Science Diplomacy and Africa’s Quantum Horizon: Beyond Economic Development

Policy Brief No. 244 — September 2026

Science Diplomacy and Africa’s Quantum Horizon: Beyond Economic Development Michael P. A. Murphy

Key Points → Quantum science and technology policy is a fastevolving domain, with security and economic implications. → The recent publication of the white paper Africa’s Quantum Horizon by the Africa Quantum Consortium (AQC) marks a novel contribution to this field as a region-centric, South-led approach to quantum policy, not only as a question of economic development but also as an object of science diplomacy. → Supporting the vision of the quantum sector’s development in Africa will involve not only economic policy but also shifts in science diplomacy and the global governance of quantum science and technology.

Introduction Within the technology policy domain, significant developments have emerged through the work of African states — whether individually, in multilateral groups or through formal institutions such as the African Union (AU) — to develop governance frameworks and norms. Despite state capacity limitations and high development costs appearing prohibitive on a state-by-state basis (Soulé, Mills and Falajiki 2025, 1), multilateralism provides a framework for pooling resources and focusing international demands. As Folashadé Soulé has argued, multilateral efforts have played an important role in terms of digital development across the continent “especially in cross-border infrastructure projects and supranational agreements to harmonize regulations in certain sectors of the digital economy” (2023, 7). Africanled technology governance initiatives are noted as a model for regionally rooted and inclusive governance, significant both for their ability to command attention from other global institutions (Vithani 2026, 2) as well as their potential to serve as a model for other regions (Heffernan 2026, 2). In addition to multilateral efforts, partnerships between government and private sector actors have also helped, particularly through the

About the Author Michael P. A. Murphy is the director of the Centre for International and Defence Policy at Queen’s University and president of the Canadian region of the International Studies Association. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Ottawa, where his dissertation won the 2022 Joseph De Koninck Thesis Prize for making an outstanding contribution to interdisciplinary knowledge. He is a former Digital Policy Hub fellow at CIGI and was a Banting post-doctoral fellow at Queen’s. Michael’s current research interests include quantum science and technology policy, security studies and international relations theory. He is the author of Quantum Social Theory for Critical International Relations Theorists (Palgrave, 2021) and Weak Utopianism in Education (Routledge, 2024), more than 40 peer-reviewed articles and numerous book reviews and chapters, receiving more than 2,000 citations. Michael is an international award-winning educator with a range of teaching experience in international relations, Canadian politics, political theory and public administration.

attraction of highly qualified personnel (HQP) (Soulé 2023, 5). Within a context of international uncertainty, creative multilateral partnerships have supported African leadership in advancing innovative technology governance proposals. Within the umbrella of emerging technology, the development of quantum technologies is a significant aspect demanding increasing policy attention. Recognized as “dual-use” technologies relevant to highly productive industrial applications across a wide range of sectors, as well as critical military capabilities promising meaningful operational advantages, quantum technologies are of critical importance and quantum policy must address both domains (Murphy and Forrest 2025). Local, national, regional and international institutions are scrambling to catch up with rapid developments to ensure governance that is fit for purpose. This policy brief focuses on Africa’s Quantum Horizon, a white paper released by the AQC as a critical case study for understanding technology governance efforts on the continent. More than just a vision for driving economic development, Africa’s Quantum Horizon must be understood as an Africa-led intervention into science diplomacy. In a policy domain dominated by domestically focused national strategies and agreements of the Global North, Africa’s Quantum Horizon offers a strong vision for careful coordination across the continent and principled partnership beyond it. The first section of the brief reviews the AQC and the white paper, while the second then introduces the concept of science diplomacy. The third section explores the implications of recognizing the AQC’s work as more than economic development, before outlining policy implications.

