Over 1,000 Cornellians packed into Bailey Hall on Monday night to attend Educate the Vote, an event that aimed to provide students with necessary political information to watch the 2016 election’s first, highly anticipated, presidential debate
The event featured a four-person panel, which debated issues of immigration and incarceration, and was timed to finish just as the presidential debate began Students were allowed remain in the audience to watch the debate from a large screen on the stage
The panel began with opening remarks from speakers, focusing on their areas of expertise Reihan Salam, the executive editor of the National Review and a National Review Institute Policy fellow, discussed the way that our historic perspective on immigration may not be valid today
“If you ’ re thinking about increasing upward mobility of everyone, you may have to think about creating an immigration policy that is very different from immigration policy of the past, ” he said, drawing attention to the difficulties second generation citizens face in achieving economic success
Marc Levin, director of the Center for Effective
Cornellians Consider Hot Topics Before Presidential Debate Rawlings SharesHop e of Connecting ‘One Cornell’
across different campuses at a Graduate and Professional Student Assembly Meeting Monday
In response to questions from graduate students, Rawlings presented the concept of “One Cornell,” which has two aspects one related to curriculum and another aimed at Cornell’s three New York Campuses
To establish the curricular half of the concept, Rawlings said he intends to “do a curriculum review for all our undergraduate colleges, focused on the College of Arts and Sciences, but involving perhaps the other colleges as well ”
Cornell’ in that sense ”
GPSA members also asked for commentary concerning administrative involvement in the unionization of Cornell Graduate Students United, following an Aug 24 National Labor Relations Board ruling that graduate students are workers with the right to unionize
Over the summer, the administration collaborated with CGSU to come to an agreement designed to ensure a cooperative and successful process, according to Rawlings
By DAVE JANECZEK Sun Staff Writer
Although this August saw the completion of three large apartment buildings and the addition of nearly 200 bedrooms to the supply of housing in Collegetown, the annual rush to sign leases in Collegetown shows no sign of slowing, according to several major landlords in the neighborhood Leasing for Collegetown apart-
By ANNA DELWICHE Sun Staff Writer
ments has been “comparable to last year ” and “in line with what we projected,” according to Josh Lower ’05, the developer of Collegetown Crossing at 307 College Ave
Comparing the student housing process from one year to another is difficult due to annual variations in student taste, Lower emphasized
“Some years three-bedrooms are more popular, some years fourbedrooms are more popular, so
Besides focusing on curriculum solely within each of the seven colleges, Rawlings’ concept of “One Cornell” aims to connect them all extending beyond the undergraduate colleges to Weill Cornell Medical College and Cornell Tech
“My concern is that we keep those three linked very well together, rather than let them just fade apart, ” Rawlings said “My idea is to put a fair amount of emphasis on ‘One
there isn’t an exact date when you clear all of your apartments, ” he said “It really varies from year to year ” George Avramis, of Student Rentals Ithaca, agreed with Lower, saying that “leasing has been generally on par with the past few years ”
“Some [of our] buildings are 50 percent leased, some buildings are 100 percent leased, but we ’ re close to 70 to 75 percent leased overall,”
“The reason it’s especially important is that this is an issue that could affect all graduate students all graduate students, not just the ones who decide that they would like to have a union,” he said “So as we see it, our responsibility is to ensure a really good process in which every possible graduate student votes, if it comes to it ”
To read the rest of this story, please visit cornellsun com
Anna Delwiche can be reached at adelwiche@cornellsun com
Avramis said The addition of the three new buildings to Collegetown 307 College Ave, 327 Eddy St and 205 Dryden Road has “maybe [led to] a little bit of a decrease in the market for higher-end apartments, ” although the prices students are willing to pay for apartments remains “all over the board,” according to Avramis Lower said that his company, Urban Ithaca Real Estate, starts
renting apartments in the early fall and usually generally has the vast majority rented by the end of November
The pressure students experience in the process of finding a Collegetown apartment is notorious among the student body “lose a friend over signing a lease in Collegetown” is one of the on The Sun’s 161 Things Every Cornellian
MICHAELA BREW / SUN
Interim President Hunter Rawlings shared a plan to unite Cornellians through curriculum and
Daybook
Law School Day
11 a m - 2 p m , Noyes Community Recreation Center
Voter Registration Drive
11 a m - 3 p m , 626 Thurston Ave
ORIE Colloquium: Learning Over Large Domains With Jayadev Archarya 4:15 p m , 253 Rhodes Hall
The French Burkini Ban: Secularism, Security, And Politics of Gender
5 - 6:30 p m , G76 Lewis Auditorium, Goldwin Smith Hall
Mass Incarceration: An Experience Shared By 65 Million Americans 7:30 p m , G10 Biotechnology Building
Borders and Ballots 7:30 - 9 p m , Rhodes Rawlings Auditorium, Klarman Hall
Get Your Flu Shot! 9 a m - 4 p m , Memorial Room, Willard Straight Hall
Housing Master Plan Open Forum Noon - 1 p m , 105 Ives Hall 4:30 p m - 5:30 p m , Lewis Auditorium, Goldwin Smith Hall
Earth Observation for Tropical Forest Monistoring In the Climate Change Context 12:20 - 1:10 p m , 135 Emerson Hall
C U Music: Midday Music for Organ 12:30 - 1:15 p m , Chapel, Annabel Taylor Hall
Intro to Zotero 3 - 4 p m , 160 Mann Library
(A) Live and Kicking: Navigating Dissent In Pakistan’s Mediascape 4:30 - 5:30 p m , 107 Olin Library
Felicity Scott: Playing on Insecurities 5:15 p m , Abby and Howard Milstein Auditorium
C U Music Presents the JACK Quartet / CCCP 8 - 9:30 p m , Auditorium, Barnes Hall
Students Report
Lack of Sleep, Cite Commitments
By LAUREN WOODS Sun Contributor
