Discovering The Life Span 6Th Feldman Test Bank by dferdinan

Chapter 1 Introduction

Choice

Essay

Multiple Choice 76 Essay

LO 1.15: Contrast correlational and experimental research. Multiple Choice 77, 78

Essay

LO 1.16: Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

LO 1.17: Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect. Multiple Choice 94, 96–98, 101, 103, 104 99, 100 95, 102 Essay

LO 1.18: Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Essay

LO 1.19: Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research. Multiple Choice 112

LO 1.20: Describe ethical issues that affect psychological research.

110, 111, 114–116

113 Essay

Chapter 1 Introduction

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior across the life span is called:

a) biological development.

b) life span development

c) psychological development.

d) child development.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: None

Topic: An Orientation to Life Span Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

2. Dr. Sardonicus wants to examine the effectiveness of different teaching techniques. Her 9:00 A M class will use a new approach with online instructional videos, while her 10:00 A M class will attend traditional lectures. She will assess the students’ memory of the information over six sessions Which method is the professor using to test her ideas?

a) intuitive

b) sociological

c) anecdotal

d) scientific

Answer: d

Learning Objective: None

Topic: An Orientation to Life Span Development

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

3. A developmental psychologist whose research focus is the human body’s capacities and limitations is interested in __________ development.

a) cognitive

b) physical

c) personality

d) social

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

4. Which researcher would primarily be interested in studying physical development?

a) Dr. Gomez, who wants to examine interaction patterns among children in a daycare setting

b) Dr. Matsumoto, who is interested in how diet affects children’s muscle growth

c) Dr. Fiori, who is interested in how shyness develops during elementary school

d) Dr. Scheinfeld, who studies adolescents’ test-preparation strategies

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

5. Researchers in a university’s Early Childhood Education department are conducting a longterm study to examine how problem-solving skills change as students move from elementary school to high school to college. Which type of development are they most likely studying?

a) cognitive

b) personality

c) social

d) physical

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

6. Which type of life span developmentalist would be most interested in how a person who experienced a traumatic event early in life remembers it later?

a) physical

b) social

c) cognitive

d) personality

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

7. Which type of development focuses on how enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span?

a) cognitive

b) physical

c) personality

d) social

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

8. Which type of development focuses on how individuals’ interactions with others and their relationships grow, change, or remain stable over the life span?

a) cognitive

b) physical

c) personality

d) social

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

9. Life span developmentalists typically focus on a particular:

a) family.

b) age range.

c) locale

d) nation.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

10. In general, in Western contexts, which age is typically considered the beginning of young adulthood?

a) 16

b) 18

c) 20

d) 25

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

11 Irina is about to graduate from college. At which age is she most likely to view a substantial life change?

a) when she turns 20

b) when she finishes college at age 22

c) when she completes her first year of high school at age 14

d) when she turns 25

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

12. Which developmental period has been proposed between adolescence and adulthood?

a) senescence

b) emerging adulthood

c) exploratory maturation

d) extended adolescence

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

13. __________ refers to a group of people who are born around the same time in the same place.

a) Race

b) Cohort

c) Ethnic group

d) Normative group

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Topic: Cohort and Other Influences on Development: Developing with Others in a Social World Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

14. Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, are considered __________.

a) age-graded influences

b) history-graded influences

c) sociocultural-graded influences

d) non-normative life events

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development. Topic: Cohort and Other Influences on Development: Developing with Others in a Social World

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

15. Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, reflect which type of influences?

a) age-graded

b) history-graded

c) biological

d) environmental

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development. Topic: Cohort and Other Influences on Development: Developing with Others in a Social World Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

16. Which experience is an example of a biological event that occurs at roughly the same time across societies?

a) young adulthood

b) puberty

c) adulthood

d) widowhood

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Topic: Cohort and Other Influences on Development: Developing with Others in a Social World

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

17. When variables such as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural group membership affect a particular individual at a given time, these factors are called __________.

a) age-graded influences

b) non-normative life events

c) history-graded influences

d) sociocultural-graded influences

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

18 How are the concepts of race and ethnicity generally understood today?

a) There is a fixed number of biologically distinct races determined by genetics.

b) Each race is genetically distinct, so biology has settled the question.

c) They are social constructions defined by people and their beliefs

d) Race is a valid scientific concept; ethnicity is not.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Topic: Cultural Dimensions: How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Development

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 2.1 Exercise scientific reasoning to investigate psychological phenomena

19. Fannie believes her daughter is moving through distinct developmental stages and that, upon turning 2 years old, she can do far more than at age 1. Fannie’s view is consistent with which approach to development?

a) continuous change

b) discontinuous change

c) sensitive periods

d) nurture

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

Topic: Continuous Change Versus Discontinuous Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

20. Which term refers to the specific time in development when an event has its greatest consequences and certain environmental stimuli are necessary for typical development?

a) discontinuous change

b) continuous change

c) critical period

d) natural change

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Distinguish between critical and sensitive periods

Topic: Critical and Sensitive Periods: Gauging the Impact of Environmental Events

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

21. Sara contracted rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy. Emily contracted rubella during the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in how rubella would affect the developing fetus at these two times is an example of __________.

a) continuous change

b) discontinuous change

c) a critical period

d) a sensitive period

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Distinguish between critical and sensitive periods

Topic: Critical and Sensitive Periods: Gauging the Impact of Environmental Events

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

22. Early developmentalists tended to focus their attention on which developmental periods?

a) infancy and preschool years

b) preschool years and adolescence

c) infancy and adolescence

d) adolescence and adulthood

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Describe how the study of life span development expanded.

