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BIBLIOTECA DEL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOCIALES UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICO

THE PUERTO RICAN MIGRANT IN ST. CROIX

CLARENCE SENIOR

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER

UNIVERSITY

PUERTO RICO

O O~V G~SpG G© R

OE ~NER5~0 uN~J

THE PUERTO RICAN MIGRANT IN ST, CROIX

CLARENCE SENIOR

SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER

UNIVERSITY

PUERTO RICO

RIO PIEDRAS

FIFTY

CENTS

PREFACE

PUERTO RICANS HAVE BEEN MIGRATING TO ST. CRO:X FOR TWENTY THE POPULAYEARS AND NOW REPRESENT A SIZEABLE PROPORTION OF TION. THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAI<EN TO THROW LIGHT ON THE PROCESS OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRATION AND THE PROBLEMS ARISING FROM IT. IT IS HEREBY PRESENTED SEPARATELY FROM THE MAIN REPORT ON PUERTO RICAN EMIGRATION BECAUSE OF THE INTEREST IT HAS AROUSED BOTH IN PUERTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. IT IS HOPED THAT THE SUGGESTIONS MADE MAY BE OF SOME VALUE IN HELPING OVERCOME ANTAGONISM BASED ON MUTUAL MISUNDERSTAND'NG ON THE PART OF BOTH CRUCIANS AND THE NEWCOMERS. THE AUTHOR IS GRATEFUL TO MANY CRUCIANS WHO AIDED IN THE STUDY, ESPECIALLY TO MESSRS. ANTON TEYTAUD, OF THE FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION; WILLIAM JOHANNSEN, CHAIRMAN OF OPA; CANUT BRODHUST, EDITOR, THE ST. CROIX AVIS; LUDWIG HARRIGAN, PRESIDENT, ST. CROIX LABOR UNION; R. H. AMPHLETT LENDER, ATTORNEY; PAUL JOSEPH, EDITOR, THE WEST END NEWS; DR. AXEL HANSEN, MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL; BEN FOSTER, DIRECTOR, JGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION; STANLEY COULTER, SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE; MALCOLM SHEOGH AND ALBERT WATERSTON, VIRGIN ISLANDS COMPANY; AT R,1PH SCHROEDER; TO GOVERNOR WILLIAM H. HASTIE AND JAMES BOUGH (TREN U. S.DISTRICT ATTORNEY); TO THE ADMINISTRATOR FOR ST. CROIX, MR. HARRY E. TAYLOR; AND TO HIS TWO FELLOW FIELD WORKERS MISS FLOR DE MARIA PIÑEIRO AND MR. PETION RIVERA SALGADO. NONE, OF COURSE, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ERRORS OF PACT OR INTERPRETATION, WHICH ARE EXCLUSIVELY THE AUTHOR'S.

CLARENCE SENIOR

MAY, 1947

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

LIST OF TABLES

III

INTRODUCTION

REFERENCES

NUMBER OF PUERTO RICANS IN ST, CROIX

WHEN DID THEY COME

FROM WHERE DID THEY COME

HOW AND WHY DID THEY COME

DEMOGRAPHY

MAKING A LIVING

HOUSING AND FOOD

MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY

211

EDUCATION

CRUCIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD THE PUERTO R I CAN I NVAS I ON

PUERTO RICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD ST. CROIX AND THE CRUCIANS

PUERTO RICAN PARTICIPATION IN CRUCIAN LIFE

CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION OF THE TWO CULTURES

POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE

APPENDIX -

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE USED IN FIELD STUDY

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

TABLE I

DISTRIBUTION OF PUERTO RICAN FAMILIES, TOTAL AND INTERVIEWED MIGRATION OF PUERTO RICANS INTERVIEWED

1917 - 1916 II I

CHR1SfI-ANSTED, FREDERIKSTED POPULAIRION BY SEX, RACE AND NATIVITY TOTAL AND PUERTO RICAN POPULATION BY PERCENTAGE AND AGE GROUPS

CAUSES OF DEATH

ST. CROIX DRAFT REJECTIONS BY CAUSES TOTAL CRUCIANS AND PUERTO RICANS

1 Z1

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION: Sr. CROIX, UNITED STATES PUERTO RICO AND

VI I I

HOMESTEAD RECORD OF A

ANNUAL INCOME OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS INTERVIEWED

HOUSING AND HOUSE FURNISHINGS OF PUERTO RICANS INTERVIEWED

PUERTO RICAN FAMILY GROUPS, BY SIZE

XI I

RURAL PUBLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, PUERTO RICAN AND CRUCIAN 1915 - 1916

SCHOOLING OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS INTERVIEWED

XIV

FELONIES, 1910 - 1916

PUERTO RICAN ESTIMATES OF FAVORABLE FACTORS

XVI

PUERTO RICAN ESTIMATES OF UNFAVORABLE FACTORS

VI I

XI I I

III

I I NTRODUCT ON Si. CROIX, THE LARGEST OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, HAS BEEN THE GOAL OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRATION FOR ABOUT TWENTY YEARS. PUERTO RICANS NOW CONSTITUTE AROUND 2 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION AND ARE PLAVUIG AN INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE LIFE OF 'THE COMMUNITY. ''!H 1 LE THEY HOVE ONTO THE ISLAND, THE NATIVES CONTINUE THE EXODUS FROM THE1í; HOMELAND WHICH HAS HARKED THE ISLAND'S NISTOR'. SINCE 1835. A STUDY OF HOW, WHEN, tIMY AND HOt! t•IAR'f PUERTO I CANS CAME, HOW THEY FARE AND HOW THE CRUCIANS REACT TO THEM SEEMED TO OFFER POSSIBILITIES OF THROWING LIGHT ON TIIE GENERAL PROBLEt•I OF EMIGRATION FROM PUERTO RICO. A SHORT REVIEW OF THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF Sr. CROIX IS NECESSARY TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE SITUATION. IT HAS AN ANCA OF ONLY 81 SQUARE MILES BUT G.OGRAPHY ONCE GAVE IT AN ADVANTAGE IN t/ORLD TRADE AND ALSO MADE IT A PAWN IN THE 17TH CENTURY GAME OF IMPERIALIST RIVALRIES. Ii %IAS ONCE AR OUTSTANDING SLAVE MARKET FOR THE NEW tIORLD, AI$D LATER BECAME A CONTRIBUTOR TO THE WORLDS SUGAR MARKET. THE FALL OF THE SLAVE LABOR S"STELA tMS THE BEGINNING OF THE END OF THE PROSPERITY OF TIIE ISLAND. THE CrUC I AN ECONOMY BEGAN ITS DECLINE MORE THAN A CENTUR'. AGO AND HAS COttTINUED IN A DEPRESSED STATE ALMOST CONSTANTLY SINCE THEN. PHYSICAL EVIDENCES O. THIS CHRONIC DEPRESSION ARE SEEN IN THE ONCE-SPLENDID MANSIONS OF FORMER SLAVEOWNERS AND THE RUINS OF SOME 80 DUTCH -TYPE WINDMILLS WHICH ONCE GROUND CANE. GEOGRAPHY AGA 1 tt GAVE SIGNIFICANCE TO ST. CRO I X DURING WORLD WAr. I, WHEN THE UNITED STATES PU;.CHASED THE VIRGIN ISLANDS TO MARE ANOTHER LINK IN ITS CHAIN OF BASES PROTECTING TUE PANAMA CANAL. ITS USEFULNESS IN THIS RESPECT, HOWEVER, DOES NOT OVERCOME THE HANDICAPS PRESENTED BY SOIL AND CLIMATE. INADEQUATE AND BADLY TIMED RAINFALL, RAPID EVAPORATION OF SURFACE MOISTURE, A POROUS SUBSOIL WHICH MAKES FOR RAPID DRAINAGE AND A GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE WHICH MARES WELLS AND DAMS IMPRACTICAL ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES OF AN ISLAND WHICH HAS LIVED LARGELY ON THE SALE OF SUGAR AND RUM. ST. THOMAS AND S7. JOHN, ONCE ALSO SUGAR PRODUCERS, LONG AGO GAVE UP THE STRUGGLE, BUT Si. CROIX PERSISTS IN GROWING CArIE F?ctI THOUGH ITS YIELD IS ONLY ABOUT 10 TO 15 TONS PER ACRE COMPARED WITH AROUND 30 IN Puy:;:'i0 Rico. SINCE THE CHANGE u: SOVEREIGNTY IN 1917, THE VIRGIN ISLANDS HAVE ALL BEEN LI`JING FROt•1 A LANGE-SCALE RELIEF PROJECT FINANCED BY THE UNITED STATES AS PART OF THE PRICE OF MA i NTA 1 N t NG NAVAL AND AIR BASES ON ITS EASTERNMOST POSSESSIONS. Inc FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS CONTRIBUTED ON AN AV~.RTHE AGE 1í10O,000 ANUALYY 10 THE 'ST . CROIX MUNICIPAL BUDGET SINCE THE TRANSFER. ADMINISTRATOR FROM SÍ'. CROIX, t4R. HARRY L. TAYLOR, ESTIMATES THAT FEDERAL SOURCES IN RECENT YEARS HAVE ACCOUNTED FOR TIIE FOLLOWING PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL INCOME or TIED ISLAND: •, 22 PERCENT; 19.1 - . , , PERCENTS 19~:~ PERCENT; WAS 19~'i. - 5, 8 PERCENT: AND III ' G, ''.0 PERCENT. THE CANE ACREAGE IN "LESS THAN ONE-THINC OF WHAT IT WAS IN THE ISLAND'S HEYDAY", ACCORDING TO THE

195-

19~:"-': ,

19.5

GOVERNOR'S REPORT. PUERTO RICAN MIGRATION TO AN ISLAND IN SUC1i A DEPRESSED CONDITION WOULD LIKE "JUMPING OUT OF THE FRYING PAN INTO THE FIRE". THE ANSWER LIES SEEM PARTLY IN THE FACT THAT SUGAR CANE CONTINUES TO DE THE MAIN CROP OF THE ISLAND, AND THAT CANE NEEDS SEASONAL LABOR. THE DAr.ES FORMERLY DROUGHT IN WORKERS FOR ISLANDS. THIS PRACTICE CONTINUED THE CUTTING SEASON FROM THE NEARBY UNTIL 1927. THE IMMIGRATION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES WERE APPLIED TO THE VI^GIN ISLANDS IN THAT '.EAR AND THE CANE GROWERS HAD TO LOOK ELSEWHERE FOR

BRITISH

-2THEY FOUND A SITUATION MADE-TO-ORDER FOR THEM IN THE DEPRESSED CONDITIONS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY ON THE ISLAND OF SUGAR ACREAGE AND YIELD ON THAT ISLAND OF 51 SQUARE MILES HAD BEEN DECREASING STEADILY SINCE 1910 AND PEOPLE WERE LOOKING FOR A CHANCE TO MAKE A LIVING ELSEWHERE. AGENTS OF THE

THEIR LABOR.

VIEQUES.

GROWERS RECRUITED SIZABLE GROUPS FOR TRANSPORTATION TO ST. CROIX. SOME OF THOSE WHO WENT ON TEMPORARY JOBS STAYED. THE TENDENCY OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRATION TO Si. CROIX, HAS BEEN UPWARD SINCE THAT TIME. THE "INVASION" FROM PUERTO RICO HAS RESULTED IN A CONFLICT OF CULTURES WITH CONSEQUENCES QUITE ANALOGOUS TO THOSE FOUND IN OTHER SIMILAR SITUATIONS. THE EMPLOYER GROUP FAVORS THE NEWCOMERS, WHO WORK HARDER AND PRODUCE MORE THAN THE NATIVES. THE WORKING CLASS IS SPLIT BUT PROBABLY PREDOMINANTLY DISTRUSTFUL~SINCE THEY RESPOND TO THE CRY THAT THE PUERTO RICANS ARE "TAKING THE BREAD OUT OF OUR MOUTIIS". A MIDDLE CLASS IS ALMOST NON-EXISTENT. THE SMALL STOREKEEPER TAKES THE WORKING CLASS ATTITUDE, HOWEVER, SINCE HE IS FEELING COMPETITION FROM"STORES SET UP BY THE MIGRANTS. NO OVERT ANTI -PUERTO RICAN ACTION HAS BEEN TAKEN, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF A HEALTH ORDINANCE DESIGNED TO CUT DOWN THE NUMBER OF CARRIERS OF PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES OFTEN FOUND AMONG THE NEW ARRIVALS. POLITICAL SPEAYERS SOMETIMES ATTACK THE MIGRANTS, IF NONE OF THEM IS IN THE CROWD. GENERALLY, HOWEVER, IT IS IN PERSONAL RELATIONS AND IN THE SPREADING OF RUMORS THAT A CRITICAL ATTITUDE IS SHOWN. THE NUMBER OF PUERTO RICANS ON ST. CROIX IS THE SUBJECT OF WILD RUMORS.THE OFFICIAL FIGURES OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT, WHICH SHOW THAT THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 3 9003 ARE ATTACKED AS TOO LOW. IT IS CHARGED THAT SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS GOES ON ALL THE TIME. WHILE THIS STUDY WAS BEING MADE, THE RUMOR SPREAD THAT OUR GROUP 1•!AS"SPYING OUT THE F IELD" FOR A MASS MIGRATION OF SOME THOUSANDS. A FEW DAYS LATER A RUMOR SWEPT THE ISLAND WHICH TOLD OF THE EVACÜATION OF CULEBRA BY THE NAVY, WHICH WAS MOVING ALL THE INHABITANTS TO ST. CROIX. AT FREDERICKSTED THE WRITER WAS TOLD OF - EYE -WITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE OCCUPATION OF BENEDICT FIELD, AN ABANDONED ARMY BASE, BY RECENT ARRIVALS FROM PUERTO RICO. AN HOUR BEFORE HE HAD BEEN AT THE FIELD AND SEEN CARPENTERS TEARING DOWN THE BUILDINGS: THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN WITH THE LIMITED PURPOSE OF THROWING SOME LIGHT ON THE PROBLEMS MET BY THE PUERTO RICAN MIGR~INT AND THOSE HE CREATES. IT IS HOPED THAT IT WILL ALEO,, BY PRESENTING SOME OF THE SALIENT FACTS ABOUT THE SITUATION IN ST. CROIX, HELP LEADERSHIP FROM BOTH CULTURES WORK OUT METHODS OF ACCOMMODATION

AND COOPERATION.

THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE T. CROIX SITUATION WAS UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF AN ATTEMPT TO ANALYZE THE PAST EXPERIENCES, THE PROBLEMS AND THE PROSPECTS OF ORGANIZED 'I!GRATION FROM PUERTO RICO AS ONE PHASE OF A MANY-SIDED ATTACK ON THE PROBLEM OF OVERPOPULATION. DURING THREE WEEKS AT THE WEST INDIAN CONFERENCE IN CHARLOTTE AMALIE, THE WRITER GATHERED MANY IMPRESSIONS AND FACTS ABOUT THE VIRGIN ISLANDS IN GENERAL AND ABOUT THE ST. CROIX SITUATION. LIBRARY WORK WAS FOLLOWED BY A FIELD TRIP OF ONE WEEK AFTER WHICH AN INTERVIEW SCHEDULE OF SOME QUESTIONS WAS DRAFTED AND SUBMITTED FOR CRITICISM TO TEN PUERTO RICAN SOCIAL WORKERS AND EDUCATORS. THE SCHEDULE, IN SPANISH, WAS THEN FILLED OUT DURING INTERVIEWS WITH $1 PUERTO RICAN FAMILIES IN ST. CROIX BY MISS FLOR DE MARIA PIRE RO AND MR. PETION RIVERA SALGADO, PUERTO RICAN SOCIALWORKER WHO WENT TO THE ISLAND WITH THE WRITER FROM .JULY 21 TO AUGUST -I. INTERVIEWS WITH DOCTORS, GOVERN' MENT OFFICIAIS~SOC1Al WORKER$~ TEACHERS EiUS)NESS HEN) LA6QR LEADETiS~ EDiTORS~

Úo

3 THE STREET" WERE CONDUCTED BY THE WRITER. FORTY CRUCIANS WERE INTERVIEWED, ELEVEN MORE THAN ONCE. THE RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION WERE ANALYZED AND INFORMATION NEVEI BEFORE AVAILABLE ON THE NUMBER OF PUERTO RICANS, THEIR LOCATION, AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION AND FAMILY SIZE WAS TABULATED. SAMPLING FOR THE INTERVIEWS COULD NOT BE DONE ON A SCIENTIFIC BASIS BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF DETAILED DATA OF THE KIND LATER FOUND IN THE OPA FILES. THE WRITER HAD TO SKETCH OUT THE NUMBER OF INTERVIEWS ON A RULE -OF THUMB BASIS AFTER A PRELIMINARY TRIP AROUND THE ISLAND AND INTERVIEWS WITH VARIOUS CRUCIANS. TABULATION OF THE OPA DATA WAS NOT COMPLETED UNTIL AFTER' THE FIELD WORK WAS DONE, BUT THE 81 FAMILIES INTERVIEWED PROVED TO BE APPROXI MATELY 15 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PUERTO RICAN FAMILIES. AMONG THOSE REACHED, 42 PERCENT WERE URBAN, WHICH MISSES THE DISTRIBUTION SHOWN BY THE OPA RECORDS ()45.4) BY ONLY 3.4 PERCENT. TABLE I SHOWS THE DISTRIBUTION BY ESTATES AND THE TWO CITIES BOTH FOR THE PUERTO RICANS AS A WHOLE AND THOSE WHO WERE INTERVIEWED. IT WILL BE SEEN THAT NO LOCALITY WITH TEN OR MORE PUERTO RICAN FAMILIES WAS SKIPPED. TWENTY THREE OF THE 67 LOCALITIES WITH SUCH FAMILIES WERE TOUCHED.

REFERENCES A DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE VIRGIN ISLANDS) NATIONAL RESOURCES PLANNING BOARD. SANTURCE, P.R. 1944. 53 PP. MIMEO) ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GOVERNOR OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 16 PP. WASHINGTON. 19)45. J. ANTONIO JARVIS THE VIRGIN ISLANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE. PHILADELPHIA. 194!. 178 PP. "REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE CONDITIONS IN THE ISLAND OF VIEQUES". SANTURCE, P.R. 1943. 13 PP. MIMEO) EARL B. SHAW, "ST. CROIX: A MARGINAL SUGAR -PRODUCING ISLAND," GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW., N.Y. JULY 1933. PP. 414-22 { "THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES". THE AMERICAN EMPIRE, CHICAGO. 1940. PP. 92-122. HARRY E. TAYLOR, "A WOF2D PICTURE OF ST. CROIX1 ECONOMIC HISTORY AD PRESENT STATUS". CHRISTIANSTED. 1943• 33 PP. (MIME09

1938.

"HOMESTEADING IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, 1931-38". MIMEO)

39 Pr .

CHRISTIANSTEAD.

NUMBER OF PUERTO RICANS IN ST. CROIX PUERTO RICANS

THE FIGURE IS BASED ON

Si. CROIX

IN JUNE,

1946 PROBABLY NUMBERED AROUND 3,100.

A TABULATION OF OPA DATA MADE FOR THIS STUDY.k

OUR

3,108, AGREES QUITE CLOSELY WITH THE ESTIMATE OF 3,000 WHICH WAS MADE TO THE WRITER BY BOTH THE ADMINISTRATOR FOR Si. CROIX AND THE HEAD OF THE WELFARE

TOTAL

DEPARTMENT. THERE SEEM TO BE NO VALID REASONS FOR QUESTIONING A FIGURE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THAT REACHED BOTH BY THIS STUDY AND BY THE ADMINISTRATOR. ANTI PUERTO RICANS CLAIM THAT MANY HAVE BEEN SMUGGLED ONTO THE ISLAND. ARM'', NAVY, AND CUSTOMS OFFICIALS ALL DENY THAT ANY SIGNIFICANT NUMBER COULD HAVE ARRIVED IN THAT MANNER.

NAVY PLANES PATROLLING THE VIRGIN

NEVER REPORTED A

VESSEL LANDING AT OTHER THAN

BE ASSUMED THAT SUCH UNCOUNTED

ISLANDS DURING THE WAR EVEN IF

AUTHORIZED PORT.

IMMIGRATION TOOK PLACE, IT WOULD SEEM REASONABLE

TO BELIEVE THAT THE OPA REGISTRATION WOULD HAVE REACHED

ALL BUT A HANDFUL.

THE ST. CROIX POPULATION, ALSO CALCULATED FROM OPA RECORDS, IS ABOUT 12,200, WHICH MAKES THE PUERTO RICAN SEGMENT 24 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL. THE ARTICULATE ENEMIES OF THE MIGRANTS USE THE FIGURE OF 5,000 OR SOME DOZENS OF MIGRATORY WORKERS COME TO THE RETURN TO PUERTO RICO UPON

ITS END.

40 PERCENT.

ISLAND FOR THE CUTTING SEASON

THE NUMBER

AND

IS ASSUREDLY NOT SO LARGE AS

MANY PERSONS BELIEVE, ALTHOUGH NO RELIABLE ESTIMATES COULD BE SECURED.

2,136

(THE TABULATION SHOWED THAT PUERTO RICANS HAD BEEN REPRESENTED BY ✓~1' 548 APPLICATIONS FILED DURING THE REGISTRATION FOR RATION BOOK TWO IN JANUARY, CHILDREN UNDER TWO YEARS DID NOT NEED BOOKS SO IT WAS ASSUMED THAT NONE WERE REGISTERED. THEREFORE, ALL PUERTO RICAN BIRTHS DURING

1945.

247

AND

191+1+ WERE ADDED.

BE FIVE PERCENT, THUS ADDING 122. PERIENCE OF THE

19)43

IT WAS FURTHER ASSUMED THAT UNDER -REGISTRATION MIGHT THIS ASSUMPTION

WAS BASED

NEXT THE NET

IN=MIGRATION OF PUERTO RICANS FOR THE 18 MONTHS FOLLOWING

REGISTRATION WAS ADDED, MAKING 159 MORE.