De s p i t e a n a b u n d a n c e o f e v i d e n c e e m p h a s i z i n g t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s l e e p, C o r n e l l s t u d e n t s s t i l l re p o r t s t r u g -
g l i n g t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h e re c o m m e n d e d h o u r s o f
s l e e p i n t o t h e i r d a i l y s c h e d l h s t re s s e s o f s c h o o l w o rk a n d u l a r a n d s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s In a s u r ve y d i s t r i b u t e d b
Su n , C o r n e l l i a n s r e p o r t e d va r y i n g a ve r a g e h o u r s o f s l e e p e r n i g h t Ha l f o f t h e 2 8 re s p o n d e n t s re p re s e n ti n g s i x o f t h e s e ve n u n d e rg r a d u a t e c o l l e g e s s a i d t h e y g e t , o n a ve r a g e , t h e Na t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f
H e a l t h r e c o m m e n d e d s e v e n t o n i n e h o u r s o f s l e e p t h a t y o u n g a d u l t s n e e d T h e o t h e r h a l f, h owe ve r, re p o r t e d t h a t t h e y s l e e
e ve n l e s s T h e l owe s t re p o r t e d a ve
a m o u n t o f s l e e p w a s f o u r h n i g h t Mo s t s t u d e n t s a l s o t h a t t h e y t y p i c a l l y w a k e u
a n d 9 a m , a n d g o t o s l e e p b e t we e n m i d n i g h t a n d 3 a m Wa k i n g u p e a r l y a n d g o i n g t o s l e e p t h i s l a t e t a k e s a t o l l o n s t u d e n t s a n d h ow t h e y p e r f o r m a c a d e m i c a l l y, a c c o rd i n g t o re s p o n d e n t s A l m o s t 9 0 p e rc e n t o f p a r t i c ip a n t s i n t h e s u r ve y s a i d t h a t t h e y w o u l d p ro b a b l y p e rf o r m b e t t e r a c a d e m i c a l l y i f t h e y s l e p t m o re e a c h n i g h t
Se ve n t y - t w o p e rc e n t o f re s p o n d e n t s a l s o s a i d g e t t i n g a s u f f i c i e n t a m o u n t o f s l e e p o n a d a i l y b a s i s i s s i g n i f i c a n t -
l y i m p o r t a n t
“ I t h i n k s l e e p i s s u c h a n i m p o r t a n t t h i n g f o r a d o l e s -
c e n t s , ” s a i d Is a b e l l e Ph i l i p p e ’ 1 9 , w h o s t u d i e s h u m a n b i o l o g y, h e a l t h a n d s o c i e t y i n t h e C o l l e g e o f Hu m a n
Ec o l o g y “ In s c h o o l , I t h i n k i t i s ve r y h a rd t o re c e i ve t h e
Do you think you would perform better academically if you got more sleep per night?
m i n i m u m s l e e p re q u i re m e n t s s u g g e s t e d f o r a d o l e s c e n t s b e c a u s e o f t h e p re s s u re t o d o we l l a c a d e m i c a l l y w h i l e s t i l l b e i n g a b l e t o k e e p u p s o c i a l l y ” Fi f t y p e rc e n t o f s t u d e n t s a d d e d t h a t t h e i r c u r re n t s l e e p i n g h a b i t s a re o n l y s o m e t i m e s e f f e c t i ve , a n d t h a t t h e y d o n o t a l w a y s w o rk w i t h m a x i m u m e f f i c i e n c y Howe ve r, s t u d e n t s i n t e r v i e we d s t a t e t h a t s l e e p i n g f o r s e ve n t o n i n e h o u r s e ve r y n i g h t i s n o t re a l i s t i c “ Be c a u s e o f l o n g p r a c t i c e s a n d h o u r s o f h o m e w o rk , I n e ve r re a c h t h e re c o m m e n d e d e i g h t h o u r s o f s l e e p, ” s a i d K a t Qu i g l e y ’ 1 9 , a s t u d e n t i n t h e C o l l e g e o f Ho t e l
Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n , w h o i s a l s o i n vo l ve d i n va r s i t y a t h l e t i c s “ I c a n b a re l y k e e p m y e ye s o p e n i n m y t w o f a vo r i t e c l a s s e s , w h i c h h a p p e n t o b e a t 8 : 4 0 [ i n t h e m o r n i n g ] e ve r y d a y ”
T h e n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s w h o re p o r t e d t h a t t h e y re gu l a r l y t a k e n a p s w a s e s s e n t i a l l y s p l i t i n h a l f Ma n y s t u d e n t s u s e n a p s t o t a k e a b re a k f ro m t h e i r h e c t i c s c h e d u l e s a n d c a t c h u p o n t h e s l e e p t h e y m i s s e d “ I l i k e n a p s b e c a u s e I d o n ’ t h a ve t o t h i n k a b o u t a n yt h i n g e l s e w h i l e I ’ m t a k i n g o n e , ” s a i d L e e n a Mo r r i s ’ 1 9 , a n e n v i ro n m e n t s c i e n c e a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y m a j o r i n t h e C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u re a n d L i f e S c i e n c e s W h e n a s k e d i f t h e y c o n s i d e r e d t h e m s e l v e s s l e e p d e p r i ve d , 3 9 p e rc e n t o f s t u d e n t s re s p o n de d w i t h “ y e s , ” 2 5 p e r c e n t s a i d “ n o ” a n d 3 6 p e rc e n t s a i d “ i n b e t we e n ” St u d e n t s s u p p l i e d a va r i e t y o f re a s o n s f o r t h e i r s l e e p d e p r i va t i o n , r a n g i n g f ro m p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a t h l e t i c s t o l a r g e w o rk l o a d s t o n o t b e i n g a b l e t
“I can barely keep my eyes open in my two favorite classes, which happen to be at 8:40 ” K a t Q u i g l e y ’ 1 9
edu
CUPD Annual Report: Crime Increased Slightly in 2015
‘Campus Watch’ report which s
that occur around campus ever y year show a slight increase in on-campus crime
week, includes campus crime statistics for the past three calendar years, University safety policies and resources for Cornell students on campus and in the City of Ithaca
According to the CUPD’s statistical crime record, 25 reported incidents occurred on campus in
2015, an increase from the 21 reported in 2014 Of these 25 incidents, 20 occurred in residential facilities Burglar y was
offenses
O t h e r o n - c a m p u s c r i m e s from 2015 include 193 referrals for liquor law violations, two
reports of rape, one arrest for we a p o n s p o s s e s s i o n a n d t h re e cases of domestic violence
The number of arrests for driv i n g w h i l e i n t o x i c a t e d w a s i n
h
e e years, with three, 43 and 17 arrests occurring in 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively
The report also details safety measures specific to Cornell students, such as how to operate the Blue Light system and keep their valuables safe in residence halls
Although next year ’ s repor t w i l l i n c l u d e t h e d e a t h o f Anthony Nazaire who was s t a b b e d o u t s i d e o f W i l l a rd Straight Hall on the morning of
“The Cornell police department can focus on issues that are unique to our campus.”