Topic: Life Span Approaches Versus a Focus on Particular Periods

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

23. Which issue has dominated many research questions in life span development?

a) Which areas of life span development are most important for optimal human functioning?

b) How much of behavior is due to genetically determined factors, and how much to environmental influences?

c) What role does the unconscious play in shaping human behavior?

d) What are the appropriate methods to use when studying development over time?

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development

Topic: The Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

24. __________ refers to the predetermined unfolding of genetic information.

a) Nurture

b) Nature

c) Maturation

d) Conception

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Topic: The Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

25. What is the most accurate conclusion regarding the effects of heredity and environment on development?

a) “nature versus nurture”

b) “nature and nurture”

c) “nature or nurture”

d) “nature before nurture”

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Topic: The Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

26. Advocates of which theoretical perspective argue that much behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which people have little awareness or control?

a) psychodynamic

b) psychosocial

c) behavioral

d) sociocultural

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

27. The psychodynamic perspective is most closely associated with which theorist?

a) Sigmund Freud

b) Carl Rogers

c) B. F. Skinner

d) Jean Piaget

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

28. Which perspective proposes that unconscious forces determine personality and behavior?

a) social-cognitive learning

b) information processing

c) operant conditioning

d) psychoanalytic theory

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

29. According to Sigmund Freud, which part of a person’s personality operates to satisfy raw, primitive drives?

a) unconscious

b) ego

c) superego

d) id

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

30. Which part of personality is rational and reasonable, according to psychodynamic theory?

a) id

b) superego

c) conscious

d) ego

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

31. An angel, a demon, and a human walk into a bar. The angel says, “I’d like to buy a round for the house; it’s the right thing to do.” The human says, “I’d like that too, but realistically, we can’t afford it.” The demon has already chugged a fifth of bourbon and sabotaged the jukebox.

Although there’s no punchline, this scenario parallels Sigmund Freud’s view of personality. Which option correctly identifies those parallels?

a) The demon operates like the superego, the human operates like the ego, and the angel operates like the id.

b) The demon operates like the id, the human operates like the ego, and the angel operates like the superego

c) The demon operates like the ego, the human operates like the superego, and the angel operates like the id

d) The demon operates like the superego, the human operates like the id, and the angel operates like the ego

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

32. According to Sigmund Freud, the series of stages in which children’s pleasure and gratification focus on particular biological functions is called __________.

a) psychosexual development

b) the psychosocial revolution

c) psychodynamic awareness

d) psychoanalytical growth

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

33. Adults who show excessive eating, talking, or gum chewing may be experiencing which type of fixation, according to the psychoanalytic perspective?

a) anal

b) oral

c) phallic

d) psychosexual

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

34. Which psychoanalyst provided a psychodynamic view based on psychosocial development across the life span?

a) Carl Rogers

b) S. E. Morehouse

c) Erik Erikson

d) Jean Piaget

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

35. Erik Erikson believed that each of his psychosocial stages presents a __________ that individuals must resolve.

a) crisis

b) fixation

c) riddle

d) temptation

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

36. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory differs from Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory because Erikson believed that development:

a) is completed in infancy

b) is completed in early childhood.

c) is completed by adolescence.

d) continues throughout the life span.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

37. Why has Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective been called into question by modern theorists?

a) Freud assigned too small a role to unconscious forces.

b) Many of Freud’s ideas have not been validated by research

c) Freud focused too much on the importance of social interaction in shaping behavior.

d) Freud presented an overly optimistic view of humanity

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 2.1 Exercise scientific reasoning to investigate psychological phenomena

38. Franco is an adolescent who is aware of his uniqueness and of the roles he is expected to follow. Franco has successfully passed through Erik Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development.

a) trust vs. mistrust

b) initiative vs. guilt

c) industry vs. inferiority

d) identity vs. role diffusion

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

39. As Juanito looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He can be said to be in which of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

a) industry vs. inferiority

b) ego-integrity vs. despair

c) identity vs. role diffusion

d) generativity vs. stagnation

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

40 During which psychosexual stage do sexual interests reawaken and become stronger?

a) anal

b) latency

c) genital

d) phallic

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

41. Which type of learning occurs when an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not produce that response?

a) classical conditioning

b) behavioral observation

c) operant conditioning

d) psychodynamic learning

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

42. Trixie was bitten by a small spotted dog when she was a little girl, and now whenever she sees a small dog approaching, she feels afraid. John B. Watson would say that Trixie’s fearful reaction is a result of __________.

a) reinforcement

b) classical conditioning

c) punishment

d) psychosocial learning

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

43. Which form of learning occurs when a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences?

a) sociocultural learning

b) psychodynamic learning

c) operant conditioning

d) classical conditioning

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

44. J’Meeka learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, led to good grades and motivated her to work harder in school. What is this kind of encouraging outcome of an action called?

a) development

b) classical conditioning

c) reinforcement

d) social cognition

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

45. Aryana used to do her math homework regularly and studied diligently for exams, although she continued to have difficulty earning passing grades. Disheartened, Aryana began to put less effort into her homework, and eventually she failed her math class. This is an example of __________ at work.

a) reinforcement

b) stimulus generalization

c) social-cognitive diversion

d) punishment

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

2021,

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

46. What is likely to happen to behavior that receives no reinforcement or is punished?

a) It will continue

b) It will become intermittent.

c) It will be extinguished

d) It will accelerate.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

47. Behavior modification is based on which principles?

a) operant conditioning

b) social-cognitive conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) stimulus conditioning

