Issuu

EXCESO DE COPIi, PARA DONAR CPR UPR RP

VOCATIONAL

NEEDS

PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS

PAQUITÁ RU'IZ

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO

PUBLISHED

EDITORIAL UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITARIA OF

PUERTO

RIO PIEDRAS.

P. R.

RICO

VOCATIONAL

NEEDS

PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS

RUIZ

Fue

PAQUITA

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO RIO PIEDRAS 1947

FIFTY CENTS

F0REW0RD . The number of Puerto Ricans in New York City is unknown, but estimates have reached as high as 350,000. Their problems have been the concern of both insular and continental social workers for many years. The number has been soaring in thé recent past. Records of persons entering and leaving the island are available since 1908. There has been a net outflow of 140,333 persons from that year until September 30, 1946. The past three years and three months account for 63,908 or 45.7 percent of the total. Udnoubtedly the majority go to the world's largest city. Emigration as one of the soiltions to the problem of overpopulation has long been discussed. The difficiIties encountered by those who leave the island are sometimes forgotten in he debate. The troubles of the migrant should not interfere with further emigration, but they should be utiliZod3in formula ing a program to grapple with these problems. The Social Science Research Center believes that the data herein presented and the analyses and recommendations made by Dr. Ruiz will aid in the.drafting od such a program. The recommendations are presented as.the judgment of a careful student and not as an expression of University policy., The summaries of material on vocational guidance and education will be valuable to many workers in this increas i.ngly mportcnt field. Dr. Ruiz obtained her B/ degree at the University of Puerto Rico after attending high school in Aguadilla and elementary school in Aguada. This re— port is based on the dise~ztatíon submitted as part of her Ph.D. requirements at Fordham University in 1946e This is the third publication of the Social Science Research Center. Nutrition Studies in Pucr o Rico by 9na Teresa Blanco and El Estudio de la Comunidad by Caroline F. Ware have already proved their value in aiding re— search. A bibliography of Puerto Rican social science matorial, an estimate of the sources and distribution of the insular income, a report on the Puerto Rican migrant in St. Croix, an anthropological study of Lajas ^.nd suggestions for an emigration program are snheduT~for publication early in 1947.

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER Clarence Senior, Director

April, 1947.

•

TABLE

OONTENTS Pare

R.EUORD

......

C C O C C......

C C.

0 4.

C C.

o C U

C o

G G o o o e.

C o 0

C C.

G..

LIST OF TABLE:...............~.......... .......e..........

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION

II. SITUATION AND NEEDS OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS ................... III.

o o o o o o e o o o e e c...

SUNIiiARY AND RECOIJ1IdENDATIONS....... 0

C C .

•0

C .

BIBLIOGRAPHY.... e.,..

34 39

APPEND fl

~~.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

00000000.00

SURVEY OF RELATED LITERATURES.....................

THE SUBJECTS, METHODS AND PROCEDURES.... o.c....o.o

INTERVIEU'!ER'S CHECK LIST.......................o.. 79

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF LRKERS ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS IN THE DICTIONARY OF OCCUPATIONAL TITLES, WAR MANPOWER COMMISSION

iii

s~ LIST

TABJ,F'

Table

aP ge

Reasonswhy Puerto Ricans migrated i.o New York City

Comparison of wages in Puerto Rico and in the United States

III Distribution of subjects according to occupational gróupa3G.....•.

Distribution of ages

Age according to occupational grow?

Marital status according to occupational statu;3.

VII

Distribution of employment stability

VIII Employment stability according to )cCupational.froup IX

Analysis of variance of employment staility~...

Distribution of the religiuos affiliations of ytrbjects

12 -3 .

XI Distribution of the number of years of school.xtg

XII

Schooling according to occupationa:'_ status of ,,ndividuals

XIII

Supplementary training received by ;subjects....

XIV

Supplementary training relation to present jot)

Distribution of maximum weekly income

XVI

Average maximum weekly earned income according t group

occupational 18

XVII

Analysis of variance of income

XVIII

Knowledge of the English language

XIX

Distribution of individuals having a previous pr

on record.

LIST OF TABLES-- _O____

Pr_ge

Table XX

X-Ray Diganosf.e of 7, 140 individuals in Harlem

XXI Distribution of preferred activities

XXII Distribution of occupations of fathers and sons according to occupational level

XXIII Proportion of sons on the occupational levels of fathers

XXIV

Proportions of fathers on the occupational level of sons

XXV

Distribution of subjects according to occupational preferences

XXVI Women and men placed by the Puerto Rican employment service

XXVII Major occupational groups

Figure 1...........................,

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Problem According to the reports of the United States Census,i there were few Puerto e esiding in the United States previous to the year 1910. The numbex~/comparaUvely small up to the time of the 1920 census. However, since 1920, Puerto kicans have migrated to New York in increasing numbers each year. This movement is a part of the general migration of workers to urban centers which was started by the demand for industrial workers during the first world war and was stimulated later by restrictions placed on European immigration. Although a small number of Puerto RicáYis returned to the island during the depression, the high wages offered in American industry during the period of the second world war main accelerated the movement of Puerto Ricans to the City of New York. According to an investigation conducted by Chenault,3 most of the Puerto Rican migrants in New York City were laborers in the lower income brackets who had been attracted t~X. high wages. Nany of these came without previous in— formation concerning the cost of living in tl}e area. About seventy per cent Like other similar movements of them have located in a section of Harlem. large coming of people of masses from agricultural areas to urban communities, these migrants created many problems both in section from which they came and in the community in which they strived to establish new homes. This inv stggation was stimulated by a desire to assist in the solution of some of the problems arising from this Puerto Rican migration. According— ly, the investigator sought tc ascertain the follówingy 1. Why individuals from Puerto Rico migrate to the city of Now York. 2. The occupational status of this group of migrants. 3. To what extent age is a factor in occupational status.

4. The relationship, if any, existing between marital status and dependents and occupational status. 5. Er;ployment stability as an influence in occupation— al status. 6. Whether religion is a factor which influences occupational status. 7. The relationship between occupational status and education or skills obtained in the schools of Puerto Rico.

r ~

2 8. How occupational status is influenced by socio—economic status. 9: Whether a better knowledge of the English language is found among the Puerto Rican migrants holding highly paid jobs. 10. Whether a previous prison record influences the occupational opportunity of the Puerto Rican migrant. 11.

Whether occupational status is influenced by health.

12.

The relationship between occupational status and recreation.

13.

Whether occupational status is in accord with fathers' occupations.

14.

Whether occupational status is in accord with occupational prefer— ences.

In general, the study was designed to deterrine the occupational status and to discover the vocational, social, and educational needs of 3,024 white, male Puerto Ricans who had migrated to the city of Now York to work during the years 1940 to 1944 inclusive, and who live in the area shown in Figure_.]. The terms used are defined in Appendix A. ~ ~

~..

CHAPTER T-- Footnotes: 1 United Str;tes, Bureau of the. Census, Birth of the Native Populations, (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Printing Office, 1920), p. 679. 2 J. L. Rice, Health Problems Among Puerto Ricans in Now York Cif (New York, unpublished study, l934), p• 1. 3 L. R. Chenault, The Puerto Rican Migrant in Now York City (New York: Colum— bia University Press, 1928), 18Opp. 4 _bid, pp. 5S-60.

Ó ~

H FTti

I-~-~

1: 4

126 x

124

H H

r:7ANI-iATTArT

~ ~

11~

114 x 110

{ H ~ 106

102

Fig. E.

I Area of Puerto Rican Settler;ent in Harlem, by Census Tracts. Tracts marked with X were the ones chosen at random for collecting the sample for this study.

4 CHAPTER

SITUATION AND NEEDS OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS This chapter is devoted to an analysis of the results of the investiga— tion. In order to answer the questions formulated in the statement of the problem, this analysis is presented in fourteen sections. The first deals with the reasons why the Puerto Rican migrants came to the city of New York. The occupational status of the Puerto Rican is considered in the second section. Age as a factor that might determine the occupational status is treated in the The fourth section deals with the realtionship between section that follows. marital and occupational status. The variuos implications involved with employment stability s considered in the fifth section. Religion, as a factor that might have bearing on employment status, follows in section six. This is followed by analysis of the educational background of each worker in relation to occupational status. Trig eighth section includes a careful analysis of the migrant's socio—economic status. The worker's command of the English language as an influence on his employability is coneide~ed.in section nine. The possi— ble influence of a prison record on the employment of the migrant is considered in section ten. Heálth, as a factor which might affect both the life of the migrant as well as the welfare of the community s discussed in section eleven. The migrant's recreational interests are dealt with in the section that Section thirteen is an attempt to trice relationship between the follows. migrant's occupational status and his father's occupation. The last section deals with occupational preferences. 7

The data contained in these sections were derived from responses made by the subjects to questions asked during the interview.

Reasons Why Puerto Ricans Migrate To The City of New York In order to determine the reasons why Puerto Ricans migrate to the city of New York, the following question was asked to each of the subjects inter— viewed for thisCstúdy: "Why did you leave the community where you lived in Puerto Rico to come to New York City?" A summary of tho answers to this question is presented in the following table. An inspection cf the data presented in Table I reveals that economic distress was by far the most important of the basic reasons for migration. As can be observed frog; the table, seventy—two per cent of the individuals were in economic difficulty through unemployment, seasonal work, relatives who were unable to continue support, reduced wages, migration of industry, lo— Accordingly, the most important cality too small and inadequate earnings.

5 reason for the migration of the Puerto Ricans laborers to the city of New TABLE

REASONS WHY PUERTO RICANS MIGRATED TO NEW YORK CITY

: Number Reasons for Migration Economic distress 2,177 Unemployment 392 302 Full time job of definite duration 302 Seasonal work only..• • 303 Relatives unable to continue support Reduced wages ,....w...o..000..: 241 Forced into lower occupational statis 182 Inadequate earnings .......o..o..o.o...: 152 Migration of industry 120 Locality too small. e e • ••••. ... .. . .. ... .. .: 91 Miscellaneous economic difficultie^ 81 605 Personal distress .o..000.000..0000..: difficulties 272 Domestic 242 To join relatives Death of head of family 61 30 Other personal difficulties Other reasons 242 •

•.

•`

•

000•C

TOTAL

....

Per Cent 72 13 10 10 10 8 6 5 4 3 3 203. 9

8 2 1 8 100

3,024

York was a search for a higher or steading income. This fact becomes apparent from an examination of wages paid in Puerto Rico. Table II presents a comparison of the wages paid in Puerto Rico with those paid in the United States. TABLE II 1 COMPARISON OF WAGES IN PUERTO RICO AND IN THE UNITED STATES Averq;e Earnings . Per Hour P. R. : U. S. :

Industry

Averar:e Full--Time Weekly Earnings P. R. U. S. .

Bakery Shops

Males Females

$.147 .187

: $.553 : .298 :

$9•z6 9.00

.345

.378 :

15.56

18.86

.189

.268 :

6.76

13.37

.701 :

5.70

31.05

$30.42 14.93

Cigarette factories

Males Females Foundry, machine and blacksmith shops Males

•

.145

6 In a survey of the wages earned by 70,395 workers, the Aepartment of ,Labor of Th erto Rico found thatthe most common wade rate was between twelve and thi~t+— A little more than fifty--four per cent of these teen cents per hour. 70,395 workers received wages of ten cents per hour, and only about one per cent received more than forty cents per hour. In terms of weekly wages, this means that more than fifty nor cent of these workérs earned about five dollars por week. The poor economic condition of the Puerto Rican worker may be easily understood from these facts. If the high wages prevailing in the United States have in the past attracted workers from Europe, it would seem that this attract— ion would be doubly effective in the caso of the Puerto Rican. In addition, many Puerto Ricans have migrated to Now York to escape perso— From the group selected for this study, as can be observed nal difficulties. from an inspection of Table I, ttaenty per cent chose Now York City as their place of destination because they had some domestic difficulty such as death of family, divorce, separation from husband or wife, or the problem of joining rela— tives. Relatives and friends already in the United States have exerted a strong influence upon the Puerto Rican laborer migrants. Almost everyone had some friend or relative, or had known someone who had gone to the United States and secured employment. It is not difficult to imagine the effect of a letter from a boy in New York to his friend in the city of Sean Juan who is recieving little or no wages at all, telling him that he has secured a factory job which pays thirty dollars a week. It is to be expected that many of these letters would tend to exaggerate the success of the migrant who has just come to New York. Many of the people in the island think that if they could get to a place where they might earn four or five do~J.ars a day, all of their poverty and distress would be at an end. As might be expected, slight condideretion is given to the amount of goods this money would buy, to the taxes which must be paid, and to the requirements of the climate and life in a large city' Another reason for the migration of Puerto Ricans to New York may be found in the transportation facilities from Puerto Rico to New York. The most import— ant trade routes are between San Juan and New Iork rather than between Son Juan and other ports such as Tampa, Galveston or New Orleans, The cost of passage in the wall boats as a rule is low and there are several boats each week which bring passengers. Workers frequently secure passa e by working on the boats, On the faster boats, the traveliing time is only about three and a half days. The lowest cost of passage is forty dollars.

• t

•

he Puerto Rican Migrants

Occupation

studied in this investigation we Tho 3,024 individuals distributed of occupations conta.necd in the 3?pfication according to th Dictionary of mble III presents this distribution. Occupational Title TABLE

III

DISTRIBUTION OF STIBJECTS ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL GOUPS Ocow tional : : Group I II III IV V VI VII

Description

$ Number

: 12.1 Profe ional and managerial : 81ercal and sales occupations : 212 s 635 : Service occupations : Agricultural, fishery, forestry: 30 : 3_>3 : Skilled occuctions : 846 :Semi-skilled occupations : 847 : Unskilled occupations TOTALS......000.:3,024

—. : Per Cent 4

4 7 2.1 1 1.1 28 28 100

Of the total group studidd.~ only four per cent could be classified within professional and managerial group of occupations. This group wa made up of musicians, pharmacists, teachers, photographers, and nurses. According to a commercial directory published in 1940, there were about sixty physicians, fifty—four lawyers, forty—one dentists, and some other Puerto Ricans engaged in professional occupations, living in; New York. This Troup, however, lives outside the boundaries of the area studied in this investigation. According to the data presented in Table III, seven per cent of the subject were engaged in clerical an sales occupations. In the commercial direct— ory mentioned above, the grocery business is a frequent choice cf many indi— duals within this group. About 250 grocery stores known as "boded^.s", are listed in this directory. In addition, Puerto Ricans were working in fifty-six. meat markets, forty-five tailor shops, sixty-six drug stores, seventy restaurants, forty-five barber shops and twenty two cigar stores. The postal service in New Yor} is reported to have 203 Puerto Ricans omnloyed in its various departments. Twenty-one per cent of the 3,024 subjects studied were working within the service occupations group, in such jobs as waiter, porter, doorman, cook, g while only one silver-man, bus boy, dish washer, elevator man and messenger, per cent was engaged in the agricultural, fishery and forestry group of occupations.

g w, ~

Only eleven per cent of the total number o£ the iridividuai wtudisd ih ,-sic ~?er' éht this investigation wore engaged in skilled occupations while f killed were engaged in occupations classified within the aoii--skillad and group of occupations. The Puerto Rican laborers is a newcomer in the Amer5.oat labor market and experiences his greatest handicap in his lack of skUand vocational training. During the war, because of the demand for labor, the majority of tho v:rorki. era from the island found it comparatively easy to secure work of sorne sort. Before the war, the two chief employers of P erto Rican laborers in New York Puerto Ricans have also been engawere a biscuit company and a pencil factory. work. the and handicraft Before t e salary depression period, l ged in laundry usuallg of the Puerto Rican worker was small. In one investigation conducted in 1925, it was concluded that The average wage of the group Spanishspeaking workers, including Puerto Ricans, in New York City was around twenty-one dollars per week. There were some men working for as little as ten or twelve dollars per week, and women and girls were earning in some instances as low as eight dollars per week. Bofore 1930 unemployment was common among the group. There were at that time few agencies which tc~rk an interest in the problems of the Puerto Rican worker. He was allowed to drift and did not, in many instances, know where and how to find work. In practically all cases he was forced to take the first job that was offered him. The depression greatly complicated his problem. Some of the racial groups who gave up their jobs to the Puerto Rican have now come beck to reclaim their former jobs. Of the total group of 3,024 individuals studied in this investigation, forty»one per cent obtained their present jobs through the United States Employment Service, twenty—four per cent through friends and realtives, twenty—two per cent through newspaper advertisement~,twelve per cent through social and private agencies and one per cent through recommendation of previous employers. Dee. as .c Factor. in Occupational Status In age, the 3,024 individuals studied in this investigation ranged from fiftoen to sixty years. Table IV presents this distribution.

9 TABLE IV DISTRIBL'TICN CF AGES Age Grouping in Years

Number

Per Cent

• , . . . .

1 1 8 10 12 40 18 6 1

60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34

. . . . . . •

34 31 2/1 302 362 1209 544

25-29 20-24

. .

181 30

1r-19

TOTAL

3024

100

Seventy per cent of the subject studied were between thirty and forty-four years of age, indicating a group not within military draft age. Cf the 302 individl.'o.ls between the ages of fifteen and tv:•enty-nine, ninety-one had nbt yet been drafted at the time of the investigation, and 211 had been rejected due to physical handicap or to failure to meet the minimum intelligence requirements of the Army. The ages cf the subjects within each of the seven groups of occupational status were deterrined. Table V presents the cistribution of ages of the subjects according to their occupational status.

TABLE

AGE ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL GROUP Occupational Group

Number of Sub— jects

I II

121 212

38.69 27.70

3.21 3.06

III IV V VI VII

635 30 333 846 847

34.11 32.86 48.46 37.62 35.36

7.61

Mean Age

. Standard Deviation

.4,2

4.42 4.78 3.56

An inspection of Table V reveals that the individuals in Group V, the skilled occupations group, were the oldest. The mean age for this group was 48.46 years. The individuals in Group I, the professional and managerial group, ranked second in ago. The mean age for this group was

1t) 35.69 years. ;'hard. in age were the individuals clas ~ified w-thin group VI A the semi—skilled occupations group. The mean age óf this group 37.62 years. The individuals in group VII, the unskilled occupations grctn, come next with a.'me n a;re of 35.36 years. Fifth in age were the subject;: classi— fied within group III, the servicé occupations groi . The mean age c." this group was 34.11 years. The individuals in group IV} the agriculture-,;'.., fishery and fore~t y group of occupations ranked sixth in age. The n sn age for this group vas 32.86. The youngest individuals were found withii group II, the clerical a ni sales group. The man agd of this group was 27.70 years. When the coefficient of correlation was computed between age and of<;upa— tional status, the resulting coefficient was -.19. This low negative i 2 3— tionship indicates that no direct relationship existed between the age cf the subject and his occupations) status.

