Test Bank for Introduction to Criminal Justice 5th Edition by Rennison, Dodge
ISBN: 9781071903742
Introduction to Criminal Justice (5th)
ISBN 9781071903742 | Chapter 1: An Introduction to Crime and the Criminal Justice System
Total Questions: 100 Easy
Multiple Choice (17)
Q1. [Multiple Choice]
A judge who allows political underpinnings to influence decision making in a case, rather than simply following legal precedent or the Constitution, engages in ______.
a) judicial activism ✓ correct
b) due process
c) framing
d) narrow-casting
Q2. [Multiple Choice]
Defense attorneys cannot cross-examine a sexual assault victim on past sexual behavior due to protection from ______ laws.
a) castle doctrine
b) rape shield ✓ correct
c) “make my day”
d) marital rape
Q3. [Multiple Choice]
In 1939, Edwin Sutherland described a type of crime as a “crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.” He was referring to ______.
a) white-collar crime ✓ correct
b) cybercrime
c) victimless crime
d) property crime
Q4. [Multiple Choice]
In 2013, which word did the FBI remove from the definition of rape?
a) penetration
b) forcibly ✓ correct
c) married
d) consent
Q5. [Multiple Choice]
Promoting policies that limit violence in movies, music, video games, and television aligns with the ______ frame.
a) racist system
b) faulty criminal justice system
c) social breakdown
d) violent media ✓ correct
Q6. [Multiple Choice]
The ______ perspective holds the belief that if a punishment is weak, criminals won’t fear the punishment.
a) restorative justice
b) crime control ✓ correct
c) rehabilitative
d) due process
Q7. [Multiple Choice]
The process of packaging criminal events into tidy presentations is called ______.
a) narrow-casting
b) decriminalization
c) judicial activism
d) framing ✓ correct
Q8. [Multiple Choice]
The term sexual assault generally refers to ______.
a) sexual touching without consent ✓ correct
b) sexual violence against children
c) forcible penetration
d) nonconsensual marital sex
Q9. [Multiple Choice]
What do the activities of a terrorist group like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, ISIS) demonstrate about terrorism?
a) Terrorism crosses national borders and ethnic groups. ✓ correct
b) Terrorism takes place only in non-Western countries.
c) Terrorism usually targets prominent individuals.
d) Terrorism acts tend to be random and unplanned.
Q10. [Multiple Choice]
Which criminal justice paradigm reflects Karl Marx’s ideas about the class-based power struggle between the haves and the have nots?
a) crime control perspective
b) due process perspective
c) conflict model ✓ correct
d) consensus model
Q11. [Multiple Choice]
Which media frame argues that people commit crimes when they think they can get away with it?
a) blocked opportunities
b) racist system
c) social breakdown
d) faulty criminal justice system ✓ correct
Q12. [Multiple Choice]
Which media frame emphasizes environmental factors and circumstances that lead to crime?
a) blocked opportunities ✓ correct
b) violent media
c) social breakdown
d) faulty criminal justice system
Q13. [Multiple Choice]
Which media frame sees equal treatment for all groups as a solution to problems in the criminal justice system?
a) racist system ✓ correct
b) violent media
c) social breakdown
d) faulty criminal justice system
Q14. [Multiple Choice]
Which term refers to the prosecutor dropping the charges during a case?
a) nolle prosequi ✓ correct
b) nolo contendere
c) mala in se
d) mala prohibita
Q15. [Multiple Choice]
Which three entities compose the criminal justice system?
a) law enforcement, lawyers, and corrections
b) lawyers, courts, and law enforcement
c) lawyers, courts, and corrections
d) law enforcement, courts, and corrections ✓ correct
Q16. [Multiple Choice]
______ are the least common type of property crime.
a) Robberies
b) Burglaries
c) Motor vehicle thefts ✓ correct
d) Thefts
Q17. [Multiple Choice]
“Make my day” laws are laws that ______.
