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Key Stage 3 Knowing Religion Hinduism

Key Stage 3

Hinduism

Series Editor: Robert Orme This Knowing Religion Student Book helps you to: • Develop an understanding of the origins, development and diversity of beliefs and practices within Hinduism.

Tristan Elby

• Discover the debates among followers within Hinduism and examine the challenges the religion faces in the modern world. • Learn through compelling narrative, fascinating facts and extraordinary people. • Gain a broad understanding of Hinduism with 16 lessons. • Remember key vocabulary, people and facts using the ‘Knowledge organiser’ at the end of each unit. • Think critically about religion and practise extended writing and essays with questions for each topic. • Gain a ﬁrm grounding in the knowledge and skills needed to excel at GCSE RS.

Key Stage 3

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Andy Lewis

Robert Orme

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Robert Orme

World Religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam

World Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism

Robert Orme and Andy Lewis

Tristan Elby and Neil McKain

Knowing Religion: Student Book

Sikhism Student Book 978-0-00-822774-6

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Biblical Literacy Student Book 978-0-00-822767-8

Knowing Religion: Student Book

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Free Teacher materials available on www.collins.co.uk

27753_Hinduism.indd 9

Knowing Religion: Student Book

World Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism Student Book 978-0-00-822769-2

ISBN 978-0-00-822775-3

9 780008 227753

Knowing Religion: Student Book 20/03/2017 11:33

Contents INTRODUCTION

UNIT 1: History and belief

1.1

What is Hinduism?

1.2

Hindu gods and goddesses

1.3

How do Hindus use symbols?

1.4

Sacred texts

1.5

Karma, samsara and moksha

1.6

Dharma

1.7

What is yoga?

1.8

Extraordinary individuals

Knowledge organiser

UNIT 2: Hinduism in the modern world

2.1

Forms and places of worship

2.2

Places of pilgrimage

2.3

Hindu festivals

2.4

What is the caste system?

2.5

Hindu attitudes to violence

2.6

Do Hindus believe in gender equality?

2.7

What are Hindu attitudes to the environment?

2.8

Hinduism in world culture

Knowledge organiser

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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History and belief Hinduism is a very diverse religion. Hindus do not all attend the same festivals or read the same sacred texts. There are many different groups and movements within the religion, and Hindus often worship different deities. In fact, many Hindus believe that God has many forms, so there are many different ways to worship God. This can make Hindus tolerant of religious differences. In the first half of this book, you will discover the origins of Hinduism. You will see how Hinduism developed from the Vedic religion of sacrifice, with its fascinating pantheon of gods and goddesses, to a global set of belief systems held by over one billion people. You will examine the epic stories of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, become fluent in the rich symbolism found in Hindu images of their gods and goddesses, and have the chance to ponder Hindu philosophy about life, death and the afterlife. Finally, you will learn about yoga, and how Hindus believe it can help people achieve extraordinary abilities – even victory over death itself.

Unit 1: History and belief

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1 1.1

What is Hinduism?

1.2

Hindu gods and goddesses

1.3

How do Hindus use symbols?

1.4

Sacred texts

1.5

Karma, samsara and moksha

1.6

Dharma

1.7

What is yoga?

1.8

Extraordinary individuals

Knowledge organiser

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Unit 1: History and belief

Karma, samsara and moksha How do Hindus believe that their next lives will be decided?

Samsara Hindus believe that their current life is just one of many lives they have already led and will lead in the future. They believe that when a person dies his or her soul is reborn in a new body. This will not necessarily be a human body – the person’s next life could be as an animal, an insect or a species completely unknown to us. A person’s next life depends on karma. Good deeds store up good karma and bad deeds store up bad karma. Depending on a person’s actions, he or she might be reincarnated as any type of creature, or even ﬁnd him or herself in heaven or hell. All these reincarnations are temporary. Samsara is a Sanskrit word that Hindus use to describe the continual journey of the soul through many reincarnations. Samsara also refers to the universe within which these reincarnations take place. Hindus believe that we are all journeying through samsara, and have been for billions of years. For Hindus, good deeds, such as this woman donating food, store up good karma.

