Test Bank for Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 3rd Edition by Levine, Munsch
ISBN: 9781071904169
Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence (3rd)
ISBN 9781071904169 | Chapter 1
Total Questions: 70
Easy
Multiple Choice (13)
Q1. [Multiple Choice]
______ includes the experiences we have and the learning that occurs as we move through development.
a) Nurture ✓ correct
b) Nature
c) Qualitative change
d) Quantitative change
Q2. [Multiple Choice]
The way that children can process information changes as they get older. This is a ______.
a) quantitative change in development
b) qualitative change in development ✓ correct
c) accumulative change in development
d) transactive change in development
Q3. [Multiple Choice]
If we say that there is no one right way to raise a child, we are endorsing the principle of ______.
a) multilinearity
b) longitudinality
c) equifinality ✓ correct
d) constructivism
Q4. [Multiple Choice]
When we talk about the impact of culture or socioeconomic status on child development, we are looking at the ______ of development.
a) contexts ✓ correct
b) domains
c) variables
d) content
Q5. [Multiple Choice]
The process of instilling the norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs of a culture into children is known as ______.
a) education
b) socialization ✓ correct
c) parenting
d) positive youth development
Q6. [Multiple Choice]
You can have confidence in information that you find in scientific journals because ______.
a) all of the information is new
b) a lot of people believe the information
c) articles typically go through a peer review process before they are published ✓ correct
d) the people who write scientific articles have university degrees
Q7. [Multiple Choice]
We tend to notice things that we expect to see and to disregard things that we aren't expecting. This tendency is called ______.
a) a generalization fallacy
b) a perceptual bias ✓ correct
c) niche picking
d) sample bias
Q8. [Multiple Choice]
A process in which professionals critique an article and make suggestions for improvement before publication is known as ______.
a) article review
b) journal review
c) peer review ✓ correct
d) resource orienting
Q9. [Multiple Choice]
Which of the following is not a context for child development?
a) family
b) culture
c) community
d) gender ✓ correct
Q10. [Multiple Choice]
Cultural values are expressed ______.
a) in overt and subtle behaviors
b) in overt behaviors only
c) in parenting practices
d) in overt and subtle behaviors and in parenting practices ✓ correct
Q11. [Multiple Choice]
What are reasons to study child development?
a) to use information to improve the lives of children and adolescents
b) to foster positive development
c) to help people who work with children
d) all of these ✓ correct
Q12. [Multiple Choice]
WIC stands for ______.
a) Women and Children United
b) Women and Integrated Nutrition
c) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children ✓ correct
d) World Importance of Children
Q13. [Multiple Choice]
Which of the following does not represent a broad category of development?
a) middle childhood
b) adolescence
c) toddlerhood
d) late infancy ✓ correct
True/False (7)
Q14. [True/False]
Changes in the way that we think, understand, and reason about the world is the domain of social-emotional development.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q15. [True/False]
In any stage theory, the quality of what happens at one stage is different from what happens at other stages.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q16. [True/False]
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget said that we should see children as active participants in their own development.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q17. [True/False]
A family’s socioeconomic status is important because it largely determines the amount of resources the family will have to support their children’s development.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q18. [True/False]
You should know something about the qualifications of people who present themselves as experts on child development before you accept what they are saying.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q19. [True/False]
It is easier to remember ideas that challenge your expectations than to remember those that fit your expectations.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q20. [True/False]
Social-emotional development includes all the ways we learn to connect to other individuals, understand our emotions and the emotions of others, interact effectively with others, and express and regulate our emotions.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Medium
Multiple Choice (32)
Q21. [Multiple Choice]
How do child development processes relate to who people become as adults?
a) Child development processes are not related to who become as adults.
b) Childhood experiences are the sole determinant in who individuals become as adults.
c) Early traits, behaviors, and experiences are related to adult outcomes, but are not the sole influence. ✓ correct
d) The relation between early child development and adult outcomes is unknown at this time.