a) require handgun owners to have concealed carry permits
b) removed the “duty to retreat” when residents are threatened by intruders ✓ correct
c) required a business owner first try to avoid confrontation with a burglar
d) allow police to use deadly force to protect property
True/False (12)
Q18. [True/False]
By the end of 2021, the U.S. correctional system supervised approximately one million adults.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False
Q19. [True/False]
Criminology and criminal justice are two different names for the same area of study.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q20. [True/False]
Criminology focuses on the behavioral aspects of crime and victims.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q21. [True/False]
Due process requires different treatment for different groups of people.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q22. [True/False]
Innolle prosequi, judges decide to drop a case.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q23. [True/False]
Making a victim whole again after a crime is a goal of restorative justice.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q24. [True/False]
Media outlets actively avoid framing when they report on crime.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q25. [True/False]
Narrow-casting is the presentation of a small amount of information to small homogenous audiences.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q26. [True/False]
One of the roles of the criminal justice system is to maintain social control.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q27. [True/False]
Status offenses are crimes that are illegal if committed by a minor but are legal if committed by an adult.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q28. [True/False]
The conflict model is based on division among members of society.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q29. [True/False]
The consensus model requires citizens to sign a social contract.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Medium
Multiple Choice (37)
Q30. [Multiple Choice]
A criminologist would be most likely to study ______.
a) the system of police, courts, and corrections
b) the nature, extent, and causes of offending and victimization ✓ correct
c) international criminal justice systems
d) the road map of the criminal justice process
Q31. [Multiple Choice]
A decision made by a grand jury indicates that insufficient evidence is present to proceed with the case is called a ______.
a) no bill ✓ correct
b) nolle prosequi
c) nolo contendere
d) plea bargain
Q32. [Multiple Choice]
A student of criminal justice studies the ______.
a) system of police, courts, and corrections ✓ correct
b) nature of the crime committed
c) breakdown of crime in communities
d) behavioral aspects of offending
Q33. [Multiple Choice]
According to the conflict model, who has the power to define what is criminal?
a) the elites ✓ correct
b) people living in poverty
c) the middle class
d) the working class
Q34. [Multiple Choice]
After a person is charged with a crime, what is the next step in the criminal justice process?
a) The defendant requests a trial.
b) A judge informs the defendant of the charges. ✓ correct
c) The defendant enters a plea.
d) A judge sentences the defendant.
Q35. [Multiple Choice]
An assumption of the faulty criminal justice system frame is that ______.
a) the needs of victims come first
b) punishments are not harsh enough ✓ correct
c) the criminal justice system oppresses people of color
d) movies and video games encourage crime
Q36. [Multiple Choice]
Can white-collar crimes be considered victimless crimes?
a) Yes, because the person who is incarcerated usually takes money that is insured by the bank.
b) Yes, because money is not a person and cannot be considered a victim.
c) No, because there are no victimless crimes.
d) No, because white-collar crimes harm individuals and the economy. ✓ correct
Q37. [Multiple Choice]
Historically, the criminal offense of adultery was defined as sex between ______.
a) a married woman and a minor
b) a married man and a minor
c) a married man and a person other than his wife
d) a married woman and a person other than her husband ✓ correct
Q38. [Multiple Choice]
How does the USA Freedom Act differ from the USA PATRIOT Act?
a) The Freedom Act stopped enhanced interrogation techniques.
b) The PATRIOT Act restricted immigration from terrorist supported countries.
c) The Freedom Act limited the ability of the NSA to track phone data on citizens. ✓ correct
d) The PATRIOT Act allowed the Executive Branch to monitor the progress of court cases on terrorism.
Q39. [Multiple Choice]
How does the consensus model view the function of criminal law?
a) Punishments should be unanimously supported.
b) Laws should limit individual freedoms as much as possible.
c) Laws should protect citizens and maximize peace. ✓ correct
d) Punishments should be decided by popular vote.