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

48. Which learning approach emphasizes the importance of modeling?

a) classical conditioning

b) behavior modification

c) social-cognitive learning

d) operant conditioning

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

2021,

49. According to the principles of both classical and operant conditioning, behavior and learning should be understood only in terms of which types of stimuli?

a) insignificant and external

b) observable and external

c) significant and internal

d) unobservable and internal

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 2.1 Exercise scientific reasoning to investigate psychological phenomena

50. Social-cognitive learning theorists argue that what differentiates human behavior from that of other animals is the occurrence of __________ .

a) classical conditioning

b) operant conditioning

c) mental activity

d) reinforcement or punishment

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

51. Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world?

a) classical conditioning

b) the psychodynamic perspective

c) operant conditioning

d) the cognitive perspective

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

52. Who is considered the predominant theorist in the area of cognitive development?

a) Jean Piaget

b) Connie Planck

c) Albert Bandura

d) Erik Erikson

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

53. Jean Piaget proposed that human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions; these patterns are called __________.

a) assimilations

b) schemes

c) accommodations

d) assessments

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

54. What are Jean Piaget’s two basic principles of growth in children’s understanding of the world?

a) reward and punishment

b) schemas and assessment

c) assimilation and accommodation

d) cognition and behavior

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

55. What did Jean Piaget call the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and current ways of thinking?

a) cognition

b) accommodation

c) schemes

d) assimilation

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

56. Which theoretical perspective has become an important alternative to the Piagetian approach?

a) behavior modification

b) classical conditioning

c) information-processing

d) social-cognitive learning

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

57. Which information-processing approach builds on Jean Piaget’s ideas and considers cognition to be composed of different types of individual skills?

a) behavioral theory

b) operant conditioning

c) classical conditioning

d) neo-Piagetian theory

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

58. Which approach to understanding cognitive development is currently at the forefront of research, utilizing our understanding of genes and brain activity?

a) behavior modification

b) social-cognitive

c) cognitive neuroscience

d) neo-Piagetian

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

59. Which theoretical perspective is based on the idea that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior?

a) psychoanalytic

b) behavioral

c) humanistic

d) social-cognitive learning theory

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

Topic: The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

60. Which theorist was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective?

a) Albert Bandura

b) Carl Rogers

c) Leon Festinger

d) J. C. French

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective. Topic: The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

61. Reggie has reached a state of self-fulfillment, achieving what they feel is their highest potential and reaching those heights in their own unique way. According to the humanistic perspective, what has Reggie attained?

a) self-actualization

b) social awareness

c) personal agency d) self-efficacy

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

Topic: The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

62. Why has the humanistic perspective had relatively little impact on the field of life span development?

a) Its methods have been too rigorous and laboratory-based to apply to everyday developmental processes.

b) It has been unable to identify any broad developmental change resulting from increased age or experience.

c) Its main proponents, Rogers and Maslow, rejected the idea of “development” as a core human endeavor.

d) It adopts a mechanistic view of human behavior that diminishes the role of choice and potential in human development.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

Topic: The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

63 Which theorists championed the idea of self-actualization?

a) Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson

b) Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith

c) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

d) Robert Shields and Lorene Yarnell

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

Topic: The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

64 Which theoretical approach to development argues that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals?

a) Jean Piaget’s cognitive approach

b) Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach

c) B. F. Skinner’s behavioral approach

d) Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approach

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

65. Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological levels addresses the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives?

a) mesosystem

b) exosystem

c) microsystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

66. Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological levels provides the connections between the various aspects of a person’s life?

a) exosystem

b) mesosystem

c) microsystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

67. Duncan and Renaldo are preparing for the arrival of their first child and are considering moving from their small rural town to a larger city to gain greater access to social services, better schools, and a variety of entertainment options. Their plan represents the influence of the __________ level of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach.

a) macrosystem

b) exosystem

c) microsystem

d) mesosystem

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

68. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach proposes that society, forms of government, and religious and political value systems are all part of the __________.

a) mesosystem

b) microsystem

c) exosystem

d) macrosystem

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

69. Within Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach, which system underlies the others and reflects how the passage of time affects development?

a) macrosystem

b) microsystem

c) chronosystem

d) exosystem

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

70. Which term refers to the view that group well-being is more important than individual wellbeing?

a) individualism

b) humanism

c) collectivism

d) bioecology

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

71. Who was among the first theorists to recognize the importance of cultural influences on development?

a) Abraham Maslow

b) Harry Swenson

c) Lev Vygotsky

d) Albert Bandura

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

72 Mitzi likes to make her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her parent pours milk into a smaller container for Mitzi to use until she’s old enough to handle the larger carton. Which aspect of Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory has Mitzi’s parent enacted?

a) concrete operations

b) scaffolding

c) reciprocal transaction

d) assimilation

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

73. Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

a) evolutionary

b) cognitive neuroscience

c) bioecological

d) humanistic

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives: Our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

74. The evolutionary perspective draws from the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup can influence our behavior. Which theorist was a primary proponent of ethology?

a) Hubert Dreyfus

b) Marcel Wölff

c) Ingo Larsen

d) Konrad Lorenz

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives: Our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

75 Three developmentalists were discussing theories in their field. “I endorse the psychoanalytic and humanist perspectives,” said Anna, “because they get at the core of human nature.”

“Behaviorism and social-cognitive learning are correct,” replied Fred. “We are what we do.”

