Test Bank for Corrections-The Essentials 5th Edition by Stohr, Walsh
ISBN: 9781071903759
Corrections-The Essentials (5th)
ISBN 9781071903759 | Chapter 1: The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections
Total Questions: 100 Easy
Multiple Choice (19)
Q1. [Multiple Choice]
As of 2021, what is the national crime data reporting system used in the United States?
a) Uniform Crime Reports
b) National Crime Victimization Survey
c) National Incident Based Reporting System ✓ correct
d) Survey of Prison Inmates
Q2. [Multiple Choice]
Beccaria argued that a system of punishment should include punishment that is certain, swift, and ______.
a) severe ✓ correct
b) utilitarian
c) empirically sound
d) restitutive
Q3. [Multiple Choice]
Bentham argued that people’s behavior should be judged according to its effects on the happiness of the rest of the community, a concept called ______.
a) retributive justice
b) restitutive justice
c) the principle of utility ✓ correct
d) the hedonistic calculus
Q4. [Multiple Choice]
During which period in history did positivism emerge?
a) antiquity
b) the Enlightenment
c) the 19th century ✓ correct
d) the 20th century
Q5. [Multiple Choice]
In criminal justice terms, ______ is the state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law.
a) corrections
b) punishment ✓ correct
c) penology
d) uncontrolled vengeance
Q6. [Multiple Choice]
Nationwide rates of ______ suggest approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within six months.
a) incapacitation
b) deterrence
c) recidivism ✓ correct
d) rehabilitation
Q7. [Multiple Choice]
Overall, the United States is closer to a pure ______ model than a pure crime control model.
a) restitutive justice
b) retributive justice
c) utilitarian
d) due process ✓ correct
Q8. [Multiple Choice]
The ______ model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe and well-ordered society.
a) crime control ✓ correct
b) due process
c) retributive justice
d) restitutive justice
Q9. [Multiple Choice]
The crime control model and the due process model are ______ models meant to exaggerate differences between correctional systems.
a) contrast effect
b) utilitarian
c) ideal-type ✓ correct
d) positivistic
Q10. [Multiple Choice]
The crime control model argues that cases that enter the criminal justice system should be handled ______.
a) carefully and deliberately
b) informally and uniformly ✓ correct
c) individually and uniquely
d) slowly and steadily
Q11. [Multiple Choice]
The functions carried out by government or private agencies that deal with individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes are collectively known as ______.
a) criminology
b) penology
c) corrections ✓ correct
d) deterrence
Q12. [Multiple Choice]
The idea that offenders are not to be trusted and should be constrained is associated with ______.
a) deterrence
b) retribution
c) incapacitation ✓ correct
d) rehabilitation
Q13. [Multiple Choice]
The three major subsystems of the criminal justice system in the United States are police, courts, and ______.
a) penology
b) deterrence
c) corrections ✓ correct
d) treatment
Q14. [Multiple Choice]
What is one commonality that is shared by the primary justifications for punishment?
a) benefiting the community
b) saving money
c) serving justice
d) preventing crime ✓ correct
Q15. [Multiple Choice]
When the state assumes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers, rather than leaving this up to individuals, it is called ______.
a) the Classical approach
b) the hedonistic calculus
c) deterrence
d) controlled vengeance ✓ correct
Q16. [Multiple Choice]
Which doctrine maintains that all life goals are desirable only as means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain?
a) rationality
b) positivism
c) principle of utility
d) hedonism ✓ correct
Q17. [Multiple Choice]
Which justification for punishment taps most directly into humankind’s primitive desire for revenge?
a) retribution ✓ correct
b) deterrence
c) incapacitation
d) rehabilitation
Q18. [Multiple Choice]
Who is most closely associated with the classical school?
a) Beccaria ✓ correct
b) Garofalo
c) Durkheim
d) Packer
Q19. [Multiple Choice]