Q40. [Multiple Choice]
In 2009, the federal government ordered California to reduce the prison population. California voters passed Proposition 47, which released certain people who are incarcerated from prison. People who are incarcerated convicted of which types of crime were released under Proposition 47?
a) grand theft
b) embezzlement
c) nonviolent drug crimes ✓ correct
d) cybercrimes
Q41. [Multiple Choice]
In the criminal justice system, which responsibility belongs to corrections?
a) investigating crimes
b) apprehending suspects
c) supervising offenders ✓ correct
d) applying the law
Q42. [Multiple Choice]
In the criminal justice system, which responsibility belongs to the courts?
a) investigating crimes
b) apprehending suspects
c) supervising offenders
d) applying the law ✓ correct
Q43. [Multiple Choice]
Murder, rape, and robbery are commonly categorized as which type of crime?
a) white-collar
b) terrorism
c) property
d) street ✓ correct
Q44. [Multiple Choice]
Narrow-casting occurs when ______.
a) judges and police in crime dramas are disproportionately played by White people
b) criminals in crime dramas are disproportionately played by people of color
c) small homogenous audiences get biased information from niche media outlets ✓ correct
d) large diverse audiences are only offered one point of view from multiple media outlets
Q45. [Multiple Choice]
One of the biggest problems with the media’s portrayal of the criminal justice system is the ______.
a) requirement to depict all sides of every story
b) refusal to discuss more serious crimes
c) spread of inaccurate views of crime and victimization ✓ correct
d) inadvertent encouragement of more crime
Q46. [Multiple Choice]
One of the stated grievances of the domestic terrorist group responsible for the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995 was their belief that the government was trying to ______.
a) steal their land
b) restrict their rights to bear arms ✓ correct
c) invade their privacy
d) allow too many noncitizens into the United States
Q47. [Multiple Choice]
Restorative justice primarily focuses on ______.
a) rehabilitating people who are incarcerated
b) punishing people who are incarcerated
c) satisfying legal principles
d) repairing the harm caused from crime ✓ correct
Q48. [Multiple Choice]
The crime control perspective suggests that people who are incarcerated ______.
a) are greedy and impulsive ✓ correct
b) experience blocked opportunities
c) must be treated equitably
d) should pay restitution to victims
Q49. [Multiple Choice]
The definition of rape differs from the definitions of sexual assault or sexual abuse in that rape must involve ______.
a) use of force
b) penetration ✓ correct
c) assault of a minor
d) a female victim
Q50. [Multiple Choice]
What do informal social control measures seek to accomplish in society?
a) punishment and incarceration
b) conformity and compliance ✓ correct
c) restitution and victim satisfaction
d) equitable treatment and due process
Q51. [Multiple Choice]
What do recidivism rates suggest about the crime control perspective?
a) Low recidivism rates suggest that education for people who are incarcerated is unnecessary.
b) Low recidivism rates suggest that harsh punishments are an effective deterrent.
c) High recidivism rates suggest that focusing on punishments is ineffective and inefficient. ✓ correct
d) High recidivism rates suggest that the view of people who are incarcerated as greedy is accurate.
Q52. [Multiple Choice]
What evidence is necessary to claim justifiable homicide?
a) protection of property
b) attempt by the offender to flee the scene
c) imminent threat to human life ✓ correct
d) physical altercation with police
Q53. [Multiple Choice]
What is the most common definition of crime?
a) breaking the law ✓ correct
b) having malicious intent
c) hurting another person
d) violating a social norm
Q54. [Multiple Choice]
What is the social contract that is central to the consensus model?
a) Citizens give power to the government, and the government protects the citizenry. ✓ correct
b) Organized societies agree on a specific criminal justice model.
c) The government provides education for people who are incarcerated in return for citizens’ taxes.
d) Social welfare “safety nets” are required to protect the most vulnerable citizens.
Q55. [Multiple Choice]
When Judge Sturgess stated, “Justice is open to everyone in the same way as the Ritz Hotel,” he meant that ______.
a) corrections facilities house so many people who are incarcerated that they act as hotels
b) all people who are incarcerated are treated equitably in accordance with the Constitution
c) people of color are more likely to be treated leniently than White people
d) people who are wealthy are more likely to be treated leniently than people living in poverty ✓ correct
Q56. [Multiple Choice]
Which component of the criminal justice system in the United States is the main reason for its enormous size?
a) criminology
b) law enforcement
c) courts
d) corrections ✓ correct
Q57. [Multiple Choice]
Which crime is an example of cybercrime?