The AQC and Africa’s Quantum Horizon The AQC is an organization that connects and coordinates activities of quantum actors across the continent. Its mission is to secure a sovereign

2

Policy Brief No. 244 — September 2026 • Michael P. A. Murphy

quantum future1 for Africa: “The Africa Quantum Consortium (AQC) is the central hub for Africa’s sovereign quantum future. We unite the continent’s key innovators, institutions, and policymakers to build a self-sufficient commercial ecosystem. As the gateway to the global community, we reject a zero-sum ‘quantum race’ by forging equitable partnerships on our own terms.”2 In order to provide an overview of the current state of quantum systems in Africa — as well as to provide a vision for achieving the goal of a secure and sovereign quantum future in Africa — the AQC released a white paper, titled Africa’s Quantum Horizon: A Unified Strategy for Sovereignty and Sustainable Development, in the fall of 2025. The paper examines the current state of quantum systems in Africa and outlines a vision for achieving the goal of a secure and sovereign quantum future in Africa. A strong argument in the white paper is that quantum is an issue of paramount importance for the world in general and Africa in particular. The AQC argues that the emergence of a new generation of quantum technologies “presents a critical opportunity to transcend legacy development pathways, secure technological sovereignty, and accelerate the core objectives of the African Union’s (AU) Agenda 2063” (AQC 2025, 2). Rather than attempting to re-create the quantum policy of the United States or China, however, the AQC argues that an African strategy should involve “reimagining the very architecture of participation” (ibid.). The white paper suggests that “instead of fragmented national programs, the continent can pioneer a continental quantum commons: a shared infrastructure that transforms Africa’s late entry into a strategic strength” (ibid.). This cooperative and collaborative model would pool human, technological, infrastructural, educational and other resources across the continent3 to build “an engine

1

The white paper defines quantum sovereignty as encompassing three critical domains: data sovereignty that ensures African data is stored and processed in Africa under African legal frameworks; intellectual property sovereignty to “develop, own, and commercialize quantum algorithms and software created in Africa”; and talent sovereignty, or a robust foundation of HQP (AQC 2025, 37).

2

See https://africaquantum.org/about.html.

3

Similar to Canada’s National Quantum Strategy, Africa’s Quantum Horizon recognizes that direct dollar-for-dollar competition with the United States or China is impossible, spurring a focus on strategic investment and mobilization over size of investment (AQC 2025, 2; Murphy 2024).

for innovation that ensures preparedness not only for today’s challenges but also for the unforeseen synergies between quantum, AI, and new materials that will define tomorrow’s technological order” (ibid.). Africa’s Quantum Horizon also highlights the precise alignment between urgent challenges facing the continent and specific use-case promises of quantum technologies: “quantumsafe cryptography to protect digital economies and elections, quantum-enabled drug discovery for malaria and HIV, quantum simulations for climate-resilient crops, and quantum sensors for resource exploration, food production and water security” (ibid., 35). The choice to not invest in quantum is a choice to onboard risks of missing economic opportunities and accepting security vulnerabilities. Against an already-challenging backdrop, the consortium argues that “quantum is not a luxury for Africa, it is an urgent instrument of sovereignty and survival…on par with energy security or telecommunications” (ibid.). The report offers “a candid assessment of Africa’s quantum landscape” (ibid., 9), reflecting both positive and negative aspects. Many of the downsides — ecosystem fragmentation, limits to existing HQP foundation, “significant” infrastructure gaps and “a patchwork of policy progress” (ibid.) — may be familiar to technology governance experts. However, there are a number of positive aspects also highlighted. Africa’s strategic asset of a young population could, with sufficient investment in educational opportunities, provide a comparative advantage to the continent by enabling rapid scaling of quantum firms (ibid., 7). As noted below, the strategy’s novel integration of highly educated diaspora communities to connect industry on the continent to “global experience, networks, and capital” reframes this expat community “from brain drain into ‘brain circulation’” (ibid., 51). Perhaps most intriguing is the historical “leapfrog precedent” in the case of mobile telephone and banking connections, with the suggestion that African firms could leverage open access and cloud-based computing “to bypass the immense capital investment in hardware and concentrate on the software-defined layers of quantum value” (ibid., 7). Early centres of research and education leadership, experience in technological leapfrogging at scale, a youth advantage in demographic terms and diaspora resource all equip Africa’s quantum ecosystem with unique strengths.