Moksha Hindus believe that people can have many positive experiences within samsara, and many fulﬁlling lives. However, there will also be a large number of painful and unpleasant lives, although people tend to forget each life as they move to the next one. To break this cycle, Hindus want to achieve moksha – a permanent escape from samsara. It is difﬁcult to describe moksha. Because samsara is essentially the whole universe, moksha is completely unlike anything people have experienced in any of their lives. Generally, however, achieving moksha means you are not reborn and do not change any more. There is no further suffering of any kind. Many Hindus believe that moksha will involve everlasting bliss and inner peace. Some believe that moksha involves being united with God forever.

This mural in a palace in India shows the elephant king Gajendra achieving moksha.

Unit 1: History and belief

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Others think that moksha is when you realise that you were never different from God in the ﬁrst place – all of samsara was just an illusion that made you think that you were separate from God.

Nirvana Buddhists also believe in karma and samsara and try to achieve freedom from samsara. They call this achieving nirvana or parinirvana. However, Buddhists tend to disagree with Hindus about whether they will be united with God after escaping samsara. Many Buddhists think that nirvana is a state of perfect peace, which will not involve any gods or goddesses at all.

Achieving moksha Achieving moksha can take many lifetimes. One way of achieving moksha is through yoga (see pages 20–21). People who are excellent at yoga, called yogins, are believed to be able to purify themselves of bad karma. If you meditate and develop your mind and body in the right way, you will eventually be freed from any further reincarnation. Yoga can involve fasting and long and painful exercises. It also requires meditation – focusing the mind completely on God. Another way of achieving moksha is through bhakti, which is Sanskrit for ‘devotion’ or ‘worship’. This involves becoming increasingly devoted to God throughout each of your lifetimes. As your worship and devotion increases, your soul will be puriﬁed. Eventually, like the yogins, you will achieve moksha.

1.5 The Upanishads are very old philosophical texts that explain some key Hindu ideas about life after death. And here is he born either as a grasshopper, or a ﬁsh, or a bird, or a lion, or a boar, or a serpent, or a tiger, or a man, or some other creature, according to his deeds and his knowledge. Kaushitaki Brahmana Upanishad

When a caterpillar has come to the end of a blade of grass, it reaches out to another blade, and draws itself over to it. In the same way the soul, having coming to the end of one life, reaches out to another body, and draws itself over to it. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad

This man is trying to achieve moksha through yoga and meditation.

Key vocabulary bhakti A Sanskrit word meaning ‘devotion’ or ‘worship’; some Hindus believe that bhakti alone can be a way to achieve moksha karma The forces that inﬂuence people’s fortune and future reincarnations moksha Escaping from samsara and never dying or becoming reincarnated again; the word literally means ‘release’ reincarnated When a soul is reborn by passing into a new body samsara The continual process of death and reincarnation; also, the entire universe as we know it

As a man casts off his worn-out clothes, and takes other new ones in their place, so does the embodied soul cast off his worn-out bodies, and enter others anew. Bhagavad Gita

Activity Draw and label three images that illustrate karma, samsara and moksha.

Check your understanding 1 2 3 4 5

Explain what Hindus mean by reincarnation. How is a soul’s next reincarnation decided? What is moksha and why is it difﬁcult to imagine what moksha is like? Describe two ways to achieve moksha. ‘Karma, reincarnation and moksha do not exist.’ Discuss this statement.

Topic 1.5: Karma, samsara and moksha

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Unit 1: History and belief

Knowledge organiser Key vocabulary ascetic Someone who lives a simple life away from society, usually to become closer to the supreme being or to achieve moksha (also known as a sadhu) Aum A sacred syllable or sound that is very important to Hindus and which they chant avatar A god who descends to earth as a human or other animal in order to ﬁght evil and re-establish goodness bhakti A Sanskrit word meaning ‘devotion’ or ‘worship’; some Hindus believe that bhakti alone can be a way to achieve moksha Brahman A supreme being in which most modern Hindus believe; the source of everything, including the gods chakra A word meaning ‘wheel’, one of the weapons that Hindu gods may carry deity A god or goddess dharma The moral law that Hindus must follow; the word can be translated as ‘duty’ or ‘righteousness’ ecstasy An extreme feeling of happiness and joy karma The forces that inﬂuence people’s fortune and future reincarnation Mahabharata An epic story that is inspirational for Hindus meditation The practice of focusing the mind moksha Escaping from samsara and never dying or becoming reincarnated again; the term literally means ‘release’ monotheist Someone who believes in only one god polytheistic Referring to belief in many gods; someone who believes in many gods is a polytheist Purana A Hindu text that is more recent than the Vedas, but is still thought to contain profound wisdom and teachings Ramayana An epic story that is inspirational for Hindus reincarnated When a soul is reborn by passing into a new body

