POLICY BRIEF NO. 45 JULY 2014
THE AFRICAN UNION AND THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA BARRY CARIN BARRY CARIN Barry Carin is a senior fellow at CIGI. He has served in a number of senior official positions in the Government of Canada and played an instrumental role in developing the initial arguments for the G20 and a leader’s level G20. Barry brings institutional knowledge and experience to his research on the G20, international development, energy and climate change.
KEY POINTS • African countries are engaged at the United Nations (UN) to determine the post-2015 framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). • This brief examines suggestions in the Common African Position (CAP) on the post2015 development agenda, published by the African Union. It compares them to goals developed by the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) with the Korean Development Institute (KDI), and to goals in other UN reports. • The CAP advocates 29 goals — too many. Some are either already being championed by other organizations, others are not measurable or not universally supported across Africa. Others will never receive global consensus. Using these four criteria, the CAP goals can be streamlined to produce 5 unique and measurable goals that the African Union can effectively champion.
We, the heads of state and government of the African Union … reiterate the
importance of prioritizing structural transformation for inclusive and peoplecentred development in Africa. — (African Union, 2014, 2)
INTRODUCTION African countries are currently engaged at the United Nations (UN) to determine the post-2015 framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).1 The post-2015 goals matter because they will guide the priorities of UN agencies, the multilateral development banks, bilateral development assistance and civil society organizations. It is in Africa’s interests to ensure the post-2015
1
See www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ for information on the original eight goals.
2 Copyright © 2014 by the Centre for International Governance Innovation
CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE INNOVATION framework is congruent with African priorities. African Union negotiators must take a strategic approach in the current process to select the post-2015 development goals.
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Operating Board of Directors or International Board of Governors.
Several initiatives have recommended options for post-2015 development goals, including the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) (2013) and the UN High-Level Panel (2013) reports. Each initiative suggests a number of illustrative goals, which would, ideally, translate priorities into specific, relevant, measurable and time-bound targets that may also be
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used to promote debate and motivate action. In 2014, the African Union (in consultation with African countries) published a similar list entitled the “African Common Position (CAP) on the post-2015 Development Agenda.” This brief discusses these three post-2015 lists of illustrative goals. Several criteria are examined to determine which goals should be highlighted to effectively reflect the African position. After applying the criteria, five specific goals are recommended for African negotiators to promote, including goals with respect to diversification and industrialization, the services sector, desertification, domestic resource mobilization and innovative financing.
THE MDGs The MDGs, established in 2000, broke down eight goals into 21 quantifiable targets measured by 60 indicators. They were adopted by 189 countries during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. They are to be achieved by 2015. The MDGs have helped, but progress is incomplete.2
2 Even if the MDGs were met, one billion people would still be living on less than US$1 a day. For a summary of progress by goal and region, see www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/2013_progress_english. pdf.
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The African Union and the Post-2015 Development Agenda
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FIGURE 1: THE EIGHT MDGs
Source: www.un.org/millenniumgoals/.
Some critics have argued the MDGs are flawed, that they were interpreted as one-size-fits-all national targets for all countries, resulting in relatively high performing countries that started at the bottom of the rankings being labelled as failures; furthermore, plausible indicators to measure progress were missing.3 Others comment that progress toward the goals has been insufficient or uneven (that we should “finish the job” before introducing new goals) and yet others question the goals’ relevance in terms of influencing development priorities and expenditures. The critique of the review by the UN Economic Commission for Africa (Lopes 2014) was that the MDGs:
• tend to neglect issues relating to the quality of service delivery; • are silent on inequality including spatial and horizontal inequality; and • disproportionately focus on outcomes with limited consideration of the enablers of development, thereby excluding the role of factors such as infrastructure and peace and security in facilitating socio-economic advancement. Anticipating these criticisms, proponents for post-2015 goals broadened the scope beyond the MDGs’ focus on poverty, education, gender, health, sustainability and “partnership,” proposing a larger range of candidate goals.