Science Diplomacy and Africa’s Quantum Horizon: Beyond Economic Development

3

In terms of setting a strategic direction, Africa’s Quantum Horizon calls for investments in building the workforce, expanding research, supporting economic development and improving policy and governance foundations. Each pillar has measurable targets at the five- and 10-year horizons. For development of human capital, AQC calls for increasing quantum-focused Ph.D.s and ramp-up of M.Sc. programs; for research, expanded publication by African authors in top-tier quantum journals and

filing of patents; for economic impact, expanding private investment in start-ups as well as the total number of active quantum start-ups with venture backing; and for policy and governance, development of national quantum strategies and increasing research spending to one percent of GDP (ibid., 46). Table 1 provides a summary chart of the specific calls to action that are offered in support of the strategy’s objectives.

Table 1: Selected Calls to Action from Africa’s Quantum Horizon Stakeholder

Next Steps

Policy makers (national and AU level)

→ Formally endorse the AQC → Develop a national quantum strategy → Pioneer quantum-ready procurement → Appoint a national quantum delegate → Commit to the one percent research and development (R&D) target

Business leaders and investors

→ Sponsor a problem on the AQC challenge platform → Be a first customer for innovators → Invest in the Africa Quantum Fund → Establish an innovation lab or venture studio

Academia, researchers and research networks

→ Join the AQC → Propose joint Ph.D. projects → Co-develop and pilot open-source, standardized curriculum

International development partners and the United Nations

→ Integrate quantum technology solutions into Sustainable Development Goals programming → Support quantum education initiatives

Students and earlycareer professionals

African diaspora

→ Join the AQC community and learn about opportunities in the quantum sector → Join AQC’s diaspora leadership council → Mentor emerging African innovators → Partner in projects as a “quantum homecoming”

Friends of Africa, global partners and allies

→ Contribute to research, education and mentorship initiatives → Partner with African innovators and labs → Amplify the African quantum ecosystem to international audiences

Source: Selected and summarized from AQC 2025 (48–51).

4

Policy Brief No. 244 — September 2026 • Michael P. A. Murphy

In line with other analyses recognizing quantum’s potential for sustainable development and the continent (Matlali and Fischer 2023; Converso, Jain and Sarkar 2024; Mazhandu and Mafu 2025), Africa’s Quantum Horizon highlights the promise that the sector holds. The strong case for regional coordination and collaboration provides a unique framework for advancing economic development and addressing security concerns. However, the strategy is also notable because it connects regional and global goals to scientific advancement in a manner that resonates strongly with science diplomacy, the subject of this brief ’s next section.

What Is Science Diplomacy? Emerging as a term of art in the late 2000s, “science diplomacy” today refers to a constellation of practices that connect international scientific cooperation with diplomacy and foreign policy. Early efforts largely focused on the ability of the United States to improve its image on the international stage by investing in scientific cooperation in areas of the world “where the United States is misunderstood or disliked” (Lord and Turekian 2007, 315). As a strategy to increase the country’s attractiveness, this early version of science diplomacy aligned with earlier soft power strategies (Nye 2004) by shifting the focus away from the United States as a country of military intervention and representing it instead as a nation whose scientists “build bridges of trust” (Lord and Turekian 2007, 315). Soon, the merits of scientific diplomacy were also understood to include supranational cooperation on global challenges from climate change to food security (Fedoroff 2009). From its early years, a tension has existed at the heart of science diplomacy: some describe science diplomacy as “a liberal internationalist vision of…a common ground to build international community” while others present “a realist vision of strategically leveraging science to pursue national interests” (Murphy 2026, 4). The fracturing of the international community since 2024 has placed constraints on the types of scientific-diplomatic efforts that are possible, leading sometimes to regional or minilateral rather than global initiatives (Turekian and Gluckman 2024, 52–3). This has led to a greater emphasis on a