PUERTO RICAN BIRTHS FOR THE SAME 18

MONTHS WERE CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF THE PREVIOUS 5 ADDED 183, AND DEATHS, HANDLED WHEN VIEWERS WERE

UPON THE EX -

INTERVIEWERS.)

YEARS' EXPERIENCE, WHICH

IN THE SAME MANNER, SUBTRACTED 39.

IT WAS FOUND THAT AN OPA REGISTRATION HAD TAKEN PLACE, THE

INTER-

INSTRUCTED TO ASK EACH PERSON, IN CONNECTION WITH QUESTIONS ON THE

IN ST. CROIX, IF HE HAD SECURED A RATION BOOK. ONLY OF THE 65 QUESTIONED ON THIS POINT REPLIED IN THE NEGATIVE. TWO WERE OWNERS OF GROCERY STORES

FOOD

WHO CONSIDERED THAT THEY DIDN tT NEED

A RATION BOOK.

SINCE THE NUMBER OF PER-

SONS WHO OWN GROCERY STORES ÍS RELATIVELY SMALL, FIVE PERCENT WAS CHOSEN PREFERENCE TO THE

6.1 PERCENT SHOWN IN THE STUDY.

TABLE i ST. CROIX: LOCALITY

DISTRIBUTION OF PUERTO RICAN FAMILIES, TOTAL AND INTERVIEWED TOTAL LOCALITY INTERVIEWED TOTAL

CHRISTI ANSTED AREA

366

.58

CHRISTIANSTED TOWN

162

ANNA'S

HOPE

BARREN SPOT BASSIN TRIANGLE CASTLE COAKLEY CATHERINE'S REST

ADVENTURE

2 2

CONCORD IA

GRANARD GREAT POND CREEN CAY JERUSALEM JUDITH'S FANCY LA GRANDE PRINCESSE LA VALLEE LAN GFORO LITTLE PRINCESSE LOWER BETHLEHEM

ANNALLY

CLIFTON'S HILL COBLE DIAMOND AND RUBY DOLBY HILL FRIEDENSBORG

UPPER BETHELEHEM WORK AND REST FREDERIKSTED AREA FREDERIKSTED TOWN

17 5 10 1 1 1

_it 2 2 ---

CAMPO RICO CARLTON CASTLE BURKE GOLDEN GROVE GOOD HOPE HAM'S BLUFF

HOGENSBORG JEALOUSY JOLLY HILL LA GRANDE

LOWER LOVE MT. PLEASANT MT. VICTORY

6 1 24 2 1

BECK'S GROVE BROOK'S HILL BUTLER'S BAY

12 1

87 3 3 1 2

19 ~

1 2 1 1

1 1 2 1

2 11 1

MT. WELCOME PETER'S REST

5 5

3 3 3

OXFORD PROSPERITY ROPE'S HILL SANDY POINT

PETRJNELLA S FIA Y S S10 FARM

SPRING GARDEN TWO BROTHERS TWO WILLIAMS UPPER LOVE

Sf~O5 FARM 1

SO'JTHGATE FARM

Sí .

JOHN STRAWBERRY

7 3

MARY'S FANCY MORNING STAR MT. WASI-fINGTON

1 1 2

NEGRO BAY

2 2

182

NICHOLAS

INTERVIEWED

2 1

WHEEL - OF - FORTUNE WHIM 3 TWO FRIENDS TOTALS AND LOCATION COMPILED FROM RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION, CHR I ST I ANSTED.

6 WHEN DID THEY COME?

A FEW PUERTO RICANS WENT TO Si. CROIX JUST AFTER THE TRANSFER OF SOVEREIGNTY. THE INTERVIEWERS FOUND ONLY ONE WHO CAME IN 1917. HE IS A FISHERMAN ON THE WESTERN END OF THE ISLAND. NEXT THE'( FOUND A HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHER WHO MIGRATED IN 1919 AND SEVEN YEARS LATER BECAME A STORE OWNER. TWO OF THE OUTSTANDING STOREKEEPERS TOOK OUT THEIR "BURGHERBRIEFE"A IN 1922.TABLE I I SHOWS THE YEARS IN WHICH THOSE INTERVIEWED REACHED ST. CROIX. THERE IS A ROUGH DIRECT". RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER ARRIVING EACH YEAR AND THE CANE PRODUCTION FOR THAT YEAR. THE NUMBER DOUBLED IN 1927 BECAUSE OF THE APPLICATION OF THE UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION LAWS. IN THE 1930 CENSUS 766 PERSONS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS GAVE PUERTO RICO AS THEIR PLACE OF BIRTH. THAT NUMBER HAD RISEN TO 2,002 IN ST. CROIX ALONE BY THE 19)40 CENSUS. THAT, HOWEVER, WAS AN UNUSUAL YEAR SINCE SOME PUERTO RICANS WERE BROUGHT

IN TO WORK ON ARMY INSTALLATIONS. THEY RETURNED WHEN THEIR JOBS WERE OVER. NO PERSONS WERE FOUND AMONG THOSE INTERVIEWED WHO HAD COME DURING 19110 OR 19141.

TABLE I I ST. CROIX:

MIGRATION OF PUERTO RICANS INTERVIEWED, 1917 - 1946

YEAR

NUMBER

1917

1.932

1918 1919

o o

193

1920 1921 1922

i 1 1

6 9 2

1923

o o

192 ~+

1925 i 926 ".

1927

1928 1929

1930

1931

YEAR

193~ 1935

NUMBER

1936 1937

1938 19~9 190

2 1 0

1941 1942

0 1

19143

191414

1945 1946

3 2

A THE DANISH EXPRESSION FOR BUSINESS LICENSE IS STILL USED AND THE ORDINANCE GOVERNING THIS ISSUANCE IS STILL FOLLOWED.

THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF THE MIGRANTS COME FROM VIEQUES. OUT OF IN 1940;1 ONLY EIGHT PARENTS GAVE A BIRTHPLACE OTHER THAN VIEQUES. AMONG THOSE INTERVIEWED OR 75 PERCENT, COME FROM VIEQUES AND 9 (Íi PERCENT) FROM CULEBRA. CEIBA, FAJARDO AND SANTURCE WERE REPRESENTED BY TWO EACH; CAGUAS, LARES, JUNCOS, JUANA DIAZ AND SAN JUAN BY ONE EACH.

132 CHILDREN BORN TO PUERTO RICAN PARENTS

6i,

VIEQUES AND CULEBRA ARE BOTH AREAS OF HIGH OUT -MIGRATION. THE FORMER LOST 26 PERCENT OF ITS POPULATION, OR PERSONS, BETWEEN 1930 AND 19h0. THE LATTER LOST 230 PERSONS 27.2 PERSONS OF ITS TOTAL POPULATION IN THE SAME PERIOD.~~

2,79

& FROM DATA COLLECTED FOR Tí41S STUDY BY RALPH F. SCHROEDER, A SOCIAL WORKER WHO ~JENT 14 MONTHS ON Si. CROIX. Ak BARTLETT & HOWELL, THE POPULATION PROBLEM OF PUERTO RICO.

TABLE Vt I

8 HOW AND WHY DID THEY COME?

MIGRATION USUALLY RESULTS FROM THE PLAY OF BOTH PROPULSIVE AND ATTRACTIVE FORCES. THE VIEQUAN ECONOMY STARTED WEAKENING ABOUT 35 YEARS AGO 1 "THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF THE ISLAND HAS BEEN NARROWING SINCE 1910 AS SUGAR ACREAGE DECREASED FROM 7,200 TO 11,600 ACRES AND YIELDS FROM 2 TONS PER ACRE TO 19 TONS" THE VIEQUES INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE REPORTED. CRISES HAVE SHAKEN THE ECONOMY OF PUERTO RICO FOR MANY YEARS. ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO WONDER THAT INHABITANTS SEEK "GREENER PASTURES". APPLICATION TO THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION LAWS IN 1927 TURNED THE ATTENTION OF THE PLANTERS FROM THE BRITISH ISLANDS TO PUERTO RICO. A BONUS OF UP TO $6.00 PER HEAD FOR CAPABLE FIELD WORKERS WAS PASSED BY THE COLONIAL COUNCIL AT THE BEHEST OF THE SUGAR GROWERS IN MARCH, 1928. STRESS WAS PLACED ON THE BRINGING OF ENTIRE FAMILIES. AGENTS OF THE WEST INDIAN SUGAR COMPANY AND OWNERS OF BOATS LOOKING FOR FARE AND BONUS ADVERTISED THE POSSIBILITIES OF WORK IN ST. CROIX. FORMER SLAVE QUARTERS WERE RENOVATED FOR THE FAMILIES. THE MOVEMENT THUS STARTED CONTINUED UNDER ITS OWN POWER AS FRIENDS AND RELATIVES SENT OR BROUGHT BACK TALES OF JOBS OPEN AND LATER OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES. BY THE TIME THIS STUDY WAS MADE, ONLY 29.8 PERCENT OF THOSE INTERVIEWED WERE FOUND TO HAVE MOVED IN RESPONSE TO A JOB OFFER. ALMOST HALF OF THESE,(v PERCENT) HAD COME TO WORK FOR OTHER PUERTO RICANS ON CATTLE RANCHES, SUGAR FIELDS OR STORES. MOST OF THOSE (51 PERCENT) WHO CAME WITHOUT DEFINITE JOBS FOUND WORK WITHIN ONE WEEK AND 21 PERCENT MORE WITHIN ONE MONTH. TWELVE PERCENT FOUND WORK ONLY IN THE SECOND MONTH AND 11 PERCENT DURING THE THIRD. SIXTY-SEVEN PERCENT WENT TO ST. CROIX BECAUSE THEY HAD HEARD ABOUT OPPORTUNITIES FROM FRIENDS RELATIVES OR ACQUAINTANCES WHO HAD WORKED THERE. SEVENTY-ONE PERCENT OF THOSE INTERVIEWED SAID THEY DECIDED TO LEAVE PUERTO RICO BECAUSE OF BAD ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. SIX PERCENT REPLIED THAT THEY LEFT IN SEARCH OF ADVENTURE. MANY OF THOSE WHO MOVED TOOK THEIR FAMILIES WITH THEM. THE SAMPLE INTERVIEWED SHOWED THAT TO BE TRUE OF 45.0 PERCENT OF THE CASES. HALF OF THE REMAINDER BROUGHT THEIR FAMILIES WITHIN A MONTH OR LESS. THE FAMILIAR PICTURE OF THE PENNILESS IMMIGRANT LANDING ON THE FOREIGN SHORE IS FAIRLY WELL REPRODUCED IN THE ST. CROIX EXPERIENCE. FORTY-ONE OF ALL HEADS OF FAMILIES INTERVIEWED ARRIVED WITH $5.00 OR LESS. FIFTY-EIGHT PERCENT CAME WITH $30.00 OR LESS.

9 DEMOGRAPHY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH CRUCIAN AND PUERTO RICAN POPULATIONS MUST BE[EXAMINED FOR THE LIGHT THEY CAST ON POSSIBLE"FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS. POPULATION TRENDS, DENSITY, COMPOSITION, DISTRIBUTION, BIRTH RATES, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WILL BE CONSIDERED IN THIS SECTION. THE 194O CENSUS WAS THE FIRST IN 100 YEARS THAT DID NOT SHOW A DECLINE IN THE Si. CROIX POPULATION. TOTALS FOR THE CENSUSES LISTED WERE1

1835 1870

26;681 22;760

1917

í)4j901

1930

11;413 12,902

19J40

THERE WAS A DROP OF 16 PERCENT BETWEEN 1935 AND 1870 AND A DROP OF 50 PERCENT BETWEEN THE LATTER YCAR AND 1930. THE INCREASE IN THE 1930-ZIO DECADE SEEMS TO BE DUE TO THE INFLUX OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ON ARMED FORCES INSTALLATIONS, AND TO PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS. THE POPULATION DENSITY DROPPED FROM 329 PER SQUARE MILE IN 1835 TO A CENTURY AND FIVE YEARS LATER. IT IS INTERESTING TO COMPARE THIS FIGURE WITH THE POPULATION DENSITY OF 203 FOR VIEQUES AND 546 FOR PUERTO RICO AS A WHOLE. OF COURSE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE ECONOMIES OF THE THREE AREAS MUST BE KEPT IN MIND.

159

THE SEX, RACE AND NATIVITY COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION IS SHOWN IN TABLE I I I . THE PREDOMINANCE OF NEGROES IS THE OUTSTANDING FACT OF THE TABLE. ONLY 3)4 PERCENT OF THE PEOPLE ARE LISTED AS WHITE. 1, THE MIGRANTS ARE PREDOMINANTLY MIXED ACCORDING TO THE 1940 CENSUS, WHICH GAVE THEIR COMPOSITION AS z.2 PERCENT WHITE, 12.2 PERCENT NEGRO AND 83.6 PERCENT MIXED. OUR INTERVIEWERS RECORDED SKIN COLOR IN THE FOLLOWIÑG PROPORTIONS: WHITE, 56 PERCENT; LIGHT BROWN, 1 5; BROWN, 16; DARK BROWN, 6, AND BLACK, 5. THE INCOMING GROUP THUS DIFFERS SHARPLY FROM THE HOST GROUP. IT ALSO DIFFERS FROM THE POPULATION WHICH STAYED AT HOME AS THE FOLLOWING PERCENTAOES OF NEGRO POPULATION SHOW: PUERTO RICO, 23.5, VIECUES, 33.8; AND CULEBRA, 37.1. THIS WOULD SEEM TO INDICATE THAT THE WHITE AND MIXED POPULATION IS MORE PRONE TO MIGRATE TO ST. CROIX THAN THE BLACK. THE FOREIGN -BORN NEGRO MAKES UP 8.3 PERCENT OF THE ST. CROIX POPULATION, BUT 10.8vPERCENT OF THE RURAL POPULATION. SEEMINGLY, THEY HAVE TENDED TO REMAIN ON THE ESTATES FOR WORK ON WHICH THEY WERE ORIGINALLY IMPORTED. DATA ON THEIR ORIGIN IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR ST. CROIX SEPARATELY. THE 19)40 CENSUS SHOWS 3,087 PERSONS RESIDING IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS WHOSE BIRTHPLACE WAS TONE OF THE WEST INDIAN ISLANDS OTHER THAN PUERTO RICO. THE NUMBER OF SUCH PERSONS DECLINED FROM 3,801 IN 1930. IN THAT YEAR THEY ACCOUNTED FOR 17.3 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION AS CONTRASTED WITH 12.4 PERCENT TEN YEARS LATER. DEATH AND RETURN TO THEIR FORMER HOMES MORE THAN BALANCED THE FEW WHO CAME IN THE INTER -CENSUS PERIOD.

10 TABLE 1 1 1 Si. CROIX, CHRISTIANSTED

FREaERIKSTED

AND

POPULATION BY SEX, RACE AND NATIVITY

19110 Si. CROIX

CHRISTIANSTED

rREDERIKSTED

4,495

}

2,49$

2;024 2,1171

: :

l;112 1,386

TOTAL POPULATION

12,902

MALE

6;2

6,615

FEMALE NATIVE

ALL RACES)

MALE FEMALE FOREIGN -BORN

: ALL RACES):

MALE FEMALE

WHITE

2,306

2,272 999 1,273

1,246

298

226

660 586

133 165

113 113

109

108

4;197 1,891

11;656

5;597 6;059

438

NATIVE

334

FOREIGN -BORN

104

9,381

3,188

NATIVE FOREIGN -BORN

8309

2,937

2;012 1,830

182

MIXED AND OTHI R RACES

3;0,33

3,03

1,187

2.6

1.6

3.2

NEGRO

19072

NATIVE FORT IGM-BORN 1ITE PERCENT NATIVT PERCENT FC ;E ! "! -OORN

w i iTE~ PERCENT NE.Gno PERCENT M ! X) :':ND

oT- .R R

SOURCE.:

0.8

1.1

72.7

70.9

80.5

23.9

26.7

15.1

CES

16TH CENSUS t:: POPUT_AT I ON AND i"iOUS I MC, VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE P. 11

IJ;iI?ED STATES,

11 THE URBAN POPULATION HAS BEEN

CLOSE TO OR OVER HALF OF THE TOTAL

THE PAST SIX ENUMERATIONS: s

1890

147.3

1901 1911 1917

50.5 51.8

1930

56.6

52.0

191+0

514.2

THE DROP IN 140 PROBABLY IS DUE TO THE FORCED RURAL RESIDENCE OF THE ARMY CONSTRUCTION WORKERS WHO COULD FIND NO HOUSING IN CHRISTIANSTED. THAT CITY ITSELF GAINED 19.3 PERCENT IN THE 1930-140 DECADE, ALTHOUGH THE TOTAL Si. CROIX POPULATION GAINED ONLY 13 PERCENT. THE URBAN POPULATION HAS BEEN DISPROPORTIONATE TO THE TOTAL AT LEAST FOR THE PAST 50 YEARS IN THE LIGHT OF WHAT ONE WOULD EXPECT AGRICULTURAL AREA.

IN A PREDOMINANTLY FOR EXAMPLE, HAS PERCENT OF ITS PUERTO RICO, ONLY 39.3

POPULATION

IN CITIES OF OVER 2,500. PART OF THE REASON FOR THE ST. CROIX BHENPROBABLY OMENON LIES IN THE ANTAGONISM TO RURAL_ OCCUPATIONS WHICH IS AN INTENSE CHARACTERISTIC OF MANY CRUCIANS AND WHICH WILL BE TREATED LATER.

THE RURAL OUT -

MIGRANT PREFERS CHRISTIANSTED TO THE SMALLER WEST -END CITY OF FREDERIKSTED. OFFERS MORE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES PARTLY BECAUSE

IS THE SEAT OF THE GOVERN-

MENT. IN SEX RATION SHOULD ALSO BE NOTED. - IN AS A WHOLE ONE FINDS 103 WOMEN FOR EACH 100 MEN; IN CHRISTIANSTED,

THE URBAN -RURAL DIFFERENTIALS

Si. CROIX

109.8, AND IN FREDEDIKSTED. 111. ON THE OTHER HANDS RURAL Si. CROIX HAS ONLY 914.14. WE KNOW THAT THE RURAL DISTRICTS HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO MUCH OUT-MIGRATION ON THE PART OF THE CRUCIANS AND THAT SUCH AREAS USUALLY DISPLAY AN EXCESS OF FEMALES OVER MALES. BUT WE KNOW ALSO THE PUERTO RICANS HAVE BEEN MIGRATING

INTO

THE RURAL AREAS AND THAT THEY, AS DO MIGRATING GROUPS GENERALLY CONTAIN MORE MALES THAN FEMALES. THIS HELPS US COMPLETE THE PICTURE OF CRUCIANS LEAVING THE COUNTRY FOR THE CITY. THEN

LEAVING THE CITY FOR EITHER

Si. THOMAS OR

THE

UNITED STATES, AND BEING REPLACED BY PUERTO RICANS. ANOTHER CRUCIAL ASPECT OF POPULATION COMPOSITION

IV SHOWS THAT THE PUERTO RICAN

TABLE

HOSTS.

THE MEDIAN AGE FOR ST. CROIX MALES WAS THE FEMALES 26.6 IN 19140. IN FOR THE PUERTO RICANS LAY IN THE 15-19 AGE INTERVAL FOR BOTH

MEDIAN

GROUP

IS MUCH YOUNGER THAN

ITS

25.3,

19145

SEXES ON THE BASIS OF THE OPA TABULATION HEAVILY UNDER -ENUMERATED.

IS THE AGE DISTRIBU-

TION.

IN WHICH CHILDREN UNDER TWO WERE

12 TABLE IV Sr. CROIX:

TOTAL AND PUERTO RICAN POPULATIONS BY PERCENTAGE IN AGE GuoupS

PUERTO RICANS

TOTAL MALE

AGE

FEMALE

MALL

AGE

~.g

l.1NDER 5

5.8

8.7 8)

UNDER 5

5.9 5.0 5.0 3.5 3.2 3.6 2.5

10 15 1 9

4.9 9 5 r 33 4.4 4.4

10 - 1 Lb 15 ~ 1 + 2~ 20 2 29

4.7 a L.7 .1

3ó - ~+ 35 - 11.4

2.6 5.+

~+, g

45 - 54

5.7

4.4 2.7 .g

55 - 64 65 - 74 75 & OVER

14.9 3.9 1.5

2.6 4.8

NOTE:

FEMALE

20 - 2 25 2g 30 - 3tqq}

45 - 1g 50 --5 55 - 59 6O & OVER

1 .8

1.6 1.6 1.8

7.4 5•~ ~~.g 2.9

3 .1111

2.0

1.3 1.6 .6 1.2 1.1

THESE COMPARISONS CAN BE ONLY INDICATIVE OF THE SITUATION SINCE

(1) THE DATA FOR THE TOTAL POPULATION ARE FROM THE 1940 CENSUS AND THERE MAY HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT SHIFTS SINCE THAT TIME; OPA TABULATION (2) THE PUERTO RICAN DATA ARE BASED ON THE AND THEREFORE UNDER -ESTIMATE THE PROPORTION OF CHILDREN UNDER 2; UPWARD. AND THE AGE-INTERVALS USED ARE NOT THE SAME FROM

1g#5

(3)

ECONOMICALLY, THE PUERTO RICANS CARRY MORE "DEAD WEIGHT" THAN DOES THE TOTAL POPULATION. PERSONS IN THE "UNPRODUCTIVE AGES", I .E., UNDER 15 AND OVER NUMBERED OR 38 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL FOR ST. CROIX IN THE 19140 CENSUS.

5,067

OPA DATA

PERINDICATES THAT THE SAME GROUP AMONG THE PUERTO RICANS TOTALED CENT. HOWEVER, 21 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL "UNPRODUCTIVE" GROUP WERE INCLUDED IN THE "TOO OLD TO WORK" CATEGORY WHEREAS BUT 6 PERCENT OF THE PUERTO RICANS FALL INTO THAT CLASSIFICATION. OBVIOUSLY THE PUERTO RICANS CAN LOOK FORWARD TO THE SWELLING OF THEIR PRODUCTIVE GROUP WHILE THE CRUCIANS ARE SUPPORTING MORE AND MORE ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH A SMALLER PROPORTION OF PRODUCERS. BIRTH RATES ARE ALSO INTIMATELY LINKED WITH AGE DISTRIBUTION. MUCH HAS BEEN MADE`OF THE WIDE DIFFERENCE IN CRUDE BIRTH RATES BETWEEN THE TWO CULTURES.

