ISBN: 9781265757304
Correct answers located at the end of the chapter.
1) Life-span development covers the period from________ to________.
A) conception; early adulthood
B) birth; old age
C) birth; middle adulthood
D) conception; death
2) Which of the following gives the best description of how life-span psychologists describe “development”?
A) the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and forms an adult’s personality and physiology
B) the change in personality and perspective experienced by individuals between adolescence and adulthood
C) the growth in skills and processes experienced from childhood through adolescence
D) the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and lasts through the human life span
3) The traditional approach to development emphasizes extensive change during
A) middle adulthood.
B) birth to adolescence.
C) young adulthood.
D) late adulthood.
4) The upper boundary of the human life span is________ years.
A) 105
B) 117
C) 122
D) 131
5) Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century life expectancy
A) in the United States increased by 15 years.
B) in the world increased by 15 years.
C) in the United States increased by 30 years.
D) in the world increased by 30 years.
6) According to life-span development expert Paul Baltes, development
A) is lifelong.
B) ends at young adulthood.
C) shows little change in old age.
D) is dominant during adolescence.
7) Lynne believes development continues through adulthood into old age. This is an example of which developmental perspective?
A) behavioral
B) life-span
C) cognitive
D) ethological
8) Some professors want to teach about the life-span approach in a human development course, whereas others want to keep the traditional developmental approach. They disagree most centrally about
A) the plasticity of development.
B) the multidimensional nature of development.
C) whether development is lifelong.
D) whether development is multidirectional.
9) Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?
A) Psychologists, sociologists, biologists, and neuroscientists working together are needed to unlock the mysteries of development.
B) Development is not dominated by any single age period.
C) Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions.
D) Development is characterized by the expansion of some dimensions and the shrinking of others.
10) Kathy believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, social, and cognitive aspects. Kathy believes that development is
A) lifelong.
B) multidirectional.
C) multidimensional.
D) plastic.
11) Researchers increasingly study the development of adulthood. This implies that development is
A) lifelong.
B) multidirectional.
C) contextual.
D) multidisciplinary.
12) Which of the following is NOT among Paul Baltes’ characteristics of the life-span perspective on development?
A) contextual
B) plastic
C) lifelong
D) unidirectional
13) The capacity for acquiring second and third languages decreases after early childhood, whereas experiential wisdom increases with age. This is an example of how development is
A) multidisciplinary.
B) lifelong.
C) multidirectional.
D) contextual.
14) Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual?
A) Parents in the United States are more likely to rear children to be independent than parents in Japan.
B) Intelligence may be studied by looking at genetics, anthropology, sociology, and other disciplines.
C) Reasoning ability is biologically finite and cannot be improved through retraining.
D) Older adults call on experience to guide their decision making.
15) In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is
A) multidisciplinary.
B) lifelong.
C) contextual.
D) multidirectional.
16) Normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, and nonnormative life events are all ways in which development can be classified as
A) contextual.
B) multidirectional.
C) plastic.
D) multidimensional.
17) Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence?
A) losing a home to a wildfire
B) graduating from high school
C) living through the terrorist attacks of 9/11
D) winning the lottery
18) Retirement is an example of a
A) normative history-graded influence.
B) normative age-graded influence.
C) nonnormative life event.
D) nonnormative age-graded influence.
19) Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are
A) nonnormative life events.
B) normative history-graded influences.
C) normative age-graded influences.
D) normative contextual influences.
20) Casey is a veteran of the war in Iraq. This is an example of a
A) normative contextual influence.
B) normative age-graded influence.
C) normative history-graded influence.
D) nonnormative life event.
21) Lauro is 83 years old. Much of his development will now focus on
A) growth and maintenance.
B) maintenance and regulation of loss.
C) increasing plasticity.
D) growth and regulation of loss.
22) Contemporary concerns for researchers using the life-span perspective include
A) health and well-being issues.
B) parenting and education issues.
C) sociocultural, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues.
D) All answer choices are correct.
23) Children living in poverty are more likely to
A) be separated from a parent.
B) be exposed to violence.
C) be exposed to family turmoil.
D) experience all these situations.
24) Using long-standing ways to calculate poverty,________ of children under the age of 18 were living in families with incomes below the poverty line.