• have limited focus on economic growth and transformation;
ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS
• do not sufficiently emphasize the role of domestic resource mobilization in Africa’s development agenda;
To be effective, the number of goals must be limited. The current challenge is to respond to criticisms of the MDGs and focus — to the maximum extent possible — on outcomes that are globally relevant, have
3 The executive summary of the High-Level Panel’s report (UN 2013) noted the MDGs, “did not focus enough on reaching the very poorest and most excluded people. They were silent on the devastating effects of conflict and violence…good governance and institutions that guarantee the rule of law, free speech and open and accountable government was not included, nor the need for inclusive growth to provide jobs…and by not addressing the need to promote sustainable patterns of consumption and production.”
measurable indicators for targets, integrate equity concerns and generate both incentive structures and accountability.
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4 FIGURE 2: THE CIGI-KDI POST-2015 ILLUSTRATIVE GOALS
goal 7). A “resilient communities� goal (CIGI-KDI goal 9) brought the humanitarian relief dimension into the picture. In July 2012, the UN High-Level Panel, co-chaired by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and British Prime Minister David Cameron began an extensive consultative process that culminated in the May 2013 report containing illustrative goals and targets for the post-2015 agenda. The report proposed a structure of 12 illustrative universal goals and 54 associated national targets. This list of 12 goals, as shown in Figure 3, highlighted ending poverty (UN goal 1) as a separate goal, in
Source: www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/Post-2015%20 Goals,%20Targets%20and%20Indicators%20background%20 paper_WEB.pdf.
addition to job creation and equitable growth (UN
Noting the over constrained nature of selecting post-
6). The UN High Level Panel redefined connectivity
2015 goals, CIGI and the Korea Development Institute
infrastructure to the more narrow goal of energy (UN
(KDI) led a consortium to address the issues. This
goal 7), dropping the infrastructure enablers of ICT and
global process concluded with a conference in February
transportation. It also dropped the resilient communities
2013 in Bellagio, Italy that resulted in 10 goals. For
goal, and split the MDG partnership goal (MDG goal
example, the delegation presumed that, unlike the
8) and the CIGI-KDI global governance goal (CIGI-KDI
MDGs, a separate goal was required for food security
goal 10) into the UN goal 12, ensure good governance
and water (CIGI-KDI goal 2). Given the need to limit the
and effective institutions, and UN goal 10, create a
number of goals to 10 at most, room was made for other
global enabling environment and catalyse long-term
goals by consolidating the three MDG health goals into
finance. However, it may be that 12 goals are too many
one (MDG goals 4, 5 and 6 into CIGI-KDI goal 3). This
for effective communication.
4
allowed new goals for connectivity infrastructure (CIGIKDI goal 6) (with targets for energy, information and communication technologies [ICT] and transportation) and for personal security and human rights (CIGI-KDI 4 The other partners were the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, the Getulio Vargas Foundation, the University of Pretoria, the University of Manchester and the International Poverty Reduction Center in China. See the resources at www. cigionline.org/project/toward-post-2015-development-paradigm.
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goal 8). CIGI-KDI goal 2 was split into two goals here: food security (UN goal 5) and access to water (UN goal
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FIGURE 3: THE UN HIGH-LEVEL PANEL POST-2015 ILLUSTRATIVE UNIVERSAL GOALS
Source: www.post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/UN-Report.pdf.
In March 2014, the CAP, prepared by African heads of
graduation rates, health indicators or student assessment
state and government, was published by the African
scores. Examples of means include indicators such
Union. Presented below, this approach groups post-
as the number and proximity of schools, enrollment
2015 development priorities into six pillars, providing
percentages or numbers of health professionals.
greater pride of place to goals for structural economic transformation
and
inclusive
growth,
science,
technology and innovation and for peace and security. The difficulty is that 29 goals are definitively too many.
CRITERIA
Negotiators for the African Union are faced with a difficult task — representing the priorities of 54 diverse countries. There are several criteria they should apply to maximize their effectiveness so the post-2015 product that ultimately emerges is as congruent as possible with the CAP.
