IES 59th Annual Dinner souvenir magazine

Page 1


10 12 14 16 20 22 Programme

President’s Message

IES Council 2025 / 2026

IES Lifetime Engineering Achievement Award 2025

IES Honorary Fellow Award 2025

IES Outstanding Partner Award

6.00pm Registration / Pre-Dinner Cocktail

6.45pm All guests to be seated

7.00pm Arrival of Guest-of-Honour: Mr Chan Chun Sing, Coordinating Minister for Public Services and Minister for Defence

7.00pm Welcome Address by Er. Chan Ewe Jin, President of IES

7.10pm Speech by Minister Chan Chun Sing as Guest-of-Honour

7.20pm Launch of IES Mobile App, IES60

7.25pm Unveiling of SG60 Commemorative Booklet

7.30pm Commencement of Dinner

7.40pm Conferment of IES Honorary Fellow

7.50pm Presentation of IES Lifetime Engineering Achievement Award

8.00pm Music Symphony

8.30pm Presentation of

• IES Scholarship Awards (6 recipients)

• IES-Yayasan Mendaki Scholarship Awards (2 recipients)

8.40pm Presentation of IES Outstanding Partner Award

8.50pm Presentation of IES Prestigious Engineering Achievement Awards (7 recipients)

9.05pm Presentation of IES Sustainability Awards (4 recipients)

9.15pm Presentation of Token of Appreciation to Diamond and Platinum Sponsors

9.25pm End of Dinner

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

Dear IES members and friends,

This year marks a meaningful milestone for both Singapore and The Institution of Engineers, Singapore (IES). As our nation celebrates 60 years of ndependence, IES proudly marks 59 years of uniting, uplifting and advancing the engineering profession.

IES remains a society like no other, being the only national body that brings together engineers across all disciplines to serve our profession and nation. Guided by our pillars of engineering excellence, professional development, professional registration and internationalisation, we continue to strengthen our identity as a trusted home for engineers and a beacon for lifelong learning.

Over the past year, we have made signi cant progress on multiple fronts. Since consolidating our chartership under the Chartered Engineering Board, IES has expanded into a new sector for road tra c design professionals and streamlined recognition for practitioners across disciplines. A landmark collaboration with the Singapore Army now enables defence engineers to gain industry-recognised Chartered accreditations.

Through the IES Academy, we continue to equip our engineers with future-ready skills in sustainability and emerging technologies. As a Skills Development Partner appointed by SkillsFuture Singapore and a recipient of the 2025 NTUC Partner of Labour Movement Award, IES continued to demonstrate our enduring commitment to workforce transformation, bene ting over 1,000 engineers from our suite of leadership programmes for young, advanced and global leaders.

2025 has been a year of milestones. From the World Engineering Day: Charles Rudd Distinguished Global Lectures, National Engineers Day, World Engineers Summit 2025 to CAFEO43, IES has convened local and global minds to address challenges in climate change, clean energy and digitalisation. Partnerships with ITE, Singapore Polytechnic and others have expanded professional pathways and enhanced cybersecurity, inclusivity and practice-based certi cation.

At the heart of IES is a deep commitment to recognise and uplift our people. Each year, we honour individuals and organisations whose work exempli es engineering excellence, from the IES Lifetime Engineering Achievement Award to the IES Sustainability Awards and IES Outstanding Partner Award. This year, the inaugural IES Scholarship Awards from the IES Scholarship Fund awarded six outstanding students from ITE, polytechnics and universities, to support them in their pursuit of an engineering education. These recipients remind us that engineering is about people, perseverance and passion in building a better world.

To commemorate SG60, IES is launching an IES-SG60 Commemorative Booklet that traces six decades of engineering milestones which have shaped Singapore’s growth. This publication celebrates the ingenuity of engineers who turned our nation’s aspirations into reality, from water resilience and transport networks to digital transformation and sustainability.

In conjunction with IES’s 60th celebration next year, we are also introducing the IES60 App, our rst institutional platform fully integrated with CRM. These initiatives strengthen digital trust and make it easier for members to connect, learn and grow with IES.