“There are many perspectives in our field,” Roberto said quietly, “and each of them has a piece of the truth.” Which approach is Roberto advocating?

a) evolutionary

b) ethological

c) eclectic

d) cognitive

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development.

Topic: Why “Which Approach Is Right?” Is the Wrong Question

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

76. Which type of prediction is stated in a way that permits it to be tested?

a) hypothesis

b) theory

c) conclusion

d) conjecture

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.14 Explain the role theories and hypotheses play in the study of development.

Topic: Theories and Hypotheses: Posing Developmental Questions

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

77. In which type of research does a researcher seek to determine whether an association between two variables exists?

a) rhetorical

b) correlational

c) hypothetical

d) theoretical

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Topic: Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

78 Which research approach is designed to identify causal relationships between variables?

a) correlational

b) hypothetical

c) experimental

d) theoretical

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Topic: Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

79. Children who watch a great deal of televised violence tend to be more physically aggressive than children who watch little of this programming. Establishing an association between these variables is an example of which research approach?

a) hypothetical

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) correlational

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

80. You notice an association between the number of tattoos a person has and the loudness of the motorcycle they ride. What can you accurately conclude about this association?

a) Having many tattoos causes a person to prefer riding a loud motorcycle.

b) Riding a loud motorcycle causes a person to want to get many tattoos.

c) A third variable (e.g., sensation seeking) causes both riding louder motorcycles and having more tattoos.

d) There is a positive correlation between the number of tattoos and motorcycle loudness.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

81. Ice cream sales tend to increase as the temperature outside increases. This relationship is an example of a(n) __________.

a) negative correlation

b) inverse relationship

c) positive correlation

d) ethnography

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

82. Which correlation coefficient represents the strongest association between two variables?

a) +.50

b) +.62

c) .00

d) –.71

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

83 Which statement about correlation coefficients is correct?

a) A correlation of zero indicates a strong relationship between two variables.

b) A correlation of –1.00 indicates a weak relationship between two variables.

c) A correlation of +1.00 provides clear evidence that one variable has a causal effect on the other.

d) Correlations can range from –1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

84. Which research strategy involves observing naturally occurring behavior without intervening in the situation?

a) case study method

b) ethnography

c) naturalistic observation

d) experimental research

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

85. Which developmental research strategy is borrowed from the field of anthropology and is used primarily to investigate cultural questions?

a) ethnography

b) survey research

c) psychophysiological research

d) experimentation

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

86. Which research method involves extensive, in-depth interviews with an individual or a small group?

a) experimentation

b) case study

c) naturalistic observation

d) ethnography

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

87. Lugo is part of a research group of adolescents aiming to manage their weight. One assignment is to keep a daily diary of food intake and meal times. This approach is an example of __________ research.

a) experimental

b) ethnography

c) case study

d) survey research

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

88. Professor Smythe wants to describe differences in cognitive development between students attending a charter school and those attending a traditional school. Professor Smythe plans to describe what changes are occurring and explore how those changes may contribute to resolving interpersonal difficulties. This is an example of which type of research?

a) quantitative

b) survey

c) naturalistic observation

d) qualitative

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

89. When a sample is selected to represent a larger population and participants are asked about their attitudes, behaviors, or thinking on a given topic, __________ research is being conducted

a) ethnographic

b) case study

c) experimental

d) survey

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

90. Which research method focuses on the relationship between behavior and underlying physiological processes?

a) psychophysiological

b) ethnography

c) experimental

d) case study

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

91. Which technique uses electrodes placed on the scalp to record the brain’s electrical activity?

a) computed tomography (CT) scan

b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan

c) electroencephalogram (EEG)

d) magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

92 Which technique uses a computer to construct an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual X-rays taken at slightly different angles?

a) computed tomography (CT) scan

b) electroencephalogram (EEG)

c) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan

d) psychophysiological array test (PAT)

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

93. Which technique provides a detailed, three-dimensional, computer-generated image of brain activity by using a powerful magnetic field?

a) electroencephalogram (EEG)

b) mobile operational pulsar (MOP)

c) computed tomography (CT) scan

d) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

94. When investigators design different experiences for participants and compare outcomes to see how behavior is affected, this is called a(n) __________.

a) hypothesis

b) experiment

c) theory

d) treatment

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

95 Howie conducts an experiment in which group A is exposed to a particular treatment and group B is given no treatment. If group A is the treatment group, what is group B called?

a) independent variable

b) dependent variable

c) control group

d) treatment group

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

96. What is the group of research participants chosen to receive the independent variable manipulation called?

a) control group

b) experimental group

c) statistical group

d) sample

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

97. In an experiment, which element do researchers manipulate?

a) replication group

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

98. The __________ is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

a) replication group

b) independent variable

c) control group

d) dependent variable

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

99. Which statement is correct about random assignment?

a) In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being in any condition of an experiment.

b) In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each experimental condition.

c) Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over.

d) The best method for random assignment is to use participants’ self-reported birth dates.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

100. Under what circumstances would conducting an experiment not be feasible?

a) if manipulating the independent variable produces two comparable groups of participants

b) when a dependent variable can be measured with precision

c) when a case study randomly assigns participants to conditions

d) if it is impossible or unethical to manipulate an independent variable

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

101. The process of using other methods, procedures, or participant samples to confirm an experiment’s results is called __________.

a) experimentation

b) correlation

c) replication

d) naturalistic observation

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

102. Dr. Zivojinovich is interested in the factors that influence adolescents to learn a musical instrument between ages 12 and 15. Rather than conducting an empirical study, Dr. Zivojinovich examines all available studies on this topic to statistically combine the individual results into one overall conclusion. Which research technique is Dr. Zivojinovich using?