SCHROEDER, IN HIS IMPRESSIONS OF THE ISLAND WRITTEN DOWN FOR THIS STUDY, FIGURED THE BIRTHS PER 1000 POPULATION AS 20.3 FOR THE CRUCIANS AND 65.9 FOR THE PUERTO RICANS. THIS RATE WAS PUBLICIZED BY THE ANTI -PUERTO RICANS`TO SHOW THE GREAT DANGER CONFRONTING THE ISLAND. THE CRUDE RATE IS MISLEADING, HOWEVER, SINCE IT IS THE WOMEN BETWEEN THE AGES OF 15 AND 45 WHO BEAR CHILDREN. THE REFINED RATE SHOWS 145 PER 1000 WOMEN OF CHILD-BEARING AGE FOR THE CRUCIAN AND

13 2)+8 FOR THE MIGRANTS, A MUCH SMALLER DIFFERENCE, ALTHOUGH OF COURSE STILL SIGNIFICANT.A BOTH THE CRUDE AND REFINED RATES FOR PUERTO RICANS ARE LARGER THAN THOSE FOR PUERTO RICO THE 1940 CRUDE RATE WAS 38.7 WHILE THE 1935-)40 AVERAGE REFINED RATE WAS 17). THE DIFFERENCE WOULD SEEM TO INDICATE THAT THE MIGRANTS CONTAIN A HIGH PROPORTION OF UNEDUCATED`PERSONS WITH RURAL FARMING OR WORKING CLASS BACKGROUNDS SINCE IN PUERTO RICO, AS ELSEWHERE, GENERALLY THEY PRODUCE MORE CHILDREN THAN EDUCATED URBAN, MIDDLE CLASS PERSONS. AN AGING CRUCIAN POPULATION IS INDICATED BY THE CAUSES OF DEATH (TABLE V). "OVER ONE-HALF THE DEATHS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS ARE CAUSED BY DEGENERATIVE DISEASES USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCING YEARS SUCH AS HEART DISEASES NEPHRITIS, CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGES CANCER„AND ANGINA PECTORIS OR BY ACCIDENTS, WHEREAS IN THE NEIGHBORING ISLANDSAOF F PUERTO RICO THESE SAME CAUSES ACCOUNTED FOR ONLY 20 PERCENT OF ALL CASES TABLE V

Si. CROIX AND PUERTO RICO: CAUSES OF DEATH (RATE PER 1000 POPULATION)

CAUSES OF DEATH

VIRGIN ISLANDS

PUERTO RICO

1941

19)}0

GENERAL DEATH RATE

18.8

17.8

HEART DISEASE NOT RHEUMATIC) NEPHRITIS DIARRHEA AND ENTERITIS UNDER 2 YEARS OVER 2 YEARS PNEUMONIA CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE TUBERCULOSIS CANCER ACCIDENTS PELLAGRA SYPHILIS DYSENTARY MALARIA

x+.78 1.73

1.26 1.09

1.61 1.2)4

4.02 2.55

SOURCE:

0.36 1.57

1.51 1 .70

1.)49

0.27

1.01 0.80

2.61 0.

0.35 0.24 o.16 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.27 0.97 0.97

A DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE VIRGIN ISLANDS OF THE UNITED STATES, P. 39

THE DEATH RATE IN 19)+0 WAS 27.)1 PER 1000 POPULATION FOR THE CRUCIANS, BUT ONLY 14)+ FOR THE PUERTO RICANS. THE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE I.E., THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CRUDE BIRTH AND DEATH RATES) THEREFORE IS 51.5 FOR THE PUERTO RICAN POPULATION OF ST. CROIX BUT MINUS - 7.1 FOR THE CRUCIANS. IN OTHER WORDS THE HOST POPULATION IS TENDING TO DIE OUT WHEREAS THE MIGRANTS ARE INCREASING RT ONE OF THE HIGHEST RATES IN THE WORLD. THE UNITED STATES RATE, FOR EXAMPLE, WAS 7.1 IN 19)+0 liHILE THE RATE FOR PUERTO Rico WAS 20.3.

1 Z4 COMPARATIVE MORBIDITY RATES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY FOR THE DRAFT AGES, MALE PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION AND ABOUT GROUPj, WHICH REPRESENTS ABOUT PERCENT OF THE PUERTO RICANS. TABLE VI SHOWS THE NUMi FR AND RA -'ES OF REJECT I ONS FOR EACH GROUP BY PRINCIPAL CAUSES. THE CRUC 1 AN RF.JE T 1 O1 R ATE OF 76 IS FOR :2,Vi '.'E !'E:PCFN rA ;S ¶'UT THE PUERTO RICANS TOP IT WITH 8≥. QUV: : . GDUNT FOR THE U;TEJ TES AND PUERTO RICO ARE: 52.8 AND 8. F'^; C L C t a F,•: ,..i; 1' ~iERTO N A LR, Lk Pr3 Ti1!: "s F ! IV OF REJECT IONS AMONG THE (:R;h:. : Air•+ ~I~d:l

RICAº:9p Wi E'P': Ttir RE`YEE:3E IS TRUE FOB N01•'^MEDICAL. CA'._;C WERE G } Y EM IN ENGL i SH TO THE SPAN I SH-SPEAK 1 ;v i P iFriTO N i CANS;

I^;CE tXA.MINATIONS TLSS MAY ACCOUNT

FOR THE C'EF._FENGE. THE STARTLING DIFFERENCE iN THE RATE OF REJECTIONS FOR PSY"NO?AT C PERSONALITY INDICATES A PROVOCATIVE LEAD FOR RESEARCH ON THE PERSON%,UI? PPO3LEMS OF THE TWO CULTURES.

TABLE VI ST. CROTX DRAFT REJECTIONS, BY CAUSES TOTAL, CRUCIANS AND PUERTO RICAN S4 (JUNE 26, 1911.11. - A UG . 211.,

195)

PUERTO CAUSES

TOTAL

CRUCIANS

BY CAUSE

RICANS

BY CAUSE

REJECTED

FOR CRUCIANS

REJECTED

FOR P.R. A 82

ALL CAUSES

986

775

211

MEDICAL CAUSES NON N -MEDICAL CAUSES

636AÁ

523

11.3

350

252

2211

28.90

0. 5

105 57

13.55 7.35

12 7 7

5.68 3.31 3.31

1)42

FAILURE TO MEET MINIMUM INTELLIGENCE STANDARDS FILARIASIS PES PLANUS HERNIA ORGANIC HEART DISEASE

142 38

5.142 1+.90

VARICOSE VEINS UNDERWEIGHT

30 20

3.87

1+.73

7.10

HYDROCELE PSYCHONEUROSIS

22 17

2.58 2.83 2.19

6 5

2.36

TACHTCARDYA - PERSISTENT VISION UNCORRECTIBLE

2.19

1. 42

2.06

0.117

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

1..55

9 8

1.16 1.03

14 3

GENU VALGUM

1.03

1.89

PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY

.90

2.36

SYPHILIS CENTRAL „NERVOUS YSTEM

1..16

SCOLIOSIS OVER TWO INCHES VAR I COCELE

2.8~!

1.42 1.89 1.112

i~ TOTAL EXAMINATIONS NUMBERED 1,272, TOTAL REJECTIONS1 77%. A'ri' !c D,

10'18; TOTAL PUERTO RICANS EXAMINED, 2511.

TOTAL CRUCIANS EXCAUSES ARE GIVEN ONLY FOR

T='s: WV`H 9 OR MORE. ' _;GC..NTAGE REPRESENTS THE RELATION EACH CAUSE BEARS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF REJECTIONS OF CRUCL.AN.S OP. PUERTO RICANS. OF THE TOTAL REJECTIONS. A~REJECTIONS FOR MEDICAL CAUSES WERE

64%

15 ANOTHER CLUE TO THE HEALTH OF THE PUERTO RICANS IS FURNISHED DY RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS GIVEN TO THE MIGRANTS ON ARRIVAL BY THE DOCTORS OF THE CHRISTIANSTED MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL DURING APPROXIMATELY ONE YEAR. THE EXAMINATION

WAS FOR

INFECTIOUS DISEASES ONLY BUT

DR. AXEL HANSEN, JR.,

LARGE PROPORTION SUFFER FROM MALNUTRITION AND NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA. DRAFT REJECTION CAUSES SHOW UNDERWEIGHT (PROBABLY ARISING FROM MALNUTRITION) TWO AND ONE-HALF TIMES AS FREQUENTLY FOR A

MUNICIPAL PHYSICIAN S

TOLD THE WRITER THAT A

PUERTO RICANS AS FOR GRUCIANS.

A AGAIN, THESE FIGURES ARE NOT STRICTLY COMPARABLE BUT ARE ONLY INDICATE OF THE SITUATION. THE CRUCIAN RATE IS BASED ON 1940 CENSUS DATA. THE PUERTO RICAN RATE WAS COMPUTED BY USING

OPA DATA TO GET THE 15-~45 FEMALE GROUP AND 194O-44 PERIOD.

THE LOCAL BIRTH REGISTRATION FIGURES WERE AVERAGED FOR THE AAJOSE L. JANER'

" POPULATION GROWTH IN PUERTO RICO AND

CHANGES IN VITAL y STAT1STICS." HOWELL, OP. CIT

HUMAN BIOLOGY, DEC.

ITS RELATION TO TIME

1945, p. 281; BARTLETT AND

P. 83

AAA 'A DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE VIRGIN ISLANDS" P. 39

16 MAKING A LIVING THE HERITAGE OF SLAVERY AND COLONIALISM HANGS HEAVY OVER ALL PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY IN ST. CROIX. SLAVERY WAS ABOLISHED IN 181 8 AGAINST THE BITTER OPPOSITION OF THE LOCAL PLANTERS. THEY REPLACED IT WITH THE SAME VARIETY OF FREEDOM GRANTED SLAVES IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. AN INSURRECTION IN 1878 LIBERALIZED THE VIRTUAL SERFDOM AFTER FREDERIKSTED HAD BEEN BURNED AND HALF OF THE ISLANDS 80 SUGAR RILLS RAZED. THE EXODUS FROI.1 THE LAND BEGAN AFTER DEBT SLAVERY WAS ELIMINATED AND THE PLANTERS HAD TO IMPORT FIELD LABORERS FROM THE BRITISH ISLANDS IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN. CRUCIAN LABORERS WERE FLEEING TO BETTER PAID, THOUGH USUALLY TEMPORARY, JOBS ON THE PANAMA CANAL OR ON LARGEs SCALE FRUIT AND PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CARIBBEAN AREA. LABOR SHORTAGES IN THE UNITED STATES AT THE TIRE OF WORLD WAR I COINCIDED WITH THE TRANSFER OF THE ISLANDS AND ENABLED A NUMBER TO MIGRATE TO THE CONTINENT. DENMARKTS COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION, WHILE COMPARATIVELY ENLIGHTENED, SPONSORED THE UPPER-CLASS IDEAS WORSHIPPED BY THE BUREAUCRACY: AN INDICATION IS FOUND IN THE REACTION OF THE FINANCE MINISTER, DR. BRANDES, TO THE PROPOSAL THAT DANISH OFFICIALS SHOULD MEET THE GOVERNOR OF ST. CROIX - AND A PEOPLErS REPRESENTATIVE ON A MISSION TO COPENHAGEN IN 1915. SAID HE, "IT WOULD BE ABSURD IF THE HIGHEST DANISH OFFICIALS SHOULD BE AT THE BECK AND CALL OF A MAN WHO IS SPEAKING ONLY ON BEHALF OF THE INHABITANTS. A TWO HUNDRED ANDvFIFTY YEARS OF SCHOOLING IN THE IDEAS, IDEALS AND PRACTICES OF SLAVE-HOLDERS, FEUDAL LANDLORDS, ABSENTEE OWNERS AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATORS ARE NOT TO BE COUNTERBALANCED IN A FEW DECADES, ESPECIALLY IF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ARE UNPROPITIOUS. THE CRUCIAN ECONOMY, ORIGINALLY BASED ON SLAVE-GROWN SUGAR CANE, HAS -NEVER RECOVERED FROM EMANCIPATION. THE CRUCIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE) RIGIDLY STRATIFIED FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES, HAS SUFFERED SEVERELY IN ATTEMPTING TO ADJUST ITSELF TO TFIE DEMOCRATIC IDEAS WHICH HAVE "INFESTED" THE MASSES. THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAS, THEMSELVES, INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE COME FROM THE UNITED STATES, HAVE BEEN VITIATED BY THE DIVISION OF THE HUMAN RACE INTO THE "SUPERIOR't WHITE AND THE "INFERIOR" BLACK. ESCAPE FROM THE LOW STATUS ASSIGNED THOSE WHO WORK WITH THEIR HANDS HAS BECOME THE DOMINANT' WISH OF MANY CRUCIANS. "EVERYBODY WANTS TO BE A STENOeGRAPHER OR AT LEAST A TYPIST" SAYS JARVIS. THE LABORER WANTS TO LEAVE THE CANE FIELDS AND GAIN THE STATUS ACCORDED A CITY DWELLER. THE "OLD TIMERS" ARE ALMOST UNANIMOUS IN BLAMING THE RELIEF POLICIES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR THE LOSS OF PRODUCTIVITY THEY SAY HAS OCCURRED ONLY IN THE PAST 30 YEARS. IT WOULD SEEM NECESSARY TO TAKE A LONGER VIEW OF THE SITUATION AND RECOGNIZE THE CAUSAL FACTORS IN THE PRE -UNITED STATES HISTORY OF THE ISLAND. THE SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT ON ST. CROIX, WITH THE PERCENTAGE TO WHICH THEY GIVE WORK, ARE; AGRICULTURE, 30.4 PERCENT;`FISHING, 1I.7 PERCENT; CONSTRUCTION; 5, MANUFACTURING, 6.7, TRANSPORTATION, CUMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES, 3; WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 11.7; PERSONAL SERVICE, 214.7; PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED SERVICES, 7; AND GOVERNMENT, 3. SUGAR MILLS REPRESENT 314 PERCENT OF THE EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING. THE TWO CITIES CONTAIN 77.6 PERCENT OF ALL THOSE ENGAGED IN PERSONAL SERVICES. THE STRATIFICATION OF THE POPULATION ON THE BASIS OF BROAD ECONOMIC CLASSES IS GIVEN IN TABLE VI I WITH PUERTO RICAN AND UNITED STATES DATA FOR

17 COMPARISON.: SKILLED AND SEMI -SKILLED WORKERS PROBABLY MADE UP A LARGER PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION IN 19140 THAN THEY USUALLY DO BECAUSE OF MILITARY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSy BUT EVEN SO THEY LAGGED BEHIND THE CONTINENT. HALF THE ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION IN THE UNSKILLED CATEGORY MEANS THAT LOW LEVELS OF LIVING ARE GENERALS AND VIRTUALLY INEVITABLE. IN ADDITIONS IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT IN 1940 OVER ONE-FOURTH OF THE LABOR FORCE WAS UNEMPLOYED OR ENGAGED IN PUBLIC EMERGENCY WORK. TABLE VI I OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION:

CLASS

PROFESSIONAL AND SEMI-PROFESSIONAL MIDDLE CLASS SMALL BUSINESS MEND MANAGERS ETC. FARMERS WHITE-COLLAR LOWER MIDDLE CLASS SKILLED WORKERS SEMI -SKILLED WORKERS UNSKILLED WORKERS

ST. CROIX, PUERTO RICO AND UNITED STATES PERCENT IN EACH CLASS)

ST. CROIX

PUERTO RICO

UNITED STATES

1E 8

14 9

18 51

1 1

COMPUTED FROM CENSUS REPORTS. THE TOP CRUCIAN STRATUM IS - NOW SHOWN BY CENSUS DATA. 11THE ROYAL FAMILIES 1t' AS THEY ARE ALWAYS CALLED LOCALLY NUMBER FIVE. THEY HAVE ECONOMIC INTERLOCKING INTERESTS AND CLOSE TIES BY INTERMARRIAGE. THEY ARE WHAT IS LEFT OF THE FORMER RULING CLASS BUT THEY NOW RELY MORE ON THEIR CASTE STATUS THAN THEIR CLASS POWER. THE RICHEST MAN ON THE ISLAND IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE "ROYALTY". HE DOESNIT "RATE" INVITATIONS IN SPITE OF HIS WEALTH AND THE FACT THAT HE WAS ONCE PRESIDENT OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCILS BECAUSE HE IS AN IMMIGRANT OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN STOCK. THIS, IN SHORTS IS THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION IN WHICH THE PUERTO RICAN MIGRANT FINDS HIMSELF; A SOCIETY IN WHICH CASTE AD CLASS LINES ARE FAIRLY RIGID; IN WHICH HOPE FOR ADVANCEMENT HAS LEFT MOST OF THE NATIVE POPULATION AND FROM WHICH HALF THE POPULATION HAS FLED IN THE PAST 75 YEARS. EVIDENCE - IS PLENTIFUL THAT THE NEWCOMER HAS FARED WELL IN SPITE OF WHAT, TO THE CRUCIANS, IS AN ADVERSE ENVIRONMENT. OUR SCHEDULES SHOW THAT 67 PERCENT OF THOSE INTERVIEWED HAD AN ANNUAL INCOME GREATER THAN THAT WHICH THEY HAD I1AD SAME"; AND ONLY 13 PERCENT IN PUERTO RICO; 20 PERCENT REPORTED "ABOUT THE WERE RECEIVING LESS.

18 IT IS IN THE FIELD OF FOOD MERCHANDISING THAT THE MIGRANTS HAVE MADE THE GREATEST STRIDES, THE ADMINISTRATOR TOLD THE WRITER THAT HE CALLED A MEETING OF ALL FOOD MERCHANTS IN 1941 TO DISCUSS SHORTAGES. FORTY-THREE ATTENDED, OF WHOM 37 WERE PUERTO RICANS. THIS IS A TESTIMONY TO THE INTEREST OF THE NEWER GROUP, HOWEVER, AND NOT AN ACCURATE ESTIMATE OF THEIR PROPORTION AMONG GROCERS. OFFICIAL FIGURES SHOW THAT 65 OF THE 122 RETAILERS OF ALL TYPES ARE PUERTO RICANS. THERE ARE 1OO LICENSED IMPORTERS, OF WHOM 33 ARE PUERTO RICANS. IT IS USUALLY ESTIMATED THAT THEY DO AROUND 75 PERCENT OF ALL RETAIL GROCERY BUSINESS, AND THAT THREE OF THE IMPORTERS HANDLE 90 PERCENT OF ALL INCOMING FOODSTUFFS. TWELVE OF THE 38 LIQUOR SELLERS, INCLUDING BARS, GRILLS AND TAVERNS, ARE OF THE MIGRANT GROUP. THE METHODS FOLLOWED BY THE NEWCOMERS SEEM TO BE EPITOMIZED BY A CASE DESCRICED BY SCHROEDER: "THE PUERTO RICAN WILLINGLY HUMBLES HIMSELF TO A LOWLY STREET PEDDLER FOR A PERIOD OF TIME AND GRADUALLY BUILDS UP HIS BUSINESS. IN THE FOURTEEN MONTHS THAT THIS WRITER WAS IN ST. CROIX, HE SAW A TYPICAL ILLUSTRATION OF HOW A PUERTO RICAN ME^CHANT BEGAN HIS BUSINESS. HE, HIS WIFE, AND CHILD CAME TO ST. CROIX FROM VIEQUES IN THE FALL OF 1941 . THE MAN BEGAN BY SELLING ORANGES AROUND TOWN. HE PUSHED THE ORANGES ABOUT IN A CART; IN A FEW MONTHS THE CART WAS USED FOR DELIVERY PURPOSES ONLY, AND THE MERCHANT WAS SELLING IN FRONT OF HIS HOME. HIS HOME WAS ON THE GROUND FLGOR FACING THE STREET. THE GALLERY WAS A COVERING OVER THE BOXES WHICH WERE HIS COUNTERS, IN A FEW MONTHS, THE ROOM HE AND HIS FAMILY OCCUPIED WAS DIVIDED BY A CURTAIN WHICH LEFT THE FORWARD PART OF 'THE ROOM FOR HIS BUSINESS, AND THEY LIVED IN THE BACK PART. THE EQUIPMENT HE INSTALLED WAS VERY CRUDE AND MAKESHIFT, AS HE HAD DONE THE WORK. UPON THE SHELVES THERE APPEARED CANNED GOODS, SOME DRY GOODS, AND SUNDRY ARTICLES, A KEROSENE DRUM WAS PERCHED PRECARIOUSLY ON A STAND OUT FRONT, AND THE KEROSENE WAS EMPTIED INTO THE CUSTOMERS BOTTLES BY A RUBBER SYPHON HOSE. AT THE SAME TIME, HIS WIFE BEGAN SEWING AND MADE DRESSES WHICH WERE HÚNG ON THE CURTAIN PARTITION AND WERE FOR SALE. THIS CONDITION EXISTED FOR A FEW MONTHS AND THEN HE RENTED AN ADJOINING ROOM AND MOVED THE STORE WITH FIXTURES INTO IT. HIS WIFE MADE THE OLD STORE A DRESS SHOP. A FEW MONTHS AGO THIS MAN HAD A PUERTO RICAN CARPENTER COME IN, AND THE WHOLE INTERIOR WAS REDECORATED AND MORE STOCK APPEARED ON THE COUNTERS. THE STORE IS NOW VERY WELL STOCKED, AND THE GENERAL APPEARANCE IS GOOD." THERE IS A WIDESPREAD FEELING THAT SCHROEDERIS DESCRIPTION OF HOW A STORE OWNER ACHIEVES HIS POSITION IS UNIVERSALLY TOE. OUR DATA DOE NOT BEAR OUT THIS BELIEF. NINE MERCHANTS WERE INTERVIEWED, INCLUDING ALL THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES. SIX OF THE NINE HAD COME TO THE ISLAND WITH SUMS OF $1,000 OR MORE. THE MOST PROSPEROUS HAD BROUGHT $"0,000 WITH HIM. OTHER SUMS REPORTED WERE $6,800, $13,000; AND $25,000. THE SMALLER RETAILERS HAD BROUGHT $300; $)400; AND ,$600. THE CRUCIAN REACTION TO THIS ASPECT OF THE INVASION IS STRONG BUT INEFFECTUAL. IT VARIES FROM BITTER JOKES TO HALF-HEARTED ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE "BUY CRUCPAN" CAMPAIGNS. "SOON STORES WILL DISPLAY SIGNS 'ENGLISH SPOKEN HEREt T' RUNS ONE OF THE CURRENT STORIES. ON EVERY HAND ONE HEARS THE

19 ASSERTION THAT THE PUERTO RICANS ARE 'CLANNISH", THAT THEY HIRE ONLY FELLOW PUERTO RICANS, THAT THEY HELP EACH OTHER IN FINANCIAL CRISES, THAT THE LARGER AND WEALTHIER STOREKEEPERS WILL HELP NEWCOMERS START BUSINESSES IN COMPETITION WITH THE LOCAL PEOPLE.