a) embezzlement
b) price fixing
c) stealing a computer
d) online identity theft ✓ correct
Q58. [Multiple Choice]
Which example of a cybercrime involves using electronic means to commit a crime otherwise considered violent?
a) identity theft
b) stalking ✓ correct
c) fraud
d) online gambling
Q59. [Multiple Choice]
Which media frame would support moral reform, social control, and traditional social expectations to deter crime?
a) blocked opportunities
b) violent media
c) social breakdown ✓ correct
d) faulty criminal justice system
Q60. [Multiple Choice]
Which of these is an example of amala prohibitaoffense?
a) murder
b) drug possession ✓ correct
c) sexual assault
d) robbery
Q61. [Multiple Choice]
Which offense demonstrates how crimes can become decriminalized over time?
a) justifiable homicide
b) sexual assault
c) driving under the influence
d) adultery ✓ correct
Q62. [Multiple Choice]
Which offense demonstrates how crimes can become increasingly criminalized over time?
a) consumption of marijuana
b) drug possession
c) driving under the influence ✓ correct
d) adultery
Q63. [Multiple Choice]
Which statement accurately describes the duty to retreat if an individual encounters a burglar in their home?
a) The homeowner must attempt to avoid conflict before confronting the burglar. ✓ correct
b) The resident must verbally warn the burglar before using deadly force.
c) The burglar has a right to flee from law enforcement.
d) Law enforcement officers may trespass on private property while pursuing a fleeing suspect.
Q64. [Multiple Choice]
Which statement forms the central tenet of the rehabilitative perspective?
a) The repairing of harm is the primary purpose of the criminal justice system.
b) Every citizen has a right to equitable treatment before the law.
c) People who are incarcerated are greedy, impulsive, and thrill-seeking.
d) People commit crime because of blocked opportunities. ✓ correct
Q65. [Multiple Choice]
Which statement is part of the definition of terrorism?
a) It is a crime of passion.
b) Targets are noncombatants. ✓ correct
c) Acts tend to be random.
d) People who are incarcerated tend to be those in power.
Q66. [Multiple Choice]
______ crimes do not directly affect another individual.
a) Street
b) Property
c) Victimless ✓ correct
d) White-collar
True/False (8)
Q67. [True/False]
Acts of terrorism are defined as those committed by organizations sponsored by foreign governments.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False
Q68. [True/False]
Cybercrimes are considered victimless because there is no physical contact.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False
Q69. [True/False]
People convicted of driving under the influence cannot spend time in prison or jail.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct Correct answer: False
Q70. [True/False]
The USA PATRIOT Act reflects the nonintervention perspective of criminal justice. a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q71. [True/False]
The legal definition of justifiable homicide has remained consistent. a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q72. [True/False]
Traditionally, marijuana use was consideredmala in se
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q73. [True/False]
Until recently, the FBI’s definition of rape did not acknowledge men or boys as victims of rape.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q74. [True/False]
White-collar crimes often involve the manipulation of finances.
a) True ✓ correct b) False
Correct answer: True
Essay (12)
Q75. [Essay]
A White woman, Black man, and Hispanic man all are found guilty of murder under the same circumstances. Based on research, compare and contrast the likely harshness of their expected sentences.
Suggested answer: Sample response: In the current U.S. criminal justice system, imprisonment rate is strongly affected by race and gender. In general, a White woman would likely receive a lesser sentence than a Black or Hispanic man. A Hispanic man would generally serve less time than a Black man. Research shows that a Black offender who kills a non-Black victim has the highest likelihood of being sentenced to death.
Q76. [Essay]
Compare and contrast white-collar crimes with street or property crimes in terms of their potential for widespread damage.
Suggested answer: Sample response: White-collar crime covers a broad range of criminal activity including insider trading, bank fraud, bribery, and Ponzi schemes. The scope of these crimes is often more damaging to an individual than street or property crimes as the white-collar criminal may steal a victim’s retirement fund or wipe out their bank account. Furthermore, white-collar crime has the ability to impact our economy or bring large corporations down. In many ways, this is more damaging to a way of life than a street or violent crime.