A) 32.9
B) 15.3
C) 5.2
D) 25.7
25) By the year 2050, the world’s population of people 80 years of age or older is expected to
A) double.
B) triple.
C) decrease.
D) remain the same.
26) At age 12, Jillian daydreams about being the star of a TV show. This is the________ process of Jillian’s life-span development.
A) biological
B) socioemotional
C) ecological
D) cognitive
27) Diego feels a strong happiness that he never had before as he holds his newborn child. This signifies development in the________ process.
A) socioemotional
B) biological
C) cognitive
D) neurological
28) Doctors measure and chart a baby’s height, weight, and head growth at each medical checkup. What processes are being tracked?
A) abstract
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) socioemotional
29) Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development?
A) The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.
B) Cognitive development sets the upper limits for biological and social development.
C) These processes develop independently of one another.
D) Social development is independent of biological and cognitive development.
30) The developmental period during which a being grows from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities in 9 months is called
A) early childhood.
B) infancy.
C) prenatal.
D) middle childhood.
31) Children in preschool years become more self-sufficient and can care for themselves. What period of development are they in?
A) prenatal
B) infancy
C) early childhood
D) middle/late childhood
32) Alec is 18 months old and learning to walk. Alec is in the________ period of development.
A) prenatal
B) infancy
C) early childhood
D) middle/late childhood
33) The period of early childhood typically ends when the child
A) learns to dress.
B) starts first grade.
C) is toilet trained.
D) has mastered reading, writing, and arithmetic.
34) Jen has mastered the fundamental skills of how to read and write. She is mostly likely in what stage of development?
A) middle childhood
B) primary years
C) adolescence
D) late childhood
35) Most traditional undergraduate college students are experiencing which of the following developmental periods?
A) late childhood
B) emerging adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood
36) Paulo is struggling to handle his first professional job and a new marriage while becoming more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in?
A) late childhood
B) adolescence
C) early adulthood
D) middle adulthood
37) Len feels greatly contented in his career. He has more time to spend with his family, contribute to community activities, and mentor young people. What period of development is he most likely in?
A) early adulthood
B) middle adulthood
C) late adulthood
D) stability and regulation
38) Margaret spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed; however, she needs to pay more attention to her health condition. Margaret is most likely in
A) late adolescence.
B) early adulthood.
C) middle adulthood.
D) late adulthood.
39) At which of the following ages did the highest percentage of people in the United States report that they were happy?
A) 19 years
B) 23 years
C) 42 years
D) 88 years
40) On average, at what age do people enter the “oldest old” age group, as classified by Paul Baltes and Jacqui Smith?
A) 50 years
B) 65 years
C) 75 years
D) 85 years
41) The longest period of development is
A) middle adulthood.
B) late adulthood.
C) childhood.
D) young adulthood.
42) Each fall, the choir teacher faces the task of retraining the deepening voices of some of his male students. What period of development are these students most likely in?
A) middle childhood
B) late childhood
C) adolescence
D) young adulthood
43) Leo is 65 years old. He is coping well with his change of lifestyle and is highly motivated to learn new things. Leo is young in his________ age.
A) social
B) psychological
C) biological
D) chronological
44) Which of the following is NOT one of the conceptions of age as described in the text?
A) biological age
B) cardiovascular age
C) social age
D) psychological age
45) Madalin married for the second time at age 70. This is an example of
A) cognitive age.
B) psychological age.
C) biological age.
D) social age.
46) The functional capacities of a person’s vital organ system indicate________ age.
A) chronological
B) social
C) biological
D) psychological
47) Jerry is 60 years old. He has strong muscles, excellent lung capacity, and very high cardiovascular health. Jerry is relatively young in his________ age.
A) social
B) chronological
C) biological
D) psychological
48) A person’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age are reflected in their________ age.
A) psychological
B) coping
C) biological
D) social
49) Brent has a son diagnosed with ADHD and believes that this is primarily due to genetics, given that Brent’s father had ADHD as well. Brent most likely believes that ADHD is primarily influenced by
A) stability.
B) nature.
C) nurture.
D) continuity.
50) In the nature/nurture debate, one’s________ is related to “nature,” while one’s________ is related to “nurture.”
