Test Bank for Juvenile Delinquency in a Diverse Society 4th Edition by Bates, Swan
ISBN: 9781071862230
Juvenile Delinquency in a Diverse Society (4th)
ISBN 9781071862230 | Chapter 1: Thinking About Juvenile Delinquency in a Diverse Society
Total Questions: 75 Easy
Multiple Choice (16)
Q1. [Multiple Choice]
Juveniles can currently be defined as ______.
a) a population who can provide a cheap source of labor
b) individuals who are under a certain age set by law in a specific state ✓ correct
c) having no distinct difference from an adult
d) any person under 21 years of age
Q2. [Multiple Choice]
Adults typically demand what from children?
a) critical thinking
b) decisiveness
c) labor
d) obedience ✓ correct
Q3. [Multiple Choice]
A status offense is considered problematic because of the ______ of the person who engaged in the offense.
a) age ✓ correct
b) gender
c) education level
d) sexual orientation
Q4. [Multiple Choice]
______ are everyday norms that do not generate much uproar if they are violated.
a) Folkways ✓ correct
b) Laws
c) Mores
d) Social norms
Q5. [Multiple Choice] ______ are moral norms that may cause more outrage or uproar if broken but do not bring down official sanctions.
a) Folkways
b) Laws
c) Mores ✓ correct
d) Social norms
Q6. [Multiple Choice] ______ are the strongest norms because they are backed by official sanctions.
a) Folkways
b) Laws ✓ correct
c) Mores
d) Social norms
Q7. [Multiple Choice]
According to the text, what percentage of children were living in poverty in 2010?
a) 16
b) 20
c) 22 ✓ correct
d) 25
Q8. [Multiple Choice]
While air pollutants have been decreasing, inadequate ______ has increased for children.
a) nutrition
b) education
c) water
d) housing ✓ correct
Q9. [Multiple Choice]
Social ______ is the process by which we define, describe, and distinguish people based on different categories.
a) differentiation ✓ correct
b) diffusion
c) norming
d) diversity
Q10. [Multiple Choice]
In the United State, the proportion of the population made up by ______ children is increasing.
a) Asian
b) Black
c) Latino ✓ correct
d) white
Q11. [Multiple Choice]
What proportion of U.S. children lived in a food-insecure household in 2019?
a) about a quarter
b) a little over one in ten ✓ correct
c) nearly half
d) almost three-quarters
Q12. [Multiple Choice]
Which term refers collectively to the issues that increase the likelihood that a child will become incarcerated at some stage in their lives?
a) cradle-to-prison pipeline ✓ correct
b) critical conception of delinquency
c) social differentiation
d) status offending
Q13. [Multiple Choice]
Judgments about different ascribed and achieved statuses lead to rankings that form ______.
a) social inequality ✓ correct
b) delinquency
c) social constructionism
d) ethnocentrism
Q14. [Multiple Choice]
Intersectionality is the concept of the exponential impacts of ______.
a) neighborhood and school
b) poverty, education, and food insecurity
c) delinquency and criminal behavior
d) race, class, and gender ✓ correct
Q15. [Multiple Choice]
Which of the following is an achieved category?
a) race
b) ethnicity
c) class ✓ correct
d) gender
Q16. [Multiple Choice]
The sociological imagination is an idea that come from the work of sociologist ______.
a) Emile Durkheim
b) C. Wright Mills ✓ correct
c) Karl Marx
d) Auguste Comte
True/False (8)
Q17. [True/False]
Status offenses are acts that would not be considered crimes if the person who committed them were an adult.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q18. [True/False]
Standing too close to someone while speaking is an example of a folkway.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q19. [True/False]
Mores are backed by official sanctions (or punishments).