Q22. [Multiple Choice]
Which of these is related to becoming a sensitive, competent parent?
a) conflict management training
b) social competence with peers during childhood ✓ correct
c) romantic relationship breakup experience
d) parental onset at an earlier age
Q23. [Multiple Choice]
The physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains of development ______.
a) continually interact with each other so that development in one domain impacts and influences development in the other domains ✓ correct
b) develop in ways that are largely independent of each other
c) are linked together in such a way that advances in one domain hold back development in other domains
d) are so comingled that we cannot talk about development in the different domains separately
Q24. [Multiple Choice]
The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of ______ and your potential ability to learn how to use language is an example of ______.
a) nature; nature
b) nurture; nurture
c) nature; nurture
d) nurture; nature ✓ correct
Q25. [Multiple Choice]
Which of the following is the best example of a qualitative change in development?
a) Children grow taller but also become heavier as they get older.
b) Older children have larger vocabularies than younger children.
c) Children can run faster and farther as they get older.
d) Adolescents become more systematic in the way they go about solving problems. ✓ correct
Q26. [Multiple Choice]
Stage theories describe ______.
a) qualitative changes ✓ correct
b) long-term changes
c) significant changes
d) physiological changes
Q27. [Multiple Choice]
Characteristics such as anxiety, shyness, and aggression tend to be ______.
a) unstable over time, but often find the same form of expression
b) stable over time, as reflected in the same expression of these traits
c) stable over time, but how these characteristics are expressed changes ✓ correct
d) unstable over time, and often takes different forms of expression
Q28. [Multiple Choice]
Among children who suffer early deprivation, we see a variety of developmental outcomes. Some children do quite well, but others are more negatively affected. This is the principle of ______.
a) multifinality ✓ correct
b) constructivism
c) determinism
d) functionality
Q29. [Multiple Choice]
The field of developmental psychopathology ______.
a) searches for the genetic cause of the problems we see in development
b) sees behavioral and emotional disorders as distortions of normal development ✓ correct
c) identifies the source of problem behavior in children’s early learning experiences
d) focuses on the consequences of maladaptive behavior
Q30. [Multiple Choice]
When we consider how children’s characteristics, such as their age, gender, or ethnicity, impact on their development, we are ______.
a) searching for universal patterns of behavior
b) examining the resiliency that children bring to their development
c) looking at how individual differences modify general patterns of development ✓ correct
d) identifying the predictable stages of development that children move through
Q31. [Multiple Choice]
The theory of behaviorism views the child as a(n) ______.
a) active explorer of the environment who creates his or her own understanding of the world
b) passive recipient of the attempts of others to control the child’s behavior ✓ correct
c) active participant in the process of producing his or her own development
d) force that actively shapes the behavior of the adults in the child’s life
Q32. [Multiple Choice]
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important context for development because it ______.
a) is related to the amount of resources that a family has to support their children’s development ✓ correct
b) allows us to easily classify the families that we study
c) is a family characteristic that is stable and does not change over time d) has different meanings depending upon the culture in which it occurs
Q33. [Multiple Choice]
Cross-cultural research ______.
a) has shown that there is nothing in development that is truly universal
b) finds that stage theories apply equally well in any culture that we study
c) has shown that early development is very similar across cultures, but that later development shows great diversity
d) finds both universal processes that apply across cultures as well as important cultural differences ✓ correct
Q34. [Multiple Choice]
One way to define a culture is to say that it is a way of describing ______ within one group of people and ______ between groups of people.
a) similarities; similarities
b) differences; differences
c) differences; similarities
d) similarities; differences ✓ correct
Q35. [Multiple Choice]
One explanation for why we see cultural differences in child rearing is that ______.
a) not all cultures have as good an understanding of child development as we have in Western countries
b) many cultures do not place the same value on rearing children that we do
c) the environmental context and values of a culture shape its goals for child rearing ✓ correct
d) healthy physical development is the only universal goal of child rearing
Q36. [Multiple Choice]
The importance of the peer review process is that ______.
a) everyone has an equal chance of getting their research published in a journal
b) the research has been reviewed by professionals who are knowledgeable about the topic before the research is published ✓ correct
c) research findings are published in multiple journals so that the results are widely disseminated
d) only well-established ideas will appear in the research literature
Q37. [Multiple Choice]
Because a science is an organized body of knowledge ______.
a) there must be consensus about the accuracy of new information before it can be added to that body of knowledge
b) we should only trust new information that comes from people who have a great deal of experience in the field
c) all information that enters that body of knowledge must apply across the board to everyone d) it changes and grows over time as new and more accurate information is added to our understanding ✓ correct
Q38. [Multiple Choice]
It is important that scientific findings can be replicated. This means that ______.