a) meta-analysis

b) experimentation

c) replication

d) ethnography

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

103. Using a real-world setting for a research investigation is the hallmark of a(n) __________.

a) field study

b) control group

c) experimental group

d) sample group

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

104. Which type of research is conducted in a controlled setting designed to hold variables constant?

a) naturalistic observation

b) case study

c) field study

d) laboratory study

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

105 Which type of research is designed to test developmental explanations and expand scientific knowledge?

a) experimental

b) hypothetical

c) theoretical

d) applied

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Topic: Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

106 Which type of research is designed to provide practical solutions to immediate problems?

a) hypothetical

b) applied

c) experimental

d) theoretical

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Topic: Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

107. If a research study examines ways college professors can help students remember information more easily during class, the study would be an example of __________ research.

a) applied

b) experimental

c) theoretical

d) hypothetical

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Topic: Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

108. If a researcher is interested in how moral development changes between ages 3 and 15, they might study a single group of children across that range, measuring them every three years. This strategy would be an example of __________ research.

a) experimental

b) longitudinal

c) sequential

d) cross-sectional

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

109. Which example illustrates a longitudinal research design?

a) Dr. O’Keefe simultaneously studied four groups of children ages 4, 6, 9, and 11 to examine how having a pet helps children cope with their parents’ divorce.

b) To examine how alcohol use affects memory, researchers monitored young adults’ alcohol consumption while they learned to play a complex video game.

c) Dr. Ginastera initially studied a group of recently divorced 35-year-olds to evaluate their interpersonal skills and continued to assess their relationship satisfaction for the next 20 years.

d) In October 2024, researchers surveyed shoppers at local malls to assess their attitudes toward retirement and their plans for post-retirement activities

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

110. When the behavior of one or more research participants is measured over time, this is called __________ research.

a) longitudinal

b) developmental

c) cross-sectional

d) sequential

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

111. A drawback of longitudinal research designs is that they __________.

a) allow multiple groups to be compared simultaneously b) do not permit comparisons within individuals over time c) can take a long time to complete d) must be initiated when participants are infants

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

112. What type of research design is used when people of different ages are compared at the same point in time?

a) longitudinal b) sequential c) correlational

d) cross-sectional

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

113 Which example illustrates a cross-sectional research design?

a) Dr. Cheng assessed the motor development of second, fourth, and sixth graders at Ronnie Dawson Elementary School in July 2022.

b) Dr. Garcia assessed the motor development of second, fourth, and sixth graders at Ronnie Dawson Elementary School in July 2016, and the same children were tested again in 2018, 2020, and 2022.

c) At the beginning of each school year, the five children of the Weinrib family visit their pediatrician to complete physical examinations.

d) Each year the 5-year-olds living in Eustis, Nebraska, are given number and letter proficiency exams before they begin kindergarten.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

114. Cohort effects are a potential problem most commonly associated with which type of research design?

a) cross-sectional

b) longitudinal

c) sequential

d) experimental

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and theories in psychological science

115. Selective dropout occurs when .

a) participants with certain characteristics are more likely to drop out of a longitudinal study over time

b) students measured during high school leave school early

c) participants in some groups of a cross-sectional study quit the project at a higher rate than in other groups

d) at least 25 percent of participants in a cross-sectional study do not return during follow-up measurement periods

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

116. Which type of research study is a “compromise” design that examines a number of different age groups over several points in time?

a) longitudinal

b) sequential

c) cross-sectional

d) experimental

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

117. Which common ethical guideline is stipulated by the American Psychological Association, the Society for Research in Child Development, and other governing bodies?

a) Participants may not withdraw after they begin a research study.

b) Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision regarding their participation in a research study.

c) Participants cannot be subjected to potential harm of any kind.

d) Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.20 Describe ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Topic: Ethics and Research

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

118 Participants in research projects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated with the research prior to their participation. This ethical responsibility is called __________.

a) deception

b) protection from harm

c) knowledge of results

d) informed consent

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.20 Describe ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Topic: Ethics and Research

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Easy

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

119. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because __________.

a) informed consent has been assumed

b) the potential scientific value outweighs participants’ temporary discomfort

c) it may be necessary to provide a fair comparison between experimental groups

d) it poses no harm

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.20 Describe ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Topic: Ethics and Research

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

120. To obtain accurate information during an experiment, researchers sometimes must deceive participants. Ethically, research involving deception must always _________.

a) involve paying participants

b) maintain participant anonymity

c) use two or more control groups

d) explain the deception after the data are collected

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.20 Describe ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Topic: Ethics and Research

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

ESSAY QUESTIONS

121. Explain how a researcher interested in cognitive development and a researcher interested in social development might each study academic achievement among middle school students

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• A researcher interested in cognitive development might focus on the mental skills required to do well in school, such as memorization, reasoning, language use, or quantitative skills.

• A researcher adopting a social perspective might examine how interaction patterns among teachers and students, and among peers, influence the learning process.

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

122. Identify the four key issues of life span development, and briefly describe the fundamental question posed by each.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Continuity versus discontinuity: Is change gradual or does it occur in distinct steps?

• Critical periods versus sensitive periods: Are there developmental periods when environmental stimuli are necessary, or simply advantageous?

• Focus on certain periods or the entire life span: Are some developmental periods more important or more worthy of study than others?