As we look ahead, IES will continue to champion our profession, deepen collaboration and harness innovation to shape a resilient, inclusive and forward-looking Singapore. Behind every bridge, skyline and sustainable solution stands an engineer. And behind every engineer stands IES.

IES LIFETIME ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENT AWARD 2025

Professor Lim Siong Guan

In his 50 year-long public service career from 1969 to 2019, Lim Siong Guan engineered sustainable success in every organisation he led. He did so primarily by creating a culture that harnessed the energy and creativity of his people and organising structures and systems for long-term success so that the organisation would be “in time for the future”. His leadership philosophy is: “Think People. Think Future. Think Excellence.”

After graduating from the University of Adelaide in Mechanical Engineering, Siong Guan started serving his scholarship bond at the Mechanical Branch of the Public Works Department. After a few weeks, he was transferred to the Sewerage Branch of the Public Works Department. While it was certainly not the most sought-after of postings, Siong Guan enjoyed learning on the job.

In 1970, Dr Goh Keng Swee, who was the mastermind of Singapore’s economy and defence, took Siong Guan into the Ministry of Defence. Siong Guan became a Systems Engineer - dreaming, planning, doing, and learning on various projects he knew nothing about, including setting up the Junior Flying Club.

Dr Goh later selected Siong Guan to become the General Manger of Singapore Automotive Engineering (SAE) when he was 24. During his tenure, Siong Guan made SAE pro table, and more importantly, he infused the sta with a sense of mission and a spirit of enterprise.

In 1978, Siong Guan became the rst Principal Private Secretary to Singapore’s founding Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, after which he became the Permanent Secretary of four ministries for 25 years: the Ministry of Defence (1981–1994), the Public Service Division of the Prime Minister’s O ce (1994 –1998), the Ministry of Education (1997–1999), and the Ministry of Finance (1999 –2006). He was the Head of the Singapore Civil Service from 1999 to 2005.

He chaired the Singapore Economic Development Board from 2006 to 2009, and served as Group President of GIC, Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund, from 2007 to 2016, and then as Advisor to its Group Executive Committee from 2017 to 2019.

Today, Siong Guan is Emeritus Professor at the National University of Singapore and a Distinguished Practitioner Fellow at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, where he teaches leadership, governance, future readiness, organisational excellence, and change management.

For his various contributions, the Singapore Government conferred on Siong Guan the Order of Nila Utama (First Class) in 2006, the Meritorious Service Medal in 1991, and the Public Administration Medal (Gold) in 1982. He was also named the fourth S R Nathan Fellow for the Study of Singapore in 2017.

IES HONORARY FELLOW AWARD 2025

Mr Tan is the Senior Minister of State in the Prime Minister’s O ce and the Deputy Secretary-General of the National Trade Union Congress (NTUC). He plays a key role in empowering companies and workers to thrive in a rapidly changing economy.

As Group Director of the NTUC’s Transformation and Training Group, Mr Tan expanded its Company Training Committee (CTC) programme for over 3,600 businesses to better identify and implement their transformation needs. In the age of Arti cial Intelligence (AI) and automation, he believes in a “just transition” where workers are not left behind. He oversaw initiatives on job redesign, upskilling and helping workers adapt to technological changes. Under his stewardship, there have been more than 480 transformation projects. Today, he continues to nurture an inclusive, smart society by encouraging companies to uplift workers in their quest to become future proof.

From 2020 to 2022, Mr Tan was the Minister of State for Home A airs and Sustainability and the Environment. He was instrumental in advocating policies on sustainable business practices. His involvement in the Singapore Green Plan was signi cant in transforming the nation into a city of sustainability. Some of its initiatives include adopting energy-e cient technologies, scaling up solar deployment and implementing infrastructural upgrades for electric vehicles.

An engineer by training, Mr Tan graduated from the University of Manchester, U.K. with a Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) in Aeronautical Engineering. He has a Master's in Business Administration from the Nanyang Business School.

Prior to joining politics, he spent over 30 years in public service. He was the Chief Executive Director (CED) of the People’s Association (PA) and held various key appointments in the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) and the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF).

He holds the position of Executive Secretary for the Singapore Industrial and Services Employees’ Union (SISEU) and is the Advisor to the Supply Chain Employees’ Union (SCEU).