A) environment; biological inheritance
B) biological inheritance; behavior
C) age; environment
D) biological inheritance; environment
51) During her intake interview, Jody’s physician asks for a family medical history, along with Jody’s own medical history. The doctor is gathering information related to the influence of________ on development.
A) cognitive acuity
B) genetics
C) environment
D) coping skills
52) Although Angie was somewhat irresponsible as a teen, she changed her ways when she entered college and leased her first apartment. This example most directly relates to the developmental issue of
A) stability and change.
B) continuity and discontinuity.
C) nature and nurture.
D) stability and nature.
53) The life-span development concept of plasticity aligns most closely with which of the following?
A) nurture
B) stability
C) change
D) nature
54) A caterpillar spends time as a caterpillar, then in a distinct period in a chrysalis, and then emerges as a butterfly. In terms of development, this is
A) quantitative change.
B) discontinuity.
C) gradual change.
D) continuity.
55) Tammy was shy as a child but became more outgoing and confident when she attended a university far from her hometown. This relates most directly to which developmental issue?
A) multidirectionality
B) nature and nurture
C) stability and change
D) multidimensionality
56) The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts?
A) multidirectionality
B) contextualism
C) plasticity
D) multidimensionalism
57) Consider the following: Conceptualize a problem to be studied, collect research information, analyze data, and draw conclusions. These steps describe
A) the scientific method.
B) discontinuity in development.
C) a hypothesis.
D) a theory.
58) Nala decides to explore teenage pregnancy prevention for her master’s thesis. According to the scientific method, what should be her first step in getting started?
A) conceptualizing the problem to be studied
B) analyzing the information she has gathered
C) beginning to collect information
D) drawing conclusions from the collected data
59) Psychoanalytic theories hold that development primarily depends on
A) thinking, reasoning, language, and other cognitive processes.
B) biology and evolution.
C) the unconscious mind.
D) behavior’s link to environment.
60) Psychoanalytic theories stress what in development?
A) late experiences with parents
B) the child’s cognitive creativity
C) early experiences with parents
D) genes inherited from parents
61) According to Erikson, development is driven by
A) unconscious drives.
B) early experiences with parents.
C) the desire to affiliate with other people.
D) genetic influences.
62) Each stage in Erikson’s theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are
A) developmental turning points with both increased vulnerability and enhanced potentials.
B) developmental turning points with enhanced potentials.
C) catastrophic events that toughen the individual for future crises.
D) developmental turning points with increased vulnerability.
63) According to Erikson, a preschooler is in the________ stage.
A) trust versus mistrust
B) initiative versus guilt
C) identity versus identity confusion
D) industry versus inferiority
64) At the airport, 4-year-old Kelly is encouraged by her mom to help with dragging the bags off the luggage carousel. According to Erikson’s stage theory, Kelly’s mom is helping Kelly develop
A) trust.
B) altruism.
C) her identity.
D) initiative.
65) The successful outcome of Erikson’s stage of________ results in assertion of a sense of independence.
A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) industry versus inferiority
D) initiative versus guilt
66) If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development in an attempt to explain how children actively construct their own view of the world but with very little consideration of social interaction, then you are mostly likely to believe the development theory of
A) Piaget.
B) Vygotsky.
C) Erikson.
D) Freud.
67) According to Vygotsky, children
A) pass through four stages of development.
B) actively construct their knowledge.
C) work through a series of developmental tasks.
D) learn by modeling the behavior of others.
68) Carlos is just starting to learn about the world. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory, which of the following would be among the most important tools he will use to do this?
A) physical tools
B) language
C) mobility
D) sensory perceptions
69) Vygotsky’s theory is best described as
A) psychoanalytic.
B) cognitive.
C) behavioral.
D) social.
70) According to Sigler, the best way to understand the development of children is by using the________ method.
A) psychoanalytic
B) survey
C) operant
D) microgenetic
71) Which of the following theories emphasizes that people manipulate and monitor information and strategize about it?
A) information-processing theory
B) ethological theory
C) Piaget’s cognitive development theory
D) psychoanalytic theory
72) Which of the following theories is NOT a stage theory and claims that development is continuous rather than discontinuous?
A) information-processing theory
B) Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
C) Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
D) Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
73) Behaviorism argues that we should only study scientifically that which can be________ and________.