______ is the quality of having good sense and sound judgment in the pursuit of self-interest.
a) Hedonism
b) Positivism
c) Rationality ✓ correct
d) Recidivism
True/False (16)
Q20. [True/False]
According to Beccaria, if punishments are severe enough, crime will be prevented.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q21. [True/False]
Cesare Beccaria founded the positivist school.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q22. [True/False]
Durkheim pioneered the idea of the hedonistic calculus.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q23. [True/False]
General deterrence is aimed at potential offenders.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q24. [True/False]
In controlled vengeance, the state takes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q25. [True/False]
Penology is the study of the criminal justice system as a whole.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q26. [True/False]
Positivist approaches to punishment used science to determine the causes of crime.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q27. [True/False]
Rehabilitation reflects the "just deserts" model of punishment.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q28. [True/False]
Reintegration is a less pragmatic version of rehabilitation.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q29. [True/False]
Restitutive justice is characterized by making amends.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q30. [True/False]
The United States is closer to a pure crime control model than to a pure due process model.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q31. [True/False]
The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the expected life experience of the individual to be punished.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q32. [True/False]
The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q33. [True/False]
The crime control model can be considered an obstacle course in the carrying out of justice.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q34. [True/False]
The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane during the 19th century.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q35. [True/False]
The severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Multiple Choice (26)
Q36. [Multiple Choice]
According to Beccaria, what was the primary purpose of punishment?
a) Retribution
b) Deterrence ✓ correct
c) Rehabilitation
d) Vengeance
Q37. [Multiple Choice]
According to Bentham, what are the two primary motivations of all humans?
a) right and wrong
b) love and hate
c) intellect and emotion
d) pain and pleasure ✓ correct
Q38. [Multiple Choice]
According to positivist criminologists, what causes crime?
a) supernatural forces
b) life circumstances ✓ correct
c) free will
d) human nature
Q39. [Multiple Choice]
According to sociologist Émile Durkheim, the primary societal function of the rituals of punishment was to ______.
a) reaffirm social norms ✓ correct
b) punish offenders
c) protect potential victims
d) exact revenge
Q40. [Multiple Choice]
An advocate of ______ as a justification for punishment would argue that individuals can be transformed through effective, concrete programs.
a) retribution
b) reintegration ✓ correct
c) deterrence
d) incapacitation
Q41. [Multiple Choice]
Around what percentage of arrestees are sentenced to serve time in jail or prison?
a) hardly any
b) under half ✓ correct
c) nearly two thirds
d) almost all
Q42. [Multiple Choice]
Beccaria thought that punishment would be most effective if it occurred soon after the crime was committed. This concept is known as ______.
a) utility
b) severity
c) swiftness ✓ correct
d) certainty
Q43. [Multiple Choice]
Corrections serves which primary function for accused and convicted individuals?
a) investigation
b) defense
c) adjudication
d) management ✓ correct
Q44. [Multiple Choice]
In addition to preventing crime, which is an advantage of retributive justice?
a) acknowledging human agency ✓ correct
b) recognizing individual circumstances
c) considering the public good
d) protecting vulnerable individuals
Q45. [Multiple Choice]
Penology is most properly defined as ______.
a) the government functions having to do with the punishment of criminals
b) the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime ✓ correct
c) an attempt to control crime through the threat of punishment
d) the study of the nature and extent of criminal offending
Q46. [Multiple Choice]
Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers’ arguments and, instead, relied on ______ to determine appropriate punishment.
a) empirical science ✓ correct
b) the hedonistic calculus
c) the principle of utility
d) retributive justice
Q47. [Multiple Choice]
The Code of Hammurabi, which codified controlled vengeance, is consistent with which justification for punishment?
a) deterrence
b) retribution ✓ correct
c) incapacitation
d) rehabilitation
Q48. [Multiple Choice]
The Enlightenment concept of human nature saw individuals as ______.
a) possessing free will ✓ correct
b) “blank slates”
c) essentially good
d) ruled by evolution
Q49. [Multiple Choice]
The ______ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, finds its roots in the medical model.
a) incapacitation
b) retribution
c) rehabilitation ✓ correct
d) deterrence
Q50. [Multiple Choice]
The major tension between the crime control model and the due process model lies in their emphasis on ______.
a) the Classical School or positivism
b) retributive justice or restitutive justice
c) deterrence or incapacitation as justifications
d) justice for the offender or for the community ✓ correct
Q51. [Multiple Choice]
The more a country respects the ideals of democracy, the more likely that country follows a ______ model.
a) restitutive justice
b) retributive justice
c) due process ✓ correct
d) crime control
Q52. [Multiple Choice]
The primary goal of general deterrence is to ______.
a) The primary goal of general deterrence is to ______.
b) discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole ✓ correct
c) reintegrate criminals back into the community
d) protect the community at large through incarceration
Q53. [Multiple Choice]
Under Garofalo’s individualized sentencing guidelines, the ______ criminal would be subjected to transportation to a penal colony.
a) impulsive ✓ correct
b) habitual
c) extreme
d) endemic
Q54. [Multiple Choice]
What is considered the oldest justification of punishment?
a) deterrence
b) retribution ✓ correct
c) incapacitation
d) rehabilitation
Q55. [Multiple Choice]
What is the oldest known written code of punishment?