realist vision in which science is a currency to be deployed strategically and pragmatically, a form that Vaughan C. Turekian and Peter Gluckman (2025) call “transactional science diplomacy.” The emergence of the concept of science diplomacy is also important to note for its political implications. Coined to describe a strategy for American image improvement in the Arab world during the War on Terror, science diplomacy was first a strategy for and of the Global North and its applicability to or adaptation for the Global South demands careful consideration (Büyüktanir Karacan and Ruffini 2023). Critical contributions to the science diplomacy literature have highlighted the continued influence of (neo)colonial power asymmetries between North and South in science diplomacy, as well as the assessment of science diplomacy in terms of how it has been practised in the Global North (Polejack et al. 2022; Polejack 2023; Bayoumi et al. 2025). Although the literature has predominantly centred on the United States and Europe (Rüland et al. 2025), countries in the Global South have been active in science diplomacy both in support of national interests (Büyüktanir Karacan and Ruffini 2023, 744) and through engagement with intergovernmental science organizations (Rüland et al. 2023). Further attention to science diplomacy leadership beyond the Euro-American context will help empower practitioners and researchers around the globe and mitigate these neocolonial power asymmetries.

African Quantum Diplomacy In order to appreciate the significance of Africa’s Quantum Horizon, the document must be recognized as a product not only of economic development — although the potential benefits in this regard are meaningful — but also of science diplomacy. The vision is novel as a region-centric effort, led by and for the benefit of African actors and explicitly leveraging diaspora communities as an information networking institution. The geopolitical objective set out in the document is ambitious, claiming Africa as the “third pole in the global quantum order” after China and the United States (AQC 2025, 37). Success in this mission relies on scientific leadership, coordination of resources and networking. The

Science Diplomacy and Africa’s Quantum Horizon: Beyond Economic Development

5

vision also includes strategic shifting in terms of the emphasis on politics, whether leaning in (in the case of promoting national strategies and African sovereignty) or leaning back (in the case of scientific collaboration and international cooperation). The white paper’s flexibility of moving between lean-in and lean-back engagements with politics demonstrates a pragmatic approach to science diplomacy. This vision of science diplomacy contrasts sharply with the mission of increasing American influence abroad (Lord and Turekian 2007) and even with the more recent versions focused on transactional gains or institutional resilience (Turekian and Gluckman 2025; Murphy 2026). Perhaps the closest precedent could be found in the example of regional science diplomacy in research partnerships in South Africa and Tanzania (Nxumalo 2026). Because the white paper offers a clear statement of values, the consortium merits further attention for its unique role as a regioncentric, South-led effort for science diplomacy. The white paper’s framework for quantum diplomacy is also notable for the potential contribution of a new development model for the quantum sector. This region-first framework diverges from the tendency to advance quantum policy through national strategies, sovereign capabilities and bilateral/minilateral partnerships that advance national interests. Given the high start-up costs for quantum industrial development, this model of pooling resources across a wider ecosystem offers a possible alternative model. The potential benefits of this engagement therefore extend beyond economic development, as new circulations of political and social capital are enabled. As Soulé (2026) has argued, African countries are increasingly able to define their own terms of engagement in both economic and political contexts, and also to employ variable strategies of balancing, selective engagement and leadership; the flexible and pragmatic science diplomacy strategy offered in the AQC white paper aligns with this analysis. Future comparative analysis can track the success of the different policy approaches.

6

Policy Brief No. 244 — September 2026 • Michael P. A. Murphy

Recommendations As noted above, Africa’s Quantum Horizon provides a robust set of recommendations for a range of actors within and beyond the consortium. Rather than critique each of that report’s suggestions, this policy brief proposes three recommendations in light of the current global quantum policy context: → The AQC should continue its coordinating work and international quantum policy efforts should welcome AQC participation where appropriate. International inclusion of the AQC can ensure that region-centric and South-led visions for the development of the quantum sector are included within international policy conversations. This will help support inclusive policy frameworks as the international quantum sector develops. → African countries should strengthen domestic policy frameworks and consider where regional and national interests align. As the white paper notes, national development of quantum strategies and commitments to R&D are a critical first step. Targets will be critical supports for the continued development of a regional vision for quantum in Africa. Formal state-level engagement with the AQC and alignment of national investments in infrastructure and education can help further catalyze the development of quantum sectors. Countries should also include a dedicated postquantum cryptography (PQC) transition framework reflecting the needs of their states. → The international quantum community should support African national and regional strategies. In addition to including the AQC and other African voices in international policy conversations, the international community can meaningly contribute to the development of the quantum sector in Africa by supporting national and regional strategies, integrating quantum into sustainable developmental programming and supporting high-priority projects with financial commitments (including but not limited to short-term education to address HQP gaps and funding to support risk audits that can inform PQC transition frameworks).