A) observed; changed
B) observed; measured
C) rewarded; punished
D) learned; changed
74) Nathan bites his hand frequently throughout the day. According to Skinner, the best way to solve this problem is to
A) determine how Nathan’s expectations about success have led him to develop this behavior.
B) show disapproval responses whenever Nathan bites his hand, and provide encouragement when he refrains from doing so.
C) administer an IQ test to determine Nathan’s cognitive potential.
D) explore experiences from Nathan’s early childhood.
75) Which theory would provide the best support for your belief in using incentives and timeouts as ways to help children behave?
A) Erikson’s psychosocial stages
B) Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
C) Piaget’s cognitive theory
D) Skinner’s behaviorism
76) A key factor in Bandura’s social cognitive theory is
A) conditioning.
B) forethought.
C) imprinting.
D) mastery.
77) A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is
A) the limits of scientific research.
B) environmental influences on behavior.
C) the role of unconsciousness in behavior.
D) an emphasis on the role of cognition in development.
78) Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of
A) Skinner’s operant conditioning.
B) Piaget’s cognitive stages.
C) Bandura’s observational learning.
D) Erikson’s developmental crises.
79) Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. The focus of Bandura’s early research, sometimes called modeling, suggests that her children will most likely
A) learn quickly not to disobey.
B) become well-behaved people.
C) rebel and become more disobedient.
D) learn to hit others in similar situations.
80) The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called
A) bonding.
B) the sensitive period.
C) imprinting.
D) positive reinforcement.
81) Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?
A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) ecological
D) ethological
82) Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her belief is consistent with which theory?
A) ethological
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) ecological
83) Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support?
A) ethological
B) ecological
C) cognitive
D) social learning
84) Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby, what might the consequence of this be?
A) The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth.
B) As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced.
C) The outcome will depend on the child’s temperament.
D) Life-span development will likely not be optimal.
85) While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of
A) cognition.
B) evolution.
C) parental genes.
D) the environment.
86) Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to
A) microdimensions of culture.
B) environmental settings.
C) biological and cognitive factors.
D) social and cognitive factors.
87) Marla’s parents abandoned her at a young age. Now she has difficulty making friends. The relationship between Marla’s family experiences and her peer experiences is an example of a(n)
A) exosystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) mesosystem.
88) Rafe strongly identifies with his Latino cultural heritage. This cultural heritage is an example of a(n)
A) macrosystem.
B) chronosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) exosystem.
89) Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes’ assertion that development is contextual?
A) social cognitive
B) ethological
C) psychoanalytic
D) ecological
90) Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David’s elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David’s development because they are part of David’s
A) mesosystem.
B) exosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) macrosystem.
91) An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that
A) development is a predictable and rigid process.
B) no single theory can account for all of human development.
C) the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts.
D) contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950.
92) A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner’s theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson’s theory to understand the identity and intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner’s theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody’s development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using?
A) fragmented
B) eclectic
C) dynamic
D) ethological
93) The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate?
A) eclectic
B) psychoanalytic
C) social learning
D) life-span
94) A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a
A) naturalistic observation.
B) standardized test.
C) case study.
D) survey.
95) Lucia conducts a study on shopping behavior by watching customers as they use the selfcheckout at a supermarket. This is an example of what kind of study?
A) experimental
B) naturalistic observation
C) correlational
D) survey
96) Dr. Sam collects data on how often strangers approach one another by sitting at the park on weekend afternoons and jotting down what people do. One strength of this observational approach is that it
A) shows how people behave when they know they are being observed.
B) occurs in a real-world setting.
C) allows for a great deal of control over the observational setting.
D) involves a structured set of interview questions.
97) Which method is being used when market researchers call consumers on the telephone to ask about certain products used in the home?
A) interview
B) case study
C) standardized test
D) naturalistic observation
98) What is an advantage of the survey method?
A) It encourages subjects to give socially acceptable responses.
B) It can establish cause and effect.
C) It can be a quick and inexpensive way to obtain information.
D) It allows subjects to act naturally.
99) Which of the following is NOT a weakness associated with standardized tests?
A) People’s performances may be influenced by their emotions in different settings.
B) People may behave differently in different settings.
C) Their use assumes that people’s behaviors are consistent and stable.
D) They allow an individual’s performance to be compared with that of another.
100) Which of the following is true about the case study method?
A) It can be easily replicated by other researchers.