Q77. [Essay]
Compare how the FBI’s legal definition of rape has changed over the past couple of decades. Analyze the implications of these changes in defining and reporting rape statistics on law enforcement practices.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The definition of rape has been expanded over the past few decades. The FBI has changed their definition to broaden the behaviors that constitute rape and to include men and boys as possible victims of rape. In addition, the FBI removed the word “forcibly” from their definition to reflect the contemporary understanding of rape. The new definition focuses more on lack of consent, including incapacitation of the victim, rather than force. This change has broadened the scope of what constitutes rape and improved the accuracy of rape statistics reported. The changes have led to more comprehensive data collection and reporting.
Q78. [Essay]
Discuss the role of the victim in the criminal justice system. How has it changed over the past several decades?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Traditionally, the victim was ignored in the road map of criminal justice. In recent years, however, the victim has played a more involved role in the prosecution of people who are incarcerated. Victims are now often provided access to a victim advocate that helps them work with the police and government to assist in the prosecution of the person who is incarcerated. In addition, victims have expanded rights when it comes to being notified about the case in which they are involved. Formerly, victims were not informed or protected during this process, but now they have an advocate that will inform them of their rights from the beginning of the process until the end of the trial.
Q79. [Essay]
Edwin Sutherland and Paul Tappan held two different views on what makes a criminal. Compare and contrast the views of Sutherland and Tappan.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Sutherland did not agree with the legal definition of criminal behavior. He believed that the conviction of a criminal act was an unnecessary condition for determining whether a person committed an offense. Tappan argued, however, that sociological constructs such as antisocial behavior, conduct norms, and deviance fail to differentiate criminal versus noncriminal. In other words, in a more legalistic approach, Tappan believed that only people convicted of crimes with specific penalties could be considered criminals.
Q80. [Essay]
Explain how the three main components of the criminal justice system work together.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The three main components of the criminal justice system are law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Law enforcement agencies investigate crimes and arrest individuals who could have committed crimes. The courts interpret and apply the law to the criminal cases presented before them. Corrections work with convicted people who are reintegrating into society. Corrections function is to ensure public safety by working with probation or parole to have people who are incarcerated monitored and involved in community-based programs. The three components work together in various ways. For example, law enforcement investigates crimes and arrests people to send to the court system. They also assist corrections in locating and monitoring people who are incarcerated on parole. The court system receives people who have been arrested and puts them through the trial process. Many people who are incarcerated will accept a plea deal of probation and be placed with corrections for help with housing, work, and monitoring. A small population will go to trial and have their case be decided by a judge or jury. If a not guilty verdict is returned, the person is out of the criminal justice system. If a guilty verdict is returned, the person will be placed with corrections. Corrections’ goal is to rehabilitate people so that they will not have to be incarcerated again. Some will serve time in prison, others will be allowed to live in the community under rules dictated by the court. These rules are known as terms of probation. Corrections monitors these people to ensure that they are abiding by the terms of their judicial sanction. Some people who are in prison will be paroled after serving a portion of their sentence. These paroled persons will work with corrections to meet the terms and conditions of their parole. If someone violates their probation or parole, corrections will work with law enforcement to find that person and bring them back to the court system.
Q81. [Essay]
Explain the concept of infotainment. How does it affect the public perception of the criminal justice system?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Infotainment is the marketing of a highly edited and distorted combination of entertainment and information purported to be truthful and comprehensive. Infotainment often distorts and sensationalizes the news to keep viewers interested in the particular media outlet. As much of the information presented is often framed to appeal to the target audience, people may be misinformed about criminal justice issues. To further complicate matters, media outlets often engage in narrow-casting, a practice that means viewers may only be introduced to content that reinforces their existing beliefs regarding the criminal justice system. Many are unaware that the media does not necessarily intend to inform viewers about newsworthy items, but rather to deliver a captive audience to advertisers. As such, infotainment may distort the public perception of the criminal justice system and cause people to focus on marginal or rare incidents, while overlooking more serious and pressing issues.