S y d n e y W o l f e ’ 2 0
Aug 28 students have said that they generally feel safe on campus
Ke v i n Kow a l s k i ’ 2 0 a g re e d with this sentiment, adding that he believes 2015’s crime rates were in line with expectations for any large campus community
Sydney Wolfe ’20 agreed that Cornell is a generally safe environment, attributing this to campus police policies that specifically benefit college students
“ The Cornell police department can focus on issues that are unique to our campus and to Cornell students,” Wolfe said “ Their approach to matters like d r i n k i n g a l c o h o l a re d i f f e re n t than the state or Ithaca police, which I think increases our safety ”
In the report, CUPD Chief Kathy Zoner said she is “proud to lead” the Cornell Police in protecting the Cornell community and encouraged students to remain aware of campus safety issues
“Ever yone wants a positive experience at Cornell,” Zoner s a i d i n ‘ C a m p u s Wa t c h ’ “Pledging to act sensibly, honestly and with an attitude of mutual respect and civility means that your time spent at Cornell will be productive and enjoyable ”
“As a whole, for such a big campus, those aren ’ t surprising numbers,” Kowalski said “Even the number of burglaries isn’t that high, considering how many people don’t lock their doors I’ve never felt threatened by another s t u d e n t o r f e l t u n s a f e i n m y dorm room ”
Lauren Woods can be reached at lew95@cornell
Sweet dreams | Half of ents surveyed indicated that receive less than the recommended amount of sleep
By KATHERINE HEANEY Sun Contributor
CAMERON POLLACK / SUN PHOTOGRAPHY ED TOR
The Race and Empathy Project will allow Cornellians to share stories that evoke racial empathy in Mann Library over the next few months I hear you
Katherine Heaney can be reached at keh224@cornell edu
Panel Previews Issues Dominating Election Before Debate
DEBATE
Justice at the Texas Public Policy Foundation, discussed the histo-
r y o f i n c a r c e r a t i o n p o l i c y i n Southern states, emphasizing the success of alternatives to simple incarceration
“ Mo s t p
we ’ re afraid of, not those we ’ re mad at, ” Levin said
Pr o f Ve s l a M
We
r, African American studies, Yale
Un
, asserting that “the prison system was not the result of happenstance ”
“It was the result of explicit policy choices visited upon the most vulnerable American citizens and communities that has just pulled the yoke off of Jim Crow,” she said
Despite their ideological diff
We
agreed that removing the small fee system which, in locations like Ferguson, Missouri, penalizes citizens for minor issues like unkempt lawns and public profanity could be an effective
address the United States’ high levels of incarceration
While Levin dismissed “forprofit” prisons as a large part of t h
We
much they agreed ”
Prof Karthick Ramakrishnan, public policy and political science, University of California, Riverside, noted in an inter view that campaign rhetoric has fundamentally changed immigration policy discussions
“ [ T h e ] w a y
D o n a l d Tr ump has framed immigration
i s n o t t h
“ We have net negative immigration from Mexico, and yet what
Landlords
Describe the Shortage of C-Town Housing
combined with the limited supply of apartments in Collegetown, combine to make signing a Collegetown lease a stressful experience
“In order to get into Cornell you have to be competitive,” he said “[Apartment seekers] are all competing to get the best location, the best deal and the nicest apartment ” He advised students to proceed through the housing process more carefully to ensure that they choose their best possible living arrangements
“Take your time, look at your options, try to be as quantitative and analytical as possible while factoring in some qualitative measures, ” he said “As with anything in life, look at your options and don’t be desperate ”
Dave Janeczek
we ’ re talking about is building
energize and inspire discussion of immigration that focuses more solidly on facts
“ The Clinton campaign strategy seems to be to let Donald Trump ‘fall on his own sword’
against him,” he said “But that’s
younger voters they need to be inspired to vote for someone
Clinton ”
The event was extremely pop-
ular on campus and sold out quickly, according to Isa Fortuño ’17, a manager at the Willard Straight Hall Resource Center, one of the locations selling tickets
“ We ran out of tickets six days before the event, ” Fortuño said Sam Turer ’18, one of the event ’ s student organizers, said all tickets were distributed within a few days and that students have said “they're excited to learn more than just sound bites from the event ”
The event planned in part
Management department of the College of Human Ecology
Cornell students and the greater
most relevant in the election,”
Turer said Ramakrishnan said he hoped the panel “energized” students to not only vote but also find other ways to impact politics “ Youth engagement is so crit-
ical to vitality of our democracy,” he said before the event “I’m hoping that an event like this will get people engaged not only in the election but in important policies regarding immigration and incarceration ”
Turer shared Ramakrishnan’s sentiment, adding that he hopes
responsibly
tonight and learning
change,” he said
about
Henry Kanengiser can be reached at hkanengiser@cornellsun com
ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT
2 0 0 9 2 1 s t C e n t u r y B re a k d ow n Gre e n D a
b r u s
s t o - l
t e t a k e o n p o l i t i c s w a s b o t h f a r t o o m i l q u e t o a s t t o s e r i o u s l y l i s t e n t o a s p o l i t i c a l p u n k , b u t t o o s i n c e re a n d i d e o l o g i c a l l y w e i g h t y t o r e w a r d c a s u a l l i s t e n i n g l i k e f e l l o w a g i n g p u n k s
D e s c e n d e n t s T h e b a n d k e p t 2 1 s t C e n t u r y B re a k d ow n a n d Am e r i c a n I d i o t’s b i g b u d g e t p r o d u c t i o n a n d s t re a m l i n e d p r o d u c t i o n f o r ¡ Un o ! , ¡ D o s ! a n d ¡ Tr é ! , b u t l e f t t h e v a g u e h e c t o r i n g b e h i n d T h e t r u t h c a m e o u t
T h e t r i l o g y w a s f i n e l i s t e n i n g m a t e r i a l T h e p r o b l e m w a s t h a t n o o n e s e e m e d a l l t h a t i n t e re s t e d i n l i s t e ni n g A s Ja s o n L i p s h u t z p o i n t e d o u t f o r Bi l l b o a rd i n 2 0 1 2 , a n u m b e r o f m i t i g a