• Nature versus nurture: How can we accurately assess the contributions made by each source?

Learning Objective: 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

Topic: Key Issues and Questions: Determining the Nature and Nurture of Life Span Development

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

123. Briefly explain the five levels of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach is the microsystem, which includes the home, caregivers, friends, and teachers who all influence the child

• The second level is the mesosystem, which provides connections between aspects of the microsystem

• The third level is the exosystem, composed of influential societal institutions such as government, the community, or schools

• The macrosystem represents larger cultural influences on a person, such as religious or political values

• The chronosystem refers to the passage of time and, as such, underlies all other systems.

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s major subfields

124. Why is asking “Which theoretical perspective is right?” the wrong question to ask?

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Different perspectives emphasize different aspects of development; asking “which is right?” is like comparing apples and oranges. Both are fruits and share surface similarities, but important differences distinguish them

• The same phenomenon can be examined from many different perspectives, meaning each perspective might offer a piece of the truth in interpreting that phenomenon

• An eclectic approach, adopting elements of multiple perspectives to address a topic of interest, provides a broader and more nuanced perspective

• Empirical research evidence is the ultimate arbiter of the accuracy of a theoretical perspective

Learning Objective: LO 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development.

Topic: Why “Which Approach Is Right?” Is the Wrong Question

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 2.1 Exercise scientific reasoning to investigate psychological phenomena

125. Explain what a correlation coefficient measures, and provide examples of what different kinds of coefficients indicate.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Correlation coefficients measure the relationship between two variables.

• Coefficients range from –1.00 to +1.00 and indicate both the strength and direction of a relationship.

• Coefficients closer to –1.00 or +1.00 indicate stronger associations

• Positive coefficients indicate that as one variable increases, the other increases; both move in the same direction

• Negative coefficients indicate that as one variable increases, the other decreases; they move in opposite directions

• A correlation of .85 between height and weight indicates a strong positive association.

2021,

• A correlation of –.30 between weight and finger dexterity indicates a weak negative association

• A correlation of .00 indicates no association between two variables.

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Moderate

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

126. Summarize the four basic principles of ethical research, and provide an example of how each principle might be violated in a research study.

Answer: a good answer would include the following key points:

• Protection from physical or psychological harm. For example, testing how long newborns can hold their breath underwater would be an unethical violation of this principle.

• Obtaining informed consent. Telling a group of elementary school children to “just fill out these forms; you don’t need to know why” would violate this principle.

• Justified deception. For example, telling a child that a pet was being harmed in the next room to provoke and measure a stress response would be an unjustified use of deception.

• Privacy must be maintained. Leaving adolescents’ confidential responses to questions about engaging in unprotected sexual activity on a table in a coffee shop would violate participants’ privacy

Learning Objective: LO 1.20 Describe ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Topic: Ethics and Research

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

APA LO: 1.4 Apply psychological content to solve practical problems

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Discovering the Life Span, Sixth Edition.

End of Module Quiz: 1.1 Beginnings

EOM Q1.1.1

How are the developmental periods of infancy and adolescence similar?

a) Both involve roughly the same number of years.

b) Both have a clear boundary for when they begin.

c) Both have a clear boundary for when they end.

d) Most developmentalists study these periods at the same time. Consider This: These developmental periods are social constructions.

LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of life span development.

Topic: Characterizing Life Span Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q1.1.2

Robin grew up in a public housing project in Chicago. Grant grew up at the same time in an affluent suburb of Chicago. When Robin and Grant meet in college, we can expect that, in general, they will __________.

a) share similar non-normative life events

b) share sociocultural-graded influences but differ in history-graded influences

c) differ significantly in age-graded influences

d) share history-graded influences but differ in sociocultural-graded influences

Consider This: Robin and Grant were born in the same cohort. LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development. Topic: Cohort and Other Influences on Development: Developing with Others in a Social World Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOM Q1.1.3

Which of the following statements describes discontinuous change?

a) Change is continuous, not stage-like.

b) New behavior is qualitatively different from the behavior it replaces.

c) Change is gradual.

d) Changes are quantitative, not qualitative.

Consider This: Changes in a person’s height would be an example of continuous change. LO 1.3

Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous change and discontinuous change.

Topic: Continuous Change Versus Discontinuous Change

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q1.1.4

Compared to young children, adults have more difficulty learning a new language. Researchers studying this phenomenon are mainly addressing which key issue in development?

a) continuous versus discontinuous change

b) critical versus sensitive periods

c) lifespan approaches versus particular periods

d) nature versus nurture

Consider This: Developmentalists believe that people are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible. LO 1.4 Distinguish between critical periods and sensitive periods.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Distinguish between critical periods and sensitive periods.

Topic: Critical and Sensitive Periods: Gauging the Impact of Environmental Events

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q1.1.5

In the nature-versus-nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to __________.

a) environmental influences

b) historical traits

c) genetic factors

d) inherited characteristics

Consider This: This discussion considers outside influences that affect a person’s development. LO 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Summarize the influence of nature and nurture on development.

Topic: The Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture on Development

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

End of Module Quiz: 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development

EOM Q1.2.1

Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that behavior is largely motivated by unconscious inner forces and memories?

a) psychodynamic

b) behavioral

c) cognitive

d) evolutionary

Consider This: Proponents of this perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by things of which a person has little awareness or control. LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q1.2.2

Which theoretical approach emphasizes the role of learned responses to environmental stimuli in shaping human behavior and development?

a) psychodynamic

b) behavioral

c) cognitive

d) evolutionary

Consider This: This perspective reflects the view that nurture is more important to development than nature. LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q1.2.3

How are assimilation and accommodation similar?

a) Both involve understanding experience in terms of a child’s existing way of thinking.

b) Both involve significant changes to a child’s existing way of thinking.

c) Both are mechanisms of cognitive development.

d) Both are interchangeable terms used to explain the same concept.