Mr Tan is passionate about improving people’s lives alongside technology and sustainability. He continues to support community innovation as he believes that ground-up ideas will go a long way in shaping and navigating the future.

IES OUTSTANDING PARTNER AWARD

Enterprise Singapore (EnterpriseSG) is the proud recipient of the prestigious IES Outstanding Partner Award 2025. This recognition underscores the strong partnership and support with the Institution of Engineers, Singapore (IES) in advancing standards development, engineering excellence and professional capacity building for Singapore.

Since 2015, EnterpriseSG has partnered IES to achieve major milestones in standards development. EnterpriseSG has guided IES in forming the Building & Construction Standards Committee and Transportation Standards Committee, which have developed new standards as well as revised existing ones. These standards are referenced in BCA’s Approved Documents and Green Mark as well as LTA’s Electric Vehicle Charging Act and initiatives in autonomous vehicles and railway systems operations and maintenance. Beyond de ning engineering quality, standards such as TR 141 Hybrid cooling system for air-conditioning, TR 25 Electric vehicles charging system and SS IEC 60812 Failure modes and e ects analysis are shaping the future by building trust in engineering practice.

The deployment of TR 141 on Hybrid cooling systems in the built environment supports building owners in achieving up to a 30 % energy reduction by operating air-conditioning systems at higher temperature set-point with fan integration,

maintaining comfort while signi cantly reducing cooling load.

The implementation of TR 25 - Part 4:Battery swapping has enabled widespread adoption and opened new market opportunities for both local and international providers of electric motorcycles utilising battery-swapping technology.

The adoption of SS IEC 60812 in the railway sector has enhanced railway system reliability by reducing project risks through early identi cation of potential failures, comprehensive impact assessment, and proactive mitigation measures.

Through participation in Enterprise Singapore’s Young Professional Standards Bootcamp and Standards Development Training workshop, IES ensures its professionals are prepared to contribute to Singapore's standards ecosystem. Beyond standards, EnterpriseSG has also partnered with IES to nurture engineering startups, fostering a vibrant ecosystem where innovation and standardisation go hand in hand.

These long-term partnerships re ect IES’ and EnterpriseSG’s commitment to advancing Singapore’s engineering landscape. EnterpriseSG will continue to work with IES to strengthen engineering capabilities and support the growth and success of the profession.

HIGHLIGHTS OF IES ANNUAL DINNER 2024

A*STAR Institute for Infocomm ResearchAutonomous Collaborative Patrolling Robots

A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research (A*STAR I2R), in collaboration with Home Team Science and Technology Agency (HTX), has developed a eet of Autonomous and Collaborative Patrolling Robots to enhance public safety. Starting with MATAR robot series in 2018, innovations included 3D LiDAR-based cooperative and contextual-aware navigation, AI-powered anomaly detection, and the world’s rst tethered drone patrol robot. Trials at major national events showed up to 50% reduction in manual patrolling e orts. Extensions include the ISERO indoor escort robot and the Buddy ridable patrol robot, which can be a personal mobility device and to operate autonomously to perform search and security related tasks. A spin-o company, backed by seed investment funding from SIIX Singapore and SIIX-AGT, is now driving commercialization in Singapore and internationally.

China Communications Construction Company Ltd and One Smart Engineering Pte Ltd - Construction of

Viaduct and Tunnels for Rapid Transit System (RTS) Link, China

Collaboration is key to successful implementation of innovative and sustainable solutions

Jointly developed by Singapore’s Land Transport Authority (LTA) and Malaysia, the Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS) Link is a 4 km cross-border rail project. Main Contractor China Communications Construction Company Limited (Singapore Branch) and Consultant One Smart Engineering have adopted innovative construction methods focused on productivity, safety, and sustainability. These include the rst-in-Singapore “Bath-tub” dry chamber for marine pile cap construction, marine reverse circulation drilling (RCD) for bored piles, and segmental bridge launching using 180T lifting frames. The RTS viaduct sets a new benchmark in sustainable marine infrastructure, with scalable, low-impact techniques transferable to future regional and global coastal projects.