Relationship Betweeia Marital Status na d Dependents na d Occupational Status For the pnrpos.a of analyzing the data on this aspect of the study, the individuals in the investigation were divided into two groups: (a) single men having no dependents (b) married men with dependents. Table VI shows ;he number of each class within the various occupational groups.

TABLE VI MARITAL STATUS ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

üôeupational : Number Group : Single I II III IV V VI VII Totals

: : : .

18 105 61 18 184 491 877

: Per Cent : Number : Per Cent: '" 'htal Number : : Married : : Single ,í Married

. : . .

2 12 7 2 21 56

100

. . .

129 107 580 343 666 322

. . :

6 5 27 16 31 15

2.147 :

100

. .

147 212 641 18 343 550 813 3,424

11 Of the total of 2,147 married men, the largest percentage, that is thisty one per cent, is found within Group VI, the semi-skilled occupational group; the second largest--twenty-seven per cent--is found within Group III, the service occupations group. Seventy-seven per cent of the single men were employed in Groups Vi and VII, the unskilled and semi—skilled occupations. In Group I, the professional and managerial group, there were six per cent of the married men, while there were only two per cent of The single men. No single men were found within the skilled occupations group and no married men within the agricultural, fishery and forestry group. To determine whether a significant relationship existed between occupational status and. marital status, the Chi-Square technique was applied. The Chi-Square result of 33.12 was obtained, while the degrees of freedom were six. For six degress of froeddm, Chi-Sgaure equals 16.81 and the observed Chi-Square is so much larger that the null hypothesis that occupational status is independent of marital status, is rejected. Therefore it is possible to state that occupational status is related to the marital status of the individual.

Employment Stability The index of employment stability of each porsón was found by dividing the length of time on the job held longest by the total possible length of work experience. A single occupation held during the entire working life of an individual would be rated 100 per cent, while the frequent changing of jobs would lower the index of stability. .

Table VII presents the data concerning the employment stability of the subjects of this investigation. It can be observed from an inspection of the table that thirty-nine per cent of the individuals held one job less than one-fourth of their total working life. Twenty-nine per cent of the group had TABLE

VII

DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT STABILITY

Index of Employment Stability .

85-94 75-84 65-74 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34

. . . . . .

12-24

. .

30 91 30 91 151 544 876 635 546

. . . . . . . . .

1 3 1 3 5 18 29 21 18

TOTALS

, 9

Per Cent

95-100

4-14

Number

3,024

100

12 S. r •

an index of stability between twenty-five and thirty-four, eighteen per cent between thi't -five to forty-four, five per cent between forty-five to forty four, three per cent between fifty-five to sixty-four, one per cett between sixty-five to seventy-four, three per had an index of stability betweon eighty-five to ninety-four. It can be observed also that of the total number of cases, only one per cent had an index of employment stability of 100 per cent. Various degrees tf stability were found to exist among individuals within the several occupational groups. This fact can be observed from an inspection of Table VIII which 7presenta the data concerniñg stability of employment according to occupation. TABLE

VIII

EMFLOYiRENT STABILITY ACCORDING TO OCCUPLTIONAL GROUP

Occupational Group

: Numbe' of Cases

121

II III IV

212

635

Standard De: Mean Index of Employ. ment Stability . viation

80.86

8.46

47.74 28.01 44.79

17.03 14.76 1.21

V VI

333 846

34.80 21.55

9.21 17.28

VII

847

25.58

12.44

The individuals within Group I demonstrated the highest stability, while among the subjects in Groups VI and Vin, there was less stability. Possible reasons for this difference in stability are the lack of voca— tional training and absence of vocational guidance among the individuals of thest groups. A coefficient of correlations of .35 between employment stability and occupational status was found. This correlations is low and indicates that the employment stability of the individuals studied in this investigation has little relationship to occupational status. The analysis of var~.anaeprocedures was used to test the significance of the variation of the means cf the group. Table IX presents the results of the application of this technique.

TABLE IX ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF EMPLOYMENT STABILITY

Variation

: Degrees of Freedom

Among Groups.........:

: Sums of the Square

5,452

Within Groups

3017

: 1,452,608

TOTALS F equals 1.89

3023

1,458060

Variance

1090.4

The analysis of variance indicated that the differences in the means signify reel differences in the population and that they are not due to chance alone or to errors in sampling. This means that the employment stability of an individual is associated with variation in the occupational status of the person. It is concluded that employment stability might be considered to be a source of variation in determining the occupational status of the indivi— duals studied in this investigation.

Religion The individuals studied in this investigation viere grouped according to their religious affiliation. Table X presents the data concerning the religious affiliation of the 3,024 subjects studied. TABLE X DISTRIBUTION OF THE RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION OF SUBJECTS

Religious Affiliation

Number

Per Cent

Catholics Protestants

2,206 695

73 23

TOTAL Data not obtained

2,901 123

96 4

Of the group of 3,024 subjects studied in this investigation, seventy— three per cent were Catholics, while twenty—three per cent were members of various Protestant denominations. Four per cent refused to give any informa— tion concerning their religious affiliation. As can be observed, the Puerto Rican migrant is usually Catholic in his religion, but m f these mzgrdnts have no foraal affiliation with the Catholic church in New York. Many of the

priests and ministers of the churches located in the section of New York in which the subjects resided have stressed the la1 of contact with the church on the part of a large number of the group. Catholic :workers have found that a greater need for religious instruction existed among the Puerto Ricans than among other Spanish—speaking groups. They have found likewise that many couples nominally Catholic have been married only by civilceremony, and it s not uncommon to discover among the Puerto Ricans a child of four or five years of age who has not been baptized. One Puerto Rican social worker who has lived for many years in the Harlem section in which the investigation was conducted and whg2is in almost daily contact with one hundred and fifty Puerto Ricans families believes that this lack of contact with the Catholic church in New York is due to the zeal of Protestant and non—sectarian organizations which are working among the Puerto Ricans, an d per— haps to the lack of contact by Catholic agencies. Another social worker explained the lack of religiuos influence by the many attractions of a large city which tend to divert the Puerto Rican from religious service and an in— terest in church affairs. ti7hen the Chi—Square test was computed between the occupational group levels I to VII, and religion divided into two categories--- (1) Catholics and (2) Protestants--- the following results were found: Chi-Square equaled 9.192 and the degrees of freedom equaled 2.

Two degrees of freedom in the Chi-Square tables is equal to 9.21 and the observed Chi-Square computed between the occupational status of the group and religion is 9.192. These results indicate that the hypothesis that the relationship between these two factors is zero is retained and that the two factors are independent of esch other. It can be concluded, theréfor-e, that religion is not related to occupational status, but that the two distributions are independent. EDUCATION Education consists of building up in the individual an organization of knowledge and skills, of habits and attitudes, of virtues and ideals which will aid in fulfilling life's purposes. The chief aim of education is to help each person to make of himself the best that it i possible for him to become. To help toward the achievement of this aim, the school is organized into dif— ferent levels such as elementary school, high school, and college. Table XI presents the distribution of the subjects studied in this inves— tigation according to the number of years of formal schooling received. The distribution shows that only one per cent of the group studied in this investi— gation graduated from college, while one per cent completed one year in college,

15 eight per cent graduated franhigh school, twenty-four per cent attended high school for one year or more years but did not graduate, five per cent graduated from elementary school, and sixty one per'cnt attended elementary school completi grades ranging from the first to the seventh. The average number of years of schooling of the 3024 individuals studied ranged from four to six years. TABLE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE NUMBER OF EARS OF SCHOOING

Schooling

College graduate. Three years in college Two years in college One year in collegé High school graduate.............: Three years in high school • Two veers in high school One year in high Elementary shcool.graduat®: Seven year in elementary, s fix years in.elementery Five years in elementary $ Four years in elementary;....~ t Three years In élementerye : Two years in elemo tary One year in elemeñtary TOTAL

Per Cent

:Number of Years :Number :Attended School 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

• .

30 30 242 241 183 302 156 182 484 489 211 242 172 60 3021

: .

. .

1 1 8 6 10 5 6 16 17 7 8 5 2 100

When the schooling of the individuals was listed according to their occu*~ational status, there was an evident gradual increase in the number of years of formal school training at each group level. The smallest amount of formal school training had been received by the subjects in the unakilled occupations Group VIII, namely 5.57 years. The mean of the years of schooling increased at each of the successive levels and the largest, that is 12.72 years, is found among the subjects of the professional and managerial occupations, Group I. Table XII presents the data concerningthis distribution. An obtained coefficient of correlations of .66 between the occupational status and education indicates that a high relationship exists between these two factors of occupational status and formal training.

16 TABLE

XII

SCHOOLING ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS Occupational Status

. Number of. :Individuals

I II III

121 212 635

IV V VI

30 333 X47

VII

846

. Meas. of Years . of schooling

Standard Deviatiom 1.52 1.00 2.52

12.72 11.30 g•O8 ff.01

9.67 6.19

.41 1.22 2.23

2.14

In addition to the number of years of schooling, 663 individuals indicated during the interview that supplementary training had been received. This sup— plementary training included vocational and trade courses within the fields of mechanics, masonry, drafting, painting and tailoring. Two hundred and three individuals had received this training while attending night schools in Puerto Rico while 460 received it while attending night schools in New York. Table XIII presents the data concerning this supplementary training.

TABLE XIII SUPPLEMENTJ,RY TRAINING RECEIVED BY SUBJECTS

Months in Training

24-29 18-23 12-17 6-11

0-5 TOTALS........:

Numbers Individuals

Per Cent

47 146 279 171

. . = . .

7 22 42

663

26 100

Only 275 individuals of this group, having some supplementary training in vocational subjects, indicated that at the time the investigation was conducted they were working in jobs related to the supplementary training they had acquired. Table XIV presents the data concernirg this distribution.

~. 17 TABLE

XIV

SUPPLEMENTARY TRAINING RELATION TO PRESENT JOB

Number of Indict±duo1s

Number of Occupation

: Per Cent

Mechanics.....o...•..: Painters.............: Tailors........°° ...: Draftsmen........00.

151 82 31 11

60 29 9 2

TOTAL.,...... .

27r

100

In general this section of the study concerning the relationship of educa— tion to occupational status, indicated that:

There exists a high degree of relationship between education and occupational status.

Most of the individuals were in the semi—skilled and unskilled occupational groups and in these groups the average number of years of schooling ranged from four to six years of schooling in the elementary grades.

3. Six hundreds and sixty—three individuals indicated that sup— plementary training in such ocatioua1 subjects as mechanics, masonry, d iting, painting and tailoring had been received. Two hundred and seventy—five individuals of this same group stated that they were working in jobs related to the supplemen— tary training acquired. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS The economic status of the 3,024 subjects in this investigation v.Tas deter— - Tai rrdned by the week) wage rea iredh f 'om the id her Sh-~r t~&'distribution 'o rw ekly inéotie of'1t e sibjects. TABLE XV DISTRIBUTION OF MAXIMU1Ví WEEKLY INCOHE Highest Weekly Wages

20 20 117 323 792 1466 195 91

. 70-79 60-69 . 54-59 40-49 . 30-39 , 20-29 . . 10-19 given............: Data not TOTAI+..... .. o v:— y o

Per Cent

Number of Individuals

—

302~

. . .

.72 .72 4.2g 10.73 27.13 47.00 6.42 3. 100.00

18 Of the 3,024 subjects participating in this investigation, 1,466 or 47 per cent of the group earned between $20 and $30 weekly; 792 or 27 per cent, between $30 and $39; 480 or 16.5 per cent above $40; 195 or 6.42 per cent between $10 and $19. Ninety-one subjects or three per cent of those studied refused to give this information during the interview. When the 3,024 subjects in this investigation were distributed according to occupational status, there was evidence of an increasing income accompanying a rise in occupational status. Table XVI presents this data. TABLE XVI AVERAGE F!IAXIMUM WEEKLY EARNED INCOME ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL GROUP Occupational Status Group I II III IV V VI VII

: Number of : Individuals 147 205 655 21 351 791 762 :

: Mean Income : in Dollars 41.56 32.2 29.12 32.11 37.57 29.65 25.12

: Standard : Deviation 15.06 9.33 7.65 2.13 8.63 6.15 7.61

A coefficient of correlation of .46 between weekly income and occupational status indicates that there exists a low relationship between the income and the occupational status of the 3,024 subjects studied in this investigation. The analysis of variance procedure when applied, showed that the differences in means signify real differences in the population, which were not due to chance alone. Table XVII presents the analysis of variance data for income. TABLE XVII ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF INCOME Variation Among groups Within groups TOTAL F equals 56.12

: Degrees of Freedom 6 2926 2932

: Sums of Squares

Variance

136,087.8 1,274,585.2

. 22,681.3 401.3

1,410,673.0

•

According to the statistical tables for 2,932 degrees of freedom, F equals 56.12. Since the obtained F is significantly larger than 1, the null hypothe— sis that the relationship between these two factors is zero, is discarded. The differences in the means signify real differences. Therefore, income might be considered to be a source of variation in determining the occupational status of the subjects of investigation. '{now7.edge of the English Lan~uae During the interview with each of the individuals participating in this investigation, several questions in relation to knowledge of the English lan— guage wee usked. Table XVIII presents the data concerning the knowledge of English of the subjects, listed according to the occupational status. TABLE XVIII KNOWLEDGE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Knowledge of English Language

~ H. •

~. Speak, read and write 2. Read and write, with much difficulty in speaking 3.. Speak and read (with difficulty) 4• Speak on1 a few words

Number

Per Cent 21

635 1059 662

. :

35 22 22

3024

•

100

• •

66g

TOTAL. e e e o e e e o e e e,o e • e e e e :

The Chi—Square technique was used to determine the relationship between knowledge of the English language according to the classification presented in Table XVIII and the occupational status of the subjects. The following results were found: Chi-Square equaled 211 and degrees of freedom equaled sixteen. Sixteen degrees of freedom in the Chi-Square tables is equal to forty five and the observed Chi-Squo.re computed between the occupational status and the knowledge of English is 211. These results indicate that the hypothesis that those two factors aro independent of each other, is rejected. It can be concluded that knowledge of the English language and occupational status are rel-atef1 to each other in the study of this group of subjects. According to the data presented in Table IV, 1,964 individuals4 of the group sti.~.ied for this investigation ranged in age from twenty to thirty—nine years. (1f this group, about 1,600 were drafted into the Armed Forces during the time the study was being conducted. According to unpublished information of the New.York Induction Center, ten per cent of this group were classified as illiterate in the English language according to Army classification tests.

~. K •

Two hundred and one individuals were rejected for medical reasons while ninety two failed to meet the minimum intelligence standards required by the Army. Many of the Puerto Ricans who have migrated to New York speak or under— stand little English. The opportunities for the Puerto Rican migrant to learn English in a high school are very limited. It appears that the average laborer, in order to acquire a working tnoWledg of English, depends upon his work, newspapers and his association rather than upon a regular course of instruction. The Puerto Ricans, except for the students group in colleges, cling strongly to their own language. Many of them when asked during the interview, gave as their main reason for this the pride in their own language and customs which pride they profess to have to a very marked degree. Many Puerto Rican children who enter the public schools in New York speak or understand very little English. The children who are transferred from schools in Puerto Rico to those in New York are usually retarded in their class work so that as a result they are two or three years over—age for the grade in which they are paced.

PRISON RECORD Overcrowding in slum areas is one of the most difficult probelms confronting the Puerto Ricans living in the Harlem section of New York. Accompanying overcrowding are other social evils, for overcrowding may be as injurious to morals as it is to health. It is difficult to observe the common decen— cies in an overcrowded tenement flat which lacks adequate sleeping and toilet facilities. Lack of sufficient space in and about the crowded home drives the people into the street where saloons, poolrooms, and disreputable "hangouts" are usually the only relief from dirty, squalid dwellings, facto— ries, and junkyards. Court statistics of arrests and convictions show that the sections in 15 which the Puerto Ri ans have settled have high crime and delinquency rates. Halpern and otherslO made a study of the relationship of slum areas to crime. The authors drew the following conclusions concerning the number of offenses in these slum areas: Four Manhattan areas contain the densest offender concentrations. They are Areas 6 and in Harlem, and 3 and 4 on the Lower East Side. Areas 6 and g, both in Harlem, it will be noted lead in all but one, the petty offender group. In that res-+ poet, Area 3 assumes first place. The most juveni— le delinquents resided in Area 6 which also had the third highest number of arrests, and ranks second in petty offenders and misdemeanants.

21 According to the Halpern study, the bounddri~s~of Areas 6 and 8 are as follows: Area 6, East 126th Street and East 119th Streets to 98th Street, East River to Fifth Avenue; Area 8, West 126th Strret to West 110th Strret~ and Fifth Aveneue ;o Eighth Avenue. Area 6 has been settled predominantly by Spanish—speaking people while the people of Area 8 is predominantly Negro. The Halpern study out ofl'á::fact that is genrally recognized; mamely, that the areas of settlement of the Puerto Rican, if judged by court records of crime and delinquency, are areas in which there is a high amount of anti— social behavior. There are no statistical records which indicate to what extent there is a problem of anti—social behavior among the Puerto Ricans. Since, however, Puerto Ricans constitute an important group in such a section as Harlem, there exists of courses the implication that they are responsible at least for a part of the ant_social behavior reflected in the studies made of this particular section. In the present study, however, only fifty individuals answered "yes" to the question concerning a previous prison record. Table XIX presents the distribution of men having a prison 'ecord.

TABLE X( '7 DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUALS HLVING A PREVIOUS PRISON RECORD

Cause of imprisonment

Murder in self-defense Rape Robbery, burglary Damage to property Bigamy Smuggling TOTAL.,,,,,,:

Number of individuals

s 22 15

Per Cent

4 5 44 31 5 11 100

When the fifty subjects acknowledge a prison record were ditributed ac— cording to occupational status, it was found that all were working at semi— skilled and unskilled levels, Groups VI and VII. Six of the individuals stated that they were working at present in occupations learned while in pri— son. Only one out of the whole group of fifty stated that he was working at the same type of work whi.ch•he was doing before going to prison. Out of the total of fifty, only three reported that they had had some difficulty in getting work on account of their prison record. Owing to the small number of cases, generalization eannot be formulated with regard to the individuals in this investigation acknowledging a prison record.