TO CONS

SEVERAL CRUCIANS INTERVIEWED WERE HONEST ENOUGH

IF THEY OWNED STORES, AND DARED TO DO S0, THEY WOULD HIRE PUERTO RICANS THEMSELVES BECAUSE, AS ONE CIVIC LEADER SAID, "THE PUERTO RICANS HAVE TAUGHT US

FESS THAT

AND PRODUCE". ONE STORY OFTEN HEARD IS THAT MOST OF THE STORE OWNERS AMONG THE MIGRANTS ACHIEVED THEIR OWNERSHIP BY MARRYING LOCAL GIRLS WITH MONEY.

HOW TO WORK

THERE DOES NOT SEEM TO BE ONE SINGLE CASE TO SUBSTANTIATE THIS ALLEGATION. SUCCESS

IN THE RETAILING FIELD SEEMS TO HAVE FOLLOWED THE CONTRAST BETWEEN

THE OLD-FASHIONED STORES CHARACTERISTIC OF DANISH TIMES AND THE MODERN MERCHANDISING METHODS FOUND

IN THE UNITED STATES. THH OLDER STOREKEEPER OFTEN TOOK THE ATTITUDE THAT HE WAS DOING YOU A FAVOR BY BURROWING BACK ON HIS DARK SHELVES TO

FIND SOME STALE PRODUCT WHICH HAD GATHERED DUST FOR MONTHS. SHOW WINDOWS, GLASS CASES' VISIBLE REFRIGERATED MEAT, FRESH STOCK AND NEW ATTITUDES HAVE MET WITH AN ENTHUSIASTIC RESPONSE FROM THE LOCAL BUYERS. FOUR OF THE SIX STORES WITH PLATE GLASS FRONTS IN THE TWO CITIES ARE OWNED BY TfE MIGRANTS. THE NEWCOMER HERE, AS IN MANY SIMILAR SITUATIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES, SEES OPPORTUNITIES THE LOCAL IN THEIR ACCUSTOMED RUTS DO NOT SEE.

PEOPLE

CAPITAL TO MAKE THESE

IMPROVEMENTS OFTEN HAS COME FROM WHOLESALERS

PUERTO RICO WHO WERE LOOKING FOR FURTHER RETAIL OUTLETS. EXTEND CREDIT TO THEIR COMPATRIOTS. PUERTO RICAN AS A BUSINESS RISK

THEY ALSO REGULARLY

THE CRUCIAN BANKERS ARE SAID TO PREFER THE

AND THERE IS MUCH LOCAL RESENTMENT AGAINST THIS

"BETRAYAL". PUERTO RICANS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ON THE

INTRODUCTION OF THE FIRST BUS LINE

ISLAND, THE FIRST DAIRY USING MODERN METHODS, MORE EFFICIENT MILK DIS-

TRIBUTION, AND THAT DOUBTFUL BLESSING, THE BOOTBLACK. SUCCESS OF THE PUERTO RICANS ON THE LAND HAS NOT BEEN

AS DRAMATIC AS

THE CASE OF MERCHANDISING, BUT HERE ALSO THEY HAVE PROVED THAT OPPORTUNITIES TILL EXIST.

THE " TYPICAL" CASE WAS DESCRIBED TO THE WRITER BY MANY CRUCIANS.

"JUAN

LOPEZ" COMES TO~TfE ISLAND TO WORK WORKS PIECE RATES, AND BY 2

IN THE CANE FIELDS. HE STARTS AT 6 A.M., P.M. HAS EARNED $) 4TO $4.5O. HIS CRUC IAN FELLOW -

WORKERS DEMAPD DAY-RATES AND WORK 8 HOURS FOR $1.80. "LOPEZ" WILL LIVE WITH OTHER PUERTO RICANS OR BUILD HIMSELF A SHACK OF ANY MATERIAL HE CAN COME ACROSS.

HE EATS RICE AND BEANS TWO AND THREE TIMES A DAY AND TAKES LITTLE ELSE BUT COFFEE AND FRUITS HE CAN "PICK UP". HE IS ABLE TO SAVE ENOUGH IN A COUPLE OF SEASONS TO RENT A SMALL PLOT OF LAND AND BEGIN TO PRODUCE FOR HIMSELF. "LOPEZ" MAY HAVE SUCCEEDED J

HE WAS BORN

YEARS OLD.

HE WAS A SHARECROPPER FOR 3

HOMESTEAD OF 6 SMALL

IN SECURING A HOMESTEAD PLOT, AS DID A

IN NAGUABO AND ARRIVED

ACRES, FOR

$~+OO.

INSTALLMENTS, AND WORKED

IN ST. CROIX WHEN

HE WAS

YEARS AND THEN STARTED PURCHASING A

HE WORKED HIS OWN IN THE CANE FIELDS

LAND, WHILE PAYING FOR IN

ADDITION.

AFTER A

FEW

YEARS HE CONTRACTED FOR

10 ACRES ON

FOR

SEVERAL YEARS LATER HE ENLARGED HIS HOMESTEAD PLOT TO

IT ON

12 ACRES:

INSTALLMENTS. HE MAINTAINS A

A NEARBY PRIVATE ESTATE AND

GARDEN ON EACH OF HIS PLOTS.

IS ALSO PAYING

HIS FINANCIAL RECORD

WITH THE FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, WHICH NOW ADMINISTERS THE HOMESTEAD PROGRAM, IS GIVEN

IN TABLE

VI I I.

HE HAS NEVER BEEN

ARREARS ON HIS PAYMENTS.

TABLE VI I I HOMESTEAD RECORD or

YEAR

GROSS

LBS. OF CANE

PAID TO FEDERAL

NET

GOVERNMENT

CASH RECEIVED

RETURNS

PRODUCED

13.35

i1.44

1 935

15,020

1936

131,o4o„

229.30

62.05

167.25

1937

315,240

449.72

25.63

424.09

1938

92,690

118.15

25.06

93.09

1 939 1940

155,600 152,486

205.59 187.02

)

1941

914,920

140.75

)

1942

64,o10

120.56

440.35

213.57~

1943

217,180

417.46

168.58

248.88

1944

132.105

265.53

156.55

108.98

1945

128,980

259.24

167.73

91.51

1946

25,310

50.86

39.73

11.13

TOTAL

1j5214,581

x,2, 468.97

s;1,099.03

)1,369.914

24.79

LOST ABOUT 12,000 LBS., VALUED AT .,LOWER PRICE FOR BURNT CANE CROP.

X2O.0O IN CANE FIRE. ALSO HE RECEIVED A

THE FIGURES UNDER "PAID TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT" AND "NET CASH RECEIVED" ARE TO 1942 INCLUSIVE. CUMULATIVE FOR THE YEARS

1939

SOURCEZ

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION RECORDS.

21 THE PUERTO RICANS PROPORTIONATELY HAVE TAREN ADVANTAGE OF THE HOMESTEAD ING PROGRAM TO A SLIGHTLY LARGER DEGREE THAN HAVE THE NATIVES THE - FARM SECURITY

367

ADMINISTRATION AT THE PRESENT TIME IS HANDLING A`TOTAL or CASES, OF WHICH 1OO ARE PUERTO RICANS. THERE ARE 180 "ACTIVE" CASES, OF WHICH 41 OR 23 PERCENT ARE PUERTO RICANS. THOSE ARE MEN WHO ARE UP-TO-DATE IN THEIR PAYMENTS ON LOANS FOR

THE PURCHASE OF LAND, BUILDINGS, FARM MACHINER` OR LIVISTOCK. THERE ARE " COLLECTION" CASES OF WHICH 45 OR THEY PERCENT ARE FROM THE MIGRANT GROUP. ARE IN ARREARS AND IN MANY CASES HAVE MOVED OFF THE LAND. FIVE PUERTO RICANS HAVE COMPLETELY PAID OFF THEIR LOANS, OUT OF A TOTAL OF SUCH CASES AND 3 OUT OF A TOTAL OF 9 HAVE BEEN WRITTEN OFF AS BAD DEBT S.

:?S

FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION OFFICIALS EXPLAIN THAT MOST OF THE "COLLECAND " DROP" CASES AMONG THE PUERTO RICANS ARISE F:OM THE ATTEMPTED PURCHASE OF LAND BY PERSONS UNFIT FOR FARMING WHO TURNED TO IT IN DESPERATION DURING A TION"

PERIOD OF CRISIS BECAUSE THEY COULD NOT FIND REGULAR El

LOYL<4ENT.

ON THE WHOLE, PUERTO RICANS AS WELL AS CRUCIANS -PiVE fENEFITED GREATLY FROM HOMESTEADING. THEIR INCOMES HAVE RISEN AND THERE HAS BEEN A NOTICEABLE INCREASE IN EFFORT AND SELF-RESPECT, AS WELL AS SOCIAL RE.ATIONS.A FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION OFFICIALS SPEAK HIGHLY OF MOST OF Th'ICIR PUERTO RICAN CLIENTS. RECENTLY THERE HAS BEEN A TREND TOWARD THE PURCHASE 0 LARGE ESTATES BY PUERTO RICANS WHO DO NOT MOVE TO ST. CROIX. ON SOME OF THEM `AT~LE ARE BEING RAISED FOR EXPORT TO PUERTO RICO. OTHERS ARE BEING BOUGHT FO1 REAL ESTATE SPEC UL AT TON, SIXTY OF THE PUERTO RICANS INTEFVIEWED HEED PLOTS OF LAND, 39 OR

66%, WORKED AN ACRE OR LESS.

HAD 8

SIX

HAD 2

TO 1, ACRES TWO HAS 6

MOST OF THEM,

7~ THREE

9; TWO 10 TO 11; TWO 11 TO 12; ONE 16 TO 17; ONE 44 TO 1t* ; ONE L18 TO

49; ONE

52 TO 62; AND TWO HAD OVER 100.

CHERS.

THE MAJORITY WERE RENTERS.

BOTH OF THE LATTER

WERE Cr1TTLE RAN-

THERE WAS ONE SHARECROPPER:

ONLY 34 AN-

SWERED THE QUESTION ON WHERE THEY GOT CREDIT FOR THEIR FARMING, WITH THE FOLLOW ING EXPERIENCE SHOWN: OWNER, 6; STOREKEEPER, 14; BANK, 11; FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION S 3. CANE IS THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCT REPORTED, FOLLOWED BY CATTLE, PLANTAINS, YAUTIA, CORN, BANANAS, "BATATAS" AND MALANGAS:

SECONDARY CROPS WERE LISTED

THIS ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: CORN, BEANS, YAUTIA, ÑAME, BANANAS, "BATATA ", TAINS AND TOBACCO.

CROPS GROWN FOR HOME CONSUMPTION RATED

PLAN-

AS FOLLOWS: YpUTIA,

"BATATA", ÑAME, BEANS, BANANAS, CORN, YUCA AND PLANTAINS. THESE LISTS I IWICATE THAT THE MIGRANTS T DIET HAS PROBABLY CHANGED LITTLE IF ANY SINCE THEY LEFT PUERTO RICO. THE HERITAGE OF SLAVERY AND SERFDOM HAS LEFT THE CRUCIAN WITH LITTLE IN THE LAND. RURAL WORK BEARS A HEAVY STIGMA OF LOW SOCIAL STATUS.

INTEREST

HERE, AS IN FOOD MERCHANDISING, THE PUERTO RICAN WINS ALMOST BY DEFAULT. FOURTEEN PERCENT OF THE NATIVE FIELD WORKERS ARE WOMEN AND MANY AEE OLD BEN, THEY THEREFORE DEMAND WORK B`( THE DAY. THE PUERTO RICANS, BEING YOUNGER, ARE CAPABLE OF GREATER EXERTION

AND BEING NEWCOMERS, HAVE GREATER

INITIATIVE.

THE

ISLANDS COMPANY, LARGEST EMPLOYER ON THE ISLAND, HIRED 156 PUERTO RICANS CANE SEASON. THEIR EXPERIENCE WAS THAT THE TO 25) 4 CRUCIANS IN THE PUERTO RICAN GANGS WOULD CUT ABOUT 3-1 / 2 TONS OF CANE WHILE A LOCAL GANG WAS

VIRGIN

1945-46

CUTTING 2-1/2.

IN LOADING, THE RATIO WAS AROUND 10 TO 6.

THE WRITER

INTER)

22 VIEWED FOUR OF THE FIVE FIELD FOREMEN (THE FIFTH BEING A PUERTO RICAN) AND FOUND THEM UNANIMOUS IN STATING THAT THE NEWCOMERS ARE "MORE INTELLIGENT AND MORE ADAPTABLE TO NEW METHODS". THE COMPANY GARAGE AND TRACTOR MECHANICS ARE NOW 80 PERCENT PUERTO RICANS AND THE HEAD TRACTOR MECHANIC IS A MIGRANT. COMPETITION IN THE FIELDS HAS GIVEN RISE TO CONSIDERABLE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. OPPOSITION TO PIECEWORK IS ONE OF THE MAIN PLANKS IN TFIE PROGRAM OF THE ST. CROIX LABOR UNION WHOSE ENERGETIC HEAD, MR. LUDWIG HARRIGAN, EXPLAINED ITS RATIONALE TO THE WRITER. THE CLAIM IS THAT THE PIECE RATES CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE CANE BY OVER -CUTTING AND INJURING THE RATTOON. ALSO, THIS "SPEED-UP" RESULTS IN LOSSES TO THE MILL AND TRANSPORT EMPLOYEES BECAUSE THE QUICKER THE CROP IS PROCESSED THE SOONER THESE SEASONAL WORKERS ARE OUT OF JOBS. THE OVERGUTTING ARGUMENT IS DENIED BY THOSE WHOSE COMPETENCE IN THE MATTER CANNOT BE QUESTIONED. THE SECOND ARGUMENT HAS BEEN A FAMILIAR ONE SINCE THE DAYS OF THE LUDDITE "MACHINE WRECKERS" AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE ADVANCED, EVEN THOUGH PALPABLY UNECONOMIC, AS LONG AS PEOPLE ARE HARMED RATHER THAN HELPED BY GREATER PRODUCTION. PUERTO RICAN WOMEN DO NOT WORK IN THE FIELDS AS THE CRUCIAN WOMEN DO. ONLY ONE WIFE WAS REPORTED AS ENGAGED IN FARM WORK COMPARED WITH 18 WHO SEWED AND ONE WHO MADE CIGARS. ALL OF THE SEWING WAS DONE IN THE HOME. ONLY 2 CHILDREN WORKED FOR WAGES AWAY FROM THE HOME; THEY WERE DELIVERY BOYS FOR GROCERY STORES. TWO OTHERS WERE REPORTED AS EARNING MONEY SEWING AT HOME. FAMILY INCOMES ARE SHOWN IN TABLE IX. SEVENTY OF THE 81 HEADS OF FAMILIES REPORTED BEING EMPLOYED FULL TIME DURING THE PREVIOUS 12 MONTHS. THE WAYS 4N WHICH THE RECENT ARRIVAL SUPPORTS HIMSELF UNTIL HE SECURES A STEADY JOB ARE SHOWN BY THE INTERVIEWS TO BE AS FOLLOWS; "WITH THE MONEY BROUGHT, 21, LIVING QITH RELATIVES, 10; ON PROCEEDS OF WIFE 1 S WORK, 3; MAKING AND SELLING CHARCOAL, 2; BORROWING MONEY, 2, LIVING WITH FRIENDS, 2; PEDDLING,

2; AND

FISHING, 1.

TABLE IX ST. CROIX:

ANNUAL INCOME OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS INTERVIEWED

$200 200 300

300 -

LESS THAN

500 750 -

1000 1200 -

1199

719 999

1199 1499

1500 - 1799

1800 - 1999

2000 - 2499

2500 - 2999 3000 "CARVIS, o . t~SáTAYLOR,

CIT.,

P. 145

OR MORE

"WORD PICTURE..." OR,. CIT.,

~AANA TERESA BLANCO, NUTRITION STUDIES IN PUERTO RICO, RIO PIEDRAS, SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH CENTER, 1946, 96 PP. I

•

HOUSING AND FOOD HOUSING HAS BEEN THEIR OWN ESTIMATE. r

IMPROVED MARKEDLY FOR MOST OF THE MIGRANTS, ACCORDING TO

E X

THE OPINION OF THE PERSON

IS CONSTFFUCTED TO SHOW BOTH MATERIAL CHANGES AND WHETHER HIS PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES ARE

INTERVIEWED5 ON

IMPROVEMENT OVER HIS PAST IN PUERTO RICO. FOR INSTANCES ALL THOSE WHO FELT THAT THE MATERIAL IN THE WALLS OF THEIR HOMES IS SUPERIOR NOW TO WHAT IT WAS ARE TABULATED IN THE ST. CROIX COLUMN AND VICE VERSA. THE CHANGE COLUMN SHOWS AN

IMPROVEMENT OR THE OPPOSITE. THAN

THE NUMBER OF ROOM RATES ARE WORSE

IN PUERTO RICO; ALTHOUGH THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOME

THOSE WHO LIVED

IN ST. CROIX

IS BETTER.

MANY OF

IN WOODEN OR CONCRETE STRUCTURES. IMPROVEMENT SEEMS TO HAVE COME IN KITCHEN UTENSILS. ELECTRIC RE-

THE GREATEST

IN THATCHED HUTS NOW LIVE

FRIGERATORS HAVE GENERALLY REPLACED KER09ENE. HOUSE TWICE AS FREQUENTLY AS

RUNNING WATER

IS FOCIND

IN THE

IN PUERTO RICO, AS ARE INDOOR TOILETS, ALTHOUGH

THERE ARE STILL. FECd OF THE LATTER. SEWING MACHINES APPEAR TO THE SAME EXTENT "BEFORE AND AFTER'5 AS DO VICTROLAS. RADIOS AND TELEPHONES HAVE INCREASED.

No llr,SIiER3 WERE REPORTED FOR EITHER LOCATION. FOOD CHANGES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR GRANT Grou'3 TIE PUF:TO

FOOD

HABITS

CAUSES OF DISSATISFACTION

MOST

IMMI-

IN ST. CROiX, HOWEVER, ARE SO SIMILAR TO THOSE OF

ICANS AT HOME THAT LITTLE COMPLAINT WAS REGISTERED ON THIS SCORE.

IT !-I S ALREADY BEEN

POINTED OUT THAT THE CROPS RAISED FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION

USED AT HOME. IN ANSWER TO THE QUESTION, "HOW DOES YOUR FOOD COMF•\RE WITH WHAT YOU WERE ACCUSTOMED TO IN PUERTO RICO", 25 ANSWERED, "ThiE SAME"; SAW "BETTER"; AND ONLY 11 SAID "WORSE". ONLY 2 SAID THEY ARE

.^9; E

THE

AS THOSE

1,.5

COULD NOT FIND THE FOODS THEY WANTED; 8 WHILE 71

SAID THEY COULD DO SO ONLY AT TIMES5

REPORTED NO TROUBLE ON THIS SCORE.

TABLE X ST. CROIX:

HOUSING AND HOUSE FURNISHINGS OF PUERTO RICANS INTERVIEWED

PUERTO RICO CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL OF WALLS NUMBER OF ROOMS ROODtS

PERSONS RAT I O

SEPARATE KITCHEN UTENSILS RUNNING WATER R EFRIGERATOR

17 27 27

ST. CROIX

CHANGE

/38 - 8 - 3

19 2-I 10

12 18 10

- 2 / 26 lO

ELECTRIC GAS ICE -BOX

INDOOR TOILET

LIGHTING SYSTEM

/2k

KEROSENE NUMBER OF BEDS

31+

/ 8

SEWING MACHINE

ELECTRIC

TELEPHONE

6 2

-21

0 0 /11

/ 5

VICTROLA RADIO

24 MARRIAGE AND THE FAM,ILV THE MARRIAGE INSTITUTION IS QUITE SIMILAR IN BOTH CULTURES AND MIGHT BEST BE DESCRIBED AS LOOSE-JOINTED. CONSENSUAL MARRIAGE REPRESENTS ABOUT THE SAME PERCENTAGE; PUERTO RICO, 26 PERCENT; ST. CROIX, 30 PERCENT; CHRISTIANSTED, 27 PERCENT; AND FREDERIKSTED, 29 PERCENT. TWENTY-FIVE or THOSE INTERVIEWED WERE PARTNERS IN "COMMON LAW" MARRIAGES. THE OPA RECORDS DISCLOSED ONE LOCAL WOMAN WHO LISTED 8 CHILDREN ONLY 2 OF WHOM HAD THE SAME FATHER. THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY 4 S OFFICE, WHICH HANDLES NON-SUPPORT CASES IN WHICH CIVIL ACTION HAS BEEN TAKEN, LISTS 151 ACTIVE CASES, OF WHICH ONLY 12 PERCENT INVOLVE PUERTO RICANS. ONE CASE INVOLVES A MAN WITH 8 CHILDREN BY A CRUCIAN WOMAN

AND 9

BY A PUERTO RICAN.