a) other scientists must review the research and agree that it was correctly done and that the conclusions are warranted
b) others have been able to repeat the research with the same or similar results ✓ correct
c) the results have been published in a well-respected research journal
d) the conclusions can be generalized to a large group of people
Q39. [Multiple Choice]
Which of these is likely to be a reputable source of information on child development?
a) Wikipedia
b) someone’s blog post
c) a .edu or .gov website ✓ correct
d) social media
Q40. [Multiple Choice]
Families with a higher ______ have more resources that can support healthy child development.
a) socioeconomic status ✓ correct
b) amount of family time
c) security
d) social connectedness
Q41. [Multiple Choice]
Values such as supporting the family and acting in a way that is appropriate for those around you reflects ______.
a) individualism
b) collectivism ✓ correct
c) unism
d) scaffolding
Q42. [Multiple Choice]
Research findings need to be replicated or produced again by others to ______.
a) provide opportunities for future research
b) enhance credibility with the research team
c) gain confidence as to the accuracy and reliability of these findings ✓ correct
d) ensure that the researcher is ethical
Q43. [Multiple Choice]
The positive youth development movement ______.
a) looks for ways to help all children reach their potential ✓ correct
b) focuses on uncontrollable aspects of a child’s development
c) ignores the role of culture in one’s upbringing
d) focuses on understanding the cause of problems in people’s lives
Q44. [Multiple Choice]
Research that focuses on the optimal support for all children, not just at-risk children is probably from ______.
a) scaffolding perspective
b) negative youth development
c) positive youth development ✓ correct
d) individual psychology
Q45. [Multiple Choice]
A child who has a school system that results in a poor education and out-of-school activities suggests that the context of ______ is most likely at play.
a) family
b) community ✓ correct
c) socioeconomic status
d) culture
Q46. [Multiple Choice]
During puberty, adolescents undergo dramatic physical changes, and these changes impact social development. This is an example of how ______.
a) domains of development incrementally interact with each other
b) domains of development continually interact with each other ✓ correct
c) physical development integrates sensory and motor activities
d) we think, understand, and reason about the world
Q47. [Multiple Choice]
Cognitive development primarily includes ______.
a) biological changes that occur in the body
b) changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the world ✓ correct
c) the ways we learn to connect to other individuals
d) the integration of sensory and motor activities
Q48. [Multiple Choice]
Epigenetics ______.
a) neglects the role of nurture
b) has eliminated the role of gene expression
c) has made us aware that it is both what genes you have, and what your genes are doing ✓ correct
d) avoids the role of gene interaction with their environment
Q49. [Multiple Choice]
Walter Gilliam found that ______.
a) children have numerous behavioral problems
b) mental health consultants may have a role in helping teachers handle behavioral problems ✓ correct
c) consultation does not have an impact on child well-being
d) nutrition supplements are important for learning
Q50. [Multiple Choice]
Research on WIC has found that ______.
a) participation in the program is associated with reduced risk of low birth weight
b) participation in the program is associated with reduced risk of premature birth
c) participation in the program is rated as a burden to parents
d) participation in the program is associated with reduced risk of low birth weight and premature birth ✓ correct
Q51. [Multiple Choice]
Toddlers (ages 1–3) continue to ______.
a) develop motor skills and explore their physical world ✓ correct
b) establish strong emotional attachments to caregivers
c) lay the foundation for learning language
d) show greater reliance on their caregivers
Q52. [Multiple Choice]
Adolescence is delineated by ______.
a) development of the ability to think in a more ordered and structured way
b) the ability to develop a clearer sense of self
c) the onset of puberty ✓ correct
d) development of the ability to engage in perspective taking
True/False (8)
Q53. [True/False]
Physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development all occur independently of each other and do not interact with each other.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q54. [True/False]
Although there are both stability and change in development, stability is the most prominent characteristic in development.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q55. [True/False]
For information to be considered “scientific” information, it should be information that stays the same over time.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q56. [True/False]
If an idea has been around for a long time, that is the best indicator that the idea is correct.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q57. [True/False]
It is appropriate to generalize results from one study to other populations similar to the sample used in it.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q58. [True/False]
Social policy refers to government or private policies for dealing with social issues, and can have an impact on the well-being of children.