Defence Science and Technology AgencySAFTI CITY – The SAF's Next Generation Smart Training Facility

The SAFTI City team, led by DSTA with members from the Singapore Army and ST Engineering, has successfully delivered a large scale system-ofsystems instrumented training facility. The team designed and developed the facility from the ground up to recreate a modern cityscape that optimises limited space for urban training. They applied and integrated  cutting-edge technologies to the facility, providing realistic training that transforms SAF’s training experience for urban operations. The team’s novel designs increase variability and exibility in the facility to maximise its ability to provide high training throughput, and meet the evolving training needs of the Singapore Armed Forces.

Housing & Development Board - Innovative Building Maintenance Solutions: CRR and Microwave Scanning Technology

Housing & Development Board (HDB) developed two complementary engineering solutions to address concrete spalling and water seepage in public housing.

Corrosion-Resistant Repair (CRR) applies a marine-grade coating system to ceilings, forming a continuous barrier that halts rebar corrosion and prevents recurrence.

In parallel, HDB co-developed a microwave scanning tool that non-invasively maps subsurface moisture and can detect corrosion and spalling risks before they become visible.

These technologies enable proactive maintenance, reduce inconvenience and enhance durability of aging ats.

Land Transport Authority - Large-Scale Fire Tests to Validate Electric Bus Safety in Singapore

To support Singapore's Land Transport Master Plan 2040's goal of 100% clean energy vehicles, this project investigates electric bus re risks, where data captured is still valuable in evaluating existing infrastructures’ capability in handling EV res in general for road tunnels and bus infrastructure.

Rapid EV adoption has outpaced re safety developments, as evidenced by global incidents. Lithium-ion battery thermal runaway presents distinct re risks compared to internal combustion engines vehicles, potentially causing property loss, casualties and public scrutiny.

However, technical data on EV res remains limited. This world- rst research examines EV re characteristics, assesses suppression system e ectiveness and identi es additional safety measures to secure Singapore's EV transition.

Land Transport Authority - Smart and Energy E cient Street Lighting System with Remote Control and Monitoring System (RCMS)

Singapore's Land Transport Authority has achieved a world- rst milestone by implementing the Remote Control and Monitoring System (RCMS) nation wide across 120,000 LED streetlights.

At the heart of the RCMS lies the enterprise-grade Street Lighting Management Software (SLMS) platform to integrate advanced analytics capabilities, real-time monitoring functions and enabling sophisticated features such as condition monitoring and automated fault alerting.

The innovative Environmental Lighting Control feature uses sensor-data driven solutions for dynamic response to environmental lighting conditions, automatically extending operations during inclement weather while maintaining optimal visibility.

RCMS enhances streetlights operations to achieve better productivity and improve sustainability with energy saving and reduction of CO2 emissions.

Land Transport Authority - Thomson East-Coast Line Stage 4 - Engineering Sustainability and Excellence in Singapore's Rail

Corridor

The Thomson-East Coast Line Stage 4 (TEL4), o cially opened in June 2024, is a transformative milestone in Singapore’s urban rail development. TEL4 halves travel time to the city and provides walkable access to public transit. Overcoming complex urban challenges, TEL4 safely navigated dense underground utilities, challenging ground condition and population-dense urban heartlands.

TEL4 exempli es engineering excellence, featuring adaptive tunnelling solutions, pioneering digital construction and sustainability innovations like green roofs and hybrid cooling systems. TEL4 rede nes excellence in urban infrastructure by adopting technological innovation, environmental responsibility, and community-centered delivery.

CRecTech Pte Ltd - Catalytic Innovation Enabling A ordable Green Bio-methanol

CRecTech, a deep-tech spino from National University of Singapore, has developed CRecREF™, a modular catalytic technology that simpli es bio-methanol production from the conventional four-step route to just two steps, reducing costs by up to 50%. This breakthrough makes it possible to turn waste biomass and biogas directly into renewable methanol at scale. Switching to green

methanol can cut CO2 emissions by up to 95%, o ering shipping a clear path toward net zero. With Southeast Asia’s abundant biomass resources and Singapore’s role as a global bunkering hub, CRecTech is uniquely positioned to accelerate the maritime industry’s transition to a ordable, sustainable energy.