~+,

22 Health Tuber l~ulosis s the outstanding health problem of the Puerto Rican in New York. This fact is related directly to the high prevalence of the disease and mortality rates in Puerto Rico. The mortality rates for tuber— culosis among the Puerto Rican group in New York appear to be as high as among other racial groups. Based upon small numbers, and therefore perhaps unreliable, the mortality rates per 100,000 population for all forms of tu— berculosis among Puerto Ricans living in New York during the years 1930 to 1936 were as follows: 8

Mortality rate Average number of deaths annually.......00

Total 434

White 370

Colored 64

195

129

The figures above, if taken without considering the fact that they are based upon these small numbers, would indicate that the mortality rate from tuberculosis among Puerto Ricans living in New York is about one—third higher ich was 304 deaths per 100,000 of population, for than that on the island the years 1936 and 1937. yy The prevalence of tuberculosis among the Puerto Ricans in New York is also shown by the X—ray examinations conducted by the Department of Health of New York City. Table XX presents the results of the examination of 7,140 persons living within the area in which this investigation was conducted

: TABLE XX 20 X—RAY DIAGNOSIS OF 7,140 INDIVIDUALS IN HARLEM

Diagnosis

: iTite

Total X-rayed . 2505 Negative diagnosis : 2048 Positive diagnosis . needing no inves- : : 134 tigation Positive diagnosis : to be investigated tuberculosis sus-: 56 poets Healed lesions 46 Tuberculous 1 Non-tuberculous . 28 Etiologv unknown

Per Cent Number : Colored : Puerto : White :Colored : Puerto . Rican Rican : . : : 738 - : • 3897 : 590 : 81.8 : 78.5 : 799 . 3059 . 170 :

. :

79 .

56 2 28

. •

42 •

5.3 .

4.4 •

5.7

2.2 .

2.0 .

3.2

12 • 0 . 2 .

1.8 . 1.1 .

1.45: .05: .7

1.6 .3

23 The conclusicldrawn by the Department of Helath from the data presented in Table XX was "that positive causes of tuberculosis were much more preva— lent ámong the Puerto Ricans than among the whites and colored, and that21 the same conditiontprevailed regarding suspected cases of tuberculosis". The percentages given in the table are based upon small umbers and also upon an equal number of cases. This may affect their comparability. In duly 1935, the Department of Health established a case—finding proms gram for Puerto Ricans at the Meinhard Clinic, located at 130 East 101st Street and the work has continued up to the present time. During the period comprised since the establishment of the program to December 1939, 3768 . persons were examined. Of these, 244 had tuberculosis, seventy—eight in the active stage. It was also found that from seventy to eighty per cent of the diseased were in the early stages tubercu1sia. There are at ,he present time no assembled data to shww whether the prev~^lenco of tuberculosis among the Puerto Ricans in New York is increasing or decreasing. The results of recent X—ray examinations made by the Depart— ment of Helath ha'ie not been tabulated. With a group of people such as that of the Puerto Ricans in New York, of varying significance, which might explain the there are many fac high prevalence of the disease. The change in climate is one $actor of im— portance. Higher mortality rates from this disease might be expected from any group which has changed its environment of a tropical island for that of New York. Puerto Ricans who have migrated to New York come from the laboring class. They live amid extrem~-]y crowded conditions and the disease spreads rapidly among these people whose poor economic status gives them insufficient vitality to resist the disease. Other diseases commonly found among the Puerto Ricans in New York are: dysenteries, malaria, filariasis, and various worm infestatio such as hookworm, ascaris, tapeworm, pinworm and schistosome mansoni. amoebic dysentery is a disease which may result in invalidism or death, and is more common in tropical climates than in temperate zones. Contaminated water is usually the source of this disease. The bacillary type is sometimes fatal to children and to old people. Hookworm is known to be especially detrimental to children, causing them to be undersized, thin, pale, and backward in their school work. In adults, both of these diseases affect the capacity fór work, and often cause a condition described as lack of am— bition. Dr. F. W. O'Cónnor23 of the Department of Medicine, Presbyterian Hospi— tal, Columbia University, in discussing the problem of parasitical diseases caused by migration from the various countries, commented as follows:

24 The Puerto Ricans offer a. special problem. They are heavily infested with parasites, which by causing serious invaliding, interfere with their economic progress. Further recognition of the problem of these diseases is evidence by the establishments of special facilities in the Puerto Rican settlement. At the Meinhürd Memorial Health Center, the DepartmeBee~f Health has established a laboratory with trained technicians who have/cecumul~ti aeta for several years, although it is not yet avilable for perusal. Other large hospitals coming in contact with the group are also doing special work in this field. Diseases which can be spread by "carriers" would be of special signifi— cance beeuuse of the large number o£ Puerto Ricans who are employed in domes— tic, hotel, and restaurant work. The securing of proper food is a problem directly connected with that of health. In Puerto Rico, it is often said that the man of the poorer economic class is striving to secure calories rather than vitamins. Malnu— trition is common among people of the low—income group on the island. New York nutritionists have criticised the Puerto Rican diet and have pointed out that it lacks calories, that it is low in essential minerals, par cularly calcium, and that it is especially deficient in vitamins A and D. Becau— se of this fact, diet and proper nutrition form an important part of a health program among the group.

Recreation Certain social b~rrirers found on the island continue to exist among the Puerto Ricans living in the Harlem eection. In Puerto Rico' the worker of the low—income group lives under a class system of discrimination. Peo— ple of the"second class or laborers and; coloted .pérsons, 'do not 1 attend:' "first class" or professional, white and rich persons'social functions. The social status of an individual is known and accepted both by him and by all the people of his community. This attitude continues to exist in New York, and has affected social relations between the educated and successful Spanish-speaking individuals and the people living in Harlem. Many Puerto Ricans in New York refuse to identify themselves with the Harlem group in any way. The upper-class Latin-American, whether he be from Puerto Rico, Colombia_, or any of the Latin-American countries, refers to the Harlem settlement as one of "working people". Language difficulty, poverty, together with the coneentration and isolation of the settlement, has tended to confine the social activities of the Puerto Rican worker largely within his own group. Dances and music in Harlem, as in the island, hold an important place, and guitars are found in many of the homes.

1 i

25 ~. Table XXI presents the data secured during the interview concerning the preferred activities performed during the leisure time by the 3,024 subjects studied in this investigation. These data are grouped into four categories. TABLE XXI DISTRIBUTION OF PREFERRED ACTIVITIES

Category

i e

Leisure Time Activity Preferred

I - Study, read-: ing, scientific work . :

Reading Studying Visiting museums, concerts Doing science experiments

II - Creative and artis- . : tic work

Acting, singing, dancing Playing musical instrument Composing music Drawing, painting Inventing things

Number

290 109 30 11 251 100 77 39 38

: Working with tools, repairing III — Work with Selling things.........°•.............: tools, Housework mechanics and house—: Taking core of children work :

305 259 125 SLR

Attending movies...... Athletics........oa.0° Dating......•.•..•••eo Photographing.........

706 561 125 4

IV — Recreation,: sports

00000000000000000

. . . .

• . . . . . . . . . . . :

A majority of the group are interested in, activities relating to recrea— tion and sports. The preferred leisure time a;tivites of individuals within this category include the following: atendin_g movies, attending and prying baseball and basketball games, "dating" and photography. Activities relating to mechanics and housework viewfor second place according to the data pre— sented in Table XXI. Individuals within this category preferred such acti— vities as working with tools, selling things, taking care of children, and housework. Work of a creative, artistics and scientific nature is preferred by a smaller number of individuals. These subjects were interested in such daily activities as singing, dancing, composing, reading, studying, visiting museums, drawing and inventing things. A coefficient of correlation of .33 vas found between preférr~d'leisure time activities and the occupational status of the individuals studied. This correlation is considerdd to be low and indicates that the preferred leisure time activities of an iddividual have little relationship to his occupational status.

26 Father's Occupations For the purpose of analyzing the data on this aspect of the study, the occupations of the fathers of the individuals of this investigation were ranked on the same occupational scale as the occupations in which the sons were eng~gdd. Table XXII presents the distribution of occupation of fathers and some according to occupational level. TABLE XXII DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATIONS OF FATHERS AND SONS ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIO'AL LEVEL

Occupational Status Level I

~ f

: Number of . _ Fathers' . 121

171 94

III IV V

14 278

VII

2h.

TOTAL

787

: Per Cent : . 15.7 . 21.$ . 12.0 1.0 35.5 .

: Number of Sons 108 : 131 236 9 68

Per Cent

13.8 16.7 29.7 1.0 8.7

8.3 5.6

105

13.4

131

16.7

` °a

787

100.

According to the data presented in the above table, the greatest shift in occupational status is from that of Group V, or skilled occupations of the fathers, to Group III, or domestic service occupations, on the part of the sons. It may be concluded that when the occupations of the fathers of the individuals of this investigation were distributed according to the occupational level of the sons, there exists a shift in occupational status from that of skilled occupations among the fathers to domestic service occu— pations among the sons. When each occupational level of the sons is studied to determine its origin in parental occupations, striking differences become apparent. While parents from each level are represented by sons in all occupational ranks, there is a tendency for each parental level to contribute a large share of its sons to the same or adjacent ranks. Table XXIII presents the data concerning the proportion of sons in the various occupational levels of their fathers.

27 TABLE XXIII PROPORTION OF SONS ON THE OCCUPATIONAL LEVELS OF FATHERS Occupational : Level of Sons :

:Occupa.tional Level of Fathers I . II . III : IV : V . VI : VII

. 28.8 . 16.0 . 13.9 . 6.0 6.5 . 3.6 . 3.5 . 25.2 . 21.6 . 13.9 . 2.5 :14O1 . 4.6 . 4.0 . 25.2 ° 37.0 . 32.0 :31.0 :27.1 :32.3 . 27.3 . 2.0: 3.4 . 3.2 . 3. . 4. . 2.3 . 1.5 ° 5.3 . 6.0 . 3.0 :14.0 :11.6 :12.0 . 6.8 . 3.8 . 8.0 . 19.1 :27.1 :13.3 :27.7 . 29.5 . 9.7 . 8.0 . 14.9 :16.4 :23.4 :18.5 . 27.3

I II III IV V VI VII

TOTAL O.0 eTDO.0 100.0 :100.0 °100.O :100.0 :100.0 Number of . : . (44) Fathers........: (121):(171) . (94) . (14): (278 (65): Intrpretetion:

Of the 121 fathers in the professional level,

28.8 per cent had sons on the same level, 25.2 per cent had sons on level II, etc. Reversing the relationship between the ?proportion of sons on the occupational levels of fathers, it is possible to compare the proportion of fathers represented on the various occupational levels of the sons. Table XXIV presents these data.

TABLE XXIV PROPORTION OF FATHERS ON THE fCCUPt..T.IONAL LEVEL OF SONS Occupational: Status Level: of Fathers . .1

I II III IV V VI TOTJ Number of Sons

II . :

: 35.1 : 25.2 . : 25.9 . 25.2 . . 13.0 : 9.7 . . 4,0: 2.3 : . 18.4 • 31,1: 2.8 : 2.0:

OCCUPATIONAL LEVEL OF SONS VI. : III ::IV - i V

13.8 : 26.1 : 12.0 . 1.9 . 32.5 : 8.7 :

10.3: 4.8 : 4.8 17.6: 12.3 : 13.3 3.3: 16.0 . 16.1 3.4: 1.1 . 3.0 50.5: 35.2 : 34.2 10.8: 17.1 : 16.1

VII

: 3.8 : 12.3 . 17.0 . 2.1 : 33.2 : 12.4

100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0:100.0 :100.0 :100.0 : (108) : (131) : (236) 3 (9) : (68) : (105) : (131)

Interpretation:

Of 108 sons on the professional level 35.7. per cent had fathers on the sane level; 25.9 had fathers on level II, etc

28 Reg ding the "transmission" of occupational status from father to son, and Anderson have stated: Davidson As the social—economic differences between the occupational levels used are not sharp bud present. considerable overlapping, the percentage of sons on the same level as their fathers is combined with the two percentages adjacent or nearest to it in each row. In Davidscºtr and Andersonts26 study, the following measures of "transmis— sion", result the occupational ranks of the fhthara are..obmpered with the occu— pational levels of sons: Occupational level of fathers

Percentage of sons on same level or adjacent levels

Professional....••••••eOeeoeoee c e 0 c e e e e o 0 0 u 0 0 0. 0.. 6 1. 1 00 000000 6 etc. ce Proprietors, . 0 0 0 0 0 e. 6 1. 5 Cl e e e e e e e e e e e ooe.eeee73.5 Skilled.......eeea e Semi—skilled,..ee:e0 e e e e e e e e e o e e 0 o e e e e 0 e e o ae0oe.e.6S.1 00 o e e o 0 0 o e o Unskilled erks,

e tc

0000

...

0 0 00000000000

0 .

C Y .

G e.

. .

. 1

0 9

00000000000

e..

It can be seen the a similar relationship exists in this investigation when the occupational ranks of the fathers are compared with the occupational levels:oftt-sons. On the same and adjacent levels, the following proportion of fathers is discoverer: .Percentage of Fathers on same level and d:iacont levels

Son's occupational Tavel status I

. ....

0 0-. e 0

e .

O C 0

0 .

. ..76.0

64.1

III IV

72.5 2.0

66.7 64.7

VI VII;

67.0

While in Anderson and Davidson's study, "from sixty to seventy—three per cent of the recorded regular occupations of sons f 2~1l upon or are adjacent to the level of their fathers' regular occuprtions", in the present study from 64.1 to 76 per cent of the fathers' occupations fall upon or are adjacent to the level of their sonst occupations. Despite the differences in occupational classification used by Anderson and Davidson there is an apparent similarity of transmission of occupational st€.tu.s in both groups.

Occupational Preferences

•

During the interview,each subject was requested to answer the followings "What are your present occupational ambitions?" and. "What posi— questions: tions would you like to hold ten years from now?" The categories of occupations used for classifying the occupational prefer— ences was the same as those used in determining the occupational status levels of the subjects. When the subjects were classified according to occupational pre— ferences, there was evident a considerable shift upward in the occupational scale. Table XXV presents these data. TABLE XXV

: Number of Subiects

Per : Occupational : Number of Celt : Preferences : Subiects

Per Cent

121 212

4 :

631

" :

242

635 30 333 847

: 21 : • • 1'_ : : 23 :

III IV V VI

VII

8.,7

: 28 :

VII

125 63 147 635 200

4 1 38 21 7

3024

100

_ 302.

100

I IIq

•

III IV

•

V ws

Occupational Status Level

DISTRIBUTION OF SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONAL PREFERENCES

TOTAL...,... e:

Interpretation: From 121 subjects, or four per cent in the professional group in the occupational status, there is a rise to 631 or twenty—four per cent in the occupational prefer— ence level, from 212 or seven per cent in the clerical and sales occupations group, etc It can be observed from an inspection of Table XXV that there is an increa— se in the occupational preferences level.accompanied by a rise in the level of skill of the scale. This is clearly shown in groups V, VI, and VII. From four per cent in the occupational status level of group I; there is a rise to twenty—four per cent in the sane group in the occupational preferences level. In the service occupations, that is group III, there is a decrease in percentages from the occupational to the preference levee_. Only 200 subjects or seven per cent .of group reported themselves as being satisfied with theer jobs and as desi— ring to continue working as unskilled laborers.

30 Summary A

The migration of the Puerto Rican to New York consists of a movement of a group of individuals from a rural to an urban center. The Puerto Rican mi— grants have come to New York with the hope of improving their economic condi— tion. The Puerto Ricans st;idied in this investigation migrated to the United States because of economic difficulties, unemployment, inadequate earnings, reduced wages, seasonal work and domestic difficulties. The Puerto Rican migrants usually chose New York as their place of destina— tion in the United States because they were attracted by the high wages paid by industries located within the city of Now York. Another reason for their migration may be found in tie transportation facilities from Puerto Rico to New York. The cost of passage in the smell boats is low and there are several bouts making the trip each north. The age distribution cf the 3,024 individuals of this investigation ranged from fifteen to sixty years. Seventy per cent of the group was between ages thirty to forty—four. When ages was distributed according to occupational group, a gradual progression of increase in age was found with increase in occupational status.

~. Y

The data of his study shows evidence that the Puerto Rican laborers have several handicaps in obtaining work in New York. The most important handicap is lack of industrial training. Only eleven per cent of the group studied in this investigation are in the professional and clerical group of occupations, while fifty—six per cert are working in semi—skilled and unskilled occupations. The employment stability of the group is very low. This means that the majori— ty of this group of individuals, due to their lack of industrial skill, are shift— ing continually from one job to another. The Catholic religion predominates among the group. Seventy—eight per cent of the group claiming connection with it. A Chi—Square test indicated that no relationship existed between religion and occupational status of the group studied. Two per cent of the 3,024 subjects of this investigation attended college, thirty-two per cent attended high school, sixteen per cent graduated from ele— mentary school, while fifty per cent had attended elementary grá.des that ranged from the first to the seventh. A coefficient of correlation of .63 between occupational status and education indicated that a high degree of relationship exists between these factors.

The migrant from Puerto '_co is at a disadvantage as compared with the American laborer, on account o his health. The Puerto Rican worker in New York has a low economic status. According to this investigation, fifty per cent of the group earned between tree:ty and tht±ty dollars weekly; forty—four per cent above thirty dollars, and seven per cent, below twenty dollars. Due to this low income, the worker settes in a highly congested area gnd'.lierunUer verg crowded conditions. These ,nd such other factors as poor diet, inadequate recreation, and lack of fresh ai: and sunshine, affect his ability to resist infection. The presence of tube;Mui~osis and parasitical diseases causes serious economic loss, possible danger of Infection to others, and suffering.

.' s

Little knowledge of the English language and only a few years of schooling constitute important reasons why t: Puerto Rican laborer has to accept poorly paid unskilled occupations in New York. Of this group of individuals oily fifty admitted having a prison record. Nearly all of these fifty ;earned score trade while in fail and their present occupations have some relationship ,o that training received in prison.

Language difficulty, povert7, and the concentration and isolation of the settlement confines the social activities of the Puerto Rican worker largely within his own group. A majority of the group are interested in activities re— lating to recreation and sports; activities re]Lting to mechanics and housework vie for second place, while work or accreat;ve artistic and scientific nature is preferred by fewer. When the occupations of the fathers were distributed according to the occu— pational level ofthe sons, there vas found a shift in occupational status from that of skilled occupations among the fathers to domestic service occupations among the sons. When the group was classified according to occupational preference, there was found € considerable shift upward in the occupational scale fron unskilled to skilled occupations. In addition to a difficult cl=ma.tic adjustment, a new environment, a language handicap, a lack of industrial skill, and his low physical vitality, the worker and his family are exposed to conditions which have been recognized as harmful to the happiness and well—being cf all people.