HIS WEEKLY

INCOME

X6.00!

DESERTION, KNOWN TO SOCIAL WORKERS AS "THE POOIt t S DIVORCE" g IS COMMON AMONG BOTH GROUPS. FORMAL DIVORCES ARE LESS COMMON SINCE THEY INVOLVE ATTORNEYS ANr. í:O'JRT COSTS. ÍHE PUERTO CONTRIBUTED JUST THEIR "SHARE"~

PICANS

TO ST. CROIX' 118 DIVORCES IN THE PAST SEVEN AND A HALF YEARS.

OR 25 PERCEN T

SOCIAL WORKERS AND OTHERS AGREE THAT THERE

IS A CONSIDERABLE

AMOUNT OF

CO-'-1AB I TAT i O"! BETWEEN PUERTO RICAN MEN AND CRUC IAN WOMEN AS IS NATURAL WHERE VI-' S_;( RATIO DISCLOSES MORE MEN THAN WOMEN IN THE MIGRANT GROUP. PJTH GROUPS FROWN ON INTERMARRIAGE, BUT KNEW or Lt 1Cd MARRIAGES AND 26 CASES WERE FOUND. MA '

M^NY AS AN

AND THE CRIJCIAN

66 PERSONS REPORTED THAT THEY ONLY 15 PERSONS FAVORED

ACCEPTABLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUERTO RICANS AND NATIVES, ATTITUDE WAS GENERALLY HOSTILE, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS A HIGH

DEOREE OF CLASS AND CASTE SELECTIVITY. MARRIED TO LOCAL UPPER-CLASS MEN. HOWEVER, AND

CITED

THERE ARE A FEW PUERTO RICAN WOMEN THEY DO NOT COME FROM THE MIGRANT GROUPS

USUALLY ROMANCES HAVE BEGUN

AT SCHOOL

IN PUERTO RICO.

FAMILY TIES ARE MAINTAINED WITH PUERTO RICO AND THE MOST FREQUENTLY REASON FOR MAKING TRIPS BACK WAS "TO SEE MY RELATIVES". TWENTY-ONE

FAMILIES REPORTED THAT THEY SENT MONEY BACK FAMILY SIZES AVERAGE FOR

TO PUERTO RICO TO RELATIVES.

IN THE TWO CULTURES ARE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME.

Si. CROIX

4.3; FOR

THE PUERTO RICAN FAMILIES BY SIZE

THE MIGRANTS, IS GIVEN

4.4.

IN TABLE XL

TABLE XI PUERTO RICAN FAMILY GROUPS, BY SIZE SIZE OF FAMILY

PERCENTAGE

1 2 3 It

16.2 12.8 14.0 12.2 12.2

6 7 8

11.3 8.7 3.1

3.8

10 11

2.2

1.4 ,7

12 13 &

OVER

1.1

THE

THE DISTRIBUTION OF

EDUCATION PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN IN BOTH PUBLIC AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS PRESENT QUITE A PROBLEM BECAUSE OF TRUANCY AND INABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH. ACCORDING TO THE ACTING SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, INTERVIEWED BY THE WRITERS THE NEWCOMERS CAUSE MUCH MORE TROUBLE THAN DO THE PUERTO RICANS WHO HAVE BECOME ACCULTURATED. ALSO RURAL TRUANCY IS MORE SERIOUS THAN URBAN. SCHROEDER! S DATA AND OPINIONS ON EDUCATION ARE WORTH QUOTING IN EXTENSO BECAUSE AS A SOCIAL WORKER HE HAD OPPORTUNITIES TO OBSERVE THE SITUATION CLOSELY. HE WRITES:

IN 18113, THE FIRST SCHOOL WAS STARTED BY THE MORAVIAN BR~THERN CHURCH AT LA PRINCESSE. WHEN THE AMERICANS ttEDUCATION.

TOOK OVER THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, IT IS SAFE TO ASSUME THAT THERE WERE FEW CHILDREN WHO COULD NOT GO TO SCHOOL FOR AT LEAST SIX YEARS. IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE AMERICANS CAME THAT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION WAS GIVEN ABOVE THE SIXTH GRADE LEVEL, BUT ST.CROIX MEMBERS ONLY IN GRADUATED ITS FIRST HIGH SCHOOL CLASS OF THERE ARE A TOTAL OF 2,706 STUDENTS ATTENDING PUBLIC

1936.

AND CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. RURAL.

THERE ARE ELEVEN SCHOOLS; SIX OF THEM

UIT IS IN THE RURAL SCHOOLS OF ST. CROIX THAT ONE FINDS THE GREATER PERCENTAGE OF PUERTO RICAN STUDENTS. OUT OF A TOTAL OF 511 STUDENTS 168 ARE PÜERTO RICANS. (TABLE XI I GIVES SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT FIGURES, PRESUMABLY FROM THE SAME SOURCE, BUT AS OF A LATER DATE. C.S.) THE RURAL SCHOOL TEACHERS ARE NOT TRAINED TO HANDLE B1 -LINGUAL CLASS DISCUSSION, AND THE PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN ARE VERY SLOW THE FIRST THREE OR FOUR YEARS OF SCHOOL. AFTER THEY HAVE MASTERED THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE THEY MOVE ON WITH GREATER RAPIDITY. A NUMBER OF THE TEACHERS IN THE RURAL SCHOOLS SAY THAT THE PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN LEARN TO READ AND WRITE MORE RAPIDLY ` IN ENGLISH THAN TO SPEAK OR TO UNDERSTAND ENGLISH. THEREFORE, PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN ARE VERY GOOD AT THEIR BOOK WORK S BUT ARE AT A LOSS IN KEEPING UP WITH CLASSROOM WORK. 'THE RURAL PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN ARE NOT IN GOOD PHYSICAL CONDITION. THE CHILDREN ARE ABSENT A GREAT DEAL FROM SCHOOL BECAUSE OF SICKNESS AND WORK. THE SCHOOL LUNCH HAS DONE A GREAT DEAL TO MAINTAIN GREATER REGULARITY OF ATTENDANCE AND, IN MANY CASE , IS THE ONLY BALANCED MEAL THE CHILD RECEIVES. "THE LARGEST CONCENTRATION OF PUERTO RICANS IS AT BARREN SPOT WHICH IS THE CENTER OF THE ISLAND AND COMPRISES APPROXIMATELY FIVE ESTATES. THE NUMBER OF PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN ATTENDING PAROCHIAL SCHOOL AT BARREN SPOT IS 67 OUT._OF X TOTAL OF 137. THE SCHOOL IS A COMPARATIVELY NEW ONE) AND THE SISTERS ARE ALL VERY SYMPATHETIC WITH THE

26 CHILDREN. THE SISTERS DO HAVE COMPLAINTS AGAINST ACTHE STUDENTS BECAUSE THE - PARENTS ARE VERY NONRELIGIOUS. CORDING TO THE CATHOLICS, THE PARENTS ARE NONRELIGIOUS BECAUSE

PUERTO RICAN

THEY ARE EVANGELICALS. "SLOB SCHOOL IS LOCATED TWO MILES FROM BARREN SPOT SCHOOLS AND THE TEACHERS SAY THAT THE NUMBER OF PUERTO RICAN STUDENTS INCREASES AS THE YEAR PROGRESSES. AS THE PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN IN TFIE CATHOLIC SCHOOL, THEY ENROLL AT SLOB. 1, 191+5, THERE WAS A TOTAL OF 1~-f STUDENTS ENROLLED.

FALL FROM GRACE ON SEPTEMBER

OUT OF THIS NUMBER 23 WERE PUERTO RICANS.

THERE WERE APPROXI~

MATELY 1~O SUCH STUDENTS AT SLOB IN FEBRUARY,

191+6.

IS LOCATED NEAR THE ESTATES

"PETR = S REST SCHOOL, WHICH

JERUSALEM, LOWER JERUSALEM, SIGN FARM, AND BEASTON HILL, HAS APPROXIMATELY A FIFTY-FIFTY RATION OF PUERTO RICAN AND CRUCIAN CHILDREN. THE MAJORITY OF THE PUERTO RICAN STUDENTS ARE THE FIRST THREE GRADES.

"IN

THE CATHOLIC SCHOOLS OF Sr. CROIX, THERE

OF 1,177 STUDENTS.

OF THIS NUMBER,

THE CATHOLIC SISTERS AND TH^IR STUDENTS TO KEEP

IS A TOTAL

I.143 ARE PUERTO RICANS.

BROTHERS VISIT THE HOMES OF ALL

IN CLOSE TOUCH WITH THEM.

THE

FREDERICKSTED CATHOLIC SCHOOL HAS A BUS THAT MAKES A TRIP INTO THE COUNTRY EACH MORNING AND BRINGS THE STUDENTS IN. THE DISTRIBUTION OF

ITS STUDENTS

GRADE

IS AS FOLLOWS:

TOTAL

PUERTO RICANS

3 113

KINDERGARTEN

7TH

1O4 84 72 78 ~12 3 ~+0

ÚTH

1}2

1 ST 2ND RD 24TH

5TH 6TH TOTAL

15 21

6 6

• 11 190

75 2

'THE CHRISTIANSTED - CATHOLIC SCHOOL, WHICH HAS GRADES FROM THE FIRST THROUGH THE NINTH, HAS A TOTAL ENROLLMENT OF

468 STUDENTS

WITH lÚ7 PUERTO RICANS. "THERE

IS A TOTAL OF

1,261

STUDENTS

IN THE PUBLIC GRAMMAR

SCHOOLS ON THE

ISLAND OF ST. CROIX. OF THIS NUMBER 175 ARE PUERTO RICANS. THE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS COMPRISE GRADES ONE THROUGH SIX. THE PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN IN THE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS ARE PROBLEM CHILDREN FOR THE MOST PART AND

AT ONE TIME ATTENDED THE

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.

THE CRITICISMS OF THE TEACHERS TOWARD THE PRACTICE OF THE CATHOLIC SCHOOL IN SENDING THEIR PROBLEMS TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS CANNOT BE IGNORED. THEY ARE MOSTLY TRUANTS. WHEN THEY DO COME TO SCHOOL, THEY CREATE DISTURBANCES, AND THE TEACHERS ARE SO HAPPY WHEN THE STUDENTS ARE NOT THERE THAT THEY HESITATE TO REPORT THEM

AS ABSENT."

27 TABLE XI I Si. CROIX:

RURAL PUBLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, PUERTO RICAN

AND CRUCIAN

1945 - 146 PUERTO RICANS

OTHERS

TOTAL

Si. ANN'S PAROCHIAL

~!•2

138

SLOB

121

LA PRINCESSE

PETER'S REST

914

132

539

SCHOOL

DIAMOND

LA VALLEE

107

TOTAL

SOURCE;

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

!THE

IN CHRISTIANSTED (THE ONLY HIGH SCHOOL ON THE ISLAND) CONTAINS BOTH JUNIOR HIGH AND SENIOR HIGH HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS. AND

THERE

TOTAL OF 258 STUDENTS

IS A

OF THIS NUMBER S

17 ARE PUERTO RICANS.

THIS CHOOL;

THE STUDENTS

FREDERICKSTED, WHO WISH TO ATTEND HIGH SCHOOL S

COME TO

CHRISTIANSTED BY BUS. THERE IS A JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN FREDERICKSTED WHICH HAS ONLY ONE PUERTO RICAN STUDENT OUT OF A TOTAL OF 75. THERE IS OFIE WELL -ESTABLISHED PUERTO RICAN FAMILY SCHOOL

IN ST. CROIX WHICH SENDS

ITS CHILDREN TO HIGH

IN PUERTO RICO.

"APPROXIMATELY NINETY PERCENT OF

ALL SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

VIOUATORSII'N-ST.CROIX ARE FOUND TO`BE AMONG PUERTO RICANS. THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS FOR THIS, THE MOST IMPORTANT BEING THAT THE PUERTO RICAN ATTITUDE TOWARD EDUCATION IN Si. CROIX IS VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE PUERTO RICAN AT HOME -- ' IF TOO MUCH EFFORT IS REQUIRED, WE WON'T SEND THE CHILDREN.= ANOTHER REASON

IS THAT THE CHILDREN HAVE TO ATTEND ENGLISH

SPEAKING SCHOOLS WHERE THEY FIND WHAT

IS GOING ON.

LONG WAY FROM SCHOOL. EMPLOYMENT

IT DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND

A LARGE PERCENT OF THE VIOLATORS LIVE A THE CHILDREN

ARE VERY OFTEN

IN THE HOME OR ON THE LAND.

USED FOR

A CHILD BELOW THE

AGE OF TWELVE WILL MISS SCHOOL THREE DAYS, ATTEND ONE ONE, MISS THREE, ATTEND ONE, AD VIOLATING ANY LAW.

'THE TRUANT OFFICER

MISS

INFINITUM -- THEREBY NOT

IS A BI -LINGUAL CRUCIAN.

28 TRAVELS ABOUT THE SLAND ON HORSEBACK, AND MOST OF HIS TIME IS SPENT WITH PUERTO RICANS. THE PUERTO RICAN OFFERS MANY EX CUSES AS TO WHY HE DOES NOT SEND HIS CHILDREN TO SCHOOL. THE FIRST REASON THE TRUANT OFFICER ATTEMPTS TO HANDLE IS THZT THE CHILDREN HAVE NO CLOTHING AND CANNOT COME TO SCHOOL OR THAT REASON. AFTER CLOTHING HAS BEEN SECURED, THE TRUANT OFFICER HAS TO MAKE SEVERAL MORE VISITS TO THE HOME. AFrtER ABOUT TWO MONTHS OF NON-ATTENDANCE, THE TRUANT OFFICER ISSUES

•

A COMPLAINT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION. THE DEPARTMENT COURT." OF EDUCATION WILL THEN REFER SUCH CASES TO THE POLICE THE SCHOOLING OF THE MIGRANTS THEMSELVES IS GIVEN IN TAEILE XIH. MORE WIVES THAN HUSBANDS HAD SOME ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ANI1 THREE TIMES AS MANY COMPLETED THE EIGHTH GRADE. ONE MAN HAD COMPLETED THE SECOND AND ONE THE THIRD YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL AND ONE THE FIRST AND ONE THE SECOND YEAR OF COLLEGE. THE MIGRANTS KEEP IN TOUCH WITH THEIR HOME ISLAND AND WITH WORLD AFFAIRS MOSTLY THROUGH SUBSCRIPTION TO`SAN JUAN DAILIES. SIXTY-SIX OF THOSE IN1ERVIEWED GOT A DAILY PAPER, MANY GOT TWO OR :1CRE. EL MUNDO LED WITH BUT E!. JMPARCIAL WAS TAKEN BY ) '.ti, THE CH:<1ST!ANSTED ST•

50,

CRO I X

EiJn Ct;

t.V I S HAD 1 s" r"a: IL\D 6.

SJ3SCI I BERS

IN THE SA:-'PLE

THE.

>ND

LEAD I NG WEEKLY SAS Pu'fí Tb ;~~ v"~ J ';~ERE SCATTERED AMONG FEP^cF 1' Í (2),

I.1ft

AND

! I``i j

REVISTA PErri'

(. '. ,'i1.

TRUE

T'7_ C rt' ' DER I

TFD WEST

! "•0 t L:t!STR.'! O. 4) r"

STOI

i i:E CON !CS .

AND

~ r ~ ~`an,.,I:. •J.1

ST. CRO1X:

SCHOOLING OF

PUr:,TC'

Z!CA:J MIGRANTS

INTERVIEWED

i;USBANO

t') I FE

1 2 3

I! 10 10

2 8 lj

8 8

'9 8

6 7 8

6 3 3

SCHOOL AND GRADE

ELEMENTARY

HIGH SCHOOL

1 2

•

1 1

OTHER

2 7 9

• CRUC I AI ATTITUDES TOWARD THE PUERTO RICAN i NVAS ION ANTI -PUERTO RICAN SENTIMENTS HAVE BEEN MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY. WILL BE PRESENTED SYSTEMATICALLY HERE. »

THE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES FALL

THEY INTO

FIVE RAIN GROUPS; INSANITARY HABITS; TROUBLESOME BEHAVIOR; CLANNISHNESS; ATTEMPTED MONOPOLY OF LIVELIHOOD SOURCES; MAKING FORTUNES WHICH ARE SPENT IN PUERTO RICO; AND "WHITE SUPERIORITY" BELIEFS. TITUDE FOUND WAS OFTEN STATED THUSLY;

THE ONLY POSITIVE AT-

"THE PUERTO RICANS HAVE TAUGHT US

HOW TO WORK', OR "IF IT WEREN'T FOR THE PUERTO RICANS WE WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO GROW CANE (OR RAISE CATTLE)". INSANITARY HABITS

THE MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED COMPLAINT IS AGAINST AND LACK OF PERSONAL AND HOUSEHOLD CLEANLINESS. IN THE CITIES

ARE PROUD OF THEIR NEATNESS

THE CRUCIANS, AT LEAST

PARTICULARLY

IN THE STREETS.

THE CHARGE

IS THAT A PUERTO RICAN HOME IS MARKED BY STREETS AND GUTTERS FILLED WITH BANANA PEELS MANGO SEEDS1 AND GARBAGE WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT BE WRAPPED IN NEWSPAPERS. SEEMINGLY, EVERYONE IN ST. CROIX KNOWS THE STORY OF THE PUERTO RICAN WOMAN WHO USED A SECOND FLOOR WINDOW TO DEFECATE INTO THE STREET. EVIDENCE TO BUTTRESS THIS ATTITUDE WHERE MANY OF THE MIGRANTS ALLOW CHICKENS1

IS FOUND GOATS

IN THE RURAL DISTRICTS AND PIGS FREE RUN OF

THE HOUSE. ALSO MANY OF THE MORE RECENT ARRIVALS LIVE IN TEMPORARY SHACKS OF SCRAP MATERIAL LOOSELY THROWN TOGETHER. THESE SHACKS ARE ` r

MATCHED BY SIMILAR ONES INHABITED BY LOCAL PEOPLE; LIVESTOCK, HOWEVER, USUALLY IS NOT ALLOWED TO ENTER CRUCIAN HOMES. THE CHARGE THAT PUERTO RICANS BRING DISEASES TO THE ISLAND HAS ALREADY BEEN DEALT

IT LED TO THE PASSAGE OF A BILL WHICH PROVIDED WITH. FOR A HEALTH EXAMINATION FOR EVERYONE ARRIVING ON THE ISLAND. FIVE DOLLARS WAS COLLECTED FROM EACH PERSON OF WHICH `;3.00 WAS RETURNED ATION PROVED HIM FREE OF DISEASE. COMMUNITY AS A MOVE AGAINST

IF HIS EXAMIN-

THE LAW WAS ACCEPTED BY THE MIGRANT

IT.

A MODIFICATION OF THE ORDINANCE WAS PASSED THE i5.00 FEE AND ENFORCEMENT

IS NOW GENERAL.

.5 WHICH ABOLISHES

IN 191

PUERTO RICANS WHO ARE KNOWN

ON THE ISLAND AND NONFPUERTO RICANS WHO ARRIVE ARE USUALLY ASKED ONLY FOR A SIGNED STATEMENT THAT THEY ARE FREE FROM DISEASE. THE SECOND GROUP OF ATTITUDES HINGES ON A DIFFERENCE IN RESPECT FOR THE LAW AND FOR ONE'S NEIGHBORS. THERE IS MUCH MORE PERSONAL VIOLENCE AMONG THE NEWCOMERS THAN AMONG EITHER THE ESTABLISHED PUERTO RICANS OR THE ASSAULT AND BATTERY IS A FAIRLY COMMON OCCURRENCES PARTICULARLY

NATIVES.

ON SATURDAY NIGHTS AND SALOONS FREQUENTED BY PUERTO RICANS ARE GIVEN A WIDE BERTH BY THE CRUCIANS.

THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT ATTORNEY EXPLAINED

THAT AS SOON AS THE PUERTO RICAN DISCOVERED THAT HE COULD "'O LONGER ~'FIX" A CASE WITH THE POLICE HE BEGAN TO BEHAVE HIMSELF. AN EXAMINATION OF THE FELONY CASES FOR SIX AND A HALF YEARS DOES NOT SHOW THE PUERTO RICAN CONTRIBUTION TO BE OUT OF LINE WITH THEIR PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION.

TABLE

XIV).

30 " CLANNISHNESS" IS PROBABLY THE NEXT MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED ONE OFTEN HEARS SUCH STATEMENTS AS "WHEN THE

SOURCE OF RESENTMENT.

PUERTO RICANS BUY AN ESTATE THEY DISCHARGE ALL THE NATIVES AND HIRE PUERTO RICANS". STORE OWNERS WITH ONE EXCEPTION, HIRE ONLY THEIR COMPATRIOTS AS CLERKS. IT IS WIDELY STATED THAT PUERTO RICAN GANGS WORKING THE SUGAR FIELDS WILL NOT ALLOW CRUCIANS AS MEMBERS. OF THESE ARE EXAMINED IN THE SECTION MAKING A LIVING.

MOST

TABLE XIV ST. CROIX:

FELONIES,

1940-1946

TOTAL AND THOSE COMMITTED BY PUETO

RICANS PERCENTAGE PUERTO RICAN

YEAR

TOTAL

PUERTO RICAN

1940 1941 19142 19!!~ 194 1915 1946

21 12 2j 1?

4 5

6 O

26 0

42 16

11 3

18 0 22%

o 29

130 THE 29 FELONIES ARE DISTRIBUTED AGGRAVATED

ASSAULT

AS FOLLOWS:

AND BATTERY

I 4

FRAUDS

MAYHEM GRAND

LARCENY

ASSAULT WITH INTENT TO KILL MURDER OPER,\T I NG

RUM STILL

BASTARDY

2 1 1 1 1

COMPILED FROM THE RECORDS OF W. E. MESSED, CLERK, DISTRICT COURT.