There’s an old adage which says that images matter much more than facts It’s one that the 24-hour news cycle has exploited to no end, conflating entire political movements with visuals of a burning car or convincing the American public that Ohio Governor John Kasich at any given time of day is stuffing his face with a cheeseburger The Internet, too, possesses this nefarious power In one fell swoop, an iconic figure like Michael Jordan may find himself reduced to a tear y-eyed meme, just as a tragically slain gorilla may become an overnight martyr It’s a high-stakes game that mocks the entire field of Public Relations, effectively tying a figure’s reputation to a few unfortunate stills In 2016, a subtler form of this defamation has plagued none other than Jay-Z, a man once uniquely capable of balancing corporate ambi-
t i o n s w i t h c h a r t - t o pping dominance and an undeniably cool exterior This particular issue
b r i n g s i n t o p l a y L e m o n a d e , a c u l t u r a l moment of an album that incidentally caused a meme storm inspired by Mr Carter’s alleged infidelity to Beyoncé Perhaps it was the Led Zeppelin-sampling aggression of “Don’t Hurt Yourself,” the lyrical considerations of violence on “Hold Up” or the accompanying visual of Queen Bey joyously smashing car windows that did it Regardless, Twitter exploded into a flurr y of sadeyed Jay-Z memes, paired with any number of cringeworthy and offensive captions Whether or not its infidelity narrative is based in truth, let us not forget that Lemonade is also a product designed to make a whole lot of money, and it’s hard to imagine that marketing experts like Jay (who supposedly helped develop the stor y arc for the album, and released it exclusively on his streaming ser vice) and Beyoncé didn’t anticipate such a response However, putting this amount of attention on a figure who has remained relatively quiet in recent years brings to mind the question: What do we expect from Jay-Z in 2016?
The question of what artists “ owe ” us, as fans and consumers, is a recurring one, typically met with some brainy think-piece concluding that they don’t owe us a damn thing Of course, Jay-Z has never been just a rapper, and throughout the last twenty years has (amidst other ventures) founded a music label, fashion line, sports agency and streaming ser vice, accruing a net worth nearing half a billion dollars Few people in the world, and even fewer in the music industr y, have shown anything resembling his level of business acumen “I’d sell fire in hell / I am a hustler, baby, I’ll sell water to a well,” he rapped on 2001’s The Blueprint Jay’s unparalleled success as a businessman and a business, man has alternately acted as the inspiration for and the downfall of his musical output His best albums (Black Album then Blueprint, fight me) leveraged his success as a source of melodrama, blowing his life stor y up to the stuff of legend while employing his charisma to help you feel like you still know the guy
Jay’s worst projects, in turn, feel coldly corporate uninspired victor y laps designed to sustain a brand rather than ser ve as artistic expression His most recent album, 2013’s Magna Carta Holy Grail, brought this recurring downfall to a new extreme It featured a man who once convincingly referred to himself as “the black Che Guevara with bling on ” rapping endlessly about the number of Rothkos in his home, effectively insulating himself in a bubble of mega-wealth On 2011’s collaborative album Watch the Throne, partner-in-rhyme Kanye West tempered this tendency, and the result was some of Jay’s best and most personal music to date
Throughout his career, Jay has faced an almost unmatched level of vitriol for his financial success in corporate ventures This partially stems from the unbalanced expectations we hold of black celebrities, but also a perception of rap ’ s regionalism as an art form A quick Google search reveals any number of writers ready to
criticize Jay’s relationship to his hometown of Brooklyn It’s a criticism he’s responded to a number of times over the years, perhaps most succinctly to Howard Stern in 2008: “ You don’t have to be sitting on a bench in Marcy projects to represent the culture ”
So, what do we expect from Jay for the rest of 2016? A string of guest verses and a surprise single released over the summer ranging from meh to great suggest he’s dipping his toes back into the music game Perhaps it’ll be a stellar career retrospective like Dr Dre’s Compton, or maybe just another Holy Grail Regardless, the critics will be ready
Chris Stanton is a senior in the College of Arts and Sciences Really Terrible and Such Small Portions will appear alternate Tuesdays this semester He can be reached at cstanton@cornellsun com
SCIENCE
Use cross-breeding techniques to make discovery
By KATHERINE PIORO Sun Contributor
For a fruit, tomatoes are strangely ubiquitous, appearing in everything from ketchup to BLT sandwiches In fact, the average American eats about 23 pounds of tomatoes each year, with half of the weight located in tomato sauce
When Sarah Refi Hind, a research associate at Boyce Thompson Institute, began work as an undergraduate, she became intrigued by the fruit and began research involving tomato defense against insects
Why did Hind choose to study the tomato? Part of the intrigue of tomatoes is that, unlike most plants used in research, they are not weeds
“It’s a plant that’s important for people because they eat it,” Hind said
When she began as a researcher at Boyce Thompson Institute, Hind knew that she wanted to learn new skills, so she switched from plant-insect interactions to studying microbial pathogens, which are viral or bacterial microorganisms, and plant-microbe interactions while keeping tomato as her “ common denominator ”
Hind began conducting her graduate research in the lab of Prof Gregory Martin, plant pathology and plantmicrobe biology In his lab, she explained, they have been taking advantage of natural variation in tomato as a tremendous genetic resource, with 12 closely related wild species largely underutilized in research
To obtain a big picture view of the genetic diversity in tomato, the lab screens specific varieties of tomatoes to figure out their resistivity to pathogens After screening a specific heirloom tomato called yellow pear, they found it was completely resistant to the region of a flagellin protein a protein that builds the flagellated tail of bacteria called flgll-28 Intrigued by this quality unique to the yellow pear, Hind performed a crossbreed between the yellow pear and a wild species of tomato in order to map a genetic screen
A crossbreed involves breeding two different organisms with the intended goal of creating offspring with both of the parent traits In the cross, she found that a new receptor called Flagellin-Sensing 3 binds to a region of the flagellin protein called flgll-28 This new receptor, FLS3, is unique in the sense that it has been found in very few plants and is exclusive to nightshade plant species including tomato, potato and pepper