Nanosun Pte Ltd - nanobubble Catalytic Oxidation System (n-COS)

In order to address the challenge statement of water recovery from high strength wastewater from Croda and PUB, Nanosun reinvented an innovative nanobubble Catalytic Oxidation System (n-COS) to convert the “CANNOT BE TREATED” high strength wastewater into reclaimed water, and won the Jurong Island Innovation Challenge (JIIC) 2021 supported by ESG and JTC.

The innovative technology by Nanosun proved to be a green, sustainable technology with great potential to reshape the green and sustainable image of Industrial Partner to reinforce their growth path toward sustainable future with being adopted by increasing clients from petrochemical, semiconductor, and pharmaceutical, etc.

IES SCHOLARSHIP AWARD RECIPIENTS

The IES Scholarship empowers high-achieving, passionate engineering students to excel. Awarded based on academic merit and co-curricular records, it gives special consideration to applicants who require nancial support to access a world-class engineering education.

UNIVERSITY CATEGORY

Rachael

Chan Wen Xuan

Xue Xian Tan

Joseph

Hansini Prisha

Kannan

Singaporean

Singaporean

Singaporean

POLYTECHNIC CATEGORY

Chris Goh

ITE CATEGORY

Ahmad Danish

Bin Johan

Kayden Koh

Singaporean

Singaporean

Singaporean

Nanyang Technological University - Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering

Singapore Institute of Technology - Bachelor of Mechatronics Systems

National University of Singapore - Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

Nanyang Polytechnic - Diploma in Robotics and Mechatronics

ITE Higher Nitec in Electronics Engineering

ITE Nitec in Aerospace Technology

National University of Singapore - SHINE: Self-healing actuatable electroluminescent bre for sustainable interactive technologies

SHINE is a self-healing, magnetically actuatable light-emitting bre that stays bright, durable, and repairable for over ten months. Its coaxial architecture enables record-breaking luminance at low elds and function recovery after severing,

reducing e-waste and integration complexity. The team’s innovation turns sustainable materials science into practical, scalable interactive technologies.

IESF-YAYASAN MENDAKI SCHOLARSHIP AWARD RECIPIENTS

The IESF-Yayasan Mendaki Scholarship was launched in 1985 and is awarded to two Malay/ Muslim students from a local University and Polytechnic. This scholarship aims to enable them to pursue their engineering studies.

Name Course Institution

Muhammad Bachelor Of Nanyang

Tsaqiif Bin Yuso Engineering in Technological Electrical and University Electronic Engineering

Ayumi Erraziqa Diploma in Republic

Binte Mohd Aerospace Polytechnic

Imran Lau Engineering

Samwoh Corporation Pte Ltd - E ective Use of Sedimentary Rock from Jurong Rock Caverns in Structural Concrete for Building Construction

This JTC-Samwoh collaborative study demonstrates the successful use of sedimentary rocks excavated from deep cavern construction as sustainable coarse aggregates for structural concrete. The research optimized Jurong Rock Cavern materials for concrete columns and slabs, incorporating recycled pozzolanic materials to prevent Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR). Results show that purposeful utilization of excavated sedimentary rocks reduces embodied carbon by approximately 50% compared to conventional granite-based concrete. This approach promotes circular economy principles while providing the built environment sector with an alternative aggregate source that mitigates price volatility and supply chain disruptions, establishing a new paradigm for sustainable construction materials.

Sedimentary Rock

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The IES 59th Annual Dinner Organising Committee would like to express its appreciation to the following advertisers and sponsors for their kind and generous support:

ABB Pte Ltd

Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)

A-Kinetics Pte Ltd

Apeiron Pte Ltd

Aquatech Products & Services Pte Ltd

Asiatic Engineering Pte Ltd

Association of Consulting Engineers

Singapore

Azbil Singapore Pte Ltd

Bescon Consulting Engineers Pte

C2D Solutions Pte Ltd

Cam l Singapore Pte Ltd

Cantal Electric Pte Ltd

Carrier Singapore (Pte) Ltd

CASY Engineering Consultancy Pte Ltd

CHANGI-Light Pte Ltd

Chevalier Singapore Holdings Pte Ltd

China Communications Construction Company Limited (Singapore Branch)

