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Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6th Edition by Heilman, Woski, Voet, Pratt ISBN: 9781119903505

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 6e (Voet) Chapter 1 Introduction to the Chemistry of Life Choose the correct answer from the list. Not all the answers will be used. Write only the letter of the correct answer, not the full word or phrase. A) phylogenetic B) negative C) O D) ΔH° E) H - TS F) halobacteria G) open H) entropy I) flux J) polymers K) ΔG° L) thermophiles M) nitrogen N) positive 1) The most abundant molecule in the human body is ________. Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 2) During chemical evolution, small organic molecules condense to form more complex molecules called ________. Answer: J Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 3) Evolutionary relationships can be visualized using a ________ tree. Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

4) The organisms most likely to be found in a brine environment would be ________. Answer: F Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 5) The organisms most likely to be found in high temperature environments would be ________. Answer: L Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 6) The term used to indicate the degree of randomness within a system is ________. Answer: H Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 7) Spontaneous processes are characterized by a change in Gibbs free energy that is ________. Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 8) Gibbs free energy is defined as G = ________. Answer: E Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 9) The symbol for free energy under standard biochemical conditions is ________. Answer: K Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

10) Living creatures can be described thermodynamically as ________ systems. Answer: G Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 11) What are the four most abundant elements in a human body? A) C, N, O, H B) C, N, O, P C) C, S, O, H D) C, Na, O, H Answer: A Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 12) The atmosphere of prebiotic earth probably contained the following molecules: A) O, , , , and . B)

, and

. . , and

Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 13) In 1953, Urey and Miller carried out an experiment in which they subjected a mixture of O, , , and to electrical discharges. Which of the following were among the products? A) proteins B) amino acids C) nucleic acids D) ribosomes Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

14) Which of the following statements about hydrothermal vents is TRUE? A) The vents have temperatures as high as 1000°C and emit S and metal sulfides. B) The vents have temperatures as high as 800°C and emit

S and metal sulfides.

C) The vents have temperatures as high as 600°C and emit

S and metal nitrates.

D) The vents have temperatures as high as 400°C and emit

S and metal sulfides.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

For the following question(s), consider the structure of the coenzyme NADP.

15) Which arrow points at a phosphate ester bond? A) A B) B C) D D) E Answer: D Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 16) Which arrow points at an amide bond? A) B B) C C) D D) E Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 5

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

17) Which arrow points at an anhydride bond? A) A B) B C) D D) E Answer: A Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 18) Which of the following developed during the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells? A) DNA B) the cell membrane C) nuclear membranes D) ribosomes Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 19) Using phylogeny, all living organisms can be divided into the following domains: A) bacteria, eukarya, and vertebrate. B) archaea and eukarya. C) bacteria, eukarya, and archaea. D) eukarya and bacteria. Answer: C Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 20) The theory of evolution includes which of the following principles? A) Evolution is not directed toward a specific goal. B) Evolution is ongoing, and is constrained by its past. C) Evolution does not require variation among individuals for adaptation to occur. D) A and B Answer: D Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 6

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

21) Which three cellular components are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A) ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria B) nucleus, ribosomes, RNA C) RNA, DNA, ribosomes D) mitochondria, DNA, RNA Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 22) The bulk of aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic cells takes place in: A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) the nucleus. C) the mitochondria. D) peroxisomes. Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 23) Which cellular compartment or organelle is involved in the synthesis of cellular components such as proteins and lipids? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) lysosomes C) peroxisomes D) vacuoles Answer: A Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

24) Which of the following is a similarity between all prokaryotes and all eukaryotes? A) Both contain DNA in a nucleus. B) Both contain some of the same membrane bound cell organelles (like mitochondria, Golgi complexes, etc.). C) Both have a cell wall. D) Both have ribosomes. Answer: D Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 25) Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotes is FALSE? A) Prokaryotes are made up of two major groupings: the eubacteria and the archaea, which are as different from each other as from the eukaryotes. B) Prokaryotes are generally much smaller than the eukaryotic cells. C) Archaea diverged from prokaryotes, as illustrated in the more accurate phylogenetic tree made up of prokarya, archaea and eukarya. D) Prokaryotes do not have organelles. Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 26) Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is NOT true? A) They contain organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus. B) They are usually 10 to 100 microns in diameter. C) They can be either unicellular or multicellular. D) They are also called archaea. Answer: D Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