Consider This: Piaget believed that these processes explain how children understand the world. LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOM Q1.2.4

A parent provides less and less guidance each time a child tries a puzzle. This is an example of

__________.

a) behavior modification

b) operant conditioning

c) scaffolding

d) classical conditioning

Consider This: Vygotsky argued that children’s understanding of the world is acquired through their problem-solving interactions with adults and other children. LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q1.2.5

The __________ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance.

a) contextual

b) cognitive

c) psychodynamic

d) evolutionary

Consider This: This perspective draws on the field of ethology, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior. LO 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives: Our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

End of Module Quiz: 1.3 Research Methods

EOM Q1.3.1

The __________ is the process of posing and answering research questions using controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data.

a) scientific method

b) research program

c) theoretical orientation

d) development of hypotheses

Consider This: This process involves the formulation of theories. LO 1.14 Explain the role that theories and hypotheses play in the study of development.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.14 Explain the role that theories and hypotheses play in the study of development.

Topic: Theories and Hypotheses: Posing Developmental Questions

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q1.3.2

If a journalist uses a correlational study to suggest that eating dark chocolate is good for your health, what mistake is the journalist making? assuming that causation always equals correlation assuming that correlation always equals causation assuming that causation never equals correlation assuming that correlation never equals causation

Consider This: Correlational research is used to examine if two or more variables are associated with each other. LO 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Topic: Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOM Q1.3.3

The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a(n) __________.

a) experimental factor

b) associative coefficient

c) correlation coefficient

d) predictable factor

Consider This: This mathematical score ranges from +1.0 to –1.0. LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOM Q1.3.4

An investigator is studying the effectiveness of two new types of parenting interventions for children with disruptive behavior. In this example, the type of intervention would be the __________ variable, and the amount of disruptive behavior would be the __________ variable. a) experimental; correlational b) correlational; experimental c) dependent; independent d) independent; dependent

Consider This: In an experiment, investigators manipulate variables to see how they affect other variables. LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect. Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOM Q1.3.5

__________ is designed specifically to test developmental explanations and expand scientific knowledge, whereas __________ is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.

a) Applied research; theoretical research

b) Theoretical research; applied research

c) Qualitative research; theoretical research

d) Qualitative research; applied research

Consider This: Both of these types of research have played a significant role in shaping and resolving many public policy questions. LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical research and applied research complement each other.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical research and applied research complement each other.

Topic: Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

End of Chapter 1 Quiz: An Introduction to Lifespan Development

EOC Q1.1

Which statement best represents the view of developmentalists?

a) Growth and change are less important to study than stability.

b) Growth and change occur in all aspects of a person’s life across the life span.

c) Growth and change occur primarily in children and adolescents.

d) Growth and change occur primarily in some aspects of a person’s life.

Consider This: This field takes a broad approach to understanding development. LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of lifespan development.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the scope of the field of lifespan development.

Topic: Characterizing Lifespan Development: The Scope of the Field

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.2

The financial crisis of the 2010s exerted what type of effect on the cohort of children growing up during this period?

a) sociocultural-graded influences

b) non-normative life event influences

c) history-graded influences

d) age-graded influences

Consider This: These are biological and environmental influences associated with a particular moment in time.

LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Answer: c

Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Describe cohorts, and explain how they influence development.

Topic: Cohort and Other Influences on Development: Developing with Others in a Social World Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.3

Shalise believes that child development is a process of continuous change. Her classmate Evan says that development follows a pattern of discontinuous change. Who is correct?

a) Shalise: A child’s increasing height proves that development is always continuous.

b) Both: A child’s development is marked by both continuous and discontinuous change.

c) Evan: A child’s increasing height proves that development is always discontinuous.

d) Shalise: The growth of cognitive abilities proves that development is always continuous.

Consider This: In discontinuous change, behavior and processes are qualitatively different at different stages. LO 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous and discontinuous change.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain the differences between continuous and discontinuous change.

Topic: Continuous Change Versus Discontinuous Change

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q1.4

Which statement represents current thinking among most developmentalists?

a) Social and personality development occurs during infancy, childhood, and adolescence and then ceases.

b) Developmental growth and change occur throughout the life span.

c) Developmentalists see the life span as a series of losses.

d) Child development occurs in a consistent and predictable way, regardless of culture or environment.

Consider This: Contemporary developmentalists are interested in how environmental and other factors influence a person from birth to death. LO 1.5 Describe how the study of lifespan development expanded.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Describe how the study of lifespan development expanded.

Topic: Lifespan Approaches Versus a Focus on Particular Periods

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.5

Erikson’s __________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people.

a) psychosocial development

b) humanistic potential

c) behavioral perspective

d) social-cognitive

Consider This: In Erikson’s view, both society and culture challenge and shape us. LO 1.7

Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Describe the fundamentals of the psychodynamic perspective.

Topic: The Psychodynamic Perspective: Focusing on the Inner Person

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.6

Which statement describes the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

a) Classical conditioning involves cognitive responses and operant conditioning involves behavioral responses.

b) Classical conditioning involves behavioral responses and operant conditioning involves cognitive responses.

c) Classical conditioning involves voluntary responses and operant conditioning involves automatic responses.

d) Classical conditioning involves automatic responses and operant conditioning involves voluntary responses.