THERE

IS A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF TALK

CRUCIANS OFF THE ISLAND". GATHER SEVERAL TIMES A WEEK

ABOUT

A PLOT TO "RUN THE

IS SAID THAT THE RICHER PUERTO RICANS

AROUND

A POKER TABLE TO DETERMINE STRATEGY

IN THE AID GIVEN BY THE LARGER ARRIVALS WHICH ENABLES THEM TO OPEN A GROCERY ALSO IT IS SAID THAT THE STORE IN COMPETITION WITH LOCAL MERCHANTS. RICHER PUERTO RICANS ASSIGN ONE OF THEIR NUMBER TO BUY ANY TRACT OF IN THIS CAMPAIGN.

"EVIDENCE" IS FOUND

STORE OWNERS TO NEW

LAND ON THE

INTELLIGENT ISLAND WHICH MAY i3E PUT ON THE MARKET. BUT THEY CIRCULATE WIDELY.

CRUCIANS SCOFF AT SUCH RUMORS)

31 THE FOURTH{ GENERAL CHARGE ISLAND PENNILESS, MAKE SPEND OR AND

INVEST

IT PROBABLY

AS A CLERK

IT.

FORTUNES

IS THAT THE PUERTO RICANS CONE TO THE AND THEN GO BACK TO PUERTO RICO TO

HEARD ONLY ONE SUCH CASE SUBSTANTIATED

THE WRITER

A WEALTHY BROKER OF SAN JUAN

IS THE ONLY ONE.

HAD STARTED

LEFT ST. CROIX SOME Y'ARS LATER BY LOCAL PEOPLE TO BE AROUND FIFTY TO SIXTY THOUSAND

A DANISH -OWNED GROCERY AND

WITH A SUM ESTIMATED DOLLARS.

" WHITE SUPQRIORITY" PRETENSIONS ARE CHARGED AS SOON

GENTLEMAN

HE BEGINS TO TALK

TO MANY PUERTO RICANS.

ITp "THE PUERTO RICAN BECOMES A SPANISH

AS ONE LOCAL CIVIC LEADER STATED

AS HE GETS A LITTLE MORE MONEY THAN WE WOULD

ABOUT 'NIGGERS'.

THE CRUCIANS HAVE.

RESENT THIS

BUT SINCE WE KNOW THAT MOST OF THEM WERE WHAT SOUTHERNERS CALL

T POOR WHITE TRASH t

SUCCESSFUL MOST OF THEM TICE OUR

COLOR".

ANY CASE YOUR

COUNTRY

UNTIL THEY BECOME

IN A FRIENDLY FASHION AND DO NOT APPEAR TO NOUNDERSTANDABLE THAT SUCH ATTITUDES MAY BE FOUND

ACT

AMONG THE PUERTO RICANS BECAUSE IMPORTED FROM

IT EVEN MORE BITTERLY.

WE RESENT

IN PUERTO RICO

ITSELF RACE DISCRIMINATION

THE UNITED STATES HAS BECOME FAIRLY GENERAL, ESPECIALLY

UPPER-CLASS AND

UPPER -MIDDLE-CLASS CIRCLES.

THAT THE PUERTO RICAN MIGRANTS THEMSELVES ARE AWARE OF THE ANTAGONISTIC ATTITUDE SOME CRUCIANS HOLD TOWARD THEM QUESTION 'W''AT DO YOU THINK

BY THE ANSWERS GIVEN

IS SHOWN

TUENTY PERSONS THOUGHT THAT THE ATTITUDE

RICANS?''

ATTITUDE

FORTY~EIGHT DESCRIBED THE GENERAL

WITH THE SECOND

WHY THEY HELD 1`HAT OPINION.

THEIR

AND

THI tD

QUOTING

ANSWERS5

TRUER DESCRIPTION.

CHARACTERIZATIONS WERE ASKED WHAT THEY BELIEVE THE

OF TIMES THE EXPRESSION

CRUCI?.NS`THINK, ARE LISTED BELOW WITH THE NUMBER OCCURRED,

GENERAL WAS "CORDIAL" .

AS "CORRECT BUT NOT FRIENDLY" AND

THGUGtiT THAT THE ADJECTIVE "HOSTILE" PROVIDED

THIRTEEN

T110SE W:io ANSh'ERED

IF MORE THAN ONCE.

"THE PUERTO RICANS TAKE OUR

JOBS"

"THE PUERTO RICANS COME TO MONOPOLIZE BUSINESS"

THE DAY MAY COME WHEN

"THE CRUCIANS ARE AFRAID

THERE ARE MORE PUERTO RICANS THAN

CRUCIANS

MAY RUN THEM OUT OF

AND THAT THE FORMER

)}

ST. CROIX" INVADED OUR COUNTRY AND

"THE PUERTO RICANS HAVE COME TO TA

E OUR LAND

"THE PUERTO RICAN

AND FOOD FROM

US"

IS HAUGHTY"

"THE PUERTO RICANS HAVE BROUGHT "THE PUERTO RICANS ARE A

14 2

LICE WITH THEM

"T'IE PUERTO RICANS ARE EGOTISTIC" THANKLESS LOT AND

TO FIGHT" " THE PUERTO RICAN

IS A

O THE

IS THE ATTITUDE OF THE CRUCIANS TOWARD PUERTO

MENACE TO THE COUNTRY";

"THE PUERTO RICANS ARE TOO FORWARD

WITH WOMEN"

32 PUERTO RICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD SL CROIX AND THE CRUCIANS SEVENTY-FIVE PERCENT OF THE PUERTO RICANS INTERVIEWED FELT THAT THEY ARE NOW LIVING A BETTER LIFE THAN THEY DID IN'THEIR FORMER HOMES. THIRTY-EIGHT REPORTED THAT THEY FOUND LIFE IN Si. CROIX "VERY MUCH MORE SATISFACTORY"; TWENTY-THREE AGREED TO THE PHRASE, "MUCH MORE SATISFACIORY"; WHILE THIRTEEN FELT THAT L[FE WAS MORE OR LESS THE SAME. "LESS SATISFACTORY" WAS THE RESPONSE OF SIX AND ONE FELT IT WAS "MUCH LESS SATISFACTORY". VARIOUS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERIS

S WERE CHECKED

CLUE TO THE UNFAVORABLE REAC'r"IONS. SAME KIND OF JOB AS IN PUERTO RICO

IN THE HOPE OF FINDING A

ALL BUT ONE WERE FOUND TO HAVE THE

THEY RANGED THROUGH FIVE INCOME CLASSES; ONLY THREE BELONGED TO ANY ORGANIZATION OTHER THAN A CHURCH; THREE WERE WHITE, THREE BROWN AND ONE BLACK. NO INCOME WAS ABOVE THAT IN PUERTO RICO. THE STRANGEST FACT WAS THAT FIVE OF THE SEVEN HAD BEEN IN THE ISLAND MORE THAN 10 YEARS (TWO FOR TWENTY ONE FOR THIRTEEN AND TWO FOR TWELVE): RESPONSES ABOUT "THE THINGS I LIKE BEST IN ST. CROIX " BROUGHT HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT ANSWERS; INCLUDING ONE REAL SURPRISE. NINE CHOICES WERE PROVIDED FOR CHECKING BY THE INTERVIEWERS. THE ANSWERS ARE GIVEN IN TABLE XV; " WORK OFFERS GREATER OPPORTUNITIES FOR GETTING AHEAD" HELD FIRST PLACES CLOSELY FOLLOWED BY "MY HEALTH HAS IMPROVED". "I HAVE BETTER`LIVING QUARTERS"' AND "I EAT BETTER." IMPROVED MEDICAL ATTENTION RANKED FIFTH, FOLLOWED AT A DISTANCE BY "PERSONAL RELATIONS MORE CORDIAL". ADVENTURE HELD SEVENTH THE SURPRISE ANSWER WAS "IT IS QUIETER HERE" WHICH FOLLOWED, AND

PLACE.

WHICH HAD NOT BEEN INCLUDED IN THE PREPARED RESPONSES, SECURITY AND LOWER TAXES APPEALED TO ONE PERSON EACH.

GREATER PERSONAL

TABLE XV Si. CROIX: PUERTO RICAN ESTIMATES OF FAVORABLE FACTORS

WORK OFFERS BETTER POSSIBILITIES

IMPROVED HEALTH

BETTER LIVING QUARTERS

BETTER FOOD

IMPROVED MEDICAL ATTENTION

MORE CORDIAL PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

3 ~+

IS QUIETER

LEARNING NEW TRADE

HIGHER SALARIES

33 UNFAVORABLE ASPECTS OF LIFE ON THE ISLAND WERE SECURED BY ASKING "WHAT ARE THE THINGS YOU LIKE LEAST?" TEN CHOICES WERE PROVIDED. "I MISS MY FRIENDS AND RELATIVES" LED ANSWERS ARE LISTED IN TABLE XVI . WITH 37 AND THE CLOSELY RELATED "LAM HOMESICK FOR PUERTO RICO" GOT 26. THE TWIN WAS "HIGH COST OF THE SECOND HIGHEST WAS "LOW WAGES", WITH LIVING", ITEMS NOT ORIGINALLY INCLKJDED BUT WHi►CH TURNED OUT TO WITH

3)+.

26,

13;

AND IMPORTANT ARE: SCHOOL WORK IN ENGLISH, 20; STRANGE LANGUAGES ONE BY OTHER REASONS FOR DISSATISFACTION GIVEN SCHOOLS TOO DISTANT, TO FOUR PERSONS, BUT NOT SHOWN IN THE TABLE ARE: "THE CHILDREN DO NOT PROGRESS IN SCHOOL"; "LAWS ARE TOO STRICT"; "SCHOOLS ARE RUNDOWN"; "IT DOESN 1 T RAIN OFTEN ENOUGH"; AND "THE SANITARY SERVICES ARE POOR". THE BE

INDIVIDUAL INCIDENTS BEHIND SOME OF THE COMPLAINTS WOULD HAVE CAST MUCH LIGHT ON THE SITUATION BUT THERE WAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO FOLLOW THROUGH ON THE ANSWERS. SIXTY-FIVE`PERCENT REPORTED THAT THEIR RELATIONS WITH THEIR NEW NEIGHBORS WERE CORDIALS THIRTY-FOUR PERCENT THAT THEY WERE "CORRECT BUT NOT FRIENDLY". ONLY ONE PERSON FELT THAT HIS CRUCIAN NEIGHBORS WERE HOSTILE. THOSE HOLDING THE LATTER TWO OPINIONS WERE ASKED THE REASONS FOR`THEIR BELIEFS. THEIR FORMULATIONS FOLLOW, WITH THE NUMBER GIVING THEM, IF MORE "THE CRUCIANS ARE TWO-FACED AND THAN ONE: DIFFERENT LANGUAGE HYPOCRITES AND TALK ABOUT THE PUERTO RICANS" RACE DIFFERENCES (5) "THE PUERTO RICANS WORK HARDER AND BETTER`AND THEREFORE THERE IS JEALOUSY" "THE NATIVES ARE TOUCHY, COMPLAINING, AND DISTRUSTFUL OF PUERTO

(13);

;

(13);

(5);

RICANS" "THE NATIVES' CHANGEABLE CHARACTER MAKES US UNEASY" I DO NOT LIKE THEIR COMPANY" "I FEEL LIKE A STRANGER "THEY SPEAK ILL OF THE PUERTO RICANS, SAYING THEY ARE PROUD" "THE NATIVES HAVE TO BE

(5);

(3);

TREATED WITH GREAT TACT" (2)' 2 i "WE FEEL ~ "THEY USE OBSCENE LANGUAGE" THE RESENTMENT OF CRUCIANS" "THE NATIVES ARE STUPID" (2); "THEY ARE SCOUNDRELS" "THEY LAUGH. WHEN THE PUERTO RICANS SPEAK ENGLISH"; " THEY DO NOT VISIT US UNLESS ON BUSINESS MATTERS". IT IS NOTABLE THAT THE TONE OF SPECIFIC PERSONAL RELATIONS SEEMS TO BELIE THE GENERALIZED FEELING OF

(2);

ANTAGONISM

INDICATED

IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION.

THE " ACCEPTABILITY" OF THE CRUCIAN TO THE PUERTO RICAN WAS TESTED BY ASKING EACH PERSON TO RESPOND IN A POSITIVE FASHION TO ONE OR MORE OF SEVEN STATEMENTS OF POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP. TWENTY-NINE ANSWERED " I DO NOT LIKE THEIR COMPANY", CHURCH AND SCHOOL RELATIONSHIPS WERE MOST WIDELY ACCEPTED, BUSINESS AND MARITAL LEAST. THE STATEMENTS AND NUMBER OF RESPONSES, IN DESCENDING ORDER, ARE: ATTENDANCE AT SAME CHURCH ATTENDANCE AT SAME SCHOOL MERE ACQUAINTANCE WITH 1!HOM OCCASIONALLY CHATS GUEST IN ONE 1 S HOME BUSINESS PARTNERS MARRIAGE PARTNERS

WHEN THEY WERE ASKED MOVEMENT,

73 71 ONE

37 15 15

IF THEY KNEW OF ANY ORGANIZED ANTI-PUERTO`RICAN EXAMPLES GIVEN,

69 ANSWERED IN THE NEGATIVE; 12 SAID "YES".

HOWEVER, ALL WERE CONFINED TO SPONTANEOUS INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP MANIFESTATIONS. NO EVIDENCE OF ORGANIZATION WAS FOUND ALTHOUGH IT WAS WIDELY REPORTED THAT A LABOR LEADER HAD USED THE COMPETITION OF THE PUERTO RICANS AS UNION

RECRUITING ARGUMENT.` INSTANCES WERE CITED OF ANTI'PUERTO RICAN SPEECHES AT POLITICAL RALLIES, LETTERS TO NEWSPAPERS, AND SEVERAL MINOR RIOTS, THE LATTER TOOK PLACE DURING THE WAR WHEN A NUMBER OF PUERTO RICAN TROOPS WERE STATIONED ON THE ISLAND, DISPUTES OVER THE FAVOR SHOWN THEM BY LOCAL WOMEN OCCURRED CONSTANTLY' PARTICULARLY IN AND AROUND SALOONS AND DANCE HALLS, TABLE XVI Si, CROIX:

PUERTO RICAN ESTIMATES OF UNFAVORABLE FACTORS

ÍIISS M' FRIENDS AND RELATIVES

LOW WAGES

HIGH COST OF LIVING

HOMESICK FOR PUERTO RICO

LACK OF FAVORITE PASTIMES

SCHOOLWORK IN ENGLISH

STRANGE LANGUAGE

ADEQUATE HOUSING HARD TO FIND

WORK IS TOO HARD

CRUCIANS ARE HOSTILE

SCHOOLS ARE TOO DISTANT

35 PUERTO RICAN PARTICIPATION IN CRUCIAN LIFE EXPERIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC TESTS IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE PROVED THAT PARTICIPATION IN COMMON ACTIVITIES TENDS TO REDUCE PREJUDICE AND HELP HARMONIOUS RELATIONS BETWEEN MAJORITY AÑO MINORITY GROUPS. ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES MAY BE CIVIC, EDUCATIONAL, ECONOMIC OR RELIGIOUS. THE MORE PERSONS FROM A MINORITY WHO TAKE PART IN COMMUNITY AFFAIRS, THE MORE LIKELY THE COMMUNITY IS TO ACCEPT THE MINORITY. THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN ANTAGONISM AND THE FRIENDLIER ATMOSPHERE AMONG NEIGHBORS IS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THIS IN ST. CROIX. THE FACTS FOUND IN OUR SURVEY INDICATE THAT PUERTO RICAN PARTICIPATION IN FORMAL COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS IS AT A MINIMUM. ONLY 12 PERSONS REPORTED THAT THEY OR ANY MEMBER OF THEIR FAMILY BELONGED TO ANY BUT A RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION. THERE WERE 10 LABOR UNIONISTS, ONE AMERICAN LEGION MEMBER AND ONE BOY SCOUT. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ACCOUNTED FOR 69 OUT OF 75 CHURCH MEMBERS, THE EVANGELICAL FOR 5 AND THE PENTECOSTAL FOR ONE, WOMEÑ AND GIRLS PREDOMINATED IN THE CHURCH GROUPS, THE MOST IMPORTANT ARE THE EXCLUSIVELY FEMININE ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS HIJAS DE MARIA AND SAGRADO CORAZON. CHURCR', ATTENDANCE IS REGULAR ONLY ON THE PART OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. FEW OF THE MEN ATTEND OFTENER THAN "OCCASIONALLY??. IN ONLY FIVE CASES DID MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY ATTEND CHURCHES OF DIFFERENT DENOMINATIONS. SIX CASES WERE FOUND OF A SHIFT IN DENOMINATION FROM THAT FOLLOWED IN PUERTO RICO. FIVE RESULTED FROM HEARING AN EVANGELICAL PREACHER OR MARRYING A PROTESTANT OR READING THE BIBLE AND THEN LEAVING THE CATHOLIC FAITH. ONE CASE RESULTED FROM THE USE OF ENGLISH IN THE ACCUSTOMED CHURCH WHICH LED TO ATTENDANCE TO ANOTHER CHURCH WHERE SERVICES ARE CONDUCTED IN SPANISH. THERE IS MUCH TALE OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY ON THE PART OF PUERTO RICANS BUT IT PROVED DIFFICULT TO PIN IT DOWN TO MUCH THAT WAS DEFINITE. ONE OF THE RICHEST STOREOWNERS, WHOSE RESIDENCE DATES BACK ABOUT TWENTY YEARS, WAS ELECTED TO THE ST. CROIX COUNCIL IN 1935, BUT REFUSED TO RUN FOR RE-ELECTION. IT IS WIDELY SUGGESTED THAT THE REASONS WAS THAT "HE SIDED WITH THE CRUCIANS TOO OFTEN AGAINST HIS OWN PEOPLE`. ANOTHER STOREOWNER, ALSO OF LONG-ESTABLISHED RESIDENCES IS NOW REPUTED TO BE THE POLITICAL BOSS OF THE MIGRANTS. A THIRD, NOW SERVING ON THE POLICE COMMISSIONS IS SAID TO HAVE FORFEITED HIS LEADERSHIP AMONG THE NEWCOMERS 'BECAUSE HE IS TOO CHUMMY" WITH THE CRUCIANS. NO ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO INVESTIGATE THE ACCURACY OF THESE ALLEGATIONS. THEY ARE REPORTED ONLY AS INDICATIVE OF THE CLIMATE OF OPINION. IT SEEMS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT THE PUERTO RICAN VOTE WAS THROWÑ BEHIND ONE LOCAL POLITICIAN IN 191+I+ WHEN HE PROMISED TO HAVE THE OBNOXIOUS HEALTH ORDINANCE MODIFIED. HE WAS ELECTED AND THE $5.00 FEE WAS DISCONTINUED. APPEARS WERE MADE TO THE MIGRANTS IN SPANISH BY ONE OF THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES IN THE 1946 COUNCILMANIC ELECTION. SELECTIVE SERVICE BROUGHT A CERTAIN DEGREE OF FORCED PARTICIPATION WITH CRUCIANS WHICH MAY RESULT IN FULLER CIVIC PARTICIPATION IN THE FUTURE. FORTY-THREE PUERTO RICANS WERE INDUCTED, OF WHICH 34 HAVE ALREADY BEEN DISCHARGED. THE ONE VETERAN FOUND IN OUR SAMPLE SAID THAT OTHERS WERE JOINING THE AMERICAN LEGION WITH HIM. SEVENTEEN OF THOSE INTERVIEWED, OR 21 PERCENT, REPORTED TAKING ONE OR BOTH OF THE DAILIES PUBLISHED ON THE ISLAND. THEY WERE ALL URBAN DWELLERS.

36 TROUBLES ARISING FROM LACK OF WHOLEHEARTED PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOL WORK HAVE BEEN STATED. FORTY-THREE PERSONS REPORTED, HOWEVER, THAT THEY FOUND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES TO BE SUPERIOR IN THEIR NEW NEIGHBORHOODS AND THE SAME NUMBER CITED BETTER AND MORE EASILY ACCESSIBLE MEDICAL SERVICES. THE NUMBER OF ANSWERS CONCERNED WITH SCHOOLS WHEN 'UNFAVORABLE FACTORS' WERE REQUESTED WAS HIGH. EVIDENTLY THIS IS A PREOCCUPATION WITH MANY PARENTS IN SPITE OF POOR ATTENDANCE RECORDS. THE LANGUAGE BARRIER AS A SERIOUS OBSTACLE TO FULLER PARTICIPATION SHOWS UP IN ALMOST EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE; SCHOOLS CHURCH, BUSINESS, RECREATION. IT WAS FREQUENTLY CITED AS A REASON FOR DISSATISFACTION WITH THEIR NEW SURROUNDINGS.