Selecting goals involves trade-offs. Effective goals
Negotiators for the CAP should apply several “filters”
should reflect the complexity of the real world,
or “screens” to select the goals to press for. It will be
but capacity for effective communication requires
unnecessary to lobby for elements that will already be
specifications that are concise and simple. Ideally,
a priority of other major players, and determining what
goals would be universal, but to be meaningful at the
these are is the first screen. A second screen should be the
national level, they must be country specific. Because
availability of plausible indicators to measure progress
of the constraint in the number of targets, there are
and make comparisons.
trade-offs between targets that are ends (outcomes) and means (processes). End targets are outcomes such as
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COMMON AFRICAN POSITION (CAP) ON THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA Pillar (i). Structural economic transformation and inclusive growth: a. Inclusive growth that reduces inequality b. Sustainable agriculture, food self-sufficiency and nutrition c. Diversification, industrialization and value addition d. Developing the services sector e. Infrastructure development Pillar (ii). Science, technology and innovation: a. Enhancing technological capacities for Africa’s transformative agenda b. Building enabling environment for innovation c. Increasing support for research and development d. Optimal utilization of space and geospatial technologies Pillar (iii). People-centred development: a. The eradication of poverty b. Education and human capital development c. Universal and equitable access to quality healthcare d. Gender equality and women’s empowerment e. Leveraging population dynamics for development f. Harnessing Africa’s youthful population g. Improving access to sustainable human settlements Pillar (iv). Environmental sustainability, natural resources management and disaster risk management: a. Improving natural resource and biodiversity management b. Enhancing access to safe water for all c. Responding effectively to climate change d. Addressing desertification, land degradation, soil erosion, flooding and drought e. Natural disaster risk reduction and management Pillar (v). Peace and security: a. Addressing the root causes of conflict b. Preventing the outbreak of armed conflict Pillar (vi). Finance and Partnerships: A. Finance a. Improving domestic resource mobilization b. Maximizing innovative financing c. Implementing existing commitments and promoting quality and predictability of external financing B. Partnerships a. Promoting mutually beneficial partnerships b. Strengthening partnerships for trade c. Establish partnerships for managing global commons Source: African Union 2014.
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Given the diversity in Africa, a third criterion should be
and predictability of external financing (vi.A.c) in pillar
the degree of continent-wide relevance and if the goal
(vi).
is perceived as highly significant. The final criterion should be the prospect of convincing other countries that the selected African priority should be on the final list, and working to avoid wasting effort for something known to be unacceptable to other major players. The task then is to filter the 29 goals of the CAP against the criteria.
OPTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION
It can be safely assumed that others will champion the 13 goals listed in the preceding paragraph. For example, the Group of Twenty (G20) has made a big push on infrastructure since the Seoul summit in 2010. Australia is hosting the 2014 G20 summit and the prime minister, Tony Abbot, has expressed his ambition to be known as the “infrastructure prime minister” (Abbott 2013). Infrastructure will have enough supporters without any extraordinary African lobbying to ensure pride of place. African negotiators should be vocal about the goals they
CRITERION 1 — NO NEED TO PUSH ON AN OPEN DOOR
support given that, as discussed below, more than 12 goals are unlikely to emerge.
Of the 29 goals within the CAP, it appears no effort the goals on the illustrative list of the UN High Level
CRITERION 2 — AVAILABILITY OF INDICATORS
Panel. Goals that are already on the UN High Level
Ideally metrics, based on administrative data or
Panel list may be safely supported and there is no need
surveys, should be available to allow measurement of
for active African lobbying. The 2015 outcome of the
progress and comparisons across jurisdictions.
need be expended by African proponents on any of
UN process will inevitably confirm three of the goals in pillar (i), “structural economic transformation and inclusive growth,” and these are reduction of inequality
FIGURE 4: ELEMENTS FOR CONSIDERATION RE: GOALS AND INDICATORS
(i.a), agriculture and food (i.b) and infrastructure development (i.e). In pillar (iii), “people-centred development,” there is no need to lobby for inclusion of eradication of poverty (iii.a), education (iii.b), health care (iii.c) or gender equality (iii.d). In pillar (iv) “environmental sustainability, natural resources management, and disaster risk management,” it would be a redundant effort to promote goals for resource management (iv.a), safe water (iv.b) or climate change (iv.c). Similarly, the two goals in pillar (v) “peace and security” will be successfully promoted by other influential countries, as will the goal promoting quality
Source: Author
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Some “aspirational” goals are unquantifiable, without
Goals that may not have enthusiastic support across the
reliable indicators to measure progress. In the CAP, the
continent include enhancing technological capacities for
eradication of poverty (iii.a), education and human
Africa’s transformative agenda (ii.a), building enabling
capital development (iii.b) and universal and equitable
environment for innovation (ii.b), increasing support
access to quality healthcare (iii.c), are all goals with
for research and development (ii.c) and improving
accepted indicators. In contrast, aspirational goals such
biodiversity management (iv.a). While these goals are
as natural disaster risk reduction and management (iv.e)
fine to include in a list of 29, they cannot make a list of
and addressing the root causes of conflict (v.a) do not
just eight or 10. African countries suffering from conflict,
have readily available metrics. In any case, these latter
terrorism, civil unrest and widespread poverty will see
two goals do not have the emotional resonance of a goal
building enabling environment for innovation (ii.b)
such as ending poverty to motivate commitment. It
as a luxury that should not displace priority goals on
would be unwise to promote aspirational goals for which
peace and security, or the basic goals relating to poverty
there is a lack of plausible indicators.
