CAA CPD Season 3, Series 1, Energy & Carbon, Presentations

PLANNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAPID URBANISATION

Continuing Professional Development

Lecture Series for Professionals

Season 3 – The Climate Framework

Session 1 – Energy & Carbon

Session 1 – Energy & Carbon

The first session will focus on the theme of Energy and Carbon and will offer guidance on how to minimise energy use and associated carbon emissions, while accelerating the transition to a global, decarbonised built environment. Key focus areas for this session will include passive design, active systems and technologies, together with renewable energy generation and energy storage and our contributors will illustrate how some of the core principles have been applied in a range of case study examples from around the Commonwealth.

Session Chair:

• Ms Mina Hasman

Sustainability Director, SOM; Founder, Climate Framework & Chair of the CAA

Practice and Profession Committee, United Kingdom

Contributors:

• Mr Goodman Kazoora

Energy Performance in Buildings Expert, EU Technical Assistance Facility for Sustainable Energy & Technical Lead, Low Carbon Buildings in Fiji, GGGi,

Uganda

• Ms Julie Godefroy

Head of Net Zero Policy, Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), United Kingdom

• Mr Jochen Lam

Project Engineer, Transsolar Climate Engineering, Germany

Learning Outcomes

Upon the completion of this event, participants will be equipped to:

1. Describe the fundamental concepts of passive design strategies that can be applied to buildings.

2. Explain how buildings can reduce energy use and achieve indoor comfort with passive design measures.

3. Understand how to optimise building systems’ integration with passive design strategies to prevent systems’ overdesign.

4. Inform decision making about on the various renewable energy supply technologies/systems that can be incorporated into buildings.

5. Identify the difference between the centralised and decentralised energy supply sources in district-wide energy systems.

Passive/Climate responsive design in East Africa

Mr Goodman Kazoora, Energy Performance in Buildings Expert, Uganda

g.kazoora@gmail.com

Commitments were made

‘The building sector currently has the greatest potential for low-cost carbon dioxide mitigation and energy efficiency in the short-to mediumterm through application of technological options.’

(Erika Mata 2013).

Africa at a glance

Africa at a glanceEnergy access vs population distribution

Africa at a glance

Built, 25%

Not yet built, 75% 75% of buildings in Africa have NOT yet been built

Rapid urbanisation

Kampala Kigali

Urbanisation in Sub-Sahara

Energy used in buildings in Oceania is estimated at 56% of the total national electricity consumption.

Over 70% of energy is consumed in cities alone and in some cases, more than 50% of the national energy is used in the capital city alone.

Kampala Nairobi

Kigali Dar-es-Salaam

Lessons from the past

Sustainability gap

Research 2017 shows that although movement for sustainability was a growing globally and regionally , in UG and other countries in East Africa Kenya Tanzania, there was a deficits in building in consideration of key targets such as : daylight visibility, air quality etc as shown by the diagrams below.

Paradigm shift

Paradigm shift

Paradigm shift

Passive design principles for EAC Climates

Climate in East Africa

Climate zones in EAC

Zone I: Hot-humid

Zone II: Hot-arid

Zone III: Hot-semi arid /low savannah

Zone IV: Great lakes

Zone I: Hot-humid

Zone II: Hot-arid

Zone V: Upland

Zone VI: High upland

Zone III: Hot-semi arid /low savannah

Zone IV: Great lakes Zone V: Upland

Zone VI: High upland

1. Orientation

Design your buildings such that the long axis is along the EastWest axis.

2. Footprint

The less the better.

Conform to the permitted ground coverage and should not cover 60% of the plot.

Narrower buildings are easier to light and ventilate naturally

4. Space Allocation

Services (lifts, stairs, lobbies), wet areas and secondary functions should be located on east and west facades.

5. Window to Wall Ratio

Depending on the climatic zone, the ratio of window size to the wall should not exceed 40%. WWR for great lakes region should vary between 25%-40%

6. Daylight design

Design with appropriate window sizing, narrow open plans and extra light shelves to maximize natural light.