27) Which of the following statements about the theories of (bio)chemical evolution is NOT true? A) Margulis suggested that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from the symbiotic relationship between primordial prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. B) The first cells were probably formed when self-replicating systems were enveloped in membranous vesicles. C) Oparin and Haldane demonstrated that by passing an electrical discharge through a vessel containing O, , , , and some basic biological building blocks (like simple amino acids) could have formed abiotically in the earth's early atmosphere. D) The RNA world hypothesis as proposed by Woese, Crick and Orgel states that RNA, instead of protein, was the first self-replicating biochemical molecule that evolved because RNA could have stored genetic information and performed the catalytic roles necessary for primitive selfreplication. Answer: C Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life 28) Which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT true? A) Margulis proposed the endosymbiotic theory to explain the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. B) Woese proposed the "new" phylogenic tree that divides living organisms into the 3 domains of bacteria, archaea and eukarya based upon genetic relationships rather than obvious morphological similarities. C) Urey and Miller conducted an experiment that involved sparking a mixture of , , O, and

gases to yield amino acids, some of the fundamental building blocks of life.

D) Earlier than Margulis, Wallin in 1927 noted the similarity between mitochondria and smaller eukaryotic cells. Answer: D Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 29) Halophiles and thermophiles are: A) early versions of eukaryotic cells. B) highly evolved organisms that thrive in their specific environments. C) relatively inefficient and unevolved organisms. D) more complex than eukaryotes. Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 9

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

30) The mitochondrion is important to energy production in almost all eukaryotes. Those cells that produce energy through photosynthesis do so through: A) peroxisomes. B) Golgi apparatus. C) endoplasmic reticulum. D) chloroplasts. Answer: D Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 31) Lynn Margulis' Theory of Endosymbiosis is an explanation for the origin of: A) the endoplasmic reticulum. B) the nucleus. C) the mitochondria. D) the Golgi apparatus. Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 32) Phylogeny is: A) the science of biological classification based on gross morphology. B) the science of biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms. C) the science of biological classification based on reproductive strategies. D) the branch of science that studies phyllopods. Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

33) Taxonomy is: A) the science of biological classification based on gross morphology. B) the science of biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms. C) the science of biological classification based on reproductive strategies. D) the branch of science that studies taxidermy. Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 34) Which group of organisms does NOT include prokaryotes or archea? A) Fungi B) Eukarya C) Purple bacteria D) Cyanobacteria Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 35) The term molecular weight is a term used by biochemists that refers to: A) the density of a particle. B) a dimensionless quantity that is defined as the ratio of the mass of the particle to 1/12 the mass of a C atom. C) Daltons divided by the mass of a hydrogen atom. D) 1/12 the mass of a C atom. Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 36) The second law of thermodynamics states: A) that spontaneous processes are characterized by the overall conversion of order to disorder. B) that spontaneous processes are characterized by the conversion of work to force. C) that nonspontaneous processes are characterized by the conversion of order to disorder. D) that spontaneous processes are characterized by the conversion of heat to pressure. Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 11

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

37) Change in enthalpy (ΔH) is best defined as: A) the sum of heat absorbed and work done. B) the heat transferred at constant pressure. C) the pressure change at constant temperature. D) the measure of disorder in a system. Answer: B Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 38) If gas molecules in an enclosed chamber are allowed to enter a second chamber, the resulting redistribution of gas molecules represents an increase in: A) enthalpy. B) entropy. C) force. D) chemical potential. Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 39) Consider the reaction A + B ↔ C + D. After reaching equilibrium at 25°C, the following concentrations of reactants and products were measured: [A] = 10 μM, [B] = 15 μM, [C] = 10 μM, [D] = 10 μM. Calculate ΔG°′ for this reaction. A) 1000 J/mol B) 10 kJ/mol C) 1 J/mol D) insufficient data to determine answer Answer: A Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 40) A reaction with a ________ ΔH and a ________ ΔS, will never be spontaneous. A) positive; positive B) positive; negative C) negative; positive D) negative; negative Answer: B Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

41) An endergonic reaction with a ________ ΔH and a ________ ΔS can be changed into an exergonic reaction by decreasing the temperature. A) positive; positive B) positive; negative C) negative; positive D) negative; negative Answer: D Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 42) The ΔG° for the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) is +1.7 kJ/mole. In a particular human cell, the concentration G6P is 8.0 µM and the concentration F6P is 1.0 µM. Calculate the ΔG of the reaction as it occurs in this cell at 37°C. A) −37 kJ/mol B) −3.7 kJ/mol C) 0 kJ/mol D) +7.1 kJ/mol Answer: B Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 43) For a reaction with ΔH = 23 kJ/mol and ΔS = 22 J/K•mol, at 2°C, the reaction is: A) spontaneous. B) nonspontaneous. C) at equilibrium. D) impossible to determine reactivity. Answer: B Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 44) Calculate the ΔG for a reaction with ΔH = 20. kJ/mol and ΔS = 20. J/K•mol, that is carried out at 27°C. A) 14 J/mol B) 140 J/mol C) 1400 J/mol D) 14,000 J/mol Answer: D Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 13