The discovery of FLS3, according to Hind, is particularly useful since “ some bacteria have been able to evade FLS2 mediated recognition ”
“These bacteria,” she said, “had an altered flg-22 region of flagellin that the FLS2 receptor [a well-conserved receptor found in higher plants] does not recognize anymore ”
However, since FLS3 is found only in a small subset of plants, it is likely that bacteria have not been under as
much evolutionary pressure to evade this flgll-28 region
Theoretically, FLS3 could be moved from tomato, potato and pepper to other plant species to resist bacterial attacks
Martin, the lab director, emphasized his optimistic vision for the future of this research
“One of our next goals in this work is to look for natural variants of FLS3 that might allow tomato to detect and resist diverse bacterial pathogens,” Martin said
One of the main challenges Hind experienced was proving a direct interaction between bacterial pathogens and tomatoes Before Hind and her team found FLS3, there had been very few true receptors shown in plants Most had been found using radioactive isotopes such as iodine that labeled the peptide, hormone or signaling molecule Essentially, if the protein targeted became radioactive, the team had demonstrated direct interaction
There are, however, major drawbacks involved with using radioactivity The radioactive properties of iodine, which if ingested can affect the thyroid, are dangerous to work with
“That was my line in the sand that I didn’t want to cross, ” Hind said “The risk was a problem in general in the field, and we anticipate that the method we developed and used for this project can be used by other scientists who study receptor-ligand interactions ”
Such receptor-ligand interactions involve a ligand, a molecule, that in this case bonds to a receptor, which is also a molecule that performs a function based on commands from hormones or neurotransmitters
To overcome this problem, Hind and her team turned to a non-traditional technology in the plant world called click-chemistry, which is a method of tagging specific biomolecules and to chemically interact with target substrates Through collaboration with the Schroeder Lab, a synthetic chemistr y lab also located at the Boyce Thompson Institute, Hind and her team developed a click-chemistry system that proved this direct interaction with flg 228, leaving behind the issue of radioactivity In this sense, Hind and her team created an alternate method to prove direct interaction between proteins and receptor ligands
This new method did not happen overnight, however Because the method involved utilizing techniques from all different fields, it took more than two years to piece everything together and get it working correctly Of course, there are still ways to improve the tactic – in fact, there are students who worked on the Nature paper who are now looking to refine the method In total, it took Hind and her team three and a half years to make the discovery, three generations of chemistry students, several postdoctoral fellows, and two additional years of tough experimental demands from reviewers to ultimately publish in Nature
Team tomato l (1) Sarah Hind stands with her team members (2) A bacteria infected tomoato which the team studied
PHOTOS COURTESY OF SARAH HIND
By RAYMOND ZHANG Sun Contributor
Warblers are small, perching, singing birds that may seem similar to one another to the untrained eye and ear But for David Toews, a postdoctoral researcher at the Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program of Cornell’s Lab of Ornithology, these colorful woodland birds are anything but similar
In particular, one specific species of warbler can actually be differentiated into three separate species a breakthrough that spells out a slew of new knowledge and questions in our understanding of genomics and conservation
In a study entitled “Genomic variation across the Yellow-rumped Warbler species complex” published in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, the Yellow-rumped warbler, affectionately called the “butterbutt” warbler, has been subject to new genomic analysis methods that have confirmed the species to be three closely related species
These grey, yellow streaked warblers are migratory, insect-eating birds that spend their summers in the boreal forests of North America and winters in the southern U S and Central America They have four distinct forms the myr tle warbler of eastern Nor th America, Audubon’s warbler of western North America and two isolated populations, the black-fronted and Goldman’s
By PREETHI RAVI Sun Contributor
Between the cracks in the sidewalk sprouts a thin, green stem with fragile white flowers It is overlooked by the masses of people who walk past it each day Unknown to these individuals, however, is the significance of the Arabidopsis plant within the scientific community
In her lab, Prof Adrienne Roeder, a Nancy M and Samuel C Fleming Term Assistant Professor at the Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, uses the Arabidopsis sepal as a model system to study the spatial and temporal development of cells Sepals are the part of the plant that encloses the flower Despite the uniform growth of the four sepals enclosing a flower, their individual cells have variable sizes and growth rates
This past summer, the Roeder Lab authored a paper, titled “Variable Cell Growth Yields Reproducible Organ Development through Spatiotemporal Averaging,” published in the peer-revie wed scientific journal, Developmental Cell
Lilan Hong, a postdoctoral associate in the Roeder Lab and a first co-author on the recently published paper, conducted a mutant screen to search for the gene in the organism The mutation disrupted the uniformity of the sepal growth observed in the wild flowers
Both Roeder and Hong attribute much of their success to the interdisciplinary nature of their research, which is made evident by the different focuses of the three first authors of the paper, Hong, Mathilde Dumond, a graduate student in the Biophysics and Development department at Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France and Prof Satoru Tsugawa, from the
warblers, of Mexico and Central America, respectively
During much of the 20th century, the myrtle and Audubon’s warbler were considered distinct species This changed once ornithologists discovered a region of species hybridization, a zone in western Canada where myrtle and Audubon’s warblers can interbreed and yield offspring, thus reclassifying these warblers into a single species Toews’ new study appears to revert this status quo, but also generates new implications for our genetic understanding of birds