Rishis The Vedic people who ﬁrst heard the Vedas and taught them to others sacriﬁce A method of worship that involves offering animals or food to the gods samsara The continual process of death and reincarnation; also, the entire universe as we know it sanatana dharma Eternal dharma or law; this never changes and is always good, regardless of the time and place Sanskrit A language used in ancient India, which many Hindu texts are written in Shaiva A Hindu who believes that Shiva is the Supreme God shruti A word referring to religious teachings that are revealed to Rishis directly from God symbol An image that expresses religious ideas tapas Literally ‘heat’; ascetics and people practising yoga intensively generate tapas Trimurti A term for the three main Hindu gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva trishula A word meaning ‘three spears’, another weapon symbolising the power and authority of the gods upanayana A traditional Hindu ceremony that children undergo when they are ready to be educated about the Vedas and other sacred texts vahana An animal ‘vehicle’ that transports Hindu deities Vaishnava A Hindu who believes that Vishnu is the Supreme God Vedas A collection of sacred writings, literally meaning ‘knowledge’ vibhuti The three white lines on Shiva’s forehead, which represent his superhuman powers yoga Controlling the mind and body to purify yourself and achieve moksha

Unit 1: History and belief

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Key facts

Key people and gods

• The roots of Hinduism can be traced back to India more than 4000 years ago. Today, it has nearly one billion followers worldwide.

Agni The Vedic god of fire who consumed the food offered in sacrifices and made it acceptable to other gods Arjuna A heroic character in the Mahabharata who obeys Krishna by fighting against his own family in order to follow dharma Brahma One of the main three Hindu gods; the creator of the world Brahman A supreme being in which most modern Hindus believe; the source of everything, including the gods Caitanya An exuberant worshipper of Krishna who lived from 1486 to 1534 Ganesha The elephant-headed god of wisdom Indra The Vedic god of sky, who sent thunderbolts to earth Kalki A warrior on a white horse; the form that Hindus believe the final avatar of Vishnu will take Krishna One of the avatars of Vishnu; a charioteer who instructs Arjuna how to live a good life. He is a very popular deity Lakshmi The god Vishnu’s wife; the goddess of wealth Manu A legendary man saved by the fish avatar of Vishnu Mata Devi (Amma) A modern Hindu teacher who people travel to receive a hug from Parvati The god Shiva’s wife; a goddess of love and fertility Rama King in the Ramayana whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana; he defeats Ravana Ravana The many-armed demon who abducted Sita Rudra A much-feared Vedic god who inflicted illness upon farm animals Shankara An intelligent ascetic who lived 1300 years ago Shiva One of the main three Hindu gods; the destroyer of the world Sita The wife of Rama in the Ramayana kidnapped by Ravana Vishnu One of the main three Hindu gods; the preserver of the world Vishvamitra A character in the Ramayana who had built up massive power and great abilities by meditating and fasting

• Hinduism has no single founder and no particular leader or group of leaders. Its followers, known as Hindus, have many different beliefs. • The main sacred texts in Hinduism are the four Vedas, which are believed to have been revealed by God. • Other important texts for Hindus include the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and the Puranas, all of which contain stories about the gods and goddesses. • Vaishnavas believe that Vishnu is the Supreme God; Shaivas believe that Shiva is the Supreme God. Local gods are often believed to be forms or extensions of the Supreme God. • Hinduism is rich in symbolism. Objects such as the chakra (wheel), conch shell and lotus ﬂower all have special meanings for Hindus. • Hindus believe in reincarnation. What determines a person’s next life is karma: whether a person performs good or bad deeds in this life. • The journey of the soul through these reincarnations is called samsara. Hindus try to achieve a permanent release from samsara known as moksha. Moksha might be achieved through yoga and meditation or through worship and devotion. • ‘Dharma’ is a universal law, meaning ‘duty’ or ‘righteousness’, which guides how Hindus live their lives. They try to show loyalty and respect and support charities to help those in need. • Yoga and meditation are ways of controlling the body and mind to help achieve moksha. They involve moving the body in certain postures (asana), controlling breathing (pranayama) and focusing the mind so it is free of distractions. • Ascetics are Hindus who choose to give up everyday comforts and live lives of hardship, often as beggars, to purify themselves and help them towards moksha.