32 CHAPTER II — Footnotes: 1Annua1 Report of the Commissioner of Labor of uerto Rico, Dep~.rtment of Labor, San Juan, P. R., 1939, p. 42• 2 Ibid., pp.40-41. 3 I. Lorge and R. D. Blau, "Broad Occupational ¡rouping by Estimated Abiliti®e~, Occupations. 20:419-23, June, 1942. I. See Appendix E, pp. 82. ., , 5 Guia Hispana, Directorio Guia Hispana (New York: Gula Hispana Pub 18. 1940), p• 6 Ibid., p. 123. 7 Ibid., p. 131. 8 See Appendix E, p. 82. 9 L. R. Chenault, The Puerto Rica. Migrart in New York City, New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), p. 72.

s s s

]D The Catholic Charities the . . diocese of New York, A Study of the Spanish— speaking People of the Archdiocese of New York (New York: an unpusbli_shed report, 1925), pp. 50-52. 31 This information was obtained through interview with social workers on the staff of the East Local Settlement House, located at 237 East 104th Street, Now York, N. Y. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 See p. 9. ?5 S. M. Robinson, Can Da~inauency be )IIeasureé? (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), p. 71. 16 L. J. Halpern, J. N. Stanislaus, and B. Botein, The Slum and Crime (New York: • Polygraphic Company o America, published for the New York City Housing Authority, 1934), p• 91. 17 Department of Health, New York City, Health Problems Amon_ Puerto Ricans in New York City (New York: unpusblished study, 19344) 18 Data taken from a special uunp~blishod study mudA by G. J. Drolet for the New York Tuberculosis and Health Association. 19 Annual Reports of the Commis~tioner of Health of Puerto.,Rico, Department of Health, San Juan, P. R., 1937, pp. 68-69. 20 Department of Heath, New York City, op. cit., p; 23• 21 Ibid., p. 24. 22 Ibid., p. 82. 23 F. W. O'Connor, "Animal Parasitism in Connecticut and Adjoining States", Yale Journal of. Biology and Medicine, 20: 619-35, July, 1935• 24 Data concerning diet were secured from a mimeographed study, "The Puerto Rican Diet" prepared by New York nutritiónists for the use of social workers.(Louis Draus Adc?iss, Charity Organization Society, Chairman, 1939).

33 CHAPTER II — Footnotes (Cont'd)s 25 P. E. Davidson nc1 H. D. Anderson, Occupational Mobility in on Amarican oC mrPunt (California: Stondford University Press, Standford University, 1'72. 1937 7 26 Ibid., p. 173. 27 Ibid., p. 174.

34 CHAPTER

III

SUMMARY AND RECOPdI?:%EiDATIONS The migration of the Puerto Rican to New York is another example of the old and never—ceasing movement of people who hope to better their economic condition. It constitutes an irnportr.nt pert of the well-known and. larger gonerri3. 7. movement of people to New York and other larr:e industrial cities that has been . takin place during the past twenty years. The Puerto Rican laborer, finding himself unemployed and in a. poor economic condition, has for some time begun to look to the United States as a. possible means of escape from economic distress and poverty. He has come to New York, as have the people of other cultural groups, to earn the high;• money wages paid inthis country ancd• to,táke the place of the European imnigrant groups now restricted. Like similar movements of large masses of people from agricultural areas to urban communities, the Puerto Ric .n migrants have created many problems both in the section from which they have come and in the community in which they are striving to establish new homes. The Puerto Rican worker usually has little industrial training ng and is confronted by a. language difficulty. Furthermore, econor.;ic and health problems are involved in the adjustment to the climate of New York. Health is affected by e. lack of sunshine and fresh air, and likewise by the iil r t ry conditions found in the slum areas in which he usually locates. The coral life of the family is affected by associations in slur neighborhoods and by ovorero ding in the family quarters. Obviously, all of the Puerto Rican mi^'rr.nts' prdbl concern the ducatio— na.l, social and health cr•encios both of New York and Pu@Pto Rico. This study was desianed to determine the occupational and to discover the vocational, status social, and educational needs of 3,024 white, male Puerto Rican subjects who had mic'ra..ted to New York to work during• the five years beginning in 1940 and ending in 1944. The investir•ation has endeavored to discover whether or no3i a rela— tionship exists betwe€n occupational status and such factors as age, education, marital staaus, use cf the 'nplish language, economic and socia.]. st:,tus, wages, recreation, prison record, and occupationl preferences anong the Puerto Rican raia'rants. The data obtained in this investigation indicated that the Puerto Rican mi'rated to the United States because of economic difficulties due to ,anet~ployr~ent reducC'.d wa.~os, inadequate e•a.rnings end domestic difficulties. The mi -'rants uSurlly choose New York as their place of destin'tion in the United States be— cause then, were attracted by the high wares paid by industries located in New Yorks Ano her reason may be found in the transportation facilities .from Puerto Rico to w York. The cost of passar:es is low and there are several boots making the trip each month.

a •. * •

35 The age distribution of the 3,024 individuals of this investigation ranged from fifteen to sixty years. Seventy per cent of the group was batween thirty to - years. fortes=four

The migrant from Puerto Rico is at a disadvantage when compared with ti. continental laborer, on account of his lack of education, his poor knowledge of the English language, his low economic status and his poor health condition. Analysis of the data in this investigation indicated that the Puerto Rican worker in New York has a low economic status. This investigation revealed that approximately fifty per cent of the group earned between twenty and thirty dollars weekly; forty-four per cent above thirty dollars; and seven per cent below twenty dollars. Owing to this low income, the worker lives in a highly congested area under very crowded conditions. These and such other factors s,.s poor diet, inadequate recreation, and lack of fresh air ad sunshine affect his ability to resist infection. The presence of tuberculosis and parasitical dis oases causes serious economic loss, possibility of infection to others, and suffering which in turn undermines their ambition. mho areas of settlement of the Puerto Rican, when judged by court records of crime and delinquency, are areas in which there is a high amount of anti-social behavior. In the present study, however, only fifty indi— vidrnls admitted having a prison record. Nearly all of these fifty learned some trade while in jail and their present occupations are directly related to the vocational training received in prison. Language difficulty, poverty and isolation of the settlement cause the social activities of the Puerto Rican laborer to be centered entirely within his own group. The fact that the Puerto Rican miF.;rents have settled in e particular neighborhood and are able to continue the customs social act— ivities of the island lessons their problems of social adjustment in the now community. A majority of the group was interested in activities relatir to rccreation,;sports and music, while work of a creative, artistic and scientific nature is preferred by a few. and

group

The analysis of the data in this study indicates that the Puerto Rican laborer has several handicaps in obtaining work in New York. His chief handicap is his lack of industrial training. Only eleven per cent of the group studied were in the professional group of occupations, while fi£tysix per cent Caere working in semi-skilled and unskilled occupations. The employment stability of the was very low. The majority of the group were shifting continually from one job to another owing to their lack of industrial skill.

36 • 1

Recomm.enclr.tions The results of this investigation seem to indicate that the future of many of the Puerto Ricans who miarate to New York may be determined by the educational .^n'. vocational guidance of the rural population in Puerto Rico. The island has a supreme stake in the efficiency and success of the rural school, for from these rural areas the population is replenished and mannow~r is recruited. Educational for occupational adjustment is not, then, merely an urban problem. Rural mi.~ rants, deficient in educational opportunity and lacking in expori ence with. modern ern technology will be unable to make any worthwhile contribution an era in whieh the number os unskilled jobs in cities is c'.e.clining. They may fil]. not, jobs, but the relief office unless they have had sufficient educati• al opportunity and receive an intensive vocc:tioaal trL:ini_n_t Since the p+ssa;oe of the Selectivo Service Lct, rnd particularly since Deer :aber 7, 1941, there has been e. dramatic and trarie proof of the island's neclect of rural children in vocational education. Thousan'.s of Puerto Ric,rns in the parror areas haye been rejected for military service both in Puerto Rico and New York, because they were functionally illiterate. Puerto Rico cannot condemn some thousands of its children to poorer schools end poorly trained teachers without paying the penalty. Durin.M the second world wrr, at the time of national peril, the oonalt• was being exacted. inexorably. Little can be dune about this new, but in vocational training and education for occupational adjustment, Puerto Rico can now begin to remedy this past neglect. Democracy can and must- erminato inequality of educational opportunity, not cut of charity, but'; out; cf nrti nal:se3 f i ter~st,:. After .the losses of the lato was, Puerto Rico, as well as other Lllioc' cona.tries, will need the full power of ovary child. Most of these children are, and will be, the rural children who a.ro in groat need o3 vocational training and 'uidcnce. It is recommended that a larger appropriation of money be assi noel by the leg-islative bodies for education, and that treater emphasis bo placed on voca— tional training. It is true that Puerto Rico's immediate problem consists in the in'ustri lication of the island but they vocational training of the workers of those future industri s cannot be neolocted. Industrialization of a. country cannot succeed without well—trained and skillful laborers. It is cur •cstcd that moro schools be contructocl in diffe nt parts of the island, especially in rural arocs; that an intensive trcnin in vocational education ho provided for children and adult groups. Such courses as crricul— ture, horn; áconomics, manual training, mechanics, ceramics, plui:bing, etc. must be widely intensified on all levels.

yore emphasis should be placed upon the enforcement of the law of compulso— ry school attendance for children of school ape. also nora emphasis should be placed on the tea.chinr of. the Enr-lish lanauco. This can be done through the; fiuid.anca rrocess. /11 schools should be providéd with an educational service to assist each youth in cliscovcrinc- his occupational possibilities and in directing them into c constructive channels. This service should provide the pupils with better op— portunities to acquaint themselves pith the common occupations, with facts about the conditions of work, the income, and mental and educational require— ments which must be met to secure employment. There should be yell—trained counselors in all junior and senior high schoo's to interview pupils capon entering school and at regular intervals during the school year, and before leaving school, with a view to helping them decide upon their vocations. Counselors should attempt to redi- tribute vocational choices so that greater conformity would exist between choices, occupational trends, and, abilities and. interests. The counselor should help the pupils make their choice on the basis of individual fitness and opportunity for rendering the "•reatost service to the community. Pupils should be urged as far as possi— ble to scaect those vocational rims in which they are likely to be successful. Anticipated social prestige, financial remuneration and similar compensation should not necessarily receive first considerations

~ ~

Youths should be aided in diagnosing their own abilities and interests and should be helped, to rccocnizo the implications of individual differences in aptitudes; also to realize that occupational success is available only to those who have the necessary qualifications. Couselors and placement officers should explore the relationship between occupations chosen by applicants and background factors presented, such as ag©~ education, economic status,, health, etc. Consideration of the influence of such factors should be present in the counseling and placement of youth: social pressure must be viewed as an imoortant element in the. adjustment of the incü— vidual to his work. An individual can bu motivated tev-drat an occupation by pressure of his immediate social environment as well as by personal needs. Since all occupational activities are carried on in a complex and interde. pendent serios of relationships, stress should be placed on the basic concepts of social organizations and social relationships as a. framework .around which detailed instruction can be organized.

38 The wrtr h:s domonstrcted thr.t the youth of a nation is its greatest asset on the field of hattle. In like manner, tho nationts youth is its greatest asset in peace. A program of education for vocational training and adjustment must be intensified and extended to meet the requirements of youth.

39 BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, K. D., Or~:anization and Supervision of Guic'snce in Public Education, mor Group Series, Vol. IV. New York: mor Publishing Co., 1934• 420pp• Bt,ckm^n, R. O., "A New Scale for Gaur ing Occup^ticnal Rank", Personnel Journc , 13:225-233,.Spetember 14,.1935. Bell, Hugh M., The Theor*,~ sand Practice of Stucc nt Counselincr. California,: Stndford University Press, 1935. Binr.hrm, V. V. D., Aptitude and Antitude TestiE. Harper end Brothers, 1937. 332 pp. Bradley, V. A.,

Now York:

"Correlations of Vocational Preferences". Unpublished Doctor's Thesis, Syracuse University, Syracuse, Now York, 1943. 129 pp.

Brewer, John M., Education .^s Guidance.. New York: 1932. 307 pp. Byrns , R.,

Stanford, 138pp.

The Mac?$illan Company,

"Rcletion of Vocational Choice to hlontel Ability and Occupational Opperturity", School Review. 47:101-109, June, 1939.

Ruth S. , "The Relation of Homo ockF round ^.nd. Social Roletiens to Personality Lci justr:.ent", Journal of Psycholory, 40:143-54, May, 1934.. Chapman, P. W., Occttpa.tional Cuic r.nco. Atlanta, Georrcia; Turner E. Smith Co., 1937• 358 pp.

Cavan

Chapman. P. W., end L, Volka'n, "A Social Dotorminant of the Levol cf Aspirations", Journal of rbnorn^1 end Social Psychology, 34:225-238, July, 1939. Chendult, Lawrence R., The Puerto mean Yirrant in New York Ci;¿. The Columbia University Press, 1938. 190 pp. Cleeton, G. U., Vocational Interest Inventory. IicKnight end I~IcKnirht, 1937.

New York:

Bloomington, Illinois:

Committee of the National Vocational Guidance Association,. "The Principles and Practices of Educational and Vocational Guidance", Occupations. 15:772-778, :pril, 1938. Cottler, Jospoh, and Harold Brotch, Careers Ahead. and Co., 1937. 178 pp.

Boston: Little Brown

•

40 r

Counts. G. S. "Social Status of. Occupations", School Review) 33:16-27, AutTust, 1925. Culver, B., "When Students Choose Careers", Personnel Journal, October, 1935, 14:64-70. New York: Davidson, H. D., Personality and Economic Backvround. King's Crown Press, Morningsido Heights, 1943. 192 pp. Davidson, P. Edwards and H. D. Anderson, 0ccupatio'~a1 Mckbility in an Anerican Commu itv. Standford, California: Standford University Press, 1937. 300 pp. Davis, J. B., Vocational and I(oral Guidance. Co., 1936. 276pp.

Now York:

Daugherty, C. R., Labor Problers i; American Industry. Houghton Wifflin Company, 1938. 456 pp.

The MaemilL;n Now York:

Edwards, A. M., "A Socio—Economic Grouping of Gainful Workers in the United States," Journal of the r.ericen Statistical Association, 28:377-354, March, 1933. I

Fitch, John A., Voce.tionr.l Guidance in Action. University Press, 1935. 249 pp.

New York:

The Columbia

Fischer, R. A., Statistical !:Iethods for Résoarch iorkors. London: Oliver and Boyd, 1937. 347 pp. Fryer, D., "Occupational Intolligenco Standards", 16:273-277, September, 1922.

School and Socioty,

Garrett, H. R., Statistics in Psycholocy andjJuertion. Lon:nans, Groen and Co., 1937. 443 pp. Giles, Ino'eno, Occupational Civics; 1937. 362 pp.

Now York:

The Macmillan Company,

Groty, Dorothy R., Puerto Rican Fam.L.es in the Navy Yard District of Brooklyn. New York: Unnmblishod typewritten Manuscript, 1931, Harrower, Mollic R., "Social Str.tus and the Moral Dovclopment of the Child", British Jotrno1 of Educational Psycholoc'y, 10:577-90, Novomb , 1934• Harston, L. D., "Vgcationnl Stability of Oberlin Alumni", Personnel Journal, 7:176-55, October, 1928.

41 New York: r2acGre d.Girls. Hctcher, 0. L., Guiding 3ursi Boys Book Company, Inc., 1930. 214 pp.

Hill

Hull, R., "Job Satisfaction Reseerches end Opinion of 1940-41", Occupations, 21:457-63, February, 1943. Hurloek, E. B., and C. Jansinn, "The; Vocational Attitudes of Boys and Girls of High School Age", Journal of Ganetic Psycholofy, 44:175-91, April, 1934. Principle of Guidance. Inc., 1934. 446 pp.

Jones, A. J.,

Now York:

McGraw Hill Book Company,

Kitson, K. D., The Psycholor'y of Vocation^1 Ad Lustr^ent. Tho J.B. Lippincott Company, 1934. 32 pp. , How to Find the Rirht Vocation. Brothers, 1935. 234. pp.

Philadelphia:

Now York:

Koos, L. and G.' Kcfe:.uvor, Gujeanee in Secondary Schools. The Iviecmillen Company, 1932• 321 pp.

Horner and

New York:

Lang, R. 0., "Population Chorecteristics Associated with Educational Lovols end Economic Status in Chicago", American SocioloF1ca1 ,Revidr_v, 2:1£7-93, August, 1937. Lazarsfcicl, Paul F., "Inter—chanpeabi.lity of Indices in the Measurements rnc~l rf Applied Psycholoty. Of Economic Influences", April, 1929. 23:33-45, Lindquist, E. F., St :tistier1 Analysis in Educetionr..l Research. Houghton Hifflin Company, 1940. 344 pp.

Boston:

Lindsey, S. McCure, The Public School System in Puerto Rico. San Juens Louis E. T' zo Cor:pony, 1933. 79 pp. Monger, C.,

The Sirnifiernee of Vocational Choices of School Children and Collet-e Students. New York: privately printed, 1932. 177 pp.

Miller, Pcul, Historia do Puerto Rico. The Rend McNally Co., 1939. Morey, R.,

Revised Edition. 4~1 pp.

"B .sic Needs of P:Len in Society", 34:1-14, May, 1940.

Ncw York:

Journal of Eudca.tionnl Rosoerch

Myers, G. E., Principles and Techniques of Vocational CTuidonco, McGraw Hí11 Book Co., Inc., 1941. 332 pp.

I'tew York:

Nelson, E., "Father's Occupations end Student Vocoticno.l ChoIeos", School and Society, 50:572-76, October, 1939.

•

42 Neustatter, V. L., "The Effect of Poor Social Conditions in the Production o£ Neuroses", Lancet, 234:143-41, Parson, F., Choosing a Vocation. Boston: 214 pp. Parker, V. E.,

Houghton Mifflin Company, 1909.

A biblio-raphy cf occupational literature. Book About Jobs. Chicago: Ainetican Library Association, 1436. 311 pp.

Paterson. D. G., C. Schneider, and E. F. Williamson, Student Guidance Tech— New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., 1936. 4 40 pp. Rabinsnn, S., Can Delinquency Ba Moasur~d? Press, 1936. 189 pp.

New York:

Rollo, May, The Art of Counseling. Nashville: 216 pp.

Columbia University

The Cokesbury Press, 1929.