Conclusion

Works Cited

Africa’s Quantum Horizon is the latest example of how multilateral initiatives are producing innovative technology governance proposals in Africa. In this case, the AQC is presenting an ambitious road map for coordinating existing resources and expanding capacities to achieve substantial advancements in building a continentwide quantum ecosystem. Although the strategy has clear guidance for the role that individual states can play in supporting the broader aims, multilateralism is a key element and success is only possible within a cooperative context. This white paper marks an important intervention into technology policy, not only for its vision for economic development but also by representing a unique form of science diplomacy. Africa’s Quantum Horizon is significant as a region-centric, Africa-led approach that incorporates diaspora engagement, institutional involvement and private-public partnership to achieve significant geopolitical aims. Therefore, in addition to its significance for the quantum sector, this case is also notable for the continued development of science diplomacy.

AQC. 2025. Africa’s Quantum Horizon: A Unified Strategy for Sovereignty and Sustainable Development. White Paper. Johannesburg, South Africa: AQC. https://africaquantum.org/whitepaper.html. Bayoumi, Rasha, Tania Bosqui, Abdullah Awad and Rana Dajani. 2025. “Science diplomacy and neocolonialism: lessons from the field with a view to the future.” Frontiers in Public Health 13: 1700272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1700272. Büyüktanir Karacan, Derya and Pierre-Bruno Ruffini. 2023. “Science diplomacy in the Global South—an introduction.” Science and Public Policy 50 (4): 742–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scad028. Converso, Laura, Devendra Jain and Arunima Sarkar. 2024. Quantum for Society: Meeting the Ambition of the SDGs. World Economic Forum Insight Report. September. www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ Quantum_for_Society_2024.pdf. Fedoroff, Nina V. 2009. “Science Diplomacy in the 21st Century.” Cell 136 (1): 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.030. Heffernan, Andrew. 2026. Why Africa Should Lead on Governing Global Tech Giants. CIGI Policy Brief No. 226. Waterloo, ON: CIGI. www.cigionline.org/publications/whyafrica-should-lead-on-governing-global-tech-giants/. Lord, Kristin M. and Vaughan C. Turekian. 2007. “Time for a New Era of Science Diplomacy.” Science 315 (5813): 769–70. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139880. Matlali, Lindiwe and Andrew Fischer. 2023. “How quantum technology could revolutionise Africa’s health, agriculture and finance sectors.” World Economic Forum, February 23. www.weforum.org/ stories/2023/02/quantum-technology-in-africa/. Mazhandu, Farai and Mhlambululi Mafu. 2025. “Leveraging quantum science and technology for sustainable development in Africa.” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 17 (4): 523–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2025.2504259. Murphy, Michael P. A. 2024. “Canada’s approach to quantum in security and economics: feminist foreign policy or tokenizing #WomenInSTEM?.” Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 30 (2): 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2023.2268206. ———. 2026. Lessons from the 2025 G7 Cycle: Quantum, AI and Science Diplomacy. CIGI Policy Brief No. 237. Waterloo, ON: CIGI. www.cigionline.org/publications/lessonsfrom-the-2025-g7-cycle-quantum-ai-and-science/. Murphy, Michael P. A. and Tracey Forrest. 2025. Principles for Quantum Governance: Kananaskis and Beyond. CIGI Policy Brief No. 207. Waterloo, ON: CIGI. www.cigionline.org/publications/principles-forquantum-governance-kananaskis-and-beyond/.