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q20. [True/False]
The percentage of children living in poverty from 2010 to 2019 has decreased.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q21. [True/False]
Approximately 50% of all U.S. children still live in an area where at least one air pollutant is above the allowable levels.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q22. [True/False]
Race is an ascribed category.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q23. [True/False]
An achieved category cannot be changed.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q24. [True/False]
Intersectionality is an important concept because inequalities can reinforce both oppression and privilege.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Medium
Multiple Choice (21)
Q25. [Multiple Choice]
Which statement is true of how the justice system views juveniles?
a) Juvenile incarceration is meant for the juvenile’s safety, adult incarceration for the community’s.
b) Juveniles are at an age when punishments may do the most good, so these should be harsh.
c) Juveniles cannot care for themselves adequately, so they need greater guardianship. ✓ correct
d) Juvenile delinquency represents a breakdown of social mores and requires policy rather than justice.
Q26. [Multiple Choice]
The justice system considers juveniles to be different from adults because it is believed they can be ______.
a) manipulated
b) rehabilitated ✓ correct
c) judged
d) shamed
Q27. [Multiple Choice]
What is a main reason why juveniles receive less severe punishments than adults for similar crimes?
a) inability to vote
b) few options for detention
c) constitutional rights
d) lack of maturity ✓ correct
Q28. [Multiple Choice]
The general definition of delinquency is an act committed by a person ______ that violates the penal code of the geographical area where the crime was committed.
a) under the age of 18
b) under the age of 16
c) under the age of 21
d) not yet defined as an adult ✓ correct
Q29. [Multiple Choice]
Which offense below is an example of a status offense?
a) theft
b) smoking ✓ correct
c) assault
d) trespassing
Q30. [Multiple Choice]
Which offense below best represents a delinquent offense?
a) smoking
b) drinking alcohol
c) curfew violations
d) theft ✓ correct
Q31. [Multiple Choice]
Running away from home is considered a status offense for juveniles because they ______.
a) must attend school
b) cannot be unsupervised
c) are under the age of 18 ✓ correct
d) are disobedient
Q32. [Multiple Choice]
Why is delinquency dependent on time and place?
a) The definition of delinquency changes. ✓ correct
b) Delinquency has decreased since the 1980s.
c) Offenses such as running away from home occur more often in cities.
d) Social norms stay the same.
Q33. [Multiple Choice]
The view that assumes delinquency is subjectively derived is called ______.
a) social differentiation
b) normative conception
c) social constructionist conception ✓ correct
d) critical conception
Q34. [Multiple Choice]
Which conception of delinquency is created and influenced by social, political, and economic factors that may change over time?
a) normative
b) social ✓ correct
c) functional
d) critical
Q35. [Multiple Choice]
Which conception of delinquency suggests that those persons in a position of political or economic power within society can shape delinquency definitions in order to maintain their position in society?
a) normative
b) social
c) functional
d) critical ✓ correct
Q36. [Multiple Choice]
Which conception of delinquency assumes that there is a general set of social norms, of which a consensus agrees upon?
a) normative ✓ correct
b) social
c) functional
d) critical
Q37. [Multiple Choice]
With regard to categorization, which type of category is a person born into and cannot change, such as race/ethnicity?
a) achieved
b) autonomous
c) ascribed ✓ correct
d) assimilated
Q38. [Multiple Choice]
______ is the belief in the inferiority of certain racial or ethnic groups and is often accompanied by discrimination on a personal level.
a) Institutional racism
b) Individual racism ✓ correct
c) Individual sexism
d) Institutional classism
Q39. [Multiple Choice]
______ is the prejudice held by a person based solely on someone’s sex.
a) Institutional classism
b) Individual classism
c) Institutional racism
d) Individual sexism ✓ correct
Q40. [Multiple Choice]
______ occurs when people are disadvantaged or oppressed due to their gender because of the routine workings of social institutions.
a) Institutional sexism ✓ correct
b) Individual sexism
c) Individual racism
d) Institutional classism
Q41. [Multiple Choice]
Prejudice that is held by a person and is based on whether someone is a boy or girl is called ______.
a) individual sexism ✓ correct
b) gendered perceptions
c) institutional sexism
d) gender bias
Q42. [Multiple Choice]
By embracing the sociological imagination, we can ______.
a) understand the experiences of an individual ✓ correct
b) enact institutional classism
c) place youth in adult situations
d) encourage diversity
Q43. [Multiple Choice]
A social constructionist perspective of juvenile delinquency suggests that the assumption of repeat offending behavior may result from ______ by the criminal justice system.
