learning ✓ correct
Q27. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Ratings we make concerning our memory recall process are called ______.
a) implicit memory tests
b) source judgments
c) savings scores
d) metamemory judgments ✓ correct
Q28. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Neuropsychology is the study of people with ______.
a) nerve dysfunction
b) brain damage ✓ correct
c) injuries to the skull
d) disordered thinking
Q29. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge What does an EEG do?
a) measures electrical activity in the brain ✓ correct
b) produces a visual image of the brain structure
c) measures blood flow in the brain
d) uses radioactive material to identify activity in the brain
Q30. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Which test uses magnets, not radioactivity, and therefore is safer than a PET?
a) MEG
b) EKG
c) EEG
d) fMRI ✓ correct
Q31. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Which test uses a coil to stimulate the brain by electrical current?
a) TMS ✓ correct
b) EEG
c) MEG
d) PET
Q32. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
According to Wang’s (2018) research, Western families are more likely to share about ______ knowledge than Eastern families.
a) procedural
b) autobiographical ✓ correct
c) semantic
d) collective
Q33. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Application
Jodi is using visual imagery mnemonics to help learn Spanish vocabulary, which is a second language for her. This tactic is helpful for learning language, but not learning to ______
a) whistle
b) use chopsticks
c) play an instrument ✓ correct
d) play a sport
Q34. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Troy tells himself to remember to pick up his son from school later tomorrow because his son has band practice. Troy is using ______.
a) prospective memory ✓ correct
b) visual imagery
c) operant conditioning
d) source monitoring
Q35. [Multiple Choice] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Memory improvement is an ______ process, it takes some planning.
a) passive
b) active ✓ correct
c) easy
d) quick
True/False (10)
Q36. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
The goal of memory science is to make generalizations of how memory works in reality and then studying it carefully in a controlled lab.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q37. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Paired-associate learning is the association between existing knowledge and new knowledge.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q38. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Bartlett considered meaning to be separate from the nature of human memory and that pure memory was uninfluenced by meaning.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q39. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Memory scientists began switching from the S-R models to models emanating from cognitive psychology, emphasizing concepts of the mind and internal representations of memory.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q40. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Ebbinghaus’s savings score refers to the idea it is faster to relearn previously learned information than to initially learn information.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q41. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
The recency effect means we are more likely to remember items at the beginning of a list than items at the end of a list.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q42. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
To conduct an experiment, a researcher does not need to have an independent and a dependent variable.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q43. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Random assignment means that a participant is as likely to be in the control group as the experimental group.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q44. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Researchers have found that animals have very simplified brains and are not useful in memory research in humans.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q45. [True/False] · Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
An MEG is similar to an EEG in that it can detect rapid changes in the brain.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Essay (5)
Q46. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Define and describe the importance of taking a scientific perspective when approaching the study of human memory.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Science refers to a particular view of the world, one based on systematic observation, experimentation, and theory. Critical to science is an unbiased attitude. A scientist needs to be open to different points of view but follow his or her data to the most logical conclusions, and these are based on evidence, not on the researcher’s opinion. In science, a particular theory is useful only if careful and unbiased observations and experimentation support it. For psychological science, data derived from experiments constitute the building blocks of our theories. Our intuitions and guesses about the world have value, but to be science, they must be tested and verified via the scientific method. This is important when studying human memory, as this allows us to produce empirical evidence related to our studies.
Q47. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Discuss empirical evidence and what it means to scientific research.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Empirical evidence refers to data that is independently verifiable. These data are essential to developing scientific theory. Other researchers need to be able to replicate the research, and it needs to be observable.
Q48. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Explain the difference between classical and operant conditioning.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Both classical and operant conditioning refer to learning. With classical conditioning, however, learning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus triggers a specific behavior after repeatedly be paired with another stimulus that produces the same behavior. In contrast, with operant conditioning involves learning through consequences. Reinforcement after a behavior makes it more likely that behavior will be repeated. Conversely, punishment after a behavior makes it less likely that behavior will be repeated.
Q49. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Explain Ebbinghaus’s retention interval theory and describe its importance.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Ebbinghaus believed that the time between when something was learned (or encoded) and when it is remembered was called a retention interval, and that the longer the retention interval, the more likely you were to forget things. For example, her tried to remember items on a list. After a retention interval of just a few minutes, he might remember all of the syllables from a list, but if he waited a week, he might have forgotten a substantial number of syllables. This theory is important because it developed another truism in memory—the longer the amount of time between learning and remembering, the more will be forgotten.
Q50. [Essay] · Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Describe three ways in which a person can improve memory efficiency, and identify instances in which each strategy would be useful.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Some ways in which a person can improve memory efficiency include utilizing visual imagery mnemonics, spaced rehearsal, and linkword mnemonics. Visual imagery mnemonics are useful for mastering new-language vocabulary but of little use in learning to play a new musical instrument. Linkword mnemonics are useful in learning name–face associations, but they will not help you remember the name of your kindergarten teacher when somebody asks you many years later. Spaced rehearsal is helpful for remembering facts about the world, learning a skilled task such as typing or playing a musical instrument, and remembering landmark events from one’s life.