Rulon, P. J., ,and R. J. Blanton, Ln Occupational Classification for Research Workers. Cambrdge: The Harvard University Press, 1939. 119 pp. Scott, W. D., R. C. Clothier, and S. B. Mathewson, Perdcnnpl Manrgement. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., 1941, 271. pp. Smith, C. M. and M. M. Ross, A Guide to Guidance. New York: Company, Inc., 1941• 341 pp.

McGraw Hi11Book

New York: Spargling, E. G.., Do Colloje Students Chose Vocations lTiscly? 110 pp. 1941, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., Southwick, L.,

"An Occupational Sr.rvey of Wooster Graduates, 1926-33", Occupationss 18:266-93, January, 1940.

Strang, Ruth,

Counseling Techniques in Collage and Secondary Schools. Noce York: Harper and Brothers, 1937. 216 pp.

Stoke, S. M.,

OCcu?Dational Groups and Chjld Development, Harvard University Monographs in Eudoation, No. 8, Cambridge, Massachu— setts, 1927, 317 pp.

Super, D. E., "Occupational Level and Job Satisfaction", Journal of Applied Psychology, 23:547-564, June, 1939• Thom, Douglas A., and F. Johnston, "Environment Factors and Their Relations to Social Adjustment", Mental Hygiene, 23:379-413, May, 1942.

43 United States Bureau of. the Census, "Alphabetical List Of Occupations", Department of C_or~merce, h:shint;ton, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1937. United States Census of 1940, Ou.tlyinr Territorios and Possessions. Washinton, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1940. Walker, Helen N., ,

Elementary Statistical Methods. and Co., 1943. 225 pp.

New York:

Henry Holt

Analysis of Variance, dTe Group Comnorison. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1940.

War Ncnpowor Corm ission, Bureau of Manpower Utilization, Dictionary of Occupational Titles. V"`'ashinrton, D. C. U. S. Govern— racnt Printing Office, 1943. Welfare Council, New York City, The Puerto RI.can Community Committee Reports. ( Naterial on filo at Office of."Now York City ?o1fa.re Council). Wightwick, N. I.,

Williamson, E. G., Witty, P. _ .,

The Function of Interest in & ucationa l and Vocational Guidance, New York: Unpublished Master's thesis, Teachers Co11eFc, Cclunbia. Univ rsity, 1934. 79pp9 Vocational Interést Patterns, Contributions to Education, No. 900. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1945, 231 pp. How to Counsel Students. New York: Company, Inc., 1939. 409 pp.

McGraw Hill Book

"Stuc'i s of the Activities and. Preferences of School Children", Educational Administration and Supervision, 24:429-41 Novor±cr, 1935.

Wood, Ben D., "Major Strategy of Guidance", Educational Rocórd October, 1934•

12:419-444,

Vlronn, C. G., "Counseling With Students", Thirty—seventh Year—bock of the National Society for the St1 L cf Education, Part I. Bloomington, Illinois: Public School Publishing Co., 1935. 325 pp. Wronn, Harold i1.,

Vocational Aspiration Levels of Adults. Contributions to Education No. 855. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia. University, 1942. 156 pp.

Witty, P. A., and D. Koperl, "The Dreams and. j;ishees of Elementary School Children," Journal of Educational Pstrcholo y, 30:199-205, January, 1939.

44 APPEND Ik A LEr INI T IOiv OF TERMS reauirec~ Scientific treatment of any prob3ns/coris~..st~:nt use of cerefully defined terms. It is, therefore, necessary that attention be viven to the meaning of terms to be employed in this study. In r.n effort to eliminate eny possible confusion, the following definitions giro presented: I ivra.nt. The term 'migrant' is used throughout this study to dcsignete the worker who ryas born in Puerto Rico end hes come to work in New York City with the intention of establishing either a permanent or tompor^ry home. It hes seemed advisable to substantiate this definition of r ierceit by en illustra— tion of the way in which this term has been employed .n a previous investira.— tiona Webb end Brown. ( 1) in en invT sti w tion vFrhioh : t'?dio t the cherecteristies end behavior

Pigrrn'•

operation of th e^i C follordn^ definition,

the

i l

e Za_

i r

v r É (:

)

i r

c±' . ia_

` usle.

poram

}_a:., _or_, formulated

during the

"m~.É<.rant" ra.i used in Ít1 '.$ s' i;•':y l`t to des i,íe.e cc Lo in.lvidua.7 that move.. prom ne section of the: co';n ry to another in eocrez of r_loro f^vlrerblc conditions, such es employment opportunities end higher wad os. yYI('. te'L:1

Basically, rzigretion represent population move— nont in response to real or fancied differences in opportunities. Migration is obviously the response to a greater opportunity in some community other than the one of osidenco. Harlem area inhabited b?r Puerto Ricans. For the purpose rf this rinvestigc— tion, the following description will clarify the term.. This expression is used to indicate e section of New York bounded by e. line Vim; 100th Street up to end along 110th Street, across the northern pert of Central Perk, north to about 126th Street, end exteit ing epproxiric tely from Third ¡venue on the East to Eighth end Manhattan avenues on the West. Choncult2 has designated this area as follows: "In Lanhatt^.n the Puerto Rican laborers are found chiefly in the Harlem section. This is an croe which r!djoins the northern portion of Central Park, the southern boundary being on the east side :.bout 93rd Streot and the norther boundary about 130th Street"' Vocation. The term 1vocation' as employed in this study is applied to all ainful occupations including professions as listed in the United States Census of Occunations.3

45 idance. For the purr se of this investigation, th Vocational of vocational g~uidonce formu]i.ted by the renrasentativo organizations this field has been adopted:

definition withine

Vocational guidance is the process of assist— ing the inCivicTel to choosy .an occupation, prepare for it, enter upon ant procjross in it. It:.is concerned not with doing things for the individual but with helping the individual to do certain things for himself. ers. A clear—cut picture cf vocational guidance has also been presented by He hos described it "as the process- ofShelping Individuals to rna,ko decisions and choices necessary in offeeting satisfactory vocational aci justmentt1. 5 The term ^s employed in the present study refers to the process of assisting an individual who posscs certain assets, .liabilities, and dotn_ti.aitios, to select fran nuns ocern tions the one that is suitod to his capacities and -^ptitudes, and then to s.id hin in preparing. for it,. entering upon end progressing in it. r

There exis+~s a wide diversity of opinions coneersvEduc.-.tianol r'uid.rneo. has defined it as follows: ing the definition of this team. Bwr Education) uida nce may to defined as a conscious effort to assist in the intellectual Anything that has growth of an individual to do with"instruction or with. learning may come under the term educational guidance.

5. . ~

Ar'ain in o later work, Hrow r 7 oxprossed the some point of view when, more spce.if icaUy, he indicated the' t educational guidance includes guidance in the following mattersi How to- study; using the eomron tools of learning; adjusting school life to other activities; rogularly attending on school and to school tasks; learning to speak, interview, composition in writin; ,-~` taking examinations, and use libraries • and raking the inpo~•t,nt _aduca4tiºna1 decisions at eeci of the many forks in thé róad. r?yers~ has defined educational guidance as: The process concerned with bringing about between on individual pupil with his distinctive characteristics on the one hand, and differing groups of opportunities .and requireocnts on the other, e. favorable setting for the individual dóvelopment or education.

•

46 In the present study, the terms has been employed to indicate the conscious effort to assist in the intellectual and personal growth of the individual. Since preparation for an occupation involves decisions in the choice of studies, iñ the choice of curriculum, and in the choice of sbhools and colleges, it be— comes evident that vocational guidance cannot be separated from educational guidance. Vocational education this term includes the summation of all the expe— riences of an individual which enable him to carry on a gainful occupation suc— cessfully. Beéause vocational guidance and vocational education are confused in t'ie minds of many a statement of their relationship is necessary. Vocational guidarr» co is concerned with the entire problem of adjusting the individual to occupa— tional life, while vocatioral education is concerned with training him in the skills, the related knowledges, and the social understanding for a specific oc— cupation or for groups of related occupations. Unemployment. This tam is used to indicate any involuntary idleness on the part of those who, while having lost their latest jobs, are both able to work and seeking employment.

e o

This e3pression is used to indicate workers Unemployment within employment. who while retaining their standing--jobs in their trades or industrias—aro idle throughout certain periods during the yeas, as in the sugar—cane industry. a e rates. For the purpose of this investigation, this tors is enplcyod to indicate the amount of money which is paid per hour, per week, or per piece of work produced within the various occupations on the labor market. Ddughtcry9, has defined this term as: The share of business incone going to all workers below the rank of superior. It thus covers the remunerations of production employees and of— fice workers in all industries. Ls used in this study, this term de— Professional group of occupations. practice which depends upon a well—organized the of signr_tus those occupations, ;professions recessitatc that each the knowledge. body of scientific Piorcover, to the refinement, enlarge— contributor potential be times a. practitioner at c.li knowledge. These occupations require and verification that experimental of ment usually beyond the to formal training, addition a high level of intelligence in c creative and ability for also require collegiate level. These: occupations directivo work.

47 Pa.tc;rson, Sehn der, and Ca.rlsonlC havc described two distinct -groups -of,~~ ~rnfess~Qn& - uc~up(:t4c)ns. This group of Hi.i. rofessiona2 oc pati.ons: occupation.3 requires v:ry superior intelligence with traininr cr. :iiva1ont to that of c: college grcdu to from Ability for directive and a first —c7: :s instition. eroativc 'i rk is rcc red. Sonic of the professions that belori s to this aroup of occupations are the pro— fession: cf lavrvur .nd of cclle e presic'ont. iow professional occupations: This group requires trainiaf . equivalent to ixo or three years of college. Less crcuati.ve achievemeut than for the high professional group in required, but also demanding executive and lea— dership ability such as high school teacher. and veteri— nary c,o ,tor. skilled occunr.tic, ~s.Thij tern ±s employed through— out th#s investigatia ;o designate thoso occupations which require average mental ability and the equivalent of sore trainirr beyond the eighth grade level. The term includes nechan•ica.1 w- rk demanding specialized skill and knowledge; tas'cs cif a complicated but crnerete nature requiring parti— cular technical training, such as auto mechanic, file clerk, typist and thQ like. Bin°ham11 has described siJ.~lec? trades as follows: Skilled trades are manual and mochani cal occupations for which more than to years of special training .and expe— rience are ordinarily prerequisite; for example, carpenter, meson, painter, wo,^vr, a nc7 the like. The usual period of apprenticeships is four years. Semi—skilled occupations. This term is employed to designate jobs. which require only low average or sli :ht$rbelcu average intelligence, nd formal schooling equivalent to sixth, seventh or oiF-hth trade. Those occupations de— rna.ndsv..r:in aura cf special abilities, such ^s dexterity in the performcnccs of repetitive and routine work, as for example, packers in factories. Such opera— tors do not ncce5sarily understand arinciples and usually .-are unable to repait or set up the machine. this term is used to designate the jobs which Unskilled occupations. require only inferior inti ll.igonco and litf to or no formal educational training. They often involve routine manual work performed under supervision and requiring ño skill or technical knowledge, such, for example, as the work done by a laborer.

4$ This term is employed to deseribud a type of vocational tP —time school by public school systems which reaches a cons i r conducted preparation often able number of youths after iiployment bcgins p Such adjustments aims at ho1i i.ng young workors to make any nauded adjustments to enploymcnt as roll as to ;pro,. ~e.e them with training for 'articular qbs. These services cro classified by tie as trade extension and E-.:;naral continua on, United States Office of Education the latter sorvng youths whose require little skill or, technical knowledge0 um. Sl

This term has been defined by Wcodl3 in the following way: Alum is most simply defined as housing (on whatever scale) so ina.dec_uote or so deteriorated as to endanger the health, safety or morals of its inhabitants.

¡~..,

This term is :mploy<;d. to designate the dietary suffiLiving conditions. ciéncy, or inwurficien^ cf the food eaten by the worker and his family; to dosir'nate the hausing conditions and arr^ngr:ents under which they live; to do-signato the r moral community erwi»onmsnt; and to designate any other factors The which influence their elan of livings such as recreational facilities. dopnd, con enjoy earner which wago a quantities and qualities of these things of course, upon the n,nount of the wage which he receives and those in turn aro dependent upon occupational opportunities and skills.

•

Sirnficance of the Problem Thu migration of the Puerto Rican to the city of Now York causes two major problems. One involve the Puerto Rican himself, and the other concerns the com— The mi.r-rent t s problem rey rreunity in which he so, !ks to establish his n :w horne suits from a.n abrupt chcnr e in environment from tropicel island, largely rural, to that of a comrl.catedindustrial city. The Puerto Rican worker usually has little indu,ntri cl training and is therefore rot equipped to enter the new labor market. He is confronted by a language difr'iculty.. Furthermore, economic and health nrob'!ems nre involved in on adjustment to th. : climate of Naw York. Health is affoctod by a lack of sunshine fresh air, and the insanitary condi— tions found in the slum areas in which ho usually locetesP in short, almost every important cspúct of the Puerto Rier.nts former way of livin;; is suddenly chenr cr . Th~su chr nre s oxorci.s . a significant influence on his entire life particularly upon his economic status due to the limitation of his occupational opportunities. The housing of the migrants is extremely important both to the rorkers and family as well as to th.. city. The moral life of the family is affected his by associations in slum neiohberhoods and by overcrowding in the family quarters.

•

49 The devasting eff9ct of tha slum upon children may almost offset the work of educational programs. People living in houses without sunlight, infested with vermin and without necessary sanitary conveniences may well fail to carry out their duties of citizenships. The city as a whole is also affected by the condition existing within these areas. Disease germs have little regard for the imaginary lines of the ward or the health area• The workerts physical wall—being is influanned by other factors in addition to housing. His living conditions, or community environment, are also important for they constitute part of his total situation and directly affect his health and efficiency, a fact t'.~t has long been recognized by sociologists. Ohvimrzely, all of the Puerto Rican migrant's problem concern the educatioa1 social and health agencies both cf New York and Puerto Rico. In view of this fact, this study tries to fill the need for a comprehensive examination of relationships between such factors as occupational status, age, economic status, health, education, religion and recreation in the life of the Puerto Rican, and his adjustment tó the industrial, social and economic conditions which he faces in the city of New York.

~ $

Knowledge of the social, educational, and economic conditions obtained whiz: supervising the public schools of Puerto Rico, together with information gained while a faculty member of the University of Puerto Rico, has rivon the investigator an understanding of the Puerto Rican at home. Since there has been no recent study of the Puerto Rican mi rant in New York, this study has added significance and the data gathered might be of considerable v :lue in the following specific situations: a) The information can be used as a basis for the solution of problems related to the vocational education and adult education of Puerto Rica,.ns, especially those in the laboring class. b) The data should aid in the planning of an efficient vocational guit'ance program for the schools of Puerto Rico. c) The data may also aid in cu'riculum planning in the schools of New York City which enroll adult migrants. d) The data could be used in the preparation of teaching units of work in courses in Occupational Information in the high schools of Puerto Rico and in high schools in the; sections in the city of Now York in which Puerto Ricans have settled.

50 r¡

e) hjs study might be of valuo as an important to future studied under the auspices of such govern— to agencies as the Unjtd States mental and private F~nplóyment Sorvico the National Urban League, the Welfare Council and the City Health Department. It may also be useful in stimulating educational an social organizations both in New York and in Puerto Rico to undertake similar studies. L3•mitctions of the Investigation

é$

This investigation was limited in purpose, scope, area and method. It was limited in purpose: to a study of the vocational and educational needs of 3,024 Puerto Rican migrants in terffi of their occupational status. It was ]s.~'. mit+. d in acopo to a survey óf the occupational status of 3,024 white, malo Puerto Rican migrants who had come to New York to work within the five year period ,from 1940 to 1944 inclusivo. It was limited in area to a geographical section of the City of New York located within the region known as Harlem in which Püértó Elcans have settled in largo numbers and in which all of t$e 3,024 sub j octs resided. It was limited in method by the technique employed to obtain the date, namely, the interview and particularly by the questions cskod of the subjects in the process of interviewing. Furthermore, since the investigation was restricted to the 3,024 Puerto Rican migrants sttidid, no conclusions may be drawn regarding the occupational status of migrants general— ly, or oven Puerto Rican migrants who hn.Ve settlod in other ?arts of the United States or in other sections of the City of Now Ycrk~

1~PPEND IX b — Footnotes 1 J. N, '`:'ebb and N. Brown, taiprr.nt Families, Research Monograph XVIII, Division of Social Research, i'orks Progress dministrr.tion, Washington, D.C., 1937, pp. 17l8. 2 L. R. Chenault, op. cit., p. 4. 3 United

States Bureau of the Census, iphhbcticr.l List of Occupations. (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Printing Office, 1937) . p. 6.

4 Committee of the National Vocational Guidance Association, "The Principles and Practice of Educational and Vocational Guidance", Occupations, 15:772-778, April, 1938• 5 G. E. Myers, Principles and Techniques of Vocational Guidance (New York: McGraw Hill Boork Co., Inc., 1941), p. 5. 6

J. M. Brewer, The Vocational Guidance Movement (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1932), p• 114.

51 APPEND

4. - Footnotes (Cont' d . )

i s of Voc«tionc,l„ Guic'•.^:,nce G. E. P:4vers, pr~n~~p~s ~ rr? Tech (New Y :rk: NeGr,~.w Hill Book Co., 1941), p. 19.

9 C. R. D^u€;herty, L~'~rPr~bler~s in ámeric~.n Industry Hcwrhton Mifflin Compc.ny' 193 ), p 133.

(New York:

D. S. Potorsnn, C. Schnei(ér, and L. S. Carlson, Minnes©t Ocoupotion l Rotinf_ Scc (Minnenpolis: University of Minnesota, 1936), p• S• 11 ~1. V. D. BinE:hrwi, Aptitudes od Aptitude Tos tina (Now York: Hor. par. o,nc' B,re~fihers , 1937) , p. 125. 12 C

Dop^.rtrent of the Interic;^, Voc^,tzona1. Edurr.tion nn'. Ch^npin~ ?itions (~V<:eshington, D. C. ,J. S. Government Printing Office,

1934) , p. 112.

13 E. E. Wood, Slyirls_rnd Bli~htec' .roas in the United Str.tes, Bulletin ~io. I, F~derrl Emorgur..cy r.c:r 7.fistr^.tion of Public Works, Housing Division, Wc•.shington, D. C. 3 y935, p• 3.