B) Conclusions are highly reliable.
C) It can provide in-depth information about an individual’s experiences.
D) Results can be generalized to other members of a population.
101) A researcher chooses to study one pregnant teen in great detail by taking frequent measures of her behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Which method does this researcher use?
A) naturalistic observation
B) standardized test
C) case study
D) questionnaire
102) Someone with an extremely rare psychological disorder would most likely be studied using what method?
A) case study
B) questionnaire
C) naturalistic observation
D) survey
103) Assessment of hormones in the bloodstream is a type of
A) case study.
B) physiological measure.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) standardized test.
104) Which research design aims to observe and record behavior?
A) experimental
B) descriptive
C) correlational
D) All answer choices are correct.
105) If it is shown that people who eat bananas are more likely to have diabetes, it does not necessarily mean that bananas cause diabetes, because________ does not equal________.
A) correlation; causation
B) experimentation; causation
C) causation; correlation
D) experimentation; correlation
106) If a researcher finds that the number of positive statements parents say to their children is positively correlated with the children’s self-esteem, the researcher could correctly conclude that
A) more positive parental feedback causes high self-esteem in children.
B) more negative parental feedback causes low self-esteem in children.
C) more positive parental feedback is related to high self-esteem in children.
D) more positive parental feedback is related to low self-esteem in children.
107) Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
A) B) C) D)
108) A correlation coefficient of indicates
A) a strong positive correlation between variables.
B) a strong negative relationship between variables.
C) no relationship between variables.
D) a weak relationship between variables.
109) Which research method is used to determine causality?
A) descriptive
B) correlational
C) experimental
D) observational
110) Dr. Lewis wants to determine the physical effects of ADHD medication dosages on children aged 8 to 15. What kind of study will he most likely conduct?
A) longitudinal
B) descriptive
C) experimental
D) correlational
111) Which of the following is manipulated during an experiment?
A) observed effect
B) independent variable
C) correlation coefficient
D) dependent variable
112) A psychologist designs an experiment to determine if the number of adults’ eye contacts with children would increase the number of children’s smiles. In this study, the number of
A) adults’ eye contacts with children is the independent variable.
B) children’s smiles is the correlative variable.
C) adults’ eye contacts with children is the dependent variable.
D) children’s smiles is the independent variable.
113) A researcher studies the effect of exercise on stamina. Participants are randomly assigned to be in an exercise or no-exercise group for 12 weeks. Stamina is then measured by how long participants can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is
A) the heart rate during the exercise program.
B) the number of minutes participants spend comfortably on the treadmill.
C) whether the duration of the exercise program is 12 weeks or longer.
D) whether the participants are in the exercise program or not.
114) In an experiment to determine the effects of an antidepressant medication, half the subjects receive the medication and half receive a placebo, which is a harmless sugar pill without any medication effects. The group of people who receive the placebo is the________ group.
A) random
B) control
C) experimental
D) correlation
115) Random assignment is used in experiments because researchers want to
A) ensure that the experimental results are not merely correlational.
B) reduce the likelihood that the experiment’s results will be due to any preexisting differences between the experimental and control groups.
C) guarantee that the results will be statistically significant.
D) ensure that people from different social classes will be in separate groups.
116) To chart the development of gross motor coordination over the life span, researchers tested individuals ranging in age from childhood to old age. Which approach did they take?
A) cross-sectional
B) neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
C) both cross-sectional and longitudinal
D) longitudinal
117) Professor Fischer observes a group of participants over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research is this?
A) neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) both cross-sectional and longitudinal
D) longitudinal
118) Sheri answered a life satisfaction rating survey every 5 years between the ages of 20 and 65. What type of study was this?
A) cross-sectional
B) experimental
C) longitudinal
D) naturalistic observation
119) Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT
A) a person’s generation.
B) a person’s era.
C) a person’s time of birth.
D) a person’s actual age.
120) How do individuals of the generation Z/post-millennial generation differ from millennials?
A) They are more likely to share the political views of their parents.
B) They are less likely to have a college-educated parent.
C) They are less ethnically diverse than millennials.
D) They are more likely to go to college.
121) At the conclusion of his social psychology study Dr. Gomez informs the subjects about the true purpose of the study and the methods that were used. This is an example of
A) informed consent.
B) deception.