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

45) A spontaneous process: A) occurs with the addition of free energy. B) has a ΔG>0. C) is exergonic. D) has a positive Gibb's free energy. Answer: C Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 46) An increase in disorder in the system: A) is required for a process to be spontaneous. B) is found in every exergonic process. C) is characteristic of a system increasing in enthalpy. D) results in the factor TΔS being positive. Answer: D Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 47) Living organisms: A) are closed systems. B) maintain a non-equilibrium steady state. C) maintain an equilibrium steady state. D) exist outside the laws of thermodynamics. Answer: B Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 48) What is the relationship between the rate of a process and its thermodynamic spontaneity? A) Exothermic reactions are rapid. B) Spontaneous reactions are rapid. C) Rate is not dependent on ΔG. D) Rate is dependent on ΔS alone. Answer: C Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

49) A van't Hoff plot: A) plots ln versus T. B) determines

by plotting ΔH° versus 1/T.

C) is a good method to determine ln

D) is a good method to determine ΔH° and ΔS°. Answer: D Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 50)

can be determined from the change in standard free energy using the equation:

= ln

. . . .

Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Understand Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 51) Living organisms are classified thermodynamically as: A) open systems. B) closed systems. C) isolated systems. D) thermally isolated. Answer: A Diff: 1 Bloom's: Remember Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 52) Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleotides, and nucleic acids are important groups of molecules found in living organisms. Which 6 elements are in highest concentration in living organisms to build these molecules? Answer: C, H, O, N, S, P Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Discuss the origins and evolution of biological molecules Section Reference: 1.1 The Origin of Life

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

53) Explain in one or two sentences why scientists believe that phylogeny is more adequate than taxonomy to describe relationships between organisms. Answer: Scientists believe phylogeny is more adequate than taxonomy because it reflects evolutionary history and genetic relationships, providing a more accurate representation of how organisms are related. Diff: 2 Bloom's: Analyze Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Explain how important features of cellular architecture relate to the structure and function of cells Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Architecture 54) Consider a reaction in which ΔH = -20. kJ/mol and ΔS = 10. J/mol · K. a. Calculate the ΔG for this reaction at 25°C. b. Is the reaction spontaneous (explain your answer)? Answer: a. ΔG = ΔH − TΔS ⇒ ΔG = -20,000 J/mol -(298 × 10 J/mol) = −23,000 J/mol b. The reaction is spontaneous because the ΔG is negative. Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 55) Consider the isomerization reaction R P, in which R is converted to P. The ΔG°' for this reaction is −10. kJ/mol. Calculate the [P]/[R] at equilibrium at 25°C. Answer: At equilibrium [P]/[R] = = ⇒ [P]/[R] = J/mol = = 57 Diff: 2 Bloom's: Apply Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank

56) Phosphoglucomutase catalyses the reaction in which a phosphate group is transferred from the 1 carbon of glucose to the 6 carbons of glucose (G1P G6P). A student at SDSU incubates a 0.2 M solution of glucose-1-phosphate overnight with a small amount of the enzyme. At equilibrium, the concentration of glucose 1-phosphate is 9.0 × M and the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate is 19.1 ×

Calculate the equilibrium constant (

) and the standard state free energy (∆G°') for this

reaction at 25°C. Answer: The equilibrium constant 21. ΔG°ꞌ = −RTln

= [G6P]eq/[G1P]eq = 19.1 ×

M/ 9.0 ×

= −8.3145 × 298 J/mol × ln 21.2 = −7,600 J/mol.

Diff: 3 Bloom's: Create Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics 57) The reaction pyruvate + ATP PEP + ADP is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase. The ΔG°ꞌ for this reaction is 31.4 kJ/mol. Use this information to answer the following questions. a. Does this reaction move forward (from left to right) or backward under standard state conditions? Explain you answer in one sentence. b. Calculate the for this reaction at 25°C. c. After the reaction has reached equilibrium at 25°C [ATP] = 5 mM, [ADP] = 0.5 mM, [pyruvate] = 0.2 mM. Calculate the concentration PEP. Answer: a. The reaction goes backward (from right to left) because ΔG°ꞌ for the forward reaction is positive. b. = = = 3.13 × c. 3.1 ×

× = 0.5 mM × = (3.1 ×

⇒

/0.2 mM × 5 mM ⇒ × 0.2 mM × 5 mM)/0.5 mM = 6.2 ×

mM (6.2 ×

Diff: 3 Bloom's: Create Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Distinguish the first and second laws of thermodynamics Section Reference: 1.3 Thermodynamics

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Fundamentals of Biochemistry 6e Heilman Test Bank