52 APPENDIX B SUTtV~Y OF RELw`_Tr.,r_' T.,.T_Ti:R;^.T JPiE rho hx.J d.~ í.v , rk~;~tt .~1 ~ á.1mor. every lavoS . ,gate: thi: field off, gt:ida.t;c:e has Co;mrerter upon the xtcut cf r uid.ancc lit•ei at•oro 1',hough investigations of vocational nods hove taken o. prominont place among guidance studios, only such studios as are closely related to this inv•e tigation }^ave been included in this appendix.

The selection was r^,a.ie witb the purpose of assi^ti.ng the future imrcsti— gator in the field, and from i:iii point of vie:W, the studios are classified under the following headings: I.

Stud i.;s " of the occupational status of ndult groups ~

II.

Studios of the vocational choices of youth. a,) Roasons "'for making a, vocr•.}. crial c.he;_ce. b) Thu ruJ.:.t.i.on botwuen vor t..._ .._ . ti} oicc and vocational proficior_cy c) The relation between vocct_onal choice and socio--eccnornic status, d) Th rola.tion between voarticnal choice and e^.p1oyment opnortui..:.t•_,:s., e) I'h(., rc.1r:tíon betwi;en vor.a.t:.icnnl chr~:cc , ^,„ , ~'.~1C' ~oa stiS2o.ctlOna ) P rmc:l.encv of vocational. u:icem

Studies cf the ocaunz,^ticn4.2 ota.tus of adult ..routs Kaufmanl r_ia,de an investigation of thu Puerto R: can Em.ployrnent Service, This aar_ c,ncy was uctabli,... ~ hed i ~~ July . assisting ~_~. Paerto ~-3 1`~30 for th~.;~ i~uT l,o..~, c; of Rican migrants to obtain employment in the city of ro ork-~' -úcc w^ding ro n f i«,^~ Kaufnan!s stic?y,4 fl'Uil ~Ilc: t_LT'le thu ~'.g'3riCSy was ,, ...0 E;...... i~~^ :; Ya~ ef~ 'ch.• o ~1 ~_~c. L: 1.~-:i.._j .t.'~ cal year, Juno ?cjiá, ^ period of' a little 1oss } _rc,^.rs, cy .•cz.imatc'!t,. 16,500 pers<,.ns r.u:r 5C() orJ..ur ru'ce sterec' at the rnonc'y ^.nc1. .uc re tan placed in er.P Lcymeaf thi.eu;•h its offer` , Of the t:- a] nurnncr of ^_. roxiTM^ f,cly 5,600 labo~-crs wore placed in pos i '_or.s , about 2. COO rre,°o non r.r:.r_'. .3 y` OO t'VOIDen. The nu~n^ of r__on ,,.nd tronen placed, by ;?r...:s i _, úhaw-? ' nT?blJ hf i i. It is to bu noted t 1^.t notwithstanding the improvement c+:' norí., business oi pi conditions ..-hich2fook place in the later years 4 the: :ri~.~o et: _.'_b3 do— dined. Kaufman offered an explanation fo:c this cecine in the following stater:Ent: The majority of a.pplicrnts to this office far employment ?o not compare fa— vorably with the requirements in demand by the employers.

~. ~., . .....

53 TABLE XXVT y?OP:~FI3 AND FEN PLACED BY TI-TE JF,1%TÇ) RICAN Er1:PL0YI-ENT SE~V.Tt0,

~ys ~

o .'

~•••

; ---_ --

1,, ó

1930-1931 1931-1932 1932-1933 1933--1934 1934-1935 l,q3-1936 r~,t~„,, 1 V Z a'

Women

s ,

';.~0

•_

~ ~

a,09:

—=.~ 18

323

307 S33

ti ^

274 0 t ~

1.a, 977

` ; _`" — 870 _ 774 . 721 495 444 4 -.----. ~ ~641

According to this investigation, the office registered from July 1930 to December 1936 o total of !,500 Puerto Ricans :nd placod 5, 615 on jobs during; the some period. Approximately twenty per cent of}tbc mon who secured positions through this ogcney were ploced ^s laborers and construction workers; sixteen per cent as ^.undry workers; eight per cent as porters, errand boys OnO d% r~Üstics; ^.nd six per cent were placed as hotel workers. Loss than three per cent of the totes.,. number employee' were placed in office or clerical posi— tions. In 1940, thin employment agency was discontinued by the DepCrtnent of Agriculture and Comr:-erco of Puerto Rico. Its records and files wore then sent to Government offices iri Puerto Rico. Chenoult3 mode a study of the miorotion cf the Puerto Ricans to the United States. The main purpose of is study wr.s to show that a large increase in the population of Puerto Rico will result in a further nY vemen_t of people from the, island to New York, and to suggest some. of the problems which such a movement might ent- i1. . This study deals with Puerto Rice itself only insofar as the is1,.nd cons— titutes a. neces,_ory b^.ckround for an understanc'inr of the qu^,liti:s and previous environment of the noopic who come end: the cruses of their mirrotione Dot ore presented to support t'_e opinion that the movement of people from the i island is likely t be much larger in future years than in the post. This baekr'-round and of the mover ..mt r .f people makes up one part of the study. Another part deals with the Puerto Rican .,. rkers and his family in the city of i'o;a York. This discussion included such topics as anti—social behavior, the effect of miF ration upon thv fondly, and hou.img and employment problems.

•s

54 In leis conclusions about the employment .and economic security problem, Chen ult mode the Pollowinfr statement: From the starx:point of employment on economic security the migration of the Puerto Rican worker to New York is, at best, only a partial selutidn to his problem. Ho is a newcomer in the labor market, has little skill or industrial training, suffers ^ language handicap, .and is often still affected by the poor health conditions found on the island. Having moved to New York to earn the high money wags of which he has bcc;n trld, he now finds that what the terms "prejudice" and "discrimination" prevent the fulfilment rf his expectations. Facing these difficulties the workers if he is employed at all, usually has to do unskilled labor at wage which ore notoriously low. With for res^urces and unoquippad to enter the new labor market, the Puerto Rican worker often becomes dependent. This situation suggests the additional problem which could result from an increased miprotion from the island in the near future. Further in this some investirrtion the author concluded: r

One of the greatest handicaps of the Puerto RIcan worker in New York is his lack of skill. The need for industrial trttb g in practically oil lines of °mrk she>uld have been met sr ae time before the migrant loft the island. New comers from Puerto Rico .at present and for a long time to come, will not be able to corn their living at decent wages if they ace not well trained to compete. in this labor mo.rket.5 The Fortune Magczine6 conducted a. study to determine the reasons for the unemnlo ent found omonr the persons on relief. The investigation was carried on in three "boom" communities: Flint, Michigan; Buoumont, Texas; Scott County] Minnesota; in two chronically dépressed localities; Shamokin, Penns,;lvan ^, and Mmr.s County, Mississippi; and Six cities lying in between these two extreae: Thomasten, Connscti~ut; San Francisco; Baltimore; Kawanoe, Illinois; Greenville, South Carolina; and Thoyar Cev.nt7, Nebraska. Th.. following were the results .of this in— vesti' tion: 1. Presence of considerable job stability. Two thirds hod held their l^nr est jobs core than five years; one.-• uattLr had worked on a job between ten and twenty years; and one -fifth had been umnloyed on the sane job twenty or more. Only one—tenth hod been dishonorably dischargodo

55 s ~

2. Absence of much &ucatiort. The majority of recipients h-d not prog— ressed beyond grammar school, and ten por cent were entirely uneducated. Only fifteen per cent hrc3 ever attended high school, 3. Absence of unreasonable demands for rsiie.f. Income desires ran only sli htly above what was received, with standards of living very low, es— pec ir:11y in the South. 4. One half of the persons on relief had been reomployed at the time the investigation was conducted. Most of these wore skilled or semi—skilled laborers. Theo were evident indications of ^ shortage of skilled labor, while there .was a notable abundance of unskilled labor.

5. Existence of many unfit for employment. They cre unfit bcCis of training, old age, or disability.

n( lack

In conclusion this study recommended that notional coordinating labor oxchonges be set up throughout the nation, and that there be instituted federal vocational training for unskilled youth along the lines c•f business training programs or state training programs. .pose Hnrtson7 made a study c f the alumni of Oberlin College, the of which was to measure the permanence of the Vocational choices of the adult college graduates. The data for this study were derived from mate— rial gathered from the 1926 Alumni Catlogue. A questionnaire was sent to each of the alumni and returns were received from all but twenty—nine of the 2,960 living alumni. ThQ classes chosen for this study were those which had been graduated in the period from 1914 to 1922. The question noire sought originally to obtain a vocational history of each graduate in the classess of. 1914 to 1927. Classes graduated since 1922 wero omit— ted from consideration in the report of the survey.

The following ore some of the most significant genoraliza.tinns drawn from this investigation: 1. The overate time required by those college men and.. women to find th cccupation into which they finally settled was less than a year rind r: half. 2. Half of the men and two—thirds of the women who had not married hive remained in the vocation first chosen. 3. Changes of vocation have apparently not been mode without throughout trial' of . thy' f3.é1d 3tai ahacen.

4. In the cose of men and women alike, the choice o£ the specific field for a career iñ busineds has been made only after a relatively large number of preliminary experiments.

` y ~r..:

5. Somecf those who tried more than one occupations (fourteen per cent) returned to the field of their first choice. 6. The occupations which h^vo more thr.n sevo;zty—five per cent holdi_n(' _power heve been lew, ten.chinr, medicine and other pzo— lessional cccupr:tions. Studies of _ tho voaltiona1 choices of youth Re^ on for makinr a vocrtioz3al choi•ee. Menri;r8 endeavored to detert~ inc the significance of the vocational choices of schu''1 children and collore students. The purpose of the i lvestipation was to pre sent o. picture based on the selection of choices of boys and girls in many sections of the country that would show *hat is typical of, or peculiar to, the children of each crcde age, and sex. For this investigation a. largo -sized r :n:'om sample of 19,159 individuals of whom 9,425 were boys and 9,734 were girls, w;.s L othered from children and. youths of all prides in the elementary school, -_ in high school, and in college, within the ago rannc of rix to tw?, y—three years. This was accomplished by solicitng tho coeperatir n rf teachers r.nd o.dministrators interested in the vocational choices of theºr pupils. Educators in i tty sections of the country responded r Each pupil was required to answer this question: Shen you finish school, what vocation do 7ou expect to follow? Each pupil was roquircc- also to ivo his or her age, rad and dex. In some cases, this information was already on file with the voca-':iorial or personnel dixector, and in this event it was taken from the rec~'rds.

The vocation that was chosen by these children wa examined according to these criteria: intelligence roquirereents, sccial stf.rding among vocationw ; and the conformity of vocational choice to the _distribution of workers shown by the United States Census. •

The following conclusions were stated: 1. Opinions of

Social status and intelliFrcnco -wez closely associated. in.the ' le afl yrun; cr'ron ref ordinf' their future o~cur^ti.ons.

2. From the sv&vonth rrado in cl~nentr.ry hcool to the fourth year of aollc e, r general interest in ve ti.cnal choice was e$ident. The highest percenta- of youths who did not make choices were among hi{h school - students. In grades nine'throu-h twelve the percentrpo without choice varied form thirteen -to. eighteen for boys, and : zrls from eleven -to enty—eno,twhile cceed nine per cent. in no- ether grades for -either bo s or .girls_ did it

~!!

'a 57 3. Only 199 occupations of those listed in the Census were mentioned by the boys. Twenty-six oecune.tions were named by oirhty—six ier cent of the total group of boys. Many of these jobs were those in which only a relatively small number of workers are employed, as for example, médicine, law and ec1ue tion. Two occupations were named by ten per cent of the group: enf;ineering and aviation. Three oecupetiona ere popular with boys from third {:rado through collet'o love]., those of engineer, physieir~n and lawyer. 4. At every r.ra.de level, ninety per cent of the oirla chose occupa— tions in to professional --r clerical groups with tecchinp outstanc'inly popular. There was more concentration of choices by ,iris at the loi~rer school levels than at the college level, and there was a more decided concentration amen; these girls than amonf boys at the early school levels. 5. When the distribution of choices was compared with the distribution of workers as shown in the United States Census, the chances that those students will find employment of the sort they-are anticipatinf! appear indeed very small.

i *

Monger concluded that in reneral,. choices wore ill—considered and il l— advised. She recommended a rood program of vocational guidance that would help youth to supply its deficiencies rerardin(Y information about the voce tions as a remedy for this situation. Bradley9 attempted to determine the correlates of vocational preferen— ces amrr hi;h school and college students. The correlat.oaconsi M e&.th3re» occupation of parent, intellegence, course of study pursued, and marks in • . sebo<-1 subjects. The subjects stuc'.ied included 1,5OO junior and. senior high school students enrolled during the years 1941 and 1942 in six schools within and adjacent to, the Philadelphia area, and 4,500 college students enrolled within the years 1932-1942 at Temple University. The data were secured from school records and from the pupils' own reports on the top₹c -'under conside.ration, From the data, Brr.cllcy drew the fcllowinf conclusions: 1. As determined by ability and occuiationa1 opportunity high school pupils appear to aim "tan hifh" in their necupati,nal ch ice, a ten— dency which is more in evidence -at the 5unicr tha~i at thu high school level. 2. Girls are less apt to chose cno of the professions than are the boys. 3. The "hither" the pupil's mental ability, the "hither" is his choice of vocation, and the "higher" his marks, the "hifrher" his vocatioal preferences.

58 4. The "higher" the levels of the parent's occupations, the "higher" on the average are the aims of the offspring; and: likewise, the "lower" the level cf the parent's occupations, the "lower" on the overage are apparent vocational aims. l0 Hurlock and Jansinp c^nducted on investigation in which they sought to discover the vocational attitudes of 1,132 high school boys and girls at— tending schorls in Kentucky. In making this study, the following points were considered: 1. Dios race or environment effect the child's chice of vacation,~ 2. What dominant motives prompt the choice? 3. Does the child reason about his aptitude for the vocation choson, or his ability to attain his desire?

k. Ta what extent ore parents interested in the child's choice? 5. Does the child choose the some vocation rs that followed by his parent? This study was carried out by th_ use of the following questionnaire, given withoút comment to the pupils: follow?

1. What vocation or profession would you like most to Give reasons for your choice.

2. What vocation or procession ore you most likely to follow? Expalin why you expect to follow it. 3. what vocation or profession d.o your parents wont you to follow? Why? 4. Give name, age, father's vocation and mither's vocation. The teacher was then requested to rate each pupil's scholastic ability by the use of the - rac'es excellent, ccod, fair, and poor. The results of this survey indicated: 1. That engineering was first choice cf vocation of the boys, while teaching was first choice of the girls. 2. That 63.39 per cent cf the boys and 72.22 per cent the cf {,ir1s expected to follow their first choice of vocation. 3. That the most frequent reasons for choice given were "like it" and "money" (by the boys), and "personal fitness" (by the girls). f

59 4. That more than three—fourths of the boys chose professions other than those in which the parents were engaged. 5. That schcl<nstic achievement seemd to have little bearing on the adolescent's selection of a vocation. 6. That the modern parent is interested in the vocation of be th boy an:' ,:irls. 7. That when the parent disagreed with the son's choice, he gave as his 'season that more money could be made in another field. In conclusion, this study of vocations selected by the different types of students found in xmerican secondary schools seemed to demonstrate also that rece ad. environment effect the students' selection. The majority of boys and girls did not crnsider their abilities or talents in selecting en occupation. The investir::tion stated further that there exists definite need for wise mid careful guidance programs to meet the needs of secrn_dc.ry school students. ER 1_.tion between vocational choice and vocational proficiency. Y I

Spor',ingll made a study of the vocational choices of college students in Long Island University. He administered two questionnaires end an int&llircn— ce test tc 1,000 students. These were checked and supplemented by interviews with key •3tudents and, by data secured from the personnel department and from the registrar's office. He used also a vocational fitness scale which made it possible to compare ability with the requirements for a particular job. From the data gathered, he came to the following conclusions: 1. The majority of the students expect to enter a v.'cr.tion in which they will have an intelligence handicap. 2. A large proportion of the students--thirty seven per cent is preparing to enter vocations involving subjects in which their precies are very low. 3. Of the students who intend to be physicians, fifty per cent do not have grades high enour•h to admit them to a medical school in the . United States; of those who intend to be teachers, soventy--five per cent have grades below $O% ii the subjects which they intend to tee h.

4. Serious discrepáncies exist between the types of work the student likes to do and the types of work required by the chosen vocation.

~.~

•s

60 • The relation between vocational choice rncl socio—econonic status. Davidson endeavored to determine the personality characteristics and soc101 backgrounds of a selected group o£ children all of high intelligence, living in the same general culture area but differing in their ocio-economic backgrounds. She sought also tocetermine how much of the variation in these personality traits may be attributed to conditioning by economic circumstances.

The group consisted cf 102 children, sixty boys and forty-two girls, rangnine to fourteen years of age, having IQ's of 120 to 200, attending form ing two schools--a public school, Public School #500 in the city cf New York, and a private school, Lincoln School of Columbia University; but coming from diverse environmental backgrounds. Income level was used as the ñeaaure of socio—ocanomic status. The 102 children of this study were classified into seven incdn_e groups. Twelve families were on home relief or living in poverty while the income of twenty—one families was more than $10,000 a year. To obtain a description of the personality structure of each individual,, the Rorschach method was used. This is a projective technique which permits the individual to react in his own way to a semistructured field.. T~nfrrmation as tñ attitudes, interests, activities and vocational choice were obtained through the use of the following tests and questionnaires: The Minnesota Scale for the Survey of Opinions, The Eildreth Personality and Interest Inventu , . New Standford Achievement Test, Interest Index (P.E.A. Test g 2a) and a miscellaneous questionnaire. The major conclusions stated in this study wore: 1. There was very little relationship between socio—economic background as measured by income and certain aspects of personality. In general, in this small population cf bright children, no significant differences were found among the inc me levels in such traits as attituded toward one's family, choice of occupation, feelings of morale and inferiority, interest and accomplishment in the school subjects, preferences for certain daily activities, or for certain type of books, and choice cf college. 2. It appears that many of these bright children were looking forward to vocations not in keeping with their superior mental eapacityo On the basis of the chi—square test, choice of oeeupatior.c we. .:-': related to income. ' ,.t'.~r~hip between 3. There was no evidence that indiact income and such patterns cf personality a i.r' : c 7erc= n or extrovca ion, ernstruetivnees or childishness or degree c üd jaistme~.t, either social or per— sons1.