7. Solar shading

Minimize heat gain with solar shading devices on openings

8. Natural Ventilation

Design for cross ventilation or vertical ventilation. Make use of vents, openings and clerestory windows.

9. Building Envelop

Select materials which are appropriate for climatic zone, locally available, renewable, nontoxic and durable

10. Finishes

References

Código Técnico de la Edi cación (Technical Building Code). Spain. Online catalogue:http://cte-web.iccl.es/ Kim Jong-Jin, Rigdon Brenda,(1998). Sustainable Architecture Module; Qualities, Use, and Examples of Sustainable Building Materials, Published by National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education, 430 E. University Ave. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), (2014). SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN FOR TROPICAL CLIMATES,. Use light colored finishes to minimize heat gain and increase internal reflectance that maximizes daylight

12. Renewables

13. Appliances

14. Drainage

Case Studies

UNEP & UN-Habitat HQ, NairobiCASE

Architect: Beglin Woods

New Office Facility –

#1

UNEP & UN Habitat, HQ, Nairobi, 2011

Architect: Beglin Woods, Kenya

Orientation and layoutBuilding orientation: along the East – West axis

Ground floor plan

atrium, windows, clear glass, light well

atrium, windows, clear glass, light well

atrium, windows, clear glass, light well

British High Commission, Kampala

British High Commission, Kampala, Uganda, 2005

Architect: Kilburn Nightingale Architects, UK

Architect: Kilburn Nightingale Architects, UK

Site planning and OrientationBuilding orientation

• Main building

• Consular / Visa section

• Guard house

Ventilation, solar protection, daylight design, courtyards

Natural ventilation: perforated screens, openable windows, open plan spaces, landscaped courtyards

Ventilation, solar protection, daylight design, courtyards

Day lighting: side and top lighting, glazed surfaces, clear glass, light coloured interiors

Solar protection and materiality

Sun shading: Permanent screen (steel and clay tiles), louvered sun shading devices (east & west facing openings)

Solar protection and materiality

• Locally available materials

- Clay bricks* for masonry envelop

- Clay roofing tiles, sills, lintels, jambs, shading louvres etc.

• High thermal mass – minimise cooling requirements by keeping heat out

• Locally sourced and sustainably harvested timber

Active Systems

Ms Julie Godefroy, CIBSE Head of Net Zero Policy, United Kingdom

jgodefroy@cibse.org

Active systems

Heating

Hot water

Cooling

Ventilation

Lighting

Others – security systems, IT etc

1. Performance objectives

2. Site analysis

3. Passive measures

4. Active systems

5. Think users, operation & maintenance!

What are we trying to achieve?

Defining performance objectives

Resource use and environmental impacts

Annual energy use and associated CO2

Embodied carbon

Water use

With electrification: peak demand & flexibility

Indoor environment

What are we trying to achieve?

Defining performance objectives

Indoor environment

Thermal comfort

Air quality

Noise from outside and inside

Light – daylight and electric

e.g. CIBSE TM40 Health and Wellbeing in Building Services

Health criteria: WHO a key reference

What are we trying to achieve?

Thermal comfort

Comfort criteria e.g. CIBSE, ASHRAE

Operative temperature

Air temperature

Mean radiant temperature

Air movement

Approach

Set criteria (“PMV / PPD”), typically more intensive plant and energy use

Adaptive: relies on user control

Heating

Significant energy use in large parts of Europe and Northern Hemisphere …

But can be drastically reduced

Passive design (previous presenter)

Ventilation heat recovery and controls

Heating Systems

Underfloor heating, radiators, radiant panels, electric heating …

… Or minimal / no system!