a) Code of Hammurabi ✓ correct
b) Magna Carta
c) Writ of Mandamus
d) On Crime and Punishments
Q56. [Multiple Choice]
What type of judge would believe in customizing sentences based on the characteristics of the offender?
a) classical
b) positivist ✓ correct
c) utilitarian
d) hedonist
Q57. [Multiple Choice]
Which concept supports the idea that humans have free will but are affected by outside forces that they cannot control?
a) human agency ✓ correct
b) positivism
c) the principle of utility
d) determinism
Q58. [Multiple Choice]
Which contributed most to the increase in U.S. incarceration rates in recent decades?
a) the war on drugs ✓ correct
b) an increase in violent offending
c) an increase in property crimes
d) cybercrime
Q59. [Multiple Choice]
Which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders?
a) deterrence ✓ correct
b) retribution
c) incapacitation
d) rehabilitation
Q60. [Multiple Choice]
Which led to a decrease in the use of proactive policing?
a) the COVID-19 pandemic
b) the death of George Floyd at the hands of police ✓ correct
c) the 2020 election
d) the Russo-Ukraine War
Q61. [Multiple Choice]
Which reason would Beccaria be most likely to cite for the high rates of recidivism?
a) irrationality of humans
b) lack of certainty of punishment ✓ correct
c) cuts to rehabilitative programs
d) overcrowding of prisons
True/False (9)
Q62. [True/False]
Acts that are rational are always moral.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q63. [True/False]
Beccaria argued that people who were accused of crimes should be allowed to confront their accusers and be given a public trial.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q64. [True/False]
Both specific and general deterrence rely on individuals engaging in the hedonistic calculus.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q65. [True/False]
Criminals regularly consider punitive probabilities when deciding whether to continue committing crimes. a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q66. [True/False]
Human beings are the only species that has a system of punishment.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q67. [True/False]
Selective incapacitation argues for incarcerating only a small number of violent repeat offenders.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q68. [True/False]
The crime control and due process models are more about police and courts than corrections.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q69. [True/False]
The goal of incapacitation is to prepare offenders to reenter society.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q70. [True/False]
The termpositivismrefers to the idea that offenders should be viewed positively and reintegrated into society.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Essay (12)
Q71. [Essay]
Briefly explain the difference between the crime control model and the due process model.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The crime control model emphasizes community protection from criminals, whereas the due process model is more concerned with the integrity of the legal process and gives great importance to the rights of the accused.
Q72. [Essay]
Compare and contrast the rehabilitation and reintegration goals of punishment.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The term rehabilitation means to restore or return to constructive or healthy activity. The rehabilitative goal is based on a medical model that is used to view criminal behavior as a moral sickness requiring treatment. Today, this model views criminality in terms of “faulty thinking” and criminals as in need of “programming” rather than “treatment.” The goal of rehabilitation is to change offenders’ attitudes so that they come to accept that their behavior was wrong, not to deter them by the threat of further punishment. The goal of reintegration is to use the time criminals are under correctional supervision to prepare them to reenter (or reintegrate with) the free community as well equipped to do so as possible.
Q73. [Essay]
Evaluate Beccaria’s views on crime and punishment. Do you believe his three components of effective punishment are adequate?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Beccaria is considered the leader of the Classical School. He believed that punishment should be just and reasonable, identical for identical crimes, and applied without reference to the social status of either the offender or the victim. For punishment to be affective, Beccaria argued that it must be certain, swift, and severe, and render a judgment on the value of these components. While this makes sense in theory, in practice it seems to be unattainable, as many crimes go unpunished (rendering “certainty” almost impossible), and many serious crimes, such as murder, can take years to fully resolve in the court system.
Q74. [Essay]
Explain deterrence as a justification for punishment.
Suggested answer: Sample response: The principle behind deterrence is that people are deterred from crime by the threat of punishment. Punishing offenders serves as an example of what may happen if we violate the law.
Q75. [Essay]
How does specific deterrence differ from general deterrence?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Specific deterrence refers to the effect of punishment on the future behavior of persons who experience it. General deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the general population. They differ in at whom they are aimed.
Q76. [Essay]
Identify and discuss the four major justifications for punishment. Which do you agree with most?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Retribution is the oldest justification for punishment. It utilizes the ‘just deserts’ model whereby the punishment should fit the crime—offenders get what they justly deserve, and the punishment itself is justification enough. The second justification is deterrence, which posits that people will be deterred from committing a criminal act if they fear punishment from committing said act, is aimed at preventing crime from occurring in the first place. The third justification is incapacitation, which is a philosophy of punishment referring to how criminals cannot harm people on the streets when they are behind bars. The final major justification for punishment is rehabilitation. Rehabilitation aims to change the attitudes and behavior of offenders so they will be less apt to commit crimes in the future. I believe that deterrence is the best justification for punishment. It is a proactive justification that, if implemented effectively, can better protect a community from crime occurring in the first place.