These birds have been the primary interest of Toews’ research since he was working on his doctorate at the University of British Columbia
“I started studying them for my Ph D,” Toews said “I was interested in patterns of hybridization and introgression, that is, changes in genes, between Audubon's and myrtle warblers As I was doing that, this new type of technology became available called reduced representation genome sequencing ”
Also called genotype by sequencing, this new method quantitatively evaluates the differences between regions of interest in the complete set of genetic material, or genome, of the birds
Looking at the warbler through a genomic lens has been key to differentiating the four forms of the bird
“We look at a whole bunch of genomic markers, scattered throughout the genome, in a large number of individuals,” Toews said “The important thing about this, compared to previous studies, is that we have some idea of where the genetic markers are and we can look for small clusters of highly different markers ”
Toews describes how this process can trace the distinctions between the myrtle and Audubon’s warbler
“One has a white throat One has a yellow throat One of those many regions probably has a gene that gives us this yellow or white throat,” Toews said
From the analysis of over 30,000 genetic markers in the genomes of the different forms of Yellow-rumped warbler, Toews and the team were able to find several dozen small regions in the genetic material that distinguish the myrtle, Audubon’s and Goldman’s warblers as three distinct species
This analysis, coupled with an observation of the characteristics of the hybrid warblers in western Canada, allowed Toews and the research team to conclude separate species status for three of the four forms
“For a while, it was that if two things hybridized at all, they were considered the same species The definition was super rigid,” Toews said “But then further research showed that the hybrid zones are really narrow for the myrtle and Audubon's warbler and it looks like the hybrids are not very fit ”
This finding has contributed to not only genetic knowledge of Yellow-rumped warblers but of genetic variation and its drivers between all types of species
Research Institute for Electronic Science at Hokkaido University, Japan
“Our research was made possible by collaboration between biologists, physicists and computer scientists [and] the interaction between data and models,” Roeder said
The research conducted by the lab primarily makes use of three different technologies Confocal microscopy is a form of microscopic imaging designed to improve focus by eliminating additional light It is utilized for live imaging of growing sepals Morphographics, a software designed by Dr Richard Smith, is used to create models from data in order to analyze the images taken every 12 hours of the growth of sepal cells Finally, the project relied on computational modeling to represent the dynamic variability in stiffness of the growing sepal
The initial mutant screen, conducted by Hong, was used to create a mechanical model to look for the specific defect in the mutant Morphographics was then utilized to develop models to more closely analyze growth rates
Further data analysis on the growth of the Arabidopsis sepals conducted by Prof Chun-Biu Li, Research Institute for Electronic Science at Hokkaido University provided further insight into the variability of growth
The four sepals surrounding the flower grow uniformly, but their respective cells need not do so in order for the structures to form simultaneously
“The cells were less variable in space, but equally in time,” Roder said
The cells underwent spatiotemporal averaging, which is growth taking into consideration dimensions of space and time However, despite differences in the sepal’s growth in the short term, there was greater similarity over
“We’re starting to get a picture by looking at multiple different groups, on how genomes evolve and what are the drivers of that change and in many cases it’s natural selection,” Toews said “We’re starting to pick up on some common themes and common patterns when comparing closely related species at a genomic level ”
Toews attributes the discovery to advancements in genetic sequencing
“The field itself, the ability to look at so many genetic markers is new, the methods are being refined and it is very much in a discovery phase,” Toews said “So it’s awesome that we can sequence thousands of regions of the genome when we could only do a couple hundred before ”
In addition, the finding provides critical information regarding the conservation of the warbler
“In Guatemala, Goldman’s warbler, is close to one of their only endemic bird species, but there has been pretty big habitat degradation where these warblers live I think this finding will have a pretty big conservation implication globally,” Toews said
Conservationists will have to consider the separate species status of Goldman’s warbler in their habitat management plans
Regarding further research questions to pursue, Toews points to the narrow hybrid zone in the range of the two warblers
“Hybrids are continually being produced and a lot of things we thought that made these hybrids unfit; their song, their migratory patterns, they don’t seem to be the case, ” Toews said “Right now, we ’ re interested in looking at nesting and hatching success of the hybrids - it’s the 65 million dollar question ”
The other researchers on this paper include Alan Brelsford Ph D University of California, Riverside; Christine Grossen Ph D University of Zürich; Borja Milá Ph D Spanish National Research Council and Prof Darren Irwin, the University of British Columbia
a 48 hour period between the four sepals of each flower
“A good model needs to be able to predict,” Hong said “Results are then verified experimentally ”
From the results of their study, Roeder and Hong were able to see the close alignment of the model and wild type organism
Though their paper has received significant acclaim in the scientific community, Roeder acknowledges that there are many ways to investigate the questions posed by cell growth, development and variability
“This is universally broad question,” Roeder said “Spatiotemporal averaging exists in many different systems ”
This variability also exists in the fruit fly during gastrulation a stage of embryonic development
The lab is aiming to further investigate the mutant from Dr Hong’s screening, which is suspected to be a mitochondrial mutant The mitochondria is responsible for energy production in a cell