Systems selection

Heating demand: climate, passive design, heat recovery

Envelope efficiency & its impact on comfort

Occupancy type: use, intermittent or long periods

Cooling

Why limiting reliance on cooling is important

Peak demand >> grid infrastructure needs

Resilience in failure of grid or plant

Running costs & risks of fuel poverty

Carbon emissions: energy use, refrigerant leaks

Heat rejection: neighbours, Urban Heat Island …

Limit through Passive means

Ventilation

Cooling

Best combination of passive & active measures will vary with location

Humid / dry

Low / high day-time shift in temperatures

User expectations & adaptive comfort

Systems selection

Low GWP refrigerant, leak detection

Modular plant vs patterns of use

Ease of access and maintenance

Ventilation Systems selection

Site analysis & Passive design first!

Infiltration

Purpose ventilation

Ventilation

Local to micro-local: Site analysis

Ventilation

“Natural” doesn’t mean easy

Ventilation & Thermal Comfort Homes

Cross ventilation & good openings, glazing proportions, shading

Ventilation & Thermal Comfort Offices

Cambridge – quiet, leafy

Precedent from building next door

Cellular: “ownership”

Side opening for summer, secure for night-time use

Central London, on busy courtyard Listed Building constraints

Tailored approach: fan-assisted through chimneys + windows

 Known end-user

 Extensive user engagement

 Driven by thermal comfort

Simplicity

Are systems simple to use, and their maintenance requirements adequate to the building users?

Is the control strategy clear and simple?

Are user interfaces simple to understand?

Help the engineer

Protect the commissioning and fine-tuning period

London boutique hotel

First 6 months

…

After 14 months

Renewable Energy Generation and Storage

Mr Jochen Lam, Transsolar Climate Engineering, Germany

jlam@transsolar.com

4 Steps Approach

Optimize city layout for solar, wind and daylight potential

INTEGRATED DESIGN

Optimize buildings for maximized

Energy efficiency

Optimizebuildings formaximized energyefficiency

Create synergies and maximize efficiency of energy use & production

1 2 3 4 Optimizecitylayout forsolar,windand daylightpotential

Createsynergies andmaximize efficiencyof energyuse& production

LOCAL RESOURCES

Integrate renewable energy resources on site for cooling and water desalination

Integrate renewableenergy resourcesonsite forcoolingand waterdesalination

ENERGY PRODUCTION

How is energy performance rated?

Primary Energy / Source Energy

Useful Energy

Final Energy / Site Energy

Carbon Foot Print

Passive Design

High efficient active Systems

Space Heating

Domestic Hot Water

Space Cooling

Lighting

Ventilation

Auxiliary

Plug Loads

Hot water /chilled water

Generation

Hot Water

Chilled Water

Electricity

Energy source

Fossil Fuel

Solar Energy

Water Energy

Wind Energy

How is energy performance rated?

Primary Energy / Source Energy

Useful Energy

Final Energy / Site Energy

Carbon Foot Print

Passive Design

High efficient active Systems

Space Heating

Domestic Hot Water

Space Cooling

Lighting

Ventilation

Auxiliary

Plug Loads

Hot water /chilled water

Generation

Hot Water

Chilled Water

Electricity

Energy source

Fossil Fuel

Solar Energy

Water Energy

Wind Energy

Hot Water and Chilled Water Generation

Classic district heating network vs. cold district network

How is energy performance rated?

Primary Energy / Source Energy

Useful Energy

Final Energy / Site Energy

Carbon Foot Print

Passive Design

High efficient active Systems

Space Heating

Domestic Hot Water

Space Cooling

Lighting

Ventilation

Auxiliary

Plug Loads

Hot water /chilled water

Generation

Hot Water

Chilled Water

Electricity

Energy source

Fossil Fuel

Solar Energy

Water Energy

Wind Energy

Renewable Energy Generation

South East East / West

Source: Maxx Solar

Renewable Energy Generation

Source: Hamburger Abendblatt

Source: Greenpeace.de

Thank you for your participation in todays event

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