C) debriefing.
D) confidentiality.
122) Which of the following is NOT a form of bias that is discussed in the textbook?
A) gender
B) cultural
C) socioeconomic
D) ethnic
123) The term ethnic gloss refers to a tendency to make ethnic groups appear to
A) be more homogeneous than they really are.
B) commit more crimes than they actually do.
C) be more diverse than they really are.
D) be more different than each other than they really are.
124) The Stanford-Binet is what type of psychological measure?
A) survey
B) questionnaire
C) standardized test
D) case study
125) Which of the following is NOT an example of a physiological measure?
A) an intelligence test
B) a test of cortisol levels
C) an MRI
D) an eye movement test
126) Which type of research is designed to observe and record behavior?
A) correlational research
B) survey research
C) descriptive research
D) experimental research
127) What type of research is designed to help predict how people will behave?
A) correlational research
B) survey research
C) descriptive research
D) experimental research
128) What is the main advantage of using random assignment?
A) Subjects will be fully informed about the nature of the study.
B) Subjects will be allowed to drop out of the study.
C) It reduces the effect of preexisting differences between groups.
D) It makes it more likely that subjects will complete the study.
129) A group of schoolchildren were interviewed every seven years until they were 63 years old. This is an example of what type of research?
A) correlational study
B) longitudinal study
C) cross-sectional study
D) experimental study
130) Individuals born between 1981 and 1996 are categorized as
A) Generation Z.
B) Millennials.
C) Generation X.
D) Generation Y.
131) Studies of life-span development can be affected by which types of bias?
A) gender bias
B) ethnic bias
C) cultural bias
D) All of the answers are correct.
132) The term life expectancy refers to
A) the upper limit of the human life span.
B) the genetic limit of an individual life span.
C) the age at which a person is considered “old.”
D) the average number of years a person born in a certain year can expect to live.
133) Improvements in which of the following has led to an increase in life expectancy in the United States?
A) sanitation
B) nutrition
C) medicine
D) All of the answers are correct.
134) While the COVID-19 epidemic created high levels of stress for large portions of the population,________ contracted more severe and deadly versions of the disease.
A) older adults
B) infants
C) young adults
D) adolescents
135) The capacity for change is called
A) resilience.
B) plasticity.
C) growth.
D) development.
136) Ever since he became a grandfather, Mark has been spending less time at work and more time with the grandchildren. This is an example of the________ dimension of development.
A) multidirectional
B) multidimensional
C) contextual
D) multidisciplinary
137) In developmental psychology, settings such as neighborhoods, churches, schools, and workplaces are examples of
A) culture.
B) ecosystems.
C) microsystems.
D) contexts.
138) Children who are able to triumph over adversity demonstrate A) resilience.
B) plasticity.
C) determination.
D) drive.
139) Compared with earlier generations, which is now true of adults in the United States?
A) They are less likely to be married.
B) They are more likely to be childless.
C) They are more likely to be living alone.
D) All of the answers are correct.
140) Which of the following is NOT one of the processes that contribute to development?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) contextual
D) socioemotional
141) The hormonal changes during puberty are an example of which type of process?
A) social
B) emotional
C) cognitive
D) biological
142) A time frame in a person’s life characterized by certain features is called a
A) life stage.
B) developmental period.
C) socioemotional process.
D) normative life change.
143) Features that characterize emerging adulthood include which of the following?
A) instability
B) feeling in between
C) identity exploration
D) All of the answers are correct.
144) Studies on age and happiness have shown that
A) baby boomers report higher levels of happiness than earlier generations.
B) older people tend to be happier than younger people.
C) individuals in their late teens and early 20s reported the highest level of happiness.
D) happiness tends to decrease with age.
145) According to a research review of adults 60 and over by Bhattacharyya, all of the following were important factors in successful aging EXCEPT
A) living longer.
B) physical activity.
C) financial security.
D) positive relationships.
146) A tree growing from an acorn into an oak tree is an example of
A) discontinuity.
B) ecology.
C) plasticity.
D) continuity.
147) The theory which states that development reflects an ongoing interchange between genes and the environment is known as the________ view.
A) etiological
B) epigenetic
C) ecological
D) evolutionary
148) Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development?
A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) intimacy
149) According to Erikson, when an individual successfully completes the fifth stage of development, they achieve a sense of
A) productivity.