Q77. [Essay]
Raffaele Garofalo argued for individualizing sentencing based on the danger offenders opposed to society. Which school of thought does this represent? What were the three types of criminals he identified?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Garofalo was a positivist who believed that, because human action is often evoked by circumstances beyond human control, the only thing to be considered at sentencing is the offenders’ “peculiarities,” or risk factors for crime. He identified various three types of criminals: extreme, impulsive, and endemic.
Q78. [Essay]
What is corrections?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Corrections is a generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, and management of individuals who have been convicted or accused of criminal offenses.
Q79. [Essay]
What is hedonism?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Hedonism is a doctrine that maintains that all life goals are desirable only as means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain. People intrinsically desire to achieve pleasure and avoid pain.
Q80. [Essay]
What is the function of punishment and why is it important?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Punishment functions as a form of social control through the state-authorized imposition of some type of deprivation (e.g., liberty) on a person who has been convicted of a crime. It is important for a number of reasons, including protection of society from harm and affirmation of social norms.
Q81. [Essay]
What is the principle of utility?
Suggested answer: Sample response: The principle of utility is a philosophy that posits that human actions should be judged as moral or immoral by their effect on the happiness of the community. Consequently, laws should maximize the pleasure and minimize the pain of the greatest number of people in society.
Q82. [Essay]
Who was Émile Durkheim and how did he describe the function of punishment?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Durkheim was a pioneering sociologist who discussed how punishment makes contributions to society and social order. He distinguished between retributive and restitutive justice.
Hard
Multiple Choice (15)
Q83. [Multiple Choice]
A political candidate who argues for the implementation of a crime control model would most likely make which statement?
a) “It is better for a guilty person to go free than for an innocent person to be locked up.”
b) “Even criminal offenders deserve to have their rights protected.”
c) “Criminal activity must be suppressed with ruthless efficiency.” ✓ correct
d) “Police must follow all legal guidelines when investigating crimes.”
Q84. [Multiple Choice]
A positivist would most likely agree with which statement?
a) “Crime occurs due to specific, observable causes.” ✓ correct
b) “Human nature is hedonistic, rational, and endowed with free will.”
c) “Actions should be judged according to the principle of utility.”
d) “Punishments should be certain, swift, and severe.”
Q85. [Multiple Choice]
An advocate for incapacitation as the main justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement?
a) “Criminals are simply people suffering from faulty thinking and are in need of treatment.”
b) “The punishment itself is the purpose of corrections; criminals deserve to be punished.”
c) “Punishment should discourage both existing and potential offenders from offending.”
d) “The primary goal of punishment should be to defend society from criminal predation.” ✓ correct
Q86. [Multiple Choice]
An advocate of rehabilitation as a justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement?
a) “The primary goal of punishment should be to defend society from criminal predation.”
b) “The punishment itself is the purpose of corrections; criminals deserve to be punished.”
c) “Punishment should discourage both existing and potential offenders from offending.”
d) “Criminals are simply people suffering from faulty thinking and are in need of treatment.” ✓ correct
Q87. [Multiple Choice]
Barnaby is a political candidate who is a proponent of the due process model. What slogan would Barnaby be likely to choose as the slogan for his campaign?
a) “The criminal justice system should act as an ‘assembly line’.”
b) “Even criminal offenders deserve to have their rights protected.” ✓ correct
c) “Criminal activity must be suppressed with ruthless efficiency.”
d) “The endless process of appeals must be curtailed to ensure justice.”
Q88. [Multiple Choice]
Cecile’s older sister was arrested for shoplifting at the mall. Whenever Cecile thinks about how easy it would be to just slip something into her pocket to steal, she remembers how her sister was punished. Cecile does not want the same thing to happen to her, so she never shoplifts. Cecile has experienced ______ deterrence.
a) specific
b) general ✓ correct
c) vicarious
d) societal
Q89. [Multiple Choice]
Fernando is always running late to work. He knows that if he speeds, he can get to work on time. He also knows that he will get caught every so often and have to pay a ticket, but he decides that the extra 10 min a day he can spend sleeping is well worth the risk of an occasional fine. What method does Fernando use to decide whether or not to speed?