Q82. [Essay]
Explain the principles of the nonintervention perspective. Analyze the potential benefits and drawbacks of using this perspective.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The nonintervention perspective advocates for the legalization of victimless crimes, non-serious offenses, and a common-sense approach to criminal justice. Crimes like prostitution, possession/use of marijuana, gambling, and public drunkenness should be decriminalized. Advocates of this perspective argue that these crimes do not hurt anyone other than the person who is incarcerated and in a free society, consenting adults should be allowed to do whatever they like to themselves. The nonintervention perspective also advocates for the release of nonviolent persons. This approach aims to reduce criminal justice interventions by the state, minimizing the negative impacts of the correctional system. However, a drawback is that it overlooks the need for accountability among people who have broken the law.
Q83. [Essay]
Imagine that a homeowner uses force to defend their property after someone had broken into their home. Given the evolution of the castle doctrine over the past few decades, how might the homeowner’s actions be interpreted?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Traditionally, when a resident was faced with a burglar entering their home who posed a threat to the resident, they had a duty to retreat before they could resort to using force to confront the intruder. Many jurisdictions felt this was unjust and developed what came to be known as the castle doctrine. Essentially, the castle doctrine removed the duty to retreat and allowed residents to use force, including deadly force, when appropriate, to repel the threat posed by the intruder. Different jurisdictions apply the doctrine in different ways. For example, some states apply the castle doctrine to the home, business, motor vehicle, public places, or any other place the individual has a right to be; others limit the protection afforded by the castle doctrine to the home. Under current legal standards, the homeowner’s interpretation could support their defense by affirming their right to protect their property and personal safety.
Q84. [Essay]
The USA PATRIOT Act was passed in response to the attacks of September 11, 2001. Some people would argue that the USA PATRIOT Act is an infringement of inalienable rights which are protected by the U.S. Constitution. Discuss what inalienable rights are and how the USA PATRIOT Act possibly infringes on those rights.
Suggested answer: Sample response: An inalienable right is a universal right that is not contingent on the laws and is not specific to a particular government or culture. In the United States, these inalienable rights are protected by the Constitution. Some would argue that several provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act violate our Constitutional rights, specifically provisions that reduce restrictions on intelligence gathering and broadened discretion in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of engaging in terrorist activities. In addition, the PATRIOT Act allowed for wiretaps, searches of business records, and surveillance of individuals with no ties to a particular terrorist group. It also allowed the FBI to monitor phone calls, emails, and financial records without the added safeguard of securing a search warrant. These powers are viewed by many as an overextension of the power of federal law enforcement agencies and a violation of our inalienable rights.
Q85. [Essay]
What is narrow-casting? Evaluate its effects on society’s view of crime and people who are incarcerated.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Years ago, there were only a few news outlets and they had to appeal to a broad audience; as such, they tended to limit overt bias in presenting the news. As there are now many more media outlets covering the news, the outlets tend to cater to the demands of smaller, more homogenous audiences. This means that media outlets often present a narrow view of information aimed at appeasing their target audience, often at the expense of the truth. This practice, known as narrow-casting, can affect how certain segments of the population view crime and can perpetuate false beliefs about crime and criminals.
Q86. [Essay]
Why is it important to know the differences between criminal justice and criminology?
Suggested answer: Sample response: It is important to know the differences between criminal justice and criminology because, while some overlap may occur, they are two distinct academic disciplines. Criminal justice focuses on the fundamental systems of policing, the courts, and corrections, while criminology refers to the study of the nature, extent, and causes of criminal offending and criminal victimization. Together criminal justice and criminology provide us with a more complete overview of our criminal justice system and the reasons why people engage in criminality.
Hard
Multiple Choice (11)
Q87. [Multiple Choice]
A criminal defendant was charged with theft. The defendant did not plead guilty but accepted the punishment for the crime without admitting guilt. What did the defendant plead?
a) nolo contendere ✓ correct
b) nolle prosequi
c) mala in se
d) mala prohibita
Q88. [Multiple Choice]
A criminal justice advocate argues that all people accused of crimes must be treated fairly and equally, regardless of personal characteristics, in accordance with the U.S. Constitution. This advocate’s arguments reflect the ______ perspective.