Consider This: John B. Watson emphasized classical conditioning and B. F. Skinner emphasized operant conditioning. LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Describe the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective.

Topic: The Behavioral Perspective: Focusing on Observable Behavior

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q1.7

Which psychologist is most closely associated with the cognitive perspective?

a) Jean Piaget

b) B. F. Skinner

c) Erik Erikson

d) Lev Vygotsky

Consider This: By using this perspective, developmental researchers hope to understand how people process information. LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Describe the fundamentals of the cognitive perspective.

Topic: The Cognitive Perspective: Examining the Roots of Understanding

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q1.8

Which perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

1. cognitive perspective

2. psychodynamic perspective

3. behavioral perspective

4. humanistic perspective

Consider This: This perspective rejects the notion that behavior is largely determined by unconscious processes. LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Describe the fundamentals of the humanistic perspective

Topic: The Humanistic Perspective: Concentrating on Uniquely Human Qualities

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q1.9

Which key factor guides developmental perspectives that consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

1. conditioning

2. contextual factors

3. genetics

4. habituation

Consider This: Some developmentalists believe that a person’s unique development cannot be properly viewed without seeing how that person is enmeshed within their culture. LO 1.11

Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.11 Describe the fundamentals of the contextual perspective.

Topic: The Contextual Perspective: Taking a Broad Approach to Development

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.10

Which scientist studied the importance of biological determinants on behavior patterns?

a) Charles Darwin

b) Urie Bronfenbrenner

c) Sigmund Freud

d) Konrad Lorenz

Consider This: This person was a major figure in the field of ethology. LO 1.12 Describe how the evolutionary perspective explains life span development.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.12 Describe the fundamentals of the evolutionary perspective.

Topic: Evolutionary Perspectives: Our Ancestors’ Contributions to Behavior

Skill Level: Understand

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.11

What approach to studying life span development draws on several perspectives simultaneously?

a) cognitive

b) correlational

c) behavioral

d) eclectic

Consider This: Considering the different perspectives together can paint a fuller portrait of the ways human beings change and grow over the course of their lives. LO 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.13 Explain the value of using multiple perspectives to describe human development.

Topic: Why “Which Approach Is Right?” Is the Wrong Question

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q1.12

Which term is defined as a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested?

a) proposition

b) experiment

c) theory

d) hypothesis

Consider This: Once researchers have formed this prediction, they must develop a research strategy for testing its validity. LO 1.14 Explain the role theories and hypotheses play in the study of development.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.14 Explain the role theories and hypotheses play in the study of development.

Topic: Theories and Hypotheses: Posing Developmental Questions

Skill Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Easy

EOC Q1.13

What is the best type of study to determine whether daily reading with a parent can increase how quickly a child learns to read independently?

a) experimental

b) correlational

c) theoretical

d) hypothetical

Consider This: Research that only seeks to find an association between two variables cannot be used to determine a causal relationship. LO 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.15 Contrast correlational and experimental research.

Topic: Choosing a Research Strategy: Answering Questions

Skill Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q1.14

Alan has decided to conduct a naturalistic observation of children’s friendships. Which location would yield the most valid naturalistic observations?

a) a school principal’s office

b) a classroom-like laboratory setting

c) a hospital emergency room

d) a nature-themed playground

Consider This: With naturalistic observation, the investigator simply observes without interfering with the situation. LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.16 Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.

Topic: Correlational Studies

Skill Level: Apply

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q1.15

In an experiment, the __________ is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the __________ is not.

a) control group; experimental group

b) treatment group; experimental group

c) control group; treatment group

d) treatment group; control group

Consider This: In an experiment, researchers typically create two conditions and compare participants’ outcomes across them. LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine

cause and effect.

Answer: d

Learning Objective: LO 1.17 Analyze how experiments can be used to determine cause and effect.

Topic: The Basics of Experiments

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.16

A scientist is studying cognitive change in childhood and tests how many words children of different ages recall after one exposure to a word list. What type of research is the scientist conducting?

a) theoretical research

b) applied research

c) evaluation research

d) intervention research

Consider This: This type of research tests developmental explanations and expands scientific knowledge. LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.18 Explain how theoretical and applied research complement each other.

Topic: Theoretical and Applied Research: Complementary Approaches

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Difficulty Level: Difficult

EOC Q1.17

Which type of research design takes the longest amount of time to complete?

a) longitudinal

b) cross-sectional

c) sequential

d) correlational

Consider This: By following many individuals over time, researchers can understand the general course of change across a period of life. LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 1.19 Compare longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, and sequential research.

Topic: Measuring Developmental Change

Skill Level: Analyze It

Difficulty Level: Moderate

EOC Q1.18

What must researchers obtain from participants before they take part in a study?

a) proxy permission

b) informed consent

c) comprehensive guidelines

d) ethical understanding

Consider This: Participants must give informed consent. For children, legal guardians provide consent, and children age 7 and older should provide assent. LO 1.20 Describe some ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Answer: b

Learning Objective: LO 1.20 Describe some ethical issues that affect psychological research.

Topic: Ethics and Research

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Difficulty Level: Easy

Discovering The Life Span 6Th Feldman Test Bank

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Chapter 1 Introduction

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction

MULTIPLE CHOICE

ESSAY QUESTIONS

REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS

End of Module Quiz: 1.1 Beginnings

End of Module Quiz: 1.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Lifespan Development