Knowledge organiser

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Unit 2: Hinduism in the modern world

What is the caste system? How have Hindu beliefs about caste changed? According to some ancient Hindu texts, every person belonged to one of four classes, or castes. The caste that a person belonged to determined the job that he or she did. The system was intended to create a balanced community in which everyone did an important job that was required for society to function well. This way of organising society is known as the caste system. From the earliest times, people viewed some castes as higher or lower than others. They also tended to believe that people were born into a caste with the qualities needed to perform a role (which meant that a person could not move between castes). They thought that following dharma meant fulﬁlling the duty of the person’s caste. These ideas were supported by an ancient Hindu text called the Laws of Manu. The four castes, in order of how highly they were viewed, were:

These dalit women in India are using a bank designed to help rural people lift themselves out of poverty.

Brahmins: priests who looked after spiritual matters Kshatriyas: warriors who protected society Vaishyas: traders and farmers Shudras: manual labourers/servants

The myth of Purusha There is a myth about the caste system in the Rig Veda. In it, a giant called Purusha is sacriﬁced by the gods in order to create human society. Each caste is made from a different part of Purusha’s body. The Brahmins were made from Purusha’s head, showing they are thoughtful and spiritual. The Kshatriyas were made from Purusha’s arms, meaning they should be strong and ready to ﬁght against injustice. The Vaishyas were made from Purusha’s thighs and the Shudras were made from his feet. Because feet are often seen as unpleasant, this could suggest that Shudras are of lower status. However, feet are also a vital part of the body, holding everything else up. As such, Hindus can interpret this myth as showing that each class is a vital and valued part of society and no caste is more important than another.

The Untouchables As people started to view castes as higher or lower, a ﬁfth group developed. Members of this group were known as ‘Untouchables’, and no other caste would associate with them. We do not know exactly where this group came from or who became part of it, but we do know that they were regarded as lower than the Shudras. They were considered impure and had to do the most menial jobs. Unable to move caste, Untouchables faced a life of poverty and discrimination.

Fact In ancient times, some Hindus even believed that Untouchables should ring a bell when they entered a village so that people could hide. This is not widely believed today.

Activity Prepare a case arguing either for or against the statement ‘The caste system is a good thing.’ Then hold a class debate.

Unit 2: Hinduism in the modern world

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Gandhi and the Dalits

2.4

Mohandas Gandhi is probably the most famous Hindu of the twentieth century. Gandhi taught that all Hindus are equal in God’s eyes. He believed that Untouchables should be treated like any other Hindus, calling them ‘Harijans’, which means ‘children of God’. Gandhi worked hard to end the discrimination Untouchables faced. For example, he campaigned for them to be allowed to worship inside temples, which many people were angry about. He also caused great controversy by accepting an Untouchable family a community or settlement he had developed and adopting their daughter. The modern Indian name given to Untouchables is Dalits, which means ‘oppressed’ or ‘broken’. Dalits prefer this term because it acknowledges that they are not really ‘untouchable’ and have been (and still are) oppressed. In India today, approximately 15 per cent of the population are Dalits. They still face problems in many places, and people continue to campaign to rid society of caste-based discrimination.

The caste system today Most modern Hindus do not think that following dharma requires people to do a speciﬁc job that they were born to do. Like Gandhi, many Hindus also believe that all human beings are of equal worth. Since 1950, laws have been passed in India to try to protect and support the lower castes. For example, there are a certain number of places reserved for non-Brahmins in schools and colleges, also for Dalits in government. Caste has not entirely disappeared in modern Indian society. Many people continue to remember their ancestral 'jati', or trade, which is a type of caste system. In some parts of rural India the caste system is also still important. Even outside India, many people still choose to marry within their own caste.

This man is a journalist from a dalit community in a slum area of Mumbai. He is showing his son a news report he produced to highlight the discrimination that dalits still face.

Gandhi speaking to Dalit workers in 1940.

Key vocabulary Caste System A series of social classes that determine someone’s job and status in society

Check your understanding 1 2 3 4 5

What do Hindus think was the original intention of the caste system? Explain two ways in which the myth of Purusha in the Rig Veda could be interpreted. How can ideas about caste cause discrimination? Explain how ‘Untouchables’ were treated and why they prefer the name ‘Dalits’. How effective have modern Hindus been at challenging caste-based discrimination? Refer to the actions of Gandhi in your answer.

Topic 2.4: What is the caste system?

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