61 13

Bradley in an invostir aticn cf the correlates of vocntional. preferen— ces aimng high school and college students, reported "that an analysis of variance showed vocational cho ice to bu sii~nificantly related to socio—ocono— mi.c and oducrtiar.c.l levels of the individuals studied" £ study cf the influence of soci.::. ,backgrournl in vocational choices of Tire ma.teria1 for this i nvosti.g<ation men^ nd women was conducted by Nelson. was obtained through a survey of the v' c^.tinnal choices of 3,211 man and women The ouostionnaire was uscci, for attending oiphteon colic cos and unviersit as gathorinc, the data. Nelsen in his ecnelusion stated: "agriculture and labor seemed to act as feeders for other vacations, notably the.::o of medicine, h ur— nolism, and teaching. Few farm students selected farming". He discovered 1— aleo that those college students selected the occupations of their fathers more frquently than could be accounted for on the basis of chanco. f high shooHurlock and Jansing,5in their study of vocational a.:tti.tudw the boys in their cent of of bry and girls, concluded "that seventy—five per from p^rents, these their of investigation had selected vocations different and that family situation or tradition was not a frequent reason for choice of

The roleti:cn between vocational choice and employment opoortuniti.es. ~ ~

South%Tickló made an oecupati na.l survey cf the graduates from Wc. ster College. The primary objective of this study was to assemble information which might be useful in the counseling of undergraduates on questions such as the following: 1..

, f Wooster What is the occur'^tiono.l distribution o

graduates?

r ~

2. How so - n after graduation did these graduates secure their first employment in line with their vocational interests?

n h a f~ ~1 n n 7 nowT en,~..p,ec i_. the extent lc urh~.t ~:.re the) :PT; r,.c:u~_.te.. vacations th^.t they had in mind while they wore in college? To

4. How well satisfied üre they with their present jobs? 5. What occupational conditions in the opinion cf the alumni have hindered their progress since graduation from college? Southwick c ncluded that approximately one—half of the students in the liberal arts curriculum shr'u1 study their vocational plans and problems more carefully and that m e—fifth should consider more carefully their choices of c major. E'nploym~.nt data. indicate that for many graduates the first year out of college is one of temporary employment or chan©c1plans in the form of further study.

~ N; •a

62 17 Hawley analyzecl the relationship between undergraduate specialization and after—graduz-tion vocation. He sent questionnaires to 857 graduates of Massachusetts State College from the classess of 1895 to 1930. Of these graduates 453 replied. Of those who replied, 49.45 por cent were following vaca—. tions which had a direct relationship to the field of their unc'.errraduate spe— cialization, 22.95 per cent had an indirect relationship, while 27.6 per cent had norrelstionship. He also studied the class of 1912 cf Williams College. Of the 97 men who replied to his questionnaire , 51.5 per cent had followed an entirely different vocation from that oriratnally selected and prepared for; 21.6 per cent stated that tk had not decided on a vocation at the time of gra,,.L duation. Hawley concluded that specializftion, though valuable, should be mode+ rate in view of the 51.5 per cent who did not follow the field of specialization directly into a vccatian.

The realtion between vocational choice and lob satisfaction. l8 Hull sought to determine the attitudes of office employees under present conditions by circulating an attitude questionnaire to an unspecified number of office employees who were asked to check one of five answers to various questions. For example, one item on this questionnaire was, "Generally speaking, haw does the Company compare as a place to work with other compun.es that you knew about or have worked for?" !mother typical question asked was, "how much does the management care about the welfare of the people in jobs such as yours?' In answering the first question, no per cent cf the employees checked "one cf the very worst"; three per cent, "wa.rse than average"; forty one por cent, "better than average"; and thirty-four per cent, "one of the very best". The author felt that the seventy-five por cent checking the latter two answers indicated the preponderance of satisfied employees. In the second Less than questi n the distribution among the five possible answers was; Four°perrcent; any dther. :oa~mpAny; che,:perheet; leasrthán ~ibout the sáme .as mbst; 9ther,_ thirty-two pEax bent; more' than most of._:the: oth9rs, forty-six per cent; and more than any the ethers, seventeen per cent. Hull emphasized the fact that there wero three major factors influencing attitudes of employees, viz., personality and s: cial adjustment, social anya. psychological s~ isfacticns experienced hour by hour on the jab, and the company's personnel policy. Super19investigated the relationship af~voca.tions to job satisfaction. He secured his data by circulating a. questionnaire to 273 men ranging in age from twenty to sixty eight, with a mean age of thirty-eight. L11 were members of hobby groups rf some kind. They were asked, among other questions, why they choose their present job;.which they had a greater preference for, their vocation or a vocation; and whether they were satisfied or dissatisfied with their present job.

•~

He found that men who believed that they had chosen their jobs for eco— nomic reasons tended to derive more satisfaction from their avocations than their vocations, whereas those men who believes that they had chosen their jobs because of their interest in them derived more satisfaction form their vocations. Men whose major avocation resembled their vocations were found to '. be sati~lfied with their jobs, whereas those whose major avocations did not 3 resembles their vocations tended to be dissatisfied with their jobs. He concluded that job adjustment was not so mi'ch dependent upon a balan— ce of activities in vocations and avocations but was more dependent upon the existence of outlets for dominant interests in one'é major activities and particulaly in one's work. Cole20 made a survey of "workers" of different ages and of "all classi— fications" in Philadelphia, to determine what employees thought about their jobs and why. A series of twenty questions to be answerdd by "yes" or "no" was presented to a sampling of workers in five groups: trade' clerical, trans— portation, communication, public service, and manufacturing. In answer to the question of whether they liked their work, sixty—five per cent of the group replied "yes" and thirty—five per cent, "no't.

• "

Cole analyzed the problem of employee attitude toward pay in particular by means of such questions as "Do uou think your employer can afford to pay better wages to all out of the profits the company makes?" Sixty—nine per cent said "yes" while twenty-five per cent said "no". "Would you be interest— cd in knowing approximately how much money the company made or lost last year?" Twenty—nine perreent replied "yes" while seventy—one per cent said Il nDlt

Cole concluded that "the dissemination of financial information increases a man's liking for his job, reduces his belief that he is underpaid, increase. his loyalty to the company, and improve his attitude toward general working conditions". Meyer2' using as subjects 117 graduates of the industrial arts department of Oregon State College, conducted n investigation to determine job satisfaction. The data were collected through a careful study of the records of the registrar's office and the industrial arts department. A question— naire was sent to the 117 graduates. More than seventy per cent replied. According to the study, sixty per cent of the group showed b. distinct liking {' for industrial arts work, and eighty—eight per cent of those who expressed this preference were satisifed with their jobs though several indicated that prospects for promotion were not too bright.

6 Sarbin and Anderson22checked the relation of measured interest patterns and occupational dissastifaction among seventy-six men and twenty-four women who came to the University cf Minnesota, Testin Bureau during the period extend— in from 1937 to 1940. Theso subjects were non-college adults, twenty—five years of age and over. Darleyts occupational grouping of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank was employed in this investigation and the data were q,la.ssified according to (a) inappropriate vocational choice, (b) primary personality dis— o ders, (c) g insufficient training or education, (d) inappropriate ob..place. ment, (e) others. The data revealed that most of adult males who complained of occupational dissatisfaction showed no primary pattern of interest in the group of occupations which embraced their present employment. This phenomenon was not so clear—cut for the women, probably becuase of the inadequacy of the Stronfr Vocational Interest Blank for Women, the paucity of cases, or the sex differences in intensity and variety of interests. Sarbin and Anderson cóncludM ed that if vocational interests are stable temporally, and if they have the high dynamic character usually attributed to them, a high incidence of occupa— tional maladjustment may be expected when individuals enter occupations for which they do not have the appropriate interest. Permanence of vocational choice.

23 .

Wightwick, using the interview method, made an investigation of the vo— cational interests of college women, the persistence of these interests, and their relation to extracurricular activities. The group consisted of 173 freshman membera of the class of 1937 of a college situated near thecd.ty of New York. These tirls were interviewed early in the first semester, the chief pu.rpcse of the interview being to create a friendly feeling to ascertain the reason for choosing this college, and to discover the student's problems of adjustment. During the first semester, the students attended an orientation class, several periods of which were devoted a discussion o various occupation; and the ereparation necessary for entering them. Each girl was then asked to indicate her cheiee.pf Eioeation and her reasons for that choice. Toward the end of the course, each girl filled out the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women. Because no scores for women had beon developed at that time, data we .e secured on the preferences of the group for each item, and " a seven— ty per cent preference by the group" was used as a measure of the interest of the group in that item. The value of the blank was then stimulative. An analysis cz'the data obtained revealed that over fifty per centof the group came to obtain greater knowledge and culture and for that reason presu~— ably selected a liberal arts college; less than twenty—five per cent came

65 for ther vocational training; and ten per cent were attending college to please their parents. Under "Reason for Choice of Major" one-third of the group indicatod "preparation for vocation", and one-fifth of the group gave "liking or interest". Over fifty per cent of the group wanted to teach, and in many cases it was not interest in the profession but prestige, hours of work, and salary which influenced their choice. On the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women, "wife" led the list of occupations, having been chosen by over seventy per cent of the students. Of the group, ninety per cent hoped to marry within five to ten years after graduation. Wightwic#24

conducted a study of the permanence of the vocational interests of the same group of students used in the above mentioned investigation. This study sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the permanence and the predicative value of choice? vocational expressed 2. measured interest?

What is the permanence and the predicative value of

3. What is the relation between vocational interest and job satisfaction?

4. What part do vocational interests play in the individual pattern? 5. What vocational patterns are found among the individuals studied? The data for this study were obtained from several sources, including cumulative records, ^ questionnaire,, interviews with students and direct observation. The conclusions of the study were as follows: 1. Approximately one-fourth of the group reported that their vocational choices had persisted since earliest recollection. Sixty-four per cent maintained their vocational choice over the four year college period. Health, scholastic ability, personality, and home conditions affected the vocational choices of forty-three per cent and, of course, in subtle ways influenced the choices of others. 2. Little agreement was found to exist between vocational interests in college and the job finally secured. 3. The conclusion dravm from the study of the realtionship of vocational interest to job satisfaction was to tb effect that there were four times more ;satisfied than dissastified young women when the job was related to the expressed vocational interests and four times more dissastified than satisfied young women when the job was not related to expressed vocational interest.

4. One of the most significant of the vocational activitied was community service. The group data showed that athletics, domestic arts, reading, music, and collecting were the five most frequently mentioned activi— ties which were pursued as hobbles. 5. Interest patterns offer an excellent guide to the analysis of vocational interests. This accounts for the fact that greater constancy in vocational interest was evident in the patterns than in vocational choice. 6. In the artists librarian and author groups, a general and pervasive factor underlying the specific vocational,interests and vocational . The teachers represented many examples of persistent vocationchoices appe al interest supplemented by educational and avocational pursuits related to teaching. The secretaries who majored in secretarial studies in college re— vealed a consistent educationl— vocational—avocational pattern, but those who indicated stenography as a vocational choice or a second choice had diverse interests. A study conducted by Culver25 at Standford University endeavored to determ— ine the defiitness of vocational intention by accumulating evidence in support of an individuals statement of vocational choice. He sought to investigate the question o£ permanence for both the general vocational field and the specific occupation chosen within the field. • t

A Vocational Intention Blank containing ten items was administered to

243 junior male students at Standford University. This blank provided for the vocational field and the specific occupation chosen the reasons for making the choicoy the degree of certainty in the individual's own mind as to the permanency of the choice, and the character of the choice with respect to the quality of interest involved. Only students who had at least some idea of a voca&i tional choice wore able to fill out the blank. One hundred fifty-three usable blanks were returned In his conclusions, Culver stated that: 1. The largest percentage of students chose their vocational field while seniors in high school and their specific vocation while juniors in college. 2. By combining per cents he found that there existed a perma— nence of 63 per cent ,irk decision for the general vocational fie.ld between hir i school and the junior year in college, and a permanence of 80.2 per cent between the freshman year and junior years in college.

67 3. There was a permanence of only 16.6 per cent between high school and the junior year in college when the choice of a specific occupation was considered. However, a permanence of 46.4 existed between the freshman and junior years. Culver2ó concluded his investigation with the following statement: From tre foregoing we find what it seems logical to expect, namely that there appears to be greater permanency of interest in the general voea ' tional field than in a specific occupation within the field. It may be that counseling at the secondary level should pay greater attention to helping the student in the direction of a general vocational area and avoid too early narrowing toward a specific occupation.

Summary Thus a search into the literature on the voc t&o_ 7. needs of adults and of youths reveals that: 1. Groups of college, high schools and elementary shcool students, in addition to some groups of adults, were used as subjects in related investigations. No comparable studies dealing with the vocational needs of a group of migrant adult individuals, like the Puerto Ricans, wenefound. 2. The technique employed usually was the c'uestionnai

method.

3. The sampling was usually covered information secured over a period of from two to six years. in any one

4• The sampling was usually small, not exceeding 1,500 cases the studies. f

5. The purpose of the studies were to determine either vocational interests or vocational choices among children and youth. . 6. Most of the investigations endeavored to etermine the Y e -lationship between vocational choices or vocational interests and such faa _~s as marks in school, intelligence quotient, vocational proficiency, socioeconomic status, employment opportunities and job satisfaction. 7.

In general, the evidence presented in these investigations

indicates that a) There is a degree of relationship between vocational choice and such factors as neiital ability, socio-economic status, job satisfaction, employment opportunities, and occupational stability.

1 68 b) Vocational choices made by youth are often ill— considered. There is much disssatisfaction among workers due to unsatisfactory occupational status. e) While there has been a constant and vital interest in the needs of the students, there is a. conspicuous absence of studies which deal with semi—skilled and un— skilled workers. Because df a fundamental relationship between these vocations and sociology, economics, and edu— cation, this field should be a very practical area for edu» cational research.

APPENDIX B — Footnotes 1 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor of Puerto Rico (Department of Labor, San Juan, Puerto Rico) 1939, pp. 32. 2 Ibid., p. 36. 3 L. R. Chenault, The Puerto Rican Migrant in New York City (New York: Colum— bic. University Press, 1935), 180 pp. 4

Ibid., p. 87.

5 Ibid., p. 76. 6 The Fortune Magazine, A Recent Study of Persons on Relief, Occupations.

14:293-295, 1938. 7

L. D, Hartson, "Vocational Stability of Oberlein Alumni", Personnel Journal, 7:17E-~35, October 1928.

8 C. Monger, The Significance of Vocational Choices of School Children and ('New York: privately printed, 1932), 177 pp; Co11ee Students

w. . Bradley, "Correlates of Vocational Preferences", (unpublished Doctor s thesis, Syracuse University, Syracuse, Now York, 1943) 129 pp, ]!J E. B. Hurlock and C. Jansing , "The Vconci~nal Aittitizdes of Boys and Gira of High School Age", Journal of G.:r.e ~:~~ ás '_~_~~ .r , 44:175-91, April 1934• E. J. Sparlir~g; Do College Students Choos4. Vocations Wise ? Contributions to Education, No. 561. (New York: Bureau of Publications, Te.chers College, Columbia University, 1933), 110 pp. H. H. Davidson, Personality. and Economic BaFkprdund Press, 1943) 192 pp. W. A. Bradley, op. cit., p. 132.

(New York:

King's Crown

69 14

Nelson, "FathersI Occupations and Student Vocational Choices", Schr-1 and Society, 50:572-76, October, 1939.

E. B. Hurlock and C. Jansing, on. cit., p. 189.

A. F. Southwick, "An Occupational Survey of Wooster Graduates, 1926-1933," Occupations, 18:266-73, January, 1940.

R.D. Hawley, "College Training as Preparation for Life and for Living", School and Society, 48:468-72, October, 1938.

18 R. Hull, "Job Satisfaction Researches and Opinions of 1940-1941", Occupations, 21:457-63, February, 1943• 19 D.E. Super Avocational Interest Patterns ty Press, 1940), 148 pp.

(California:.: Strmc.ford Univ, roa—

20 R. J. Cole, " A Survey of Employee Attitudes", Public Opinion Quarterly, 4:497-506, September, 1940. 21 E. D. Meyer, "Follow—up Study of Industrial Arts Graduates", T:11 Arts and Vocational Education, 30:11-12, January, 1941. 22 T. R. Sarbin and H. C. .tnderson, "A Preliminary Study of the Relation of Measured Interest Patterns and Occupational Dissatisfaction", Educational and Psvcholorical Measurmmnirt~, 2:23-36, January, 1942. 23 M. I. Wightwick, "The Function of Interest in a:cational and Vocational Guidance" (unpublished Masters thesis, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, 1934) 89 pp. 24 M. I. Wightwick, Vocatona.1 Interest Patterns, Contributions to Education No. 900 (New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia Univer— sity, 1945), 231 pp. 25 B. Culver, "When Students Choose Careers", Personnel Journal, 14:64-70, October, 1935• 26 Ibid.

p. 70.

70 APPENDIX

THE SUBJECTS, METHODS, AND PROCEDURES The aim of the present investigation was to detc;rmine the vocational needs of the Puerto Rican migrants in the city of New York, and the relationship, if any, between those needs and such factors as age, marital status, employment stability, religion, education, economic status, knowledge of the English lan— guage, record, prison, health, recreation, occupational preferences, and parent': occupations. This chapter is devoted to a description of the subjects .who part— icipated in the:;study, of the devices and procedures employed in the investiga— tion, and cf the statistical treatment of the data.

The Subiects The preliminary problem of this investigation was to delimit the scope of the study. It was considered, therefore, that acomplete survey of one distinct geographical area would constitute a definite contribution. Furthermore, the results of an investigation of one specific group such as the whites male Puerto Rican migrants would be more meaningful than a study which included a variety of workers of different national backgrounds. Since there is a strong tendency for Puerto Ricans to locate in certain areas, the most popular of these was chosen for the study. This section is located in Harlem and is bounded by Eighth and Manhattan Avenues on the West, Third Avenue on the East, 126th Street on the North, and Central Park and 100th Street on the South. (Fig. 1). The area is predominantly Spanish* American. Here the newly arri$eddPuerto Ricans may feel at ease among his own people.

One outstanding difficulty in connection with the selection of this geographical area was the fact that very little data about this group were given in census reports. Puerto Rica~is are classified in the census as "native born", and are American citizens. The National Tuberculosis Association has, however, classified the pers~ns born in Puerto Rico and living in New York according to "statistical area" of the city. The Welfare Council using these data has prepared a map showing the number of Puerto Ricans in each statistical area. This location of their settlement conforms to that given2by the Deportment of Health of the city of New York in the quarterly bulletin of 1934• Using all the dáta mentioned above, the boundaries of the settlement were tentatively marked out. The selections were submitted for corrections to such social agencies as the Spanish-American Youth Bureau and thh Union Settlement House located at 237 East 104th Street, New York, agencies which are wing social work in this neighborhood.