a) processing
b) labeling ✓ correct
c) detention
d) arrest
Q44. [Multiple Choice]
Police who enforce laws for some but not all kids engage in what type of behavior?
a) discrimination ✓ correct
b) stereotyping
c) bullying
d) prejudice
Q45. [Multiple Choice]
The juvenile justice system was created with the philosophy that juveniles ______.
a) are savable ✓ correct
b) should be severely punished
c) deserve a speedy trial
d) receive lighter sentences
True/False (12)
Q46. [True/False]
Since the late 1800s, children have been looked upon as a source of cheap labor.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q47. [True/False]
Juveniles hold less power in society than adults.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q48. [True/False]
The justice system aims to treat juveniles harshly for engaging in status offenses.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q49. [True/False]
Juveniles who commit status offenses with their parents’ permission are not considered delinquent. a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q50. [True/False]
The definition of delinquency is uniform across the United States.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q51. [True/False]
The social constructionist conception holds that the study of deviance is not about why certain individuals violate norms but instead about how those norms are constructed.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q52. [True/False]
The definition of delinquency is uniformly applied to all genders, races, and classes.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q53. [True/False]
Social categories are achieved statuses.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q54. [True/False]
Intersectionality grew out of a need to address discrimination across multiple categories.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q55. [True/False]
Intersectionality only applies to achieved statuses.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q56. [True/False]
People are aware of the effects of their socially ascribed statuses.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q57. [True/False]
People can be either privileged or oppressed but not both.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Essay (9)
Q58. [Essay]
Describe how the definition of juvenile delinquency changes over time.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The definition of juvenile delinquency changes over time because who is considered a juvenile, and what is considered delinquent behavior, changes. As values differ over time and place, what is considered delinquent behavior may evolve into something more akin to childhood mischief, or may become more nefarious. Our laws determining juvenile status are still changing, and they differ from state to state.
Q59. [Essay]
Identify two status offenses and describe how they are similar or different in their perceived severity.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Neither running away nor underaged drinking would be considered crimes as an adult. While both would be considered status offenses, the statutory drinking age and the potential health dangers it poses place underaged drinking closer to delinquency on the spectrum of criminality than running away from home.
Q60. [Essay]
Discuss how juvenile delinquency is a normative conception.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Under a normative conception, juvenile delinquency is a violation of a set of expected behaviors established by a sort of social agreement.
Q61. [Essay]
Describe how the social constructionist perspective of delinquency is based on reactions to people in society.
Suggested answer: Sample response: In the social constructionist conception of delinquency, behaviors aren’t inherently deviant. Rather, the label of deviance is attached to a group of behaviors once a set of rules have been created that then can be applied to cause those behaviors (and thus the group engaged in said behavior) to be considered deviant.
Q62. [Essay]
Identify the seven key areas of children’s well-being.
Suggested answer: Sample response: There seven key areas of well-being: family and social environment, economic circumstances, health care, physical environment and safety, behavior, education, and health.
Q63. [Essay]
Explain the difference between individual and institutional racism.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Individual racism is the belief in the inferiority of certain racial or ethnic groups, often accompanied by discrimination. It occurs in personal interactions. Institutional racism occurs when individuals are disadvantaged or oppressed because of their race because of the routine workings of social institutions such as the political system, the legal system, media, and education.
Q64. [Essay]
Define and discuss what juvenile delinquency is. Compare and contrast status offenses and delinquency offenses.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Juvenile delinquency is the violation of the penal code of an area by a person under the age of legal adulthood. This is in contrast to status offenses, which are violations of societal behaviors deemed inappropriate for underaged individuals. While delinquency is subject to official sanctions, due to the fact that they violate established laws, status offenses do not, and so are not subject to the same level of consequence.