An experiment in which Vitamin C was used as an antioxidant treatment to rescue these mutants was also conducted, however, it was not included in the final draft of the published paper Investigating these mutants further could lead to additional understanding about the development of these cells In addition, investigating the equally broad question of stimulating organ growth is a long-term goal of the lab
For the lab, the paper has been a remarkable feat
“We are a new lab,” Dr Hong said, “and being published in a high-profile publication while promoting [the] sepal as a model system has been important ”
Raymond Zhang can be reached at rjz44@cornell edu
Preethi Ravi
Tweety bird| (1) Audubon's Warbler is a separate species (2) A yellow-rumped warbler sits in the hybridization region in western Canada
PHOTO COURTESY OF DAV D TOEWS
PHOTO COURTESY OF DAVID TOEWS
Continued from page 14
z w a s a ro l e - m o d e l f o r Cu b a n yo u t h i n Mi a m i
“I think he meant many things [to the community] ... He showed that Cubans can overcome adversity to become successful ” M i c h a e l V
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o n t o U S s o i l a f t e r t h a t a t t e m p t He h a d t o l e a ve h i s a b u e l a w h o o r i g i n a l l y f u e l e d h i s p a s s i o n f o r b a s e b a l l A f t e r p r a ct i c e s a s a yo u n g c h i l d , h i s a b u e l a w o u l d h e l p h i m l e a r n h ow t o c a t c h Eve n t u a l l y, t h e Ma r l i n s h e l p e d g e t h e r o u t o f Cu b a a n d re c o rd e d t h e i r t e a r f u l re u n i o n T h e i r t i m e t o g e t h e r w a s d e va s t a t i n g l y c u t s h o r t t o o f a s t Fe r n a n d e z w a s a n e x t re m e l y t a le n t e d p l a ye r w i t h a b i g h e a r t a n d a n e n e r g y t h a t w a s m a t c h e d by f e w o t h e r a t h l e t e s He l e f t
m o t h e r, a s we l l a s h i s g i r l f r i e n d a n d t h e i r u n b
Noah Eli is a first year columnist He can be contacted at neli@cornellsun com If I Were GM appears alternate Tuesdays this semester
Ivy League Play Begins
BRONFIN continued from page 15
able to come out on top, capitali z i n g o n f o u r C o l u m b i a turnovers The Lions are back in action next week, when the team hosts Princeton Penn continued its early season struggles with a 31-17 loss to Fordham The Rams took advantage of the Quakers’ sloppy play and left them at 0-2 to start the season With the game knotted up at seven midway through the opening period, the Rams scored 17 unanswered points and went into the half with a 24-10 advantage, a lead the team would not relinquish
Thanks to 461 yards from q u a r t e r b a c k Ni c k Sh a f n i s k y, Lehigh trounced Princeton 4228 Shafnisky also threw for four touchdowns His Tiger counterpart, Chad Kanoff, did not find the same level of success, tossing three interceptions on the day
Two separate Mountain Hawks had over 140 receiving yards The Tigers hung with Lehigh early on, t r a i l i n g by j u s t a t o u c h d ow n going after two quarters, but the Mountain Hawks broke away, scoring two touchdowns in the t h i rd p e r i o d w h i l
h o l d i n g Princeton scoreless
Adam Bronfin can be reached at abronfin@cornellsun com
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s u r g e r y, b u t h i s p e r f o r m a n c e w a s j u s t a s e l e c t r i c a f t e r c o m i n g
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Cu b a a f t e r t h re e f a i l e d a t t e m p t s a n d ro s e t o s u c c e s s He c a p t u re d t h e i m a g i n a t i o n s o f yo u n g b a s e b a l l f a n s e ve r y w h e re h i s yo u t h f u l e n e r g y a n d c o m p e t i t i ve , ye t p l a yf u l d e m e a n o r c a u g h t t h e a t t e n t i o n o f a n yo n e w h o w a s a ro u n d h i m T h e re i s a v i d e o o f Fe r n a n d e z s w i n g i n g a n d m i s s i n g a t a we l l - t h row n s l i d e r f ro m Do d g e r s ’ p i t c h e r Ke n t a Ma e d a , a n d Fe r n a n d e z s t i l l w o re a g i a n t g r i n o n h i s f a c e He c e l e b r a t e d h i s ow n a c h i e ve m e n t s b u t a l s o c e l e b r a t e d t h e a c h i e ve m e n t s o f h i s t e a m m a t e s a n d f e l l ow p l a ye r s On e s t o r y t h a t s t r u c k m e i n p a r t i c u l a r a n d o n e t h a t s p o k e vo l u m e s t o h i s c h a r a c t e r w a s t o l d by Ti g e r s t h i rd - b a s e m a n C a s e y Mc Ge h e e a b o u t h i s s o n , w h o h a s c e re b r a l p a l s y “ T h e t o u g h e s t p a r t f o r m e i s h a v i n g t o t e l l m y s o n w h a t h a p p e n e d , ” Mc Ge h e e t o l d T h e De t ro i t Ne w s “A l o t o f p e op l e , t h e y d o n ’ t re a l l y k n ow h ow t o t re a t Ma c k Fo r s o m e re as o n , Jo s e h a d a h e a r t f o r h i m Yo u g e t t o t h e f i e l d , a n d i t w a s n ’ t l i k e ‘ He y, Jo s e , d o yo u w a n t t o k e e p a n e ye o n h i m ? ’ Jo s e w o u l d c o m e a n d g r a b h i m , a n d t h e y we re t o g e t h e r f ro m
t h e t i m e t h e y g o t o n t h e f i e l d t o t h e t i m e m y w i f e c a m e t o p i c k h i m u p I t h i n k t h a t re a l l y s a y s a l o t a b o u t w h a t w a s t r u l y i n h i s h e a r t , a n d w h a t k i n d o f g u y h e w a s ” My ro o m m a t e w o k e u p l a t e o n Su n d a y t o n e w s t h a t d e e p l y u p s e t h i m Mi c h a e l Ve l e z ’ 1 9 i s a t h i rd - g e n e r a t i o n Cu b a n - A m e r i c a n s t u d e n t w h o g re w u p i n Mi a m i a s a Ma r l i n s f a n He t o l d m e t h a t h e w o k e u p a n d f e l l i n t o a s t a t e o f s h o c k a n d d i s b e l i e f o n c e t h e n e w s re a c h e d h i m I a s k e d h i m w h a t h e t h o u g h t Fe r n a n d e z m e a n t t o Mi a m i’s
See ELI page 13
Ivy League Football Ramps Up, Cornell
Undefeated Thus Far
Holy Cross, Georgetown, Fordham and Lehigh among Ivy opponents this week
By ADAM BRONFIN Sun Sports Editor
A f t e r t w o w e e k s o f p l a y,
C o r n e l l i s a m o n g t h r e e Iv y
L e a g u e t e a m s t h a t h a ve ye t t o re c o rd a l o s s Jo i n i n g t h e Re d
a re H a r v a rd a n d D a r t m o u t h ,
t w o o f l a s t ye a r ’ s c o - c h a m p i o n s
A l o n g w i t h C o l u m b i a a n d Ya l e , t h e t h i rd c o - c h a m p i o n , Pe n n , re m a i n s w i n l e s s Pr i n c e t o n a n d Brow n h a ve b o t h p o s t e d 1 - 1 re c o rd s s o f a r
L
De f e n s i
u p a t o u c hd o w n i n t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r,
Da r t m o u t h c l a m p e d d ow n o n
Joining the Red are Harvard and Dartmouth, two of last year’s co-champions Along with Columbia and Yale, the third co-champion, Penn, remains winless. Princeton and Brown have both posted 1-1
A 2 5 - p o i n t s e c o n d q u a r t e r p owe re d t h e Cr i m s o n t o a 3 2 -