Since the statistical areas weLetoo large, it was necessary to divide the place of settlement in terms of census "tracts" alao called "sanitary"distridt: The boundaries and the census tracts for this study are indicated in Figure 1. From a total of eighteen census "tracts", ten were selected at random for this study. The total number of Puerto Rican males living within the boudaries of these census "tracts" as 3,024. These subjects constituted a representa— tive and adequate sample. The purpose in selcting this sample was to secure as subjects for this in estigation a sufficiently larged number "f white, male Puerto Ricans who had migrated to the city of New York to work within the years 1940 to 1944 and who were engaged in a wide variety of occupations.

Procedure Employed in This Investirr.tion

rihen this work was started, the first consideration was the means of collect• ing the data. Previous studies were reviewed and letters requesting Informa— tion were sent to the following places: Department of Labor, San Juan, Puerto Rico; United States Employment Office, New York; Department of. Agriculture and Commerce, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and to the Office of Industry and Commerce of Puerto Rico, New York. Interviews were held with personnel officers of the following agencies: the Union Settlement, the Welfare Council, the Migration Office, the Community Service Society, the Sprnish-M erican Youth Bureau, the Out Patient Office of the Mount Sinal Hospital and the Health Department of New York City. From all these sources, little statistical data that might be of help for '. this investigation were available, owing in part to the fact that there is no organization among the Puerto Ricans in Now York similar to the Urban League for the Negroes, or other organizations ,rhich collect information of a. statistical nature about their own people. The data for the present study were collected by the interview technique. For an interview to be successful there must be a proper approach, which includes judgment of the individual, timing of the approach, and. the choosing of an effective locale for the interview. Of equal importance to the approach is the art of directing thh.thinking of the one interviewed into the channels of the information desired. Finally, the organization of the material gained from the interviewed into such form that it can be simply and readily undeº'stood and interpreted is very important. A period cf eight moths was spent visiting the homes f the subjects studied. These visits were made daring the evenings, around the hours six to nine. During the interviewe r, several approaches were used to establish rape rt port. A very effective one was to ask the individual from what town of Puerto Rico he had come. This usually led to some common interest.

i~•~

72 After a few introductory remarks, the subject was asked to cooperate in a scientific study which might be of help to the Puerto Ricans. The individuals were assured that this was general information, and that group tabulation would eliminate the. possibility of individual identification. Finally, they were informed that each question answered was of great importance and that unless truthfulness in answers was ontained, thexesults would be misleading. While collecting the data, the interviewer was answer of situations where bias might occur, such as influence of information previously obtained, errors in recording, poor interpretation of5answers to questions asked and fuia1ty questioning. Therefore, a chock list owes devised for recording the data obtained. The interview as conducted in such a way that answers to the questions asked could be easily recorded by means of a check mark of just a word. The check list was planned in such a way that the information obtained might aid in answering the questions formulated in the statement of the problem of this investigation.

Classification of Occupations The investigator ofvocational information is often perplexed by the problem of classifying occupations. This is especially true since there is a considerable overlapping among occupations in most respects. One of the most frequently used bases for classification is that established by the United States Census Bureau. The 1920 classification grouped occupations, according to their products or services, into ten divisions: agriculture, transportation and communication, trade, public service, classification was changed in 1940 to what was termed a "social economic grouping" for each of the census divisions. The néw grouping included nine different categories as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b. 7. 8. 9.

Proprietors, officials and managers Clerks and kindred workers Skilled workers Semi-skilled workers Laborers Servants Public officials Semi-officials employees Professional persons

Intelligence is usually considered an important factor in determining the classification of occupations. It had its widest application in the use of the Army Alpha Intelligence Test with enlisted men during the first world war.

73 Scoregcreceived were compared with the stated occupations and differences were shoran to exist among men of different occupations despite the high degree of overlapping which was evident. Barrio compiled a list of 121 representative occupations and had them rated by twenty judges according to their estimate of the relative cxnount of intelligence required for the occupation. The occupations ranged from "hobo" to the learn®d'professi~ns. No attempt was made to grade occupations except in terms of the subjective ratings riven. Fryer7 made an adaptation of the data collected on the basis of the Army He arranged the listing of occupations according to Alpha Intelligence Test. their average scores. Freyer has marked off quite definitely five occupational levels as follows: 1. Professional occupational level. (Superior intelligence required). 2. Technib3l occupational level. (High average intelligence required). 3. Skilled occupational level. (Average intelligence required).

~ ~

4. Semi-skilled and low-skilled occupational level. (Low average intelligence found). 5. Unskilled occupational level. (Inferior intelligence usually found). Fryer had gone as far as to make a list of ninety-six occupations for each of which he gives the intelligences group, the score average, and the score range in terms of the Army Alpha Intelligence Test. Beckmai , in collaboration with the executives of the Adjustment Service and Dr. Henry C. Link, devised a scale for grouping occupational rank. This Ncale is occupational as well as scale economic in nature. It locates occupational groups and is graded in terms of intelligence, capacity or skill, education and training required for its pursuit. The classification is as follows:

Grade (1) - Unskilled manual occupations Grade (2) - Semi-skilled occupations Grade (3) - Skilled occupations (a) Skilled manual occupations (b) Skilled white collar occupations ~

74 Grade (4) — Semi—professional occupations a) Sub—professional occupations b) Business occupations c) Minor supervisor occupations Grade (5) — Professional occupations a) Linguistic occupations b Scientific occupations e Managerial and executive Another basis for cassifi.cation isl hat of interest. This is the basis which was used by Strong and by Cleeton in devising their interest invento— ries. Still therel re many qther clas~fication of occpations including those devided by Counts, Hartman, Edwards, and Anderson. The classification of occupations which is most widely used,,on account of its functional basis and its coding system, is the one used by the United 15 States Employment Service, presented in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. This classification structure contains a number of occupational groups established according to skill level, numerical frequency, and significance of the occupations in America. Specific jobs aro classified in these groups according to similarity of work performed and performance r .ireients. Occupations that cannot be so classified are placed in groups vd:. ._•:: are most commonly found. The occupations in this classification are fir t d~ , _!ed into seven grot}ps or categories. The occupations in each of t1,^se greiip are then sub-divided into twelve major subdivisions. These groups 1_: turn a a further divided into more limited There are groups of occupations, each of h_~.rh has an occupational title. 571 such occupational title gtou.ps. These 57Ti occupational groups in turn coxitain 8,869 specific occupational classifications. The major occupational groups establisied by this classification and also the number of classifications at the precept time is as follows:

75 TABLE

XXVII

MAJOR OCCUPLTIONAL GROUPS

Code No.

: Major Occupational Groups : 3-digit : No. of : No. of : groups: Classifi- : Definition cation

0 1 2 3

4-5 6-7 8-9

: . .

I— Professional and managerial II—Clerical and sales III-Service occupations . IV—AF ricultura]. fishery& kiñred occupations V—Skilled occupations VI- Semi-skilled " VII-Unskilled " . TOTAL

67 .

806

1611

55 42 .

588 296

1331 567

. .

177 1761 4660 5$1 8869

310 3528 7423 : . 6883 : 2-d53

40 149 133 85 571

. :

The digits of the code numbers in this classification indicate the relationship among the occupations h: Ei:rst digits show the broad occupational Each successive ir.;i.:. ;..r:o progressively more limited groups and groups. digit consenquently closer occupatio::.o onships. The ode numbers also indicate skill level and • other occü o :•1 c :~ '. .: :: a ors. Fo • e: m.ple, the code nu hbrs cc. once Flange Breaker of Sheet =Methl~Fó ricatinL-•??~; o, , 6 6-94. 211 in the autono'tii2e. ,?i indu` ._ _iic: to that these jobs are semi-skilled, requir ' r e •1 ed nor, r. cf c.: ,d.e , job training, and that ,.~. nyn - an a the typical trade school. n•s., d r e .~.r,.os in sheet metal work will du ..:c be able to acquire the cpe :'; .i'á : ekiJis de. a.idod by the occupotions:'.i a relatively brief time. The chief use of this clas ificatinn system is in interviewing, when tLis essential to have accurate informo.tinn concerning jobs and their relatioñships. In the second world wary this classificati-n was employed by the lirrJy to assess the occupational skills of men entering the military service. Industrial or— ganizations use this classification in recruits?ünt and p]Acement, and many other organizations have also adopted it in setting up their personnel records. Other agencies wh~.ch use it include the Bureau of Guidance of. New York, the State Education Department, the War Labor Bo rd, the United States Civil Ser— vice Commission, the Bourd of War Communications, the War Production Board, Petroleum Administration for War, and the Office of War Transportation. Since the largest group in the present study of occupational status groups obtained their Ares±jobs through the United States Service, not only was it ~

76 a matter of expediency to use the occupational classification devised and used by the agency that placed them, but it was also a fortunate circumstance that offered a classification of such a functional nature.

Treatment of the Data The first step in this investigation was to determine the occupational status of the group. The classification of occupations employed by the United States Employment Service and discussed in the prev$D.us section was used for this purpose. The results of the tabulation of this information are presented in Chapter II of this study.

In the analysis of the results, the occupational status of the croup was correlated with each of the following faetdrs: age, marital status and depen— dents, employment stability, religion, education, economic status, knowledge of the English language, prison record, health, recreation, father' occupation. and occupational préferences. The means and standard deviation were obtained for each group of the preceding items. In order to determine the degree of relationship existing between some of the characteristics and occupationall~ta— tus, the "Pearson Product Moment" formula for coefficient of correlations n places where the data indicated a rough relationship, the C' :" was used. test was used. The Chi—Square technique is a criterion used for Chi—Square testing the discrepancy between two sets of observed values and the correspond— ing theoretical values on the basis of some thesis as to the population. The hypothesis which can be tested statistically are a1~rays hypothesis about unknown population values, or parameters. The test always consists of an examination of the hypothesis to ascertain whether it can reasonably ac— count for the statistics observed in a particular sample on the assumption that the latter is a random sample frcm, population in which the hypothesis is truer so greatly from the'_pspu~, If the statisticalin the cation parameters specified by the hypothesis that it is not reasonable to maintain that the statistics might have been produced by the fluctuations of random sampling from the population in which the Sypothesis holds, then the hypothesis must be rejected as untenable. If the sample statistics are not inconsistent_with the hypothesis about the population parameters, the hypothe— sis accepted. Usually the ruli-of—thumb procedure is used. This means to reject a h pothesis when if it were true, one per cent or less of therrendom samples would be more extreme than the sample under observation; reject a. hypothesis when, if it were true, five per cent ox more of he random sample would be more extreme than the sample under rbservation.l

77 The significame of the differences between the means of certain items was determined by the use of analysis of variance technique. Zhis techn&ques is explained by Linquist1' in the following way: Analysis of variance is a method used for evaluating the null hypothesis which states that each group is a random sample from the same homogenous popu— lation. If the group cannot be shown to be a random sample from the same population homogenous with respe'Ct to the characteristics being studied, they have not demonstrated to be the same with respect to that charac— teristic. The analysis is accomplished by a statistical procedure which compares the variation among the means of two or more groups with an estimate of that variation based upon the variation of the scores within the groups. When the variation among the means is relatively large in relation to this estimate, the grcup cannot be con~i— dered to be random samples from the same homogenous po— pulation. When the variation is relatively small, the groups mad be so considered. Further the same author has added:20 If the groups are from different populations the observed differences are siginificant inasmuch as they reflect the presence of real or true difference between populations. The test is: Can the groups reasonably be considered to be from the same homogenous population? If they cannot, a siginificant reliable differences may be accepted. Because of the large size of the sample in this investigation, namely 3,024 cases, all of the statistical calcuiations in this study were secur— ed by deans ^f machine tabulation.

APPENDIX C — Footnotes: 1 The statistical area is a unit used by the Bureau of the Census and contains numerous census tracts equivalent to four by six blocks in each one. L. R. Chenault, The Puerto Rican Mirant in New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), p• 63. 2 New York City Department of Health, Health—Quarterly Bulletin, 2:78-79, 1934• 3 H. M. Walker, "Sample", The Encyclopedia of Educational Research (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1941) P. 998. 4

C. M. Smith and M. M. Roos, A Guide to Guidance (New York: Prentice Hall Inc., 1941), pp. 143-44•

See Appendix D, pp. 79. F. E. Barr, "A Scale for Measuring Mental Ability in Vocations and Some of Genetic Studies of Geniis (California,: its Applicetions", L. M. Terman Standfrrd University Press, 1926), Vol. 1, Chapter IV.

7 D. Freyer, "Occupational Intlligence Standards", School and Society, 16:273-277, SePtsmb94°1922• 8 R.O. Beckman, "A New Scale for Gauging Occupational Rank", Personnel Journal

13:225-233, October, 1935• 9

E. K. Strong, Jr., Manual for Vocational Interest Blank. (California: Stanciford University Press, 1938).

10 G. U. Cleeton, Vocational Interest Inventory (Bloomington, Illinois: McKnight and McKnight, 1937). 11 ^ S. Counts, "Social Status of Occupations", School Review , 13:16-25,

.august, 1925. 12 G. W. Hartman, "The Prestige of Occupations", Personnel Journal.13:152-57, February, 1934• 13

A. M. Edwards, "A S Yc!- Economic Grouping of Gainful Workers in the united States", Journal of the American Statistical Associations 28:377-3~4, June, 1933• H. D. Anderson, Occupational Mobility in an American Community (California Stand.cfrd University Press, 1937.

United States Department of Labor, Division of Standards ano Research, Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Part I (Washington, D. C., : U. S. Go— vernment Printing Office, 1939). 1287 pp.

H. M. Walker, elementary Statistical Methods (New York: Henry Hold and Co., Inc., 1943) pp. 222-245• 17 G. U. Yule and M. G. Kendall, An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics London:C. Griffin & Co., Ltd. , 1937), pp.332-335. 18 Ibid., pp. 370-378. 19 E.F. Linquist, Statistical Ana1ys is in Educational Research (New York: 20) Ibid., p. 252. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1940), p. 251

79 APPENDIX

INTERVIEWER'S CHECK LIST (Introductory Remarks)

I. General Facts Name Address Age: Under 21 Over 60_ Church attended:

; 31-40

; 21-30

; 41-50

Catholic __; Protestant Other Year of arrival in New York City: 1944 ; 1943 _____

1942

1941

; 1940

Reason for migration

II. Facts concerning occupation A. What is your present occupation What other jobs have you held in New York City? B. How do you get these jobs? 1. Newspaper advertisement 2. United States Employment Service 3. Private employment agency 4. Social agency 5. On recommendation 6. Other reason C. Are you satisfied with your present employment? Yes No (If answer is 'no', ask "What kind of occupation would your prefer?")

D. What was your occupation in Puerto Rico? For how long a time did you work in that job? E. What is your fathers' occupation? III. Facts about marital status and dependents A. Are you married? B. Is your wife here ór in Puerto Rico? What is her occupation? Is she employed? — C. Do you have any _children-?

How maw?.:,

r;-?

;

g0 D. Besides wife and children, does any other relative live with you? Is he or she employed? IV.

Facts on education A. What was the last grade in school which Elementary High School

you reached? College

B. Have you attended any vocational or trade school? No How long? Yes Where? V. Facts about incomes A. Range of wages Weekly: Less than $18 ___,; $18425

; $25435 ; Ovc r $55 $35—$45 —; $45455 Per Hour: Less than 501 ; 50~ _; 60 —70 70'--8Oé ; g0' —90( ; 9O'—$l Over $1

—9

-.—.9 —9

B. Are you satisfied with the wages your received in your job? e

VI. Facts on knowledge of English language A. Can you speak, read, write and understand English? Speak and read with difficulty? Read and write with much difficulty in speaking? Understand a few words? Speak'-a f'w words? B. Do you understand the directions given to you by the foreman in the palco where you work? C. Comments VII. Facts about prison record A. Have youL.ever been imprisoned?

Yes

B. Did you learn a trade while in prison? C. Are you working at that trade now? I

D. Have you had any trouble in getting a job because of your prison record? VIII. Facts about health A. Do you have a health problem? B. How often have you been sick during the last five years?

C. Have you lost your job because of illness?

rs ~ IX.

Facts.ibout reoréation A. How do you spend yóur leisure hours? B. What is your preferred activity during your leisure time? C. Do you have any hobbies?

X. Are you planning to return to Puerto Pico very soon? Why?

r I

APPENDIX

Occupational status of workers according to the classification of occupations in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, War Manpower Commission Group I Professional and managerial occupations Code Number C-24 0-25 0-30 0-33

Description Musicians Pharmacist Teacher (elementary) Trained nurse

Number

Totals

42 8 27 24

Semi—professional occupations 0-56 0-65

Photographer Undertaker

11 9

Group II 1' ~ I t

Clerical and sales occupations 1-04 1-23 1-27 1-28 1-37 1-80

Clerks, general Messengers, errand boys Post office clerks Mail carrier Stenographer, typist Salesman (to consumer)

7?_ 14 48 S 43 27

212 Group III Service occupations 2-27 2-32 2-45 2-45 2-54 2-56 2-95

Waiters, except private family Barbers Doorman Ushers Janitors Porters Elevators operators

126 43 75 69 152 146 24 635

83 Group IV

w ~

Agricultural, fishery, forestry and kindred occupations Code Number

Description

Number

3-40

Gardener and ground keeper parks, cementerios

Totals

30 Group V Skilled occupations 4-02

4-25 4-12

4-36 4-75 4-93 5-79 5-91

Occupations in pro— duction of bakery products Carpenter Occupations in manu— facture of tobacco products Occupations in manu— facture of furniture Machinists Fabrication of metal products Mechanics land rep~lrmen Foremen, manufacturing

32 46

49 21 21 88 44 32 333

Group VI Semi-skilled occupations 7-36 6-78 7-03 7-05

7-27 7-64 7-94 7-96 7-97

Chauffeurs and drivers Machine shop and related occupations Occupations in building of aircraft Occupations in building transportation equipment (except automobile and aircraft) . Painters Non-process occupations in manufacturing Electrician (apprentice) Plumber (apprentice) Apprentice to other construction and hand trades

15 152 130

98 72 298 29 31 22 847

84 Group VII

Unskilled occuprtions Code Number 9-32

9-64

Description

Construction occupations Non-process occupa-

Number

Totals

tions in manufac-

turing 9-85

9-89

336

Garage laborer and car washer and

greaser Miscellaneous occupations

39 395 847 TOTAL

fi-

3.024