a) rehabilitative
b) due process ✓ correct
c) crime control
d) nonintervention
Q89. [Multiple Choice]
A person convicted of driving under the influence received treatment, community service, and restitution in a work-release program. Which criminal justice perspective does this exemplify?
a) due process
b) crime control
c) restorative justice ✓ correct
d) nonintervention
Q90. [Multiple Choice]
A politician hopes to convey to her constituents that she is someone who is “tough on crime.” She would most likely put forth a policy of ______.
a) education for people who are incarcerated
b) mandatory sentencing ✓ correct
c) restitution payments
d) community service
Q91. [Multiple Choice]
Many states have legalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal consumption, although marijuana possession had previously been illegal in states. This is an example of ______.
a) narrow-casting
b) the castle doctrine
c) decriminalization ✓ correct
d) mala in se
Q92. [Multiple Choice]
Researchers in which academic discipline may be interested in learning about differences in correctional policies regarding solitary confinement?
a) criminal justice ✓ correct
b) criminology
c) physiology
d) public policy
Q93. [Multiple Choice]
Researchers in which academic discipline might research the precipitating behavioral factors for committing serial murder?
a) corrections
b) criminology ✓ correct
c) criminal justice
d) public policy
Q94. [Multiple Choice]
The USA PATRIOT Act limited personal freedoms in order to broaden government intelligence collection and allow for the government to more easily protect citizens from potential terrorist threats. This is an example of ______.
a) informal social control
b) the social contract ✓ correct
c) narrow-casting
d) framing
Q95. [Multiple Choice]
The president of a financial consulting firm is accused of stealing money from the company that would normally have gone to shareholders. This is an example of a ______.
a) white-collar crime ✓ correct
b) cybercrime
c) property crime
d) victimless crime
Q96. [Multiple Choice]
The survivor of an armed robbery is having difficulty navigating the criminal justice system. He hopes to be connected to someone to educate him about the proceedings and who can put him in contact with resources for emotional support. He is looking for a ______.
a) defense attorney
b) magistrate
c) parole officer
d) victim advocate ✓ correct
Q97. [Multiple Choice]
Which person who is incarcerated is most likely to receive the death penalty for their actions?
a) a Black man who murdered a White woman ✓ correct
b) a White man who murdered a Black woman
c) a White woman who murdered a Black man
d) a Black woman who murdered a White man
Essay (3)
Q98. [Essay]
Discuss how the definitions of crime can change over time. Use the example of drunk driving to illustrate this phenomenon.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The definitions of crime change as societal understandings of the behavior change. In some situations, crimes become viewed as less problematic and are decriminalized. In other situations, they are viewed as increasingly criminal. For instance, drunk driving was initially seen as a personal problem, and people convicted of it rarely received jail time. In the 1970s, however, this changed, especially with the creation of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). MADD was started to persuade legislators to change the laws regarding driving under the influence, and drunk driving was seen as an increasingly unacceptable act.
Q99. [Essay]
Discuss the types of crimes that are considered victimless crimes. Are they truly victimless? Explain your answer.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Victimless crimes are criminal offenses that are thought not to involve victims because they do not directly harm individuals other than the people who are incarcerated. Examples of victimless crimes include prostitution, drug use, and gambling. For example, drug use may increase rates of burglary as users attempt to gain more resources to continue their habit. Prostitution may increase violence because these women and men are frequently assaulted as a result of their status. Prostitution also may be directly responsible for the trafficking of minors, as meeting the demand of clients (criminal offenders) requires the control of increasingly younger people forced into the sex trade. Gambling may lead to financial ruin, requiring families to be supported through governmental programs. Accordingly, many would argue that there is no such thing as victimless crime as these activities often harm society, as well as the people who are incarcerated.
Q100. [Essay]
Why is the understanding of public policy helpful in our understanding of criminal justice?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Public concerns shape legislation, policy, actions, and community standards. Understanding the needs of the community on issues such as gun violence, gangs, drug use, and other issues determine how our criminal justice system reacts. If a community views an issue, like gang violence, as pressing, the criminal justice system will focus on this issue, regardless of whether it is really the most important issue facing the system. Politicians want to show the community they are listening to them and responding to their concerns, so they can get elected or reelected.