Chuan Lim Construction Pte Ltd

City Developments Limited

College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore

Continental Steel Pte Ltd

CREC Construction Pte Ltd

cts GmbH

Cutech Quality Solutions Pte Ltd

Cycle Aire (S) Pte Ltd

Daikin Airconditioning (Singapore) Pte Ltd

DDC BIM Design Pte Ltd

Defence Science and Technology Agency

Difuze (S) Pte Ltd

DLM Pte Ltd

D-Team Engineering Pte Ltd

ECAS Consultants Pte Ltd

Enercov (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Engineers 9000 Pte Ltd

Expand Construction Pte Ltd

Expedite Aircon and Electrical Pte Ltd

Fintex Industries Pte Ltd

Gathergates Switchgear Pte Ltd

Geonamics (S) Pte Ltd

Great Resources M&E Contractor Pte Ltd

GRUNDFOS (S) Pte Ltd

Hexacon Construction Pte Ltd

HI-TEK Construction Pte Ltd

Housing & Development Board

Huawei International

Huber Ranner (Singapore) Pte Ltd

IESA-NTUC

Impact Special Metals

Industrial Concrete Products Sdn Bhd

JLFC Pte Ltd

JS Creates Pte Ltd

JTC

Kaira Technologies Pte Ltd

KCL Consultants Pte Ltd

Keller Foundations (SE Asia) Pte Ltd

Kienta Engineering Construction Pte Ltd

King Wan Construction Pte Ltd

KTC Civil Engineering & Construction Pte Ltd

Land Transport Authority

LCE Engineering Pte Ltd

Leong CW & Associates Pte Ltd

LSK Engineering (S) Pte Ltd

M&C Engineering and Trading (S) Pte Ltd

Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA)

Markpoint Engineering Pte Ltd

Maxi Morrie Engineering Pte Ltd

Mitsubishi Electric Asia Pte Ltd

Mr Mervyn Sirisena

Nam Leong Co (Pte) Ltd

Nanosun Pte Ltd

Nanyang Technological University

National Environment Agency

Natural Cool Air-Conditioning & Engineering Pte Ltd

Nexon Engineering Pte Ltd

Ngee Cheng Electric Co (Pte) Ltd

NM Fire (S) Pte Ltd

NTUC LearningHub Pte Ltd

OLS Manufacturing Co Pte Ltd

ON Engineers Pte Ltd

ONE Smart Engineering Pte Ltd

Pintary Foundations Pte Ltd

Poh Meng Engineering Pte Ltd

Presico Engineering Pte Ltd

PSA Corporation Limited

Reliant International Engineering Pte Ltd

RELX (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Rico Engineering Works Pte Ltd

Rosenberg East Asia Pte Ltd

RYB Engineering Pte Ltd

Policy & Plans O ce

Public Sector Science & Technology

Samwoh Corporation Pte Ltd

Santarli Construction Pte Ltd

SBS Transit Rail Pte Ltd

Schneider Electric Singapore Pte Ltd

Sembcorp Architects & Engineers Pte Ltd

Seng Choon Engineering Pte Ltd

SIA Engineering Company

Signify Singapore Pte Ltd

Singapore Aero Engine Services Private Limited

Singapore Institute of Technology

Singapore Polytechnic

Singapore University of Social Sciences

SMRT Corporation Ltd

ST Engineering Aerospace

Star Academy Pte Ltd

Sunray Woodcraft Construction Pte Ltd

Syntech Switchgear and Engineering Pte Ltd

Systemair (SEA) Pte Ltd

Tai Sin Electric Limited

TEMBUSU Asia Consulting Pte Ltd

Tong Loong Engineering Pte. Ltd.

Tower Transit Singapore Pte Ltd

Vanguard Fire Systems Pte Ltd

Vertiv (Singapore) Pte Ltd

VibroPower Pte Ltd

Visionics Engineering Pte Ltd

Welltech Construction Pte Ltd

Woh Hup (Private) Limited

WSG Engineering Pte Ltd

Yaskawa Asia Paci c Pte Ltd

Yokogawa Engineering Asia Pte Ltd

Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.