37 CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION OF THE TWO CULTURES CONFLICTS BETWEEN CULTURES HAVE TAKEN PLACE SINCE PRIMITIVE MAN BEGAN TO MIGRATE IN SEARCH OF FOOD THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGO. SOMETIMES THE CULTURE OF THE "INVADERS" BECOMES THE DOMINANT PATTERN OF LIFE FOR THE HOST GROUP. OFTEN THE NEWCOMERS ACCEPT THE SOCIAL HABITS OF'THE NEW ENVIRONMENT. USUALLY THERE IS A FUSION OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS, WITH SOME STEMS IN EACH CULTURE BEING ACCEPTED AND OTHERS REJECTED BY THE MIXED GROUP WHICH ALWAYS RESULTS FROM PROPINQUITY. INVARIABLY THE IMMIGRANTS CONTAIN A LARGER NUMBER OF MALES THAN FEMALES. IF THE REVERSE IS TRUE AMONG THE HOSTS AS IT IS IN ST. CROIX, MISCOGENATION FOLLOWS SOONER OR LATER IN SPITE OF: CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. WE HAVE ALREADY LISTED MANY OF THE ANTAGONISTIC ATTITUDES HELD BY EACH GROUP. PUERTO RICANS AND CRUCIANS EXCHANGE BLOWS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE AND OF COURSE THERE ARE INJURIES. THE CULTURAL WOUNDS ARE TREATED AND THE WELL-BEING OF THE INJURED GROUP PRESERVED, AT LEAST TEMPORARILY, BY GENERALIZING THEIR ANTAGONISMS. THUS, A PUERTO RICAN WHO MAY HAVE HAD A DISAGREEABLE EXPERIENCE WITH A CRUCIAN WILL BE EMPHATIC ABOUT THEIR SHORTCOMINGS AS A GROUP: "CRUCIANS ARE STUPID". "TREY ARE HYPOCRITES", ETC. THE CRUCIANS WILL SAY: "PUERTO RICANS ARE FILTHY", "THEY TAKE MONEY AWAY FROM THE ISLAND", "THEY ARE PLANNING TO DRIVE US OUT OF OUR HOMES". THESE SHIBBOLETHS HELP MAINTAIN SELF-RESPECT IN THE TWO GROUPS. IT WILL BE DIFF.fCULT TO TREAT THESE PREJUDICES WITHOUT AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE FUNCTION THEY PERFORM IN MAINTAINING MORALE. THE CHIEF SOURCE OF ANTAGONISM IS OF COURSES ECONOMIC COMPETITION. THE NATIVE SMALL STOREKEEPER, ALTHOUGH BITTER AGAINST THE NEW COMPETITION, THUS FAR CARRIES LITTLE WEIGHT WITH THE CRUCIANS. HIS OWN FAULTS STANDOUT TOO CLEARLY. IT IS IN THE CANE FIELDS AND THE FEW SOURCES OF UNSKILLED, AND SEMISKILLED EMPLOYMENT THAT THE DANGEROUS FRICTION OCCURS. IT IS AGAINST THIS TYPE OF COMPETITION THAT THE LABOR UNION IS ORGANIZING. THE DEMAND FOR DAY -RATES INSTEAD OF PIECE -RATES IS THEIR KEY TO THE SOLUTION. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE PUERTO RICANS ARE ADAPTING THEMSELVES BY SLOWING DOWN WITHIN TWO OR THREE YEARS AFTER THEIR ARRIVAL. UNIVERSALLY, THE OPINION IS EXPRESSED THAT THE NEWCOMERS "TAKE ON CP.UCIAN HABITS WITHIN A FEW YEARS". INSOFAR AS THIS BECOMES TRUE, IT WILL REDUCE FRICTION, BUT IT WILL ALSO LESSEN PUERTO RICAN OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE A BETTER LIVING THAN AT HOME AND IT WiLL TEND TO REDUCE THE DRIVE OF WHAT AT PRESENT IS ECONOMICALLY THE MOST DYNAMIC GROUP ON THE ISLAND. THE ISLAND HAS BEEN STAGNATING ECONOMICALLY FOR MANY YEARS, IT LIVES LARGELY FROM FEDERAL MONEY. IF THE WASHINGTON EXPENDITURES WERE ELIMINATED, THERE WOULD BE A WIDESPREAD DISTRESS AND THE GRIM ALTERNATIVES OF EMIGRATION OR SLOW STARVATION FOR AROUND HALF OF THE POPULATION. THE NATIONAL RESOURCES PLANNING BOARD, IN ITS DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, SUGGESTS THAT WITH THE FULLEST POSSIBLE SCIENTIFIC EXPLOITATION OF THE FEW RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND, ONLY SOME 6,000'PERSONS COULD BE SUPPORTED. THE PRESENT POPULATY'ON IS ALMOST EXACTLY DOUfiLE THAT NUMBER. IT WOULD BE TO THE INTEREST OF THE ISLAND AS A WHOLE TO WELCOME THE PUERTO RICAN AS A SUPERIOR PRODUCER AND TO LEARN FROM HIM HOW TO WORK MORE

38 EFFECTIVELY. IRE AGE COMPOSITION OF THE LABOR FORCE MILITATES AGAINST ANY SUCH POLICY HOWEVER, AND DIFFERENCES OF RACE, LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS COMPLICATE THE PROBLEM.

TH! FATE OF THE CRUCIAN AS WELL AS THE NEWCOMERS IS DEPENDENT ON DECISIONS BEYOND THEIR CONTROL. HOWEVER, NO MATTER WHAT POLICIES ARE ADOPTED IN WASHINIGTON, GREATER PRODUCTIVITY ON THE ISLAND ITSELF IS INDISPENSABLE TO THE MAINTENANCE OF ACCEPTABLE LIVING CONDITIONS. THE DIRECTION OF DESIRABLE READJUSTMENTS SEEMS TO BE TOWARD MORE HOMESTEAQ TRUCK -GARDENING AND BETTER UTILIZATION OF NOW UNDER -GRAZED LAND FOR CATTLE RAISING. THERE WILL HAVE TO BE A DRASTIC SHIFT IN THE OUTLOOK AND HABITS OF THE PEOPLE BEFORE ANY SUCH REORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMY CAN TAKE PLACE. WHAT WILL BE THE TREND OF PUERTO RICAN MIGRATION ASSUMING A CONTINUANCE OF CONDITIONS MORE OR LESS AS THEY NOW ARE? THIS ALSO DEPENDS ON OUTSIDE FACTORS, OF COURSE. IF THERE IS PROSPERITY IN PUERTO RICO, PEOPLE WILL NOT COME TO THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. PUERTO RICO'S POPULATION PROBLEM IS SO ACUTE HOWEVER, THAT WE MAY SAFELY ASSUME THAT THE PRESSURE OF PEOPLE ON SMALL RESOURCES IS NOT GOING TO BE RELIEVED FOR SOME TIME, PROJECTION OF THE GROWTH OF THE PUERTO RICAN POPULATION aN ST. CROIX IS EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS IN VIEW OF THE MANY POSSIBLE VARIABLES AND THE SMALL NUMBERS INVOLVED, ARE.

HOWEVER, IT MAY BE USEFUL TO SEE WHAT THE POSSIQILITIES INCREASE CONTINUES AT THE 19140-I)4 RETE AND

ASSUMING THAT (Í) NATURAL

(2) THAT THE NET IMMIGRATION FROM PUERTO RICO CONTINUES AT THE RATE *OUND FOR THE 18 MONTHS FROM JANUARY 1915 TO JUNE 1916, THERE WILL BE SOMEWM,ERE NEAR

6,500 PUERTO RICANS ON THE ISLAND IN 1955.

WE HAVE NO DATA ON CRUCIAN OUT~MIGRATION BUT WE HAVE THE JUDGEMENfi OF THE NATIONAL RESOURCES PLANNING BOARD, THAT GRADUALLY TOTAL POPULATION WILL RETURN AT LEAST TO ITS 1930 FIGURES" . A THIS WOULD MEAN THAT PUERTO RICAN WOULD REPRESENT 57 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION THAT

11,113 (THE 1930,TOTAL) IS THE POPULATION

1955, IF WE ASSUME

IN THAT YEAR.

IS THE AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION. OR LESS THAN THAT INCREASE IS MINUS NEEDED TO REPRODUCE THE EXISTING NUMBERS. THE GROUP IS NOT ONLY DYING OUT, IT IS DESERTING THE ISLAND AND LEAVING IT IN THE HANDS OF WOMEN AND OLD MEN, MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE TOTAL NUMBERS

--7.1,

THE CRUCIANS RATE OF NATURAL

EVEN - MORE IMPORTANT

IS THE FACT THAT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNI:TIES ,ASIDE

FROM RELIEF, WILL EXIST FOR THE SUPPORT OF ONLY ABOUT IS TO FILL THE JOBS?

IF THAT DECISION

6,000 PERSONS.

WHO

IS MADE ON THE BASIS OF A "JOBS TO

IF THE NATIVES" SLOGAN, THE ISLAND'S ECONOMY WILL SUFFER EVEN FURTHER. THE JOBS GO TO THE MOST COMPETENTyAPPLICANTS, THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE CRUCIANS WILL BE LEFT OUT BECAUSE, THUS FAR, THEY HAVE NOT SHOWN THEIR ABILITY TO COMPETE WITH THE MIGRANTS WHEN EITHER ENERGY INITIATIVE, ABILITY OR TRAINING

IS CONCERNED.

DOES THE NATIVE CULTURE OF THE ISLAND HAVE ANY DEFENSES? ARE THEY?

WHAT

IS HAPPENING TO

ITS PRINCIPAL

IF SO, WHAT

INSTITUTIONS; MARRIAGE,

SCHOOL, CHURCH, BUSINESS AND COMMUNICATION? WE HAVE SEEN THAT, ASIDE FROM THE UPPER CASTE, INTER -MARRIAGE IS TAKING IS LIKELY TO BECOME MORE FREQUENT BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEMENTARY SEX

PLACE AND

•

39 RATIO OF THE GROUPS. INCREASING NUMBERS OF CHILDREN WILL SPEAK BOTH SPANISH AND ENGLISH AND THUS HELP BREAK DOWN THE LANGUAGE BARRIERS. THE MORE FORMAL ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATION REDUCES ITS FLEXIBILITY, BUT THERE ARE ALREADY CASES IN WHICH TEACHERS USE SPANISH. THE WORK OFJTHE hUERTO RICAN CHILDREN IMPROVES IMMEDIATELY, AS DOES THEIR ATTENDANCES WHEN THEY CAN USE THEIR NATIVE TONGUE. IN A NURSERY SCHOOL WHERE PUERTO RICAN CHILDREN OUTNUMBER "LOS INGLESES", THE NATIVE CHILDREN NOW SPEAK SPANISH! THE LITERATE CRUCIAN IS FORCED TO DEPEND ON THE SAN JUAN NEWSPAPERS SINCE THE LOCAL DAILIES HAVE NEITHER THE SPACE NOR THE STAFF TO MAINTAIN MORE THAN THE LEVEL OF AN ADVERTISING CIRCULAR. THE Sr. CROIX AVIS, PLANNING EXPANSION, HAS ANNOUNCED THAT IT WILL CARRY A PAGE IN SPANISH/ FOREMAN LEARN SPANISH SO THEY CAN GIVE UNDERSTANDABLE ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO THEIR WORKERS. THE POLITICIANS HAVE LEARNED THAT IT PAYS TO BE ABLE TO SPEAK SPANISH. THE RADIO OWNER, UNLESS HE HAS AN EXPENSIVE SHORT-WAVE SET, DEPENDS ON THE FOUR SAN JUAN STATIONS FOR BOTH NEWS AND ENTERTAINMENT. A CURRENT JOKE DEALS WITH THE CRUCIAN WHO ASKED IN A STORE FOR "A RADIO WHICH SPEAKS ENGLISH"! THE MOVIES CARRY SUBTITLES IN SPANISH. THERE IS ALMOST NO NATIVE MUSIC. ORCHESTRAS PLAY PUERTO RICAN, CUBAN, OR UNITED STATES "HITS'r OR CORRUPTIONS OF THE CALYPSOS OF THE BRITISH WEST INDIES. THERE IS ONE EXCEPTION. A LOVER CLASS DANCE HALL ORCHESTRA SEEMS TO BE THE CENTER OF A GROUP OF BALLAD SINGERS PERFORMING AND ORIGINATING LUSTY FOLK SONGS WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF THE AUDIENCE. A SIZUBLE GROUP OF YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN HAVE ATTENDED HIGH SCHOOL AND EVEN THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO. THE PROSYLETIZING ACTIVITIES OF THE EVANGELICAL GROUPS, WITH MISSIONARIES BROUGHT FOM PUERTO RICO, HAVE RESULTED IN CATHOLIC PRIESTS AND NUNS MAKING EFFORTS TO COPE WITH THE COMPETITION BY DEALING WITH THEIR NEW PARISHIONERS IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE. ONE NUN TOLD THE WRITER THAT AN EVANGELICAL GROUP AT STRAWBERRY HILL "HAS SOME OF OUR PEOPLE" BECAUSE SERVICES ARE CONDUCTED IN SPANISH. BUSINESS INSTITUTIONS ARE ALMOST UNIVERSALLY BASED ONLY ON THE "CASH NEXUS". THEREFORE, THEY WERE THE FIRST TO ADJUST THEMSELVES TO THE NEW CIRCUMSTANCES. THE OWNING CLASS HAS WELCOMED THE NEWCOMERS BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY. THE SMALL BUSINESSMAN, OF COURSE, HAS AN ECONOMIC INTEREST IN FIGHTING THE NEWCOMERS. THE NATIVE CULTURE SEEMS TO HAVE FEW DEFENSES: THERE IS NO COMMUNITY OR GROUP FEELING. ONE IS ALWAYS A MEMBER OF A CASTES CLASS, CHURCH, OR LOCALITY GROUP BEFORE ONE IS A CRUCIAN. ONE CYNICAL STATEMENT OF THE SITUATION IS CONTAINED IN THE SUGGESTION FOR A COAT -OF -ARMS FOR THE ISLAND, MADE TO THE WRITER DY ONE OF THE LOCAL INTELLECTURALS. HIS PROPOSAL WAS "CROSSPURPOSES RAMPANT ON A FIELD OF RUMOR".' THERE IS NO TRADITION OF MUTUAL AID. THE ONLY GROUP ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN AN ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS IS THE ST. CROIX LABOR UNION, NOW HEADED BY A REPATRIATED CRUCIAN WHO LIVED ON THE CONTINENT FOR SOME TIME. THE A.F.L. UNION OF PUERETO RICANS SOMETIMES COOPERATES WITH THE NATIVE GROUP, OF WHICH FEW MIGRANTS ARE MEMBERS.

~+0 THE MIGRANTS, ON THE CONTRARY, DISPLAY A HIGH DEGREE OF NEIGHBORLINESS. THE HEAD OF THE MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL TOLD THE WRITER THAT A PUERTO RICAN WHO CRUCIANS HAVE NEEDS A BLOOD TRANSFUSION HAS NO TROUBLE IN FINDING A DONOR. GREAT DIFFICULTY IN SIMILAR CASES. FOLK -MEDICINE, "FAMILY REMEDIES" AND WITCHCRAFT ARE USED AS CURES BY THE NATIVES WHILE THE PUERTO RICANS USE THE MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL FACILITIES BECAUSE WORD IS SPREAD THROUGH THEIR COMMUNITY OF THE AVAILABILITY OF MODERN FACILITIES AND THEY UTILIZE THEM.

ARE PREPARED TO

PUERTO RICANS INTERVIEWED WERE ASKED TO GIVE EXAMPLES OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MIGRANTS. "VISITS TO THE SICK" WAS LISTED MOST FREQUENTLY (51 TIMES),- FOLLOIIED BY'"COLLECTIONS TO HELP IN EMERGENCIES" (20). OTHERS, WITH THE TIMES MENTIONED, WERE: "SERVING AS BONDSMEN IN BANKS OR COURTS" AND "AID IN FINDING A JOB" EACH); UNION ORGANIZATION (H); LEGAL AID (H); LENDING MONEY, HELP IW FINDING HOUSING AND AIDING WITH DIFFICULT JOBS EACH). COURT ATTACHES, LAWYERS AND SOCIAL WORKERS ALL REPORTED THAT THE COURTROOM IS ALWAYS CROWDED BY COMPATRIOTS WHEN A PUERTO RICAN IS INVOLVED IN A CASE.

(17

MIGRANTS USUALLY TEND TO HELP EACH OTHER BECAUSE OF THE NEED FOR GROUP IN A HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT. THE MUTUAL -AID FOUND IN THE - PUERTO RICAN GROUP SEEMS TO GO BEYOND THIS, HOWEVER. SIXTY-THREE OUT OF 80, FOR INSTANCE, WERE FAVORABLE TO CONTINUED MIGRATION FROM PUERTO RICO TO ST. CROIX. FORTY-TWO GAVE AS THEIR REASON "THERE ARE GREATER OPPORTUNITIES HERE" . SIX TEEN WANTED MORE TO COME SO THEY COULD HAVE MORE NEIGHBORS OF THEIR OWN GROUP. ONLY THREE FELT THAT PUERTO RICANS MUST CONTINUE COMING UNTIL THEY SUPPORT

WERE A MAJORITY ON THE ISLAND.

•

v PP.

50-51

~~OP. CIT., P. 50

1+1 POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE

WIDE LEADERSHIP FRICTION.

IS NEEDED

IN BOTH CULTURES TO AVOID UNNECESSARY AND LOWER CLASSES IN THE TWO

IT MUST REPRESENT BOTH UPPER

GROUPS TO BE EFFECTIVE. IT MUST BE MOTIVATED BY THE"WELFARE OF THE EN - TIRE ISLAND AND ALL ITS PEOPLE. THIS TS A DIFFICULT Y BUT NOT IMPOSSIBLE' PRESCRIPTION. THE FIRST STEP TOWARD WISDOM PROBABLY SHOULD BE A GENERAL AGREEMENT AMONG CRUCIAN LEADERS THAT THE PUERTO RICANS ARE THERE TO STAY AND AN ADMISSION. THAT THEY HAVE MADE A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE ISLANDS BIOLOGICA'.LY AND CULTURALLY THE TWO GROUPS ARE INTEGRATING AND THERE ARE NONE BUT RUINOUSLY DRASTIC MEASURES WHICH WILL STOP THE AMALGA -

ECONOMY. MATION.

SECONDS COMPLISHMENTS,

NEW STANDARDS ARE NEEDED BY WHICH TO MEASURE PLANS AND ACNEITHER THE CASTE AND CLASS -RIDDEN MORES OF SLAVERY ANU

POST -SLAVERY DAYS NOR THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THINKING ON THE CONTINEnJT, COLORED SO DEEPLY BY GIGANTISM, PROVIDES A FEASIBLE PATTERN OF LIFE FOR

í86u

ST. CROIX. THE EXPERIENCE OF DENMARX SINCE MIGHT FURNISH USEFUL THEY ARE IDEAS AND IDEAIS. THE DANES HAVE COMPARATIVELY FEW RESOURCES. FEW IN NUMBERS A;'D THEIR COUNTRY IS SMALL. THEY ONCE WERE DEPENDENT UPON A ONE -CROP; E'/,PERT ECONOMY. PERHAPS MAN MAY NOT E BY TAKING THOUGHT, "ADD A CUBIT TO HIS STATURE"BUT - ACO;IMUN'TY CAN. THE DANES, AT LEAST y HAVE PROVED IT. THEY REVAMPED THEIR ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS, ORGANIZED COOPERATIVES, AND STARTED A WIDESPREAD ADULT EDUCATION MOVEMENT. THE RESULT IS A LESSON FOR THE WORLD IN HOW TO RAISE LEVELS OF LIVING AND DEVELOP DEMOCRACY WITHOUT A RICH NATURAL DOMAN TO EXPLOIT. THINGS DANISH STILL HAVE A FAIR AMOUNT OF PRESTIGE IN THE VIRGIN THIS MIGHT SERVE TO IN'.F.i EST VARIOUS GROUPS IN A STUDY CIRCLE TO THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT ANALYZE AND REPORT ON THE DANISF} EXPERIENCE. ISLANDS.

MINERS OF NOVA SCOTIA COULD ALSO CONTRIBUTE PERHAPS A TEAM OF ONE CRUCIAN AND ONE PUERTO RICAN YOUNG FARMER COULD BE SENT FOR A TERM TO A DANISH FOLKSCHOOL OR TO STUDY

AMONG THE POOR FISHERS AND IDEAS AND

INSPIRATION.

THE NOVA SCOTIA EXPERIENCE AND REPORT TO THE PEOPLE OF ST.

IN ST. CROIX NEED EDUCATION IN A NEW WAY OF LIFE AS TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING A LIVING UNDER DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES.

CHILDREN AS WELL

CROIX.

AND

ADULTS

THIS NEED MUST BE MET FOR BOTH PUERTO RICANS AND CRUCIANS. IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE FUTURE OF THE ISLAND THAT THE PUERTO RICANS PARTICIPATE IN THE DISCUSSION

AND FASHIONING OF THE NEW PATTERNS. THEY HAVE A CONTRIBUTION TO A COROLLARY IS THE INTRODUCTION OF SPANISH INTO AT LEAST SOME OF THE SCHOOLS. THE SOCIAL BASIS HAS ALREADY BEEN LAID IN THE NEIGHBORHOODS WHERE MAKE.

PUERTO RICANS HAVE SETTLED

AND BY RADIO AND MOVIES.

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS WOULD IMPROVE TO A CONSIDERABLE DEGREE AUTOMATICALLY WITH GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES. THAT IS A LONG-TERM PROGRAM, HOWEVER. MUCH CAN BE DON t IN THE IMMEDIATE FUfiURE. A SUBSTANTIAL BASIS FOR SMOOTHER ON EITHER SIDE. PUZZLED

ACCOMMODATION EXISTS IN THE MEN AND WOMEN OF GOOD WILL THE WRITER TALKED WITH MANY CRUCIANS WHO WERE GENUINELY

ABOUT HOW TO PROCEED.

ONLY A MINORITY WAS BITTER AND UNREASONABLE A QUITE SMALL PERCENTAGE OF THE MIGRANTS TAKING AN UN~ COOPERATIVE ATTITUDE.