a) True ✓ correct
b) False
Correct answer: True
Q59. [True/False]
Social-emotional development includes biological changes that occur in the body, like changes in size and strength, as well as the integration of sensory and motor activities.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Q60. [True/False]
Physical development includes all the ways we learn to connect to other individuals, understand our emotions and the emotions of others, interact effectively with others, and express and regulate our emotions.
a) True
b) False ✓ correct
Correct answer: False
Essay (5)
Q61. [Essay]
How do physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development interact during adolescence?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Although it is useful to make distinctions between these three developmental domains, it is important to understand that they continually interact with each other. As an example, during puberty, adolescents undergo dramatic physical changes over a short period of time. These changes are not just physical, however, because they also affect their social development. Peers may begin to notice the bodily changes of others and make comments, either building or eroding trust in those peer relationships. In addition, as adolescents grow to look more like adults and less like children, adults begin to treat them more like adults, giving them new responsibility and expecting greater maturity from them. These opportunities, in turn, contribute to the cognitive development of adolescents as they learn from their new experiences.
Q62. [Essay]
If a child is aggressive, how might nature- and nurture-based explanations outline differing reasons for this type of behavior?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Nature relates to genetic inheritance, and things we are born having. If children are aggressive, nature explanations would point to genes as the cause. If nature, or genes, cause aggressive behavior, we would expect to see that those closest to the child genetically are also aggressive. Nurture relates to environmental influences on behavior. Aggressive children may have been bullied or seen their parents respond to conflict with aggressive means.
Q63. [Essay]
Describe the difference between continuous and stage-like change in child development.
Suggested answer: Sample response: Typically, stage theories describe development in terms of qualitative or continuous change, while incremental theories describe development as occurring through quantitative or discontinuous changes.
Q64. [Essay]
How did Walter Gilliam’s work keep children from being expelled from school? What has the outreach of this work looked like nationwide?
Suggested answer: Sample response: Dr. Gilliam noticed an interesting trend, that preschool children in Connecticut were more than three times as likely to be expelled as children in Grades K–12. But, Dr. Gilliam also noticed that when a mental health consultant was available to help teachers develop ways to handle problem behaviors, far fewer children were expelled. Today, in large part due to Dr. Gilliam’s advocacy, the federal government provides funding for states, communities, and tribal nations to establish early childhood mental health consultation. Most states have now established programs of this type.
Q65. [Essay]
According to the concept of niche picking, how do children choose the environments in which they feel comfortable? Why?
Suggested answer: Sample response: The concept of niche picking suggests that people actively seek out environments that are a good fit with their genetic makeup. In other words, children may gravitate toward environments that complement their heredity. A child who is extraverted may seek environments where lots of people are interacting, for example. Children do this in order to complement their existing, hereditary skills.
Hard
Multiple Choice (5)
Q66. [Multiple Choice]
A child who is very active and enjoys the challenge of competing with others will be more likely to join an athletic team at school than to join the chorus or the French Club. This is an example of ______.
a) scaffolding
b) cultural transmission
c) multifinality
d) niche picking ✓ correct
Q67. [Multiple Choice]
Alfred notices that his son, James, has grown another 3 inches this year. This is an example of a ______ change.
a) quantitative ✓ correct
b) qualitative
c) equifinality
d) socio-emotional
Q68. [Multiple Choice]
Depression, while known to come from biological and genetic processes, can also result from early traumatic experiences. These different pathways leading to the same outcome is known as ______.
a) nature
b) nurture
c) multifinality
d) equifinality ✓ correct
Q69. [Multiple Choice]
Andy comes from a family of competitive runners. When he entered middle school, he signed up for the track team as a distance runner. This tendency to find an environment that is suited to his genetic tendency is known as ______.
a) specific suiting
b) naturing
c) multifinality
d) niche picking ✓ correct
Q70. [Multiple Choice]
Samodol is a 21-year-old male who goes to school. He does not work yet, and does not feel ready to start working, but is also independent from his family. This stage of transition refers to ______.
a) advancing adolescence
b) emerging adulthood ✓ correct
c) development period
d) advancing adulthood