a) the principle of utility
b) the hedonistic calculus ✓ correct
c) determinism
d) positivism
Q90. [Multiple Choice]
Martin thinks that the criminal justice system is soft on criminals. He thinks that criminals should be given harsher punishments so that they really suffer because that is what they deserve. What type of justice does Martin support?
a) restitutive
b) restorative
c) retributive ✓ correct
d) rehabilitative
Q91. [Multiple Choice]
Monica is criticized for being too hard on people who commit crimes and arguing for harsh sentences and forgetting that people who commit crimes are people too. Monica explains that she wants to give them a chance and wishes that they could be helped, but they are just too dangerous and she cannot risk others getting hurt. What does Monica consider the primary purpose of punishment?
a) rehabilitation
b) retribution
c) deterrence
d) incapacitation ✓ correct
Q92. [Multiple Choice]
Raymond’s brother has been arrested. Raymond explains to his friends that his brother is really a good person. He always got good grades and respected his parents, but when the family moved, he started hanging out with a bad crowd who convinced him that it would be cool to skip school and smoke marijuana. Raymond’s friends convinced him to help them with a burglary, which led to his arrest. Raymond believes that crime is ______.
a) biological
b) rational
c) evolutionary
d) learned ✓ correct
Q93. [Multiple Choice]
The Tofu Glo cosmetics company is fined every year for failing to properly dispose of waste products. Tofu Glo knows that they will be fined on the first of the year every year, but they continue to improperly dispose of waste and accept the fine as a cost of doing business. If the lawmakers want Tofu Glo to properly dispose of their waste, they need to increase the ______ of punishment.
a) swiftness
b) severity ✓ correct
c) certainty
d) rationality
Q94. [Multiple Choice]
The cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972) that found that only 6.3% of the population studied committed over 70% of the murders, rapes, and robberies attributed to that group provide justification for ______.
a) retribution
b) specific deterrence
c) selective incapacitation ✓ correct
d) rehabilitation
Q95. [Multiple Choice]
Warden Pocock believes that prison should be reserved for serious violent offenders because it is cost effective. He thinks community corrections should be used for offenders because it costs more to house them in prison that it is worth. What theory underlies Warden Pocock’s belief?
a) the law of diminishing returns ✓ correct
b) the truth in sentencing principle
c) the first time offender statute
d) the societal burden theory
Q96. [Multiple Choice]
Which scenario best demonstrates the contrast effect?
a) A potential offender compares the possibility of spending a year in jail with her expected life experience. ✓ correct
b) A potential offender weighs the expected benefits of committing a crime with the anticipated consequences.
c) A potential offender makes a decision based on the pursuit of pleasure and minimization of pain.
d) A potential offender decides to commit a crime based on the logical pursuit of self-interest.
Q97. [Multiple Choice]
Which scenario provides an example of specific deterrence?
a) A person chooses not to smoke pot in his dorm because he has heard other students got expelled for it.
b) A person chooses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act.
c) A person chooses not to shoplift because she knows it is illegal and she could get caught.
d) A person chooses not to pick a person’s pocket because he was previously arrested for this act. ✓ correct
Essay (3)
Q98. [Essay]
Discuss Durkheim’s views on the purpose of punishment in society and explain what he meant by retributive justice and restitutive justice. Which type of justice is the criminal justice system in the United States built on?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Durkheim argued that punishment functions to reaffirm social norms. Durkheim described two forms of justice: retributive justice (driven by desire for revenge) and restitutive justice (driven by deterrence). For the most part, the United States operates under a restitutive justice model. Crimes are considered against the state not the individual, so the focus is on protecting society from future crime rather than taking revenge for personal wrongs. Although the United States tries to emphasize restitutive justice, humans have a strong desire for revenge that can also be seen.
Q99. [Essay]
Imagine you are a candidate for political office. You are asked to give a short speech on crime. Choose either the crime control model or the due process model and write a short speech as though you are advocating for the implementation of this model.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Under the due process model, the rights of the accused are protected, and the law is followed because that is what is fair. It is better to have a guilty person go free every once in a while than have an innocent person wrongly convicted. Anyone could be charged with a crime and should treat others as we would want to be treated were we in that position. Everyone in a society must play by the rules, including and especially members of the criminal justice system. Only then are all people truly protected.
Q100. [Essay]
Jeremy Bentham once wrote, “Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.” Explain how this relates to the hedonistic calculus.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Bentham introduced the principle of utility, but his comment on pain and pleasure also relates to the hedonistic calculus, which humans are posited to use when weighing the potential benefit of a criminal activity with the expected consequences of that activity.