OUR

INTERVIEWS SHOW

142

THE MAJORITY GROUP DOES NOT BEAR THE ENTIRE RESPONSIBILITY FOR PEACEFUL ADJUSTMENT OF COURSE. WE HAVE SHOWED THAT MANY OF THE "FACTS" ABOUT THE PUERTO RICANS ARE IN"TRUTH FICTION. HOWEVER, "WHERE THERE IS SMOKE THERE IS FIRE" IS A GOOD THOUGH NOT INFALLIBLE, WORKING PREMISE. LEADERSHIP AMONG THE MINORITY MIGHT WELL CONSIDER METHODS OF SPEEDING CONFORMANCE TO LOCAL STANDARDS ON THE PART OF NEWCOMERS. NAKED CHILDREN PLAYING ON THE STREETS OR ROADS IS A SHOCKING CUSTOM TO THE CRUCIAN ALTHOUGH PERFECTLY ACCEPTABLE TO THE LOWER-CLASS PUERTO RICAN. THE INFORMAL CONTROLS OF THE MIGRANT GROUP SHOULD GE MADE TO WORK IN THIS AND SIMILAR CASES BEFORE THE INSTITUTIONALIZED CONTROLS OF THE CRUCIAN SOCIETY APPEAR - IN THE PERSON OF THE POLICE. PUERTO RICAN STORE OWNERS MIGHT WELL FOLLOW THE EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THEIR NUMBER AND HIRE NATIVES WHEN COMPETENT ONES ARE AVAILABLE. IF MATTERS ARE ALLOWED TO DRIFT, THE MIGRANT STOREKEEPER MAY BE FACED WITH AN ORGANIZED "PATRONIZE CRUCIAN STORES" MOVEMENT SIMILAR TO THOSE ORGANIZED IN NEGRO NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE UNITED STATES AGAINST STORES WITH ONLY WHITE CLERKS. GREATER PARTICIPATION BY PUERTO RICANS IN CIVIC, EDUCATIONAL, VOCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC AFFAIRS IS ANOTHER NECESSITY. AGAIN, THIS IS DIFFICULT BECAUSE OF THE LANGUAGE BARRIER. BUT IT CAN CE DONE AND IT YIELDS LARGE DIVIDENDS. THERE ARE ENOUGIII MIGRANTS WHO SPEAK ENGLISH TO ENABLE THE GROUP TO BE REPRESENTED IN MOST COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES. SEVERAL INCIDENTS OF COOPERATION OR MORE COURTESY WHICH HELPED SOFTEN ANTAGONISM WERE OFTEN CITED DURING OUR INTERVIEWS. ONE INVOLVED A SUSPECTED POLIO CASE. THE BOY WAS FLOWN TO SAN JUAN "WHERE DOCTORS AND NURSES TREATED HIM AS IF HE WERE THEIR OWN CHILD". GOVERNOR JESÚS PIÑERO, WHILE STILL PUERTO RICO S RESIDENT COMMISSIONER IN WASHINGTN, FLEW TO ST. THOMAS AND ST. CROIX TO ATTEND THE CEREMONIES WHEN JUDGE WILLIAM HASTIE TOOK OFFICE AS THE FIRST NEGRO GOVERNOR OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. THE PUERTO RICAN LABOR UNION PARTICIPATED IN THE INAUGURAL PARADE WITH ITS BANNERS IN SPANISH AND WAS WELL -RECEIVED BY THE CROWD. FURTHER INSTANCES OF THIS NATURE WILL CONTRIBUTE TO A HAPPE~R FUTURE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. THE SITUATION IS FRAUGHT WITH DANGER TO BOTH GROUPS AND TO THE WELFARE OF THE ISLAND AS A WHOLE. DRIFT WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF ADJUSTMENT. COMMUNITY ACTION CAN AT LEAST MAKE AN ATTEMPT.

UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICO CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOCIALES ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACIÓN SANTA CRUZ, I.V.

FECHA NOMBRE DEL INVESTIGADOR ENTREVISTA NÚMERO

1.- NOMBRE NOMBRE DE PILA

2.- DIRECION:

URBANA

- 7

APELLIDO PATERNO

CIUDAD

CALLE

RURAL

APELLIDO MATERNO

PUEBLO

3.- Si ES UN PUEBLO RURAL, MAS 0 MENOS CUANTAS CASAS TIENE? P}.-

¿ES UN PUEBLO HABITADO. SOLAMENTE POR PUERTORRIQUEÑOS?

5.-

Si ES NO - ¿CUAL ES LA PROPORCIÓN DE PUERTORRIQUEÑOS?

6.-

¿DESDE CUAL AÑO HAN ESTADO LOS PUERTORRIQUEÑOS EN LA MAYORÍA? (O SI EL PUEBLO FU£ FUNDADO POR PUERTORRIQUEÑOS):

6A.

¿EN CUAL AÑO FUÉ FUNDADO?

7: *

. .

Esi'AD!!

iA.c1 tiP*. 2

SOl ERO, ,•~.•....,.., CAS~ADO .. ~ k

POSICION

9..

EDAD BEL

* ;

Er~4

4~,.~,Y.

LA PAl1dil,iaI fIIFQ

lad t

..•.y.

..~,..VI UDO,..,....,... v .

.,..p.•..~$AAI~ifNADO.F.........

OtV®RCiADO

...... ....y.. CONCUBINATO

gE,y„~,,,,,L,,~pRf;. .. y.~..y ..~.iIiJO MQYOR µ ., DAD DEL ENTREVIsTQDO

A.,

HIJ4 MAYOR (SI

NO Es LO MISMO)

1O. PROCEDENCIA DE PUERTO RdStf: 1.1ÚN 1 CI Pio 11.-

PUEBLO'

EN QUÉ ANO r UlO EL JEFE D[ EANi Lt♦ A SA11TA

CRUZ?

CL. JEFE PRIMERO Y LUEGO MANDÓ A BUSCAR AL RESTO ¿CUANTO TIEMPO PASO ANTES DE QUE ENVIARA POR SU FAMI~

13.- ¿CUANTO DINERO TRAJO 0 TRAJERON CONSIGO 0 EFECTOS OEL HOGAR TRAJERON? W.

12.— VINO TODA 4.A rAN1~tA DE 4111 FAMILIA? LIA?

ZONA RURAL

CUE PIEZAS DEL MOBILIARIO

.y....Y.

..s......Y.•w....

1I+.-

¿CUANTOS HIJOS HA TENIDO LA DUEÑA DE CASA?

INCLUYA SOLO LOS NACIDOS VIVOS)

15.- ¿QU!a;EN ES EL PRINCIPAL PROVEEDOR DE L.A FAMILIA?~ l6.- ¿CUAL ES LA OCUPACION USUAL DE ESTA PERSONA?

DIGA LA CLASE DE TRABAJO QUE DESEMPEÑA Y LA CLASE DE NEGOCIO O INDUSTRIA. EJEMPLO, PEÓN DE UNA FINCA DE CAÑA, OBRERO EN UNA FABRICA DE LICORES, ADMINISTRADOR DE UNA FINCA PEQUEÑA, ETC.

17.-

¿A QUÉ SE DEDICABA EN PUERTO RICO?

18.- SI TRABAJA UNA FINCA, ¿CUANTAS CUERDAS TIENE? 19.-

ES PROPIETARIO

MEDIANERO

20.- ¿DE QUERN OBTIENE EL CREDITO?

O ARRENDATARIO? DEL DUEÑO DEL COMERCIANTE DEL BANCO OTROS

A.21.-

ES DEL BANCO, ¿CUAL BANCO?

Si ES EL PROPIETARIO DE UNA FINCA, ¿CUAL ES EL PRODUCTO PRINCIPAL?

A.-

¿CUÁL ES EL SEGUNDO EN IMPORTANCIA?

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACIÓN

P. 3

¿DONDE Y AQUIEN SE VENDEN LOS PRODUCTOS?

¿QUE PRODUCTOS FUERON SOMBRADOS PARA CONSUMO DOMESTICO?

22.- ¿CUANTO TIEMPO TRABAJO EL PRINCIPAL PROVEEDOR DE LA FAMILIA DURANTE LOS 12 MESES PASADOS? 23.- ¿CUANTO GANO MIENTRAS TRABAJO? C.-

AL AÍÍO?

MENSUALMENTE

SEMANALMENTE

24.- Si LA MADRE NO ES LA PRINCIPAL PROVEEDORA DEL INGRESO, DESEMPEF7A ELLA ALGUNA LABOR LUCRATIVA? SÍ No 25.- (Si ES S1)

TRABAJA:

FUERA DE LA CASA

EN LA CASA

26.- ¿QUE CLASE DE TRABAJO HACE? 27.- ¿COMO CUANTO GANO EL AÑO PASADO? 28.- ¿ESTA ALGUNO DE LOS HIJOS EMPLEADO EN ALGUNA LABOR LUCRATIVA? NO r

29.- (Si ES SÍ) ESPECIFIQUE FUENTE DE INGRESO Y EL INGRESO APROXIMADO

30.- ¿CUAL FUE EL INGRESO TOTAL APROXIMADO DE LA FAMILIA EL AÑO PASADO?

MARQUE

EL GRUPO QUE INDIQUE MEJOR EL INGRESO) E. F. G H.

`'750 1000 1200 1500 -

$999 1199 1499 1799

I.$1000 - 1-1999 2499 2999

J. 2000 K. 2500 -

L. 3000

)300 r500 -

200 299 499 799

A. MENOS DE B. :;i200 -

MAS

31.- SE REMITE ALGÚN DINERO A LOS FAMILIARES RESIDENTES EN PUERTO RICO? PREGUNTE AL ENTREVISTADO LAS DECLARACIONES SIGUIENTES E INDIQUE CUAL SE ACERCA MAS A SU MANERA DE PENSAR) 32.- EN COMPARACIÓN CON LA VIDA EN PUERTO RICO, ENCUENTRO LA VIDA EN SANTA CRUZ: A. iIUCHO MAS SATISFACTORIA B. IIÁS SA TI SFACTOR I A C. CASI IGUAL D. MENOS SATISFACTORIA E. MUCHO MENOS SATISFACTORIA

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACION P.

33.

LOS H15 IMPORTANTES ASPECTOS FAVORABLES EN SANTA CRUZ SON:

LAS COSAS QUE MAS LE AGRADEN)

A. MEJORES ALIMENTOS B. MEJORES VIVIENDAS C. EL TRABAJO OFRECE MAS POSIBILIDADES,., DE MEJORAMIENTO D. HE MEJORADO DE SALUD E. HAY MEJOR ATENCION MEDICA F. LA AVENTURA DE ESTAR EN UN SITIO EXTRAÑO G. LAS RELACIONES PERSONALES SON MAS CORDIALES H. LOS SALARIOS SON MAS ELEVADOS I. ESTOY APRENDIENDO UN NUEVO OFICIO 311.

LOS ASPECTOS MAS DESFAVORABLES VIDA EN SANTA CRUZ SON:

LAS COSAS QUE MAS LE DESAGRADAN, DE LA

A. LOS SALARIOS SON BAJOS B. EL COSTO DE VIDA CS MUY ELEVADO C. ECHO DE HENOS A MIS FAMILIARES Y AMIGOS D. NO ESTOY TRAE3AJANDO DE MI OFICIO E. EL TRABAJO ES MUY FUERTE F. NO ME CAEN BIEN LAS COMIDAS G. ESTOY NOSTALGICO POR PUERTO RICO H. N0 SE ENCUENTRAN VIVIENDAS ADECUADAS I. FALTA DE DIVERSIONES FAVORITAS J. LOS CRUCEMOS SON POCO AMISTOSOS

35.

EN COMPARACION CON PUERTO RICO, EL INGRESO DE LA FAMILIA ESS A. CASI IGUAL B. MENOR C. MAYOR

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACIÓN P. 5

36. EN QUE FORMAS ESTÁ LA FAMILIA MEJOR DE LO QUE ESTABA EN PUERTO RICO? ESPECIFIQUE EN LAS CATEGORIAS SIGUIENTES:

P.R.

A. MATERIAL EN LAS PAREDES DE LAS VIVIENDAS - - - -i • - B. NIiMEROS DE HABITACIONES C. PERSONAS POR HABITACIÓN D. COCINA SEPARADA E. UTENSILIOS F. AGUA CORRIENTE EN $.A GASA JC ( - - -NO~-G. NEVERA? ELECTRICA KEROSINA DE HIELO H. CUARTO SANITARIO INTERIOR I. ALUMBRADO ELECTRICO SI ---No--SI ---No--KEROSINA S i ---No--VELAS J. NÚMEROS DE CAMAS K. MAQUINA DE LAVAR L. MÁQUINA DE COSER M. VICTROLA N. RADIO O. RADIOLA P. TELEFONO Q. AUTOMÓVIL R. DONDE SEON MAS FACILES DE CONSEGUIR LOS MEDICOS Y CLINICAS UNO) S. DONDE ES MAS FACIL CONSEGUIR EDUCACIÓN PARA LOS MENORES MARQUE UNO)

STA. CRUZ

POR QUE MEJOR 0 PEOR (SI LA CONTESTACION NO ES APRARENTE EN LOS DATOS)

S 1 ---No---

Sí---No--S( ---No--S (---No---

Si'---No--S(---No--S(---No--Si---No--Sí---No--Sí---Nq--S 1 •--No--S í ---NO --S I ---NO••-

CHARQUE

37.

ASISTEN AQUí A LA ESCUELA MAYOR NUMERO DE SUS MIJOS DE EDAD ESCOLAR QUE EN PUERTO RICO? Si LA CONTESTACION ES NEGATIVAS INDIQUE EL POR QUE

38. QUE MOTIVO EL QUE EMPEZARA USTED A PENSAR EN SALIR DE PUERTO RICO?

39, QUE MOTIVO EL QUE PENSARA USTED EN VENIR A STA. CRUZ?

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACION P.

CÓMO SUPO USTED DE LAS POSIBILIDADES EN STA. CRUZ?

1+1 .

SE HABÍA PROMETIDO A USTED EMPLEO ANTES DE VENIR?

42. 143.

EN CASO AFIRMATIVOS CON QUIEN O CON QUE COMPAÑIA?

~~.

CÓMO SE SOSTUVO

145.

CONSIDERA UD. SU ESTADÍA EN ESTE PAIS TEMPORERA (AJ E INTENTA ESTABLECER POR QUE? ' (C)...... EN SANTA CRUZ SU HOGAR PERMANENTE (o)..

146.

EN CASO NEGATIVOS CUANTO TIEMPO ESTUVO USTED DESEMPLEADO?

UD. HASTA TANTO CONSIGUIO EMPLEO?

CUÁNTAS VECES HA VUELTO

UD. A PUERTO RICO DESDE SU PARTIDA?

A. FRECUENTEMENTE B. OCASIONALMENTE C. CASI NUNCA D. NUNCA

~7•

•w

CUALES FUERON LOS MOTIVOS? A. VIAJES COMERCIALES B. MUERTE DE UN FAMILIAR C. FIESTAS PATRONALES D. DÍA DE REYES E. ELECCIONES

148.

C,o COMPARA SU ALIMENTACIÓN ACTUAL CON LA QUE ACOSTUMBRABA TENER PUERTO RICO?

1+9.

CONSIGUE UD. LOS ALIMENTOS QUE PREFIERE?

50.

PERTENECEN LOS MIEMBROS DE LA FAMILIA A ALGUNA ORGANIZACION? SI.

UD. EN

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACION 51.

P. 7

(Si ES SI) ESPECIFIQUE CUAL PARA CADA

UNO DE LOS GRUPOS EN LA TABLA QUE SIGUE:

PADRE

CLASE DE ORGANIZACION

MADRE

VARONES

NIÑAS

A. EXTENSION (EJ: ~tH) B. INSTRUCCION VOCACIONAL C. FUTUROS AGRICULTORES D. ESCUCHAS E. RELIGIOSAS (HIJAS DE MARTA) F. ESCOLARES (PADRES Y MAESTROS) G. CÍVICOS (LEONES, ETC.) H. PROFESIONALES (ASOC. DE MAESTROS 0 ABOGADOS) I. SOCIALES (CASINOS, ETC.) J. UNIONES OBRERAS K. FRATERNALES (MASONES) L. LITERARIOS M. OTROS, ESPECIFIQUE

52.

ANTEPONGA UNA CRUZ (t) FRENTE A LAS QUE SON MIXTAS, ES DECIR, PUERTORRIQUEANTE AQUELLAS QUE SON EXCLUSIVAMENTE ÑAS Y SANTACRUCEÑAS; Y UNA PUERTORRIQUEÑAS.

(-)

53•

CON QUE FRECUENCIA ASISTEN A LAS REUNIONES? PADRE

MADRE

VARONES

Ni RAS

REGULARMENTE FRECUENTEMENTE OCASIONALMENTE NUNCA

514•

ES UD. MIEMBRO DE ALGUNA

IGLESIA?

55, Si LO ES A QUÉ DENOMINACION PERTENECE? 56. ARPXIMADAMENTE CUANTAS VECES HA ASISTIDO UD. A LA IGLESIA DESDE EL DOMINGO DE PASCUA' IGLESIA?

57.

ASISTE TODA LA FAMILIA A LA MISMA

58.

59•

ASISTEN UD. ACTUALMENTE A LA MISMA IGLESIA (DENOMINACION) QUE ACOSTUMBRABA No. VISITAR EN PUERTO RICO? SI

60.

Si N01 POR QUE?

NO, ADONDE ASISTEN LOS DEMAS?

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACION P.

6i.

COMO SON SUS RELACIONES CON SUS VECINOS SANTACRUCEÑOS? A. CORDIALES B. CORRECTAS PERO NO AMIGABLES C. HOSTILES

(Si RESPONDE CON LA B O Cs SOLICITE SU OPINION SOBRE ESTE PARTICULAR)

. ~..\st!!!!l~IN.T!!~111TH.•.V.M1~MH.A\\tw1MY..l~MtNluuw.rw.wrYYwr..rW...r.wN....ww

62. QuÉ RELACIONES CON LOS SANTACRECEFIOS ACEPTA UD. COMO SATISFACTORIA? A. MATRIMONIO B. ASISTENCIA A LA MISMA IGLESIA C. ASISTENCIA A LA MISMA ESCUELA D. COMO INVITADO AL HOGAR PARA UAN COMIDA E. COMO SOCIOS DE NEGOCIOS F. MERAMENTE COMO UN CONOCIDO CON EL CUAL SE SOSTIENE UNA CONVERSACION G. "NO ME GUSTA SU COMPAÑÍA"

63.

CONOCE UD. ALGUUN CASO DE MATRIMONIO ENTRE PUERTORRIQUEÑOS Y CRUCEÑOS? S! No ......... .... A. CUANTOS CASOS CONOCE UD. PERSONALMENTE? B. DE CUANTOS CASOS HA 01DO? -.......... (S 1 ES POS 1 BEE ANOTESE LOS NOMBRES Y DIRECCION DEL MATRIMONIO

6 . CUAL CREE UD. ES LA ACTITUD DE LOS SANTACRUCEÑOS EN GENERAL HACIA LOS

(St ti

••wn.wr.ro

PUERTORRIQUEÑOS? A. CORDIAL ,. B. CORRECTA PERO NO AMIGABLE C. HOSTIL ES LA 8 0 C PIDA SU OPINION SOBRE ESTE ASUSTO)

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACION 65.

¿SABE V. bE ALGÚN NOVPMIENTO ANTI-PUERT6RRIQUEAO QUE SE HAYA ORGANIZADO? Si No.

66.

CITE EJEMPLOS ESPECIFICOS~

67.

¿EN QUE FORMA

68.

69.

¿COMPRA LA FAMILIA ALGÚN DIARIO?

70.

71.

COOPERAN LOS PUERTORRIQUEÑOS UNOS A OTROS CON QUE PROPOSITOS; POR EJEMPLO; HAY ALGUNA ORGANIZACION CARITATIVA?

NO LA HAY; ¿POR QUE NO?

¿CUALES?

¿QUE OTRAS REVISTAS (MENCIONELAS, CON EL SITIO DE PUBLICACION Y SI SON SEMANALES; MENSUALES; Ext.)

PREPARACION ACADEMICA DEL ESPOSO (MARQUE EL GRADO MAS ALTO QUE HAYA COMPLEYADO): ESCUELA ELEMENTAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR ESCUELA VOCACIONAL COLEGIO OTRA

72.

SÍ

3 3 3

~ 14 4

PREPARACION ACADEMICA DE LA ESPOSA (MARQUE EL GRADO MAS ALTO QUE HAYA COMA PLETADO) ESCUELA ELEMENTAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR ESCUELA VOCACIONAL COLEGIO

t t t 1

2 2

3 3

4 4 4 14

ESTUDtO DE EMIGRACION

P. 10

73.

EL ENTREVISTADOR DEBE MARCAR EL COLOR DE LA TEZ DEL ENTREVISTADO: BLANCO TRIGUEFIO CLARO TRIGUEÑO MORENO NEGRO

lit.

¿IRIA V. A UN PAÍS LATINOAMERICANO Si LE FUERA OFRECIDO UN EMPLEO PERMANENTE? Si'

¿IRÍA SI SE OFRECIERA UN PREDIO DE TERRENO PARA CULTIVARLO? SÍ

75•

¿QUE PA1S LATINOAMERICANO PREFERIRiA USTED? IRA PREFERENCIA 2A PREFERENCIA ¿POR QUE?

76.

¿ESTÁ V. DE ACUERDO CON QUE HAYA MAS EMIGRACIÓN A SANTA CRUZ?

77•

¿POR QUÉ?

78.

¿CREE V. QUE LA EMIGRACION SERIA UN MEDIO EFICAZ PARA LA SOLUCIQN DEL PROBLEMA DE SOBREPOBLACION DE PUERTO RICO?

Sí

NO.

¿POR QUE NO?

ESTUDIO DE EMIGRACION

78A.

(Si

FAVORECE LA"EMIGRACION PREGÚNTELE:) ¿CREE V. QUE LA EMIGRACION DEBE DEJARSE A

INICIATIVA PERSONAL1 0 DEBE EL

GOBIERNO ORGANIZARLA? (Si LO ULTIMO] PIDA LAS IDEAS DEL ENTREVISTADO EN CUANTO A QUE ASPFCTOS DEBE ORGANIZAR EL GOBIERNO)

79•

¿COMO COMPARA EL NUMERO DE NACIMIENTOS EN SU FAMILIA DESDE SU ARRIBO A SI LA MADRE HA SANTA CRUZ CON LOS QUE TUVO EN PUERTO RICO, ES DECIR AÑOS EN SANTA CRUZ, QUE NUMERO DE NIÑOS HA TENIDO DURANTE ESE PERÍODO COMPARADO CONEL NUMEI:O DE HIJOS QUE TUVO EN LOS 5 AÑOS PREGUNTE ESTO SOLAMENTE CUANDO LA ANTES DE SALIR DE PUERTO RICO?

ESTADO 5

Y SI ES DE EDAD EN QUE PERSONA HA ESTADO CASADA EN AMBOS PERIODOS Si HUBO MENOS NIÑOS, PREGUNTE SOBRE LA RAZON.

PUEDE PROCREAR,.

'ai

SO C I AL

Sc I EN CE RECENT

RESEAR

PUBLI CATIONS

THE NET INCOME

VOCATIONAL NEEDS

OF THE

PUERTO RICAN ECONOMY

•

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