Science Diplomacy and Africa’s Quantum Horizon: Beyond Economic Development

7

Nxumalo, Michael G. 2026. “Science Diplomacy as a Catalyst for Regional Cooperation in Africa — A Case of DSTI and the NRF.” International Journal of Applied Research in Business and Management 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.51137/wrp.ijarbm.496. Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 2004. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. Polejack, Andrei. 2023. “Coloniality in science diplomacy — evidence from the Atlantic Ocean.” Science and Public Policy 50 (4): 759–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scad027. Polejack, Andrei, Jenice Goveas, Sam Robinson, Tim Flink and Gabriela Ferreira. 2022. “Where is the Global South in the Science Diplomacy Narrative?.” SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4278557. Rüland, Anna-Lena, Lise H. Andersen, Alan Kai Hassen, Carringtone Kinyanjui, Annika Ralfs and Bruno Iochins Grisci. 2025. “Science diplomacy: A global research field? Findings from a bibliometric analysis of the science diplomacy scholarship of the past twenty years.” Scientometrics 130 (8): 4697–722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-025-05396-x. Rüland, Anna-Lena, Nicolas Rüffin, Katharina Cramer, Prosper Ngabonziza, Manoj Saxena and Stefan Skupien. 2023. “Science diplomacy from the Global South: the case of intergovernmental science organizations.” Science and Public Policy 50 (4): 782–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scad024. Soulé, Folashadé. 2023. Navigating Africa’s Digital Partnerships in a Context of Global Rivalry. CIGI Policy Brief No. 180. Waterloo, ON: CIGI. www.cigionline.org/publications/navigating-africasdigital-partnerships-in-a-context-of-global-rivalry/. ———. 2026. “Africa in the Shifting Global Order.” Current History 125 (872–73): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2026.125.872-873.17. Soulé, Folashadé, Leslie N. L. Mills and Charles Falajiki. 2025. The Geopolitical AI Chessboard: Securing Africa’s Shared Commons. Conference Report. Waterloo, ON: CIGI. www.cigionline.org/publications/the-geopolitical-aichessboard-securing-africas-shared-commons/. Turekian, Vaughan and Peter Gluckman. 2024. “Science Diplomacy and the Rise of Technopoles.” Issues in Science and Technology 41 (1): 51–55. https://doi.org/10.58875/PSYH6414. Turekian, Vaughan C. and Peter Gluckman. 2025. “Rewiring science diplomacy.” Science 389 (6762): 761. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aeb4815. Vithani, Priya. 2026. Seizing the Watershed Moment: Africa’s AI Strategy. CIGI Policy Brief No. 224. Waterloo, ON: CIGI. www.cigionline.org/publications/seizingthe-watershed-moment-africas-ai-strategy/.

8

Policy Brief No. 244 — September 2026 • Michael P. A. Murphy

About CIGI

Credits

The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) is an independent, non-partisan think tank whose peer-reviewed research and trusted analysis influence policy makers to innovate. Our global network of multidisciplinary researchers and strategic partnerships provide policy solutions for the digital era with one goal: to improve people’s lives everywhere. Headquartered in Waterloo, Canada, CIGI has received support from the Government of Canada, the Government of Ontario and founder Jim Balsillie.

Director, Programs Dianna H. English

À propos du CIGI Le Centre pour l’innovation dans la gouvernance internationale (CIGI) est un groupe de réflexion indépendant et non partisan dont les recherches évaluées par des pairs et les analyses fiables incitent les décideurs à innover. Grâce à son réseau mondial de chercheurs pluridisciplinaires et de partenariats stratégiques, le CIGI offre des solutions politiques adaptées à l’ère numérique dans le seul but d’améliorer la vie des gens du monde entier. Le CIGI, dont le siège se trouve à Waterloo, au Canada, bénéficie du soutien du gouvernement du Canada, du gouvernement de l’Ontario et de son fondateur, Jim Balsillie.

Copyright © 2026 by the Centre for International Governance Innovation The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Board of Directors. For publications enquiries, please contact publications@cigionline.org.

The text of this work is licensed under CC BY 4.0. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. For reuse or distribution, please include this copyright notice. This work may contain content (including but not limited to graphics, charts and photographs) used or reproduced under licence or with permission from third parties. Permission to reproduce this content must be obtained from third parties directly. Centre for International Governance Innovation and CIGI are registered trademarks. 67 Erb Street West Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 6C2 cigionline.org

Senior Program Manager Ifeoluwa Olorunnipa Publications Editor Christine Robertson Graphic Designer Sami Chouhdary