B) initiative.
C) positive identity.
D) intimacy.
150) Erikson’s theory of life-stage development is an example of a(n)________ theory.
A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) behavioral
D) information processing
151) Which of the following is true about behavioral theories?
A) Science should only study directly observable behavior.
B) We learn through experience with the environment.
C) Development is continuous rather than in stages.
D) All of the answers are correct.
152) In the famous experiment by Konrad Lorenz, the goslings who saw Lorenz when they first hatched
A) were afraid of him.
B) looked for their mother.
C) followed him as if he were their mother.
D) refused to mate as adults.
153) According to Bowlby, the optimum time for attachment to occur between an infant and a caregiver is called the
A) critical period.
B) sensitive period.
C) operant period.
D) latency period.
154) Which theoretical orientation employs the best features of other developmental theories?
A) etiological
B) ecological
C) evolutionary
D) eclectic
155) Define development and discuss the period it encompasses.
156) Describe how the traditional approach to development differs from the life-span approach.
157) Describe each of Paul Baltes’ life-span development characteristics.
158) List the three types of contextual influences that affect development in Baltes’ contextual component of development, and give an example of each.
159) Briefly define biological processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes
160) Identify and briefly describe the four ways that age has been conceptualized.
161) Briefly discuss the nature-nurture issue.
162) Briefly discuss the stability-change issue.
163) Briefly discuss the difference between developmentalists who favor stability and those who favor change in reference to the stability-change issue.
164) Briefly discuss the continuity-discontinuity issue.
165) What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
166) List Freud’s five psychosexual stages in order.
167) In what way do the ethological and ecological theories of development relate to the nature-nurture issue?
168) List three of the five systems in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, and give a brief definition of each.
169) What is an eclectic approach and why is it recommended for studying life-span development?
170) Briefly describe observation, survey and interview, standardized testing, case study, and physiological measures as types of data collecting in research.
171) Compare and contrast the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.
172) According to APA, what are the four guidelines that researchers should follow to conduct an ethical research study?
173) Explain the concept of ethnic gloss.
174) List one contribution and one criticism of psychoanalytic theories.
175) List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.
176) List one contribution and one criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories of development.
177) Compare and contrast ethological and ecological theories.
Answer Key
Test
name: Chapter 01
D
D
B
C
C
A 7) B 8) C 9) D
C 11) A 12) D 13) C 14) A 15) C 16) A 17) C 18) B 19) C 20) C 21) B 22) D 23) D 24) B 25) B 26) D 27) A 28) C 29) A 30) C 31) C 32) B 33) B
A
B
C
B
38) D
39) D
40) D
41) B
42) C
43) B
44) B
45) D
46) C
47) C
48) A
49) B
50) D 51) B 52) A
53) C 54) B 55) C 56) C 57) A 58) A 59) C 60) C 61) C 62) A 63) B 64) D 65) A 66) A
67) B
68) B
69) B
70) D
71) A
72) A
73) B
74) B
75) D
76) B
77) B
78) C
79) D
80) C
81) D
82) A
83) A
84) D 85) D
86) C
87) A
88) A 89) D 90) B 91) B 92) B 93) A 94) A 95) B 96) B 97) A 98) C 99) D 100) C 101) C 102) A 103) B 104) B 105) A 106) C 107) B 108) D 109) C 110) C 111) B 112) A 113) B 114) B 115) B 116) A 117) D
118) C
119) D
120) D 121) C 122) C
123) A 124) C 125) A 126) C 127) A 128) C 129) B 130) B 131) D 132) D 133) D 134) A 135) B 136) A 137) D 138) A 139) D 140) C 141) D 142) B 143) D 144) B 145) A 146) D 147) B 148) D 149) C 150) B 151) D 152) C 153) B 154) D
155) Short Answer 156) Short Answer 157) Short Answer
158) Short Answer
159) Short Answer
160) Short Answer
161) Short Answer
162) Short Answer
163) Short Answer
164) Short Answer
165) Short Answer
166) Short Answer
167) Short Answer
168) Short Answer
169) Short Answer
170) Short Answer
171) Short Answer
172) Short Answer
173) Short Answer
174) Short Answer
175) Short Answer
176) Short Answer
177) Short Answer