2 2 v i c t o r y o v e r t h e B e a r s
De s p i t e s c o r i n g j u s t o n c e o u t -
s i d e t h a t h u g e s e c o n d p e r i o d , No 1 9 H a r v a r d s u r v i v e d
B r o w n ’ s u p s e t a t t e m p t T h e
Cr i m s o n ’ s r u n n i n g b a c k Se m a r
Sm i t h a n d q u a r t e r b a c k Jo e
Vi v i a n o b o t h r u s h e d f o r t w o t o u c h d ow n s , a s Ha r va rd o u t -
g a i n e d t h e Be a r s o n t h e g ro u n d ,
1 8 9 - 7 4 H a r v a r d s q u a r e s o f f a g a i n s t u n d e f e a t e d Ge o r g e t ow n
n e x t we e k e n d w h i l e Brow n v i si t s R h o d e Is l a n d
i t s o p p o n e n t a n d h e l d t h e m t o j u s t t h re e p o i n t s t h e re s t o f t h e g a m e T h e Gre e n o p e n s i t s Iv y s e a s
Spor ts
Winless Red Set to Take On Powerhouse Virginia
By ANNIE TAYLOR Sun Staff Writer
The Cornell men ’ s soccer team (0-6-2) travels to Charlottesville, Virginia this Tuesday to face No 16 Virginia (3-2-2) Virginia is perennially one of the top teams in the nation, with the longest streak of appearances in the NCAA Division 1 Tournament in the histor y of men ’ s collegiate soccer The team has qualified for the tournament ever y year since 1981 and in the interim has won six national championships
Yet, both teams are coming off of recent losses Cornell lost to No 2 Syracuse last week, while the Cavaliers suffered a 6-1 loss to No 13 Louisville Virginia has not won a game against nationally ranked competition yet this season and was offensively outmatched in its latest face-off with Louisville, only getting off a single shot during the entire game compared to the Cardinal’s 20 in total
The matchup is an exciting opportunity for the Red, which has had a full week since its last game to finally process the results of its first eight performances, work on its weaknesses, and hone its strengths The team has had a difficult start to the season, often not getting more than a day of recover y, and half of the games have gone into overtime After finally taking time both for training and rest, the Cornell men are prepared to compete with the Cavaliers, but are anticipating a challenging game ahead
“I’m expecting something similar to Syracuse, UConn, and American a little bit as far as talent-level,” said head coach John Smith last week “It’ll be a good one ” Considering Cornell’s excellent defensive statistics this year, if Virginia continues to underperform offensively, they could be hard-pressed to score at all against the Red Even in matches where Cornell has given the opposition numerous chances on goal, the team has yet to let in more than three goals in a game, a feat which can be
mostly attributed to the prowess of freshman keeper, Ryan Shellow Shellow saved a total of 13 shots in the most recent match against Syracuse With that kind of histor y,
Defensive prowess | Cornell’s excellent defense, combined with Virginia’s recent offensive difficulties, may prove helpful for the Red; a win is certainly not out of question
Virginia will need to take much more chances on goal this week to pull off a win, a fact which ought to give Cornell greater confidence in spite of the Cavalier’s formidable histor y
A win is not out of the question for the Red, as its record fails to reflect just how much the team has developed This season has been much more successful than the last, especially in regards to scoring opportunities Less than halfway through the 2016 schedule, Cornell has only scored three fewer goals than it did the entire
previous season Smith is excited by the direction the program is headed and the attitude with which the players have approached the season
“I’ve not seen a group that’s lost hope,” said Smith following the game against Syracuse last Tuesday “I can ’ t always say that teams [I’ve coached] in the past would have continued to show courage throughout all these games and not show signs of just giving up They’ve all given ever ything they’ve got - and there’s a heck of a lot to be said about that ”
The team will need to take a big step for ward to pull off a win But all things considered, sheer work ethic and character just might be enough for the Cornell men to upset the Cavaliers on Tuesday night
Annie Taylor can be reached at ataylor@cornellsun com
Cornell Drops Five-Set Thriller to Columbia to Start League Play
By ACHINDRA KRISHNA Sun Staff Writer
C o r n e l l v o l l e y b a l l t r a v e l l e d t o
Columbia this past Saturday to take on the Lions in what turned into a five-set thriller Cornell took a commanding two set lead to start off the match, but ended up falling in the end, 3-2 (25-14, 25-22, 25-27, 2125, 9-15)
B o t h s i d e s were extremely
e v e n l y matched, with almost identi-
ended up taking the set, 27-25, in what would prove to be a colossal shift in momentum
“It took the wind out of our sails to say
t h e l e a s t , ”
VandeBerg “ We started down 4-11 and fought our way back and couldn’t put away that set for the match They made a couple of plays, and we didn’t keep our composure ” After missing out on
“In the Ivy League, every team can beat the other [so] we have to be ready for anything ”
c a l s t a t i s t i c s f o r k i l l s , p o i n t s , a n d assists In the end, however, Cornell wasn ’ t able to hold on for the win, as Columbia clawed their way back to a gritty win to open the Ivy season
The Red came out guns blazing and dominated the first set 25-14 while hitting 500 Cornell lead the Lions 22-8 at one point in the game, as it seemed the first set was going exactly as planned
Fast for ward to the second set and things got closer Tied at 18, Columbia extended it to a 22-18 lead, before Cornell was able to go on a seven-point push to close out the set, 25-22
It was in the third set that things started to slip away It was another tightly contested set that culminated in a match point opportunity for Cornell at 24-22 The Lions, however, were able to hang on and
g
withstand the Lions That left the match tied at two games
Columbia was able to take control early in the fifth set and held on to close off the match
Iv y L e a g u e g a m e s a re i
VandeBerg knows the team ’ s readiness for these games will improve as the season goes on
“ We have done ver y well in previous matches under pressure, ” she said “In the Ivy League, ever y team can beat the other [so] we have to be ready for anything ”
The Red (5-5, 0-1 Ivy) take on Brown (2-9, 0-1 Ivy) at home this Friday and Yale (8-2, 1-0 Ivy) the day after
Achindra Krishna can be reached at akrishna@cornellsun com
y
Evenly matched | Neither team dominated the match, which made for a
sets; the middle three sets finished 25-22, 25-27, and 21-25, respectively