Q65. [Essay]
Discuss the factors that contribute to and detract from the well-being of children.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The cradle-to-prison pipeline is a phenomenon that refers to the many issues that make it more likely that children will become incarcerated at some point in their lives. When there are unfavorable circumstances in important aspects of a child’s life (pervasive poverty; inadequate access to health care coverage; gaps in early childhood development; disparate educational opportunities; intolerable abuse, neglect; unmet mental and emotional problems; substance abuse; overburdened, ineffective educational and juvenile justice systems), children are at greater risk of being involved in delinquency than they would be if the needs in the preceding circumstances were being met.
Q66. [Essay]
Compare and contrast individual racism and institutional racism in a juvenile delinquency context.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Individual racism occurs when individuals hold attitudes of prejudice based on race, and act on these attitudes in a discriminatory fashion. It can appear in forms such as stereotyping and bullying. Institutional racism occurs when a person’s race leads to them being disadvantaged through the routine workings of institutions, rather than the direct prejudicial acts of an individual.
Hard
Multiple Choice (3)
Q67. [Multiple Choice]
Natalya is 17-year-old girl who was incarcerated for attempted armed robbery. Her parole officer identifies several factors that led her to offend, starting from when she was very young, which include exposure to lead, neglect from her parents, unaddressed behavioral disorders, and being expelled from schools for minor infractions. Natalya’s experiences best reflect which phenomenon?
a) individual racism
b) the cradle-to-prison pipeline ✓ correct
c) institutional sexism
d) intersectionality
Q68. [Multiple Choice]
A Latino youth who is perceived to be a gang member receives less attention from his teacher because she assumes he will not go to college. This type of discrimination can most accurately be called ______.
a) stereotyping ✓ correct
b) racism
c) classism
d) sexism
Q69. [Multiple Choice]
An advocate for gender segregation in schools claims, “Girls are more delicate and cry easier than boys.” This statement is an example of a(n) ______.
a) inequality
b) status offense
c) stereotype ✓ correct
d) crime
Essay (6)
Q70. [Essay]
Describe a scenario where two people would engage in the same behavior and one would be labeled a delinquent and the other person would not.
Suggested answer: Sample response: In a scenario where a 22-year-old young man is smoking cigarettes with his 17-year-old brother, the younger brother, due to being below the legal smoking age of 18, could be considered delinquent.
Q71. [Essay]
Describe the home environment of a youth who is most likely to engage in delinquency.
Suggested answer: Sample response: A youth who is most likely to commit a delinquent act lives in poverty and may experience home and food insecurity. If there is a home, it may located in an area that has safety or environmental issues. Acting out of anxiety because of the circumstances could cause delinquent behavior.
Q72. [Essay]
Compare and contrast a situation where two youth are experiencing individual discrimination: one on the basis of race and the other one the basis of gender. Which individual is more likely to be labeled as a delinquent?
Suggested answer: Sample response: A situation where two youths are being discriminated against can have differing experiences as a result of their race and gender. The youth who is being discriminated because of race will most likely be stereotyped and labeled a delinquent because there is a higher rate of race-based discrimination than there is gender discrimination.
Q73. [Essay]
Describe a situation in which a juvenile engages in a behavior that would normally be considered a status offense but the circumstances prevent it from being seen as such.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Under most circumstances, truancy is considered a status offense. However, if a child is forgoing school due to a temporary, family-approved situation, such as taking care of a sick relative, circumstances could prevent this truancy from being seen as a status offense.
Q74. [Essay]
Discuss the normative conception of delinquency. Include examples of folkways, mores, and laws.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The normative conception of delinquency assumes that there are a general set of norms upon which we agree. These consist of folkways, mores, and laws. Folkways are everyday norms that don’t generate much uproar if violated. Mores are “moral” norms that elicit more outrage than folkways if violated, like picking your nose (folkway) versus drinking too much. Laws are backed by official sanctions and therefore are the norms that carry the greatest consequences of the three if violated.
Q75. [Essay]
Discuss the critical concept of delinquency and provide examples of how it may be applied.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The critical conception of delinquency argues that the normative understanding of deviance and delinquency is established by those in power to maintain and enhance that power. It focuses on aw, male, middle- to upper-class understanding of society that implies delinquency in groups outside of that privileged group. Such an environment could contribute to, for example, over-policing and an assumption of guilt as it pertains to individuals from poor communities of color.