alleviation, inclusive growth, health and education. One
The inability to measure progress and make comparisons will handicap several of the goals of the CAP; critics will veto their inclusion. The burden will be on proponents to define indicators and identify data sources to convince skeptics that progress on these
option is to reframe some of the 29 goals as targets to be pursued under other goals. CRITERION 4 — PROSPECTS FOR GLOBAL CONSENSUS
goals is measureable. These include proposed goals for
Some major developed countries will argue that a goal
optimal utilization of space and geospatial technologies
such as implementing existing commitments (vi.A.c)
(ii.d), leveraging population dynamics for development
goes without saying, and has no place in post-2015
(iii.e), harnessing Africa’s youthful population (iii.f),
goals that describe the future development paradigm.
improving access to sustainable human settlements
The United States will oppose a goal for promoting
(iii.g), natural disaster risk reduction and management
quality and predictability of external financing. The US
(iv.e), promoting mutually beneficial partnerships
Congress forces many delays and compromises and
(vi.B.a), strengthening partnerships for trade (vi.B.b) and
the administration cannot deliver on predictability. In a
establish partnerships for managing global commons
multilateral process that involves decision by consensus,
(vi.B.c). It is highly unlikely that a global consensus
it is unwise to expend great effort on proposals doomed
could be reached in the next year on the definition of
to be vetoed.
targets for these goals or on persuasive indicators to measure progress. CRITERION 3 — PAN AFRICAN SUPPORT
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The final post-2015 product should comprise no more
Some of the goals of the CAP are not crucial to all African
than 10 goals, if it is to be effective compared to the
countries; ideally effort should be focused on goals
MDGs. The African Union has prepared the CAP on
that are among the highest priority for every country.
the post-2015 development agenda, comprising 29
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proposed goals. African negotiators should find the
These goals will not emerge from the post-2015
right pressure points and think strategically to maximize
negotiation process without strong African support
the probability that it influences the outcome of the
since they do not have enthusiastic proponents among
UN process on post-2015 development goals. Four
the major countries. On the other hand, no countries are
filters (no need to push on an open door, availability
so opposed that they will veto their inclusion. Practical
of indicators, pan-African support and prospects for
targets and indicators to measure progress can be
global consensus) should be applied to its 29 goals.
devised for each of these goals. All five will be perceived
There are compelling reasons to avoid investing effort in promoting two dozen of the goals that will not pass the filters. Some will be strongly supported anyway
as relevant by all African countries. Strategic focus by African Union negotiators will increase their chance of success.
without African effort; there is no need to expend energy on goals that are understood to be strongly supported by many other influential countries. In a process operating by consensus, it is also prudent to not “waste ammunition” on goals that are negatively perceived and considered non-negotiable by many countries. It is unproductive to promote aspirational goals that will be rejected because critics will insist on measurability. A positive outcome is more likely with a higher degree of consensus among African countries about the significance of candidate goals, since some African countries will not enthusiastically support any they consider of secondary importance. Applying the four screening criteria to the 29 goals in the CAP leads to the recommendation that African negotiators should focus promotion efforts on only five of the goals: • diversification, industrialization and value addition (i.c); • developing the services sector (i.d); • addressing desertification, land degradation, soil erosion, flooding and drought (iv.d); • improving domestic resource mobilization (vi.A.a); and • maximizing innovative financing (vi.A.b).
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10 WORKS CITED
Abbot, Tony. 2013. “Abbott Election Speech.” Speech, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, August 25, Australian Federal Election Speeches. http:// electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au/speeches/2013tony-abbott. African Union. 2014. Common African Position (CAP) on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. March. Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
http://ea.au.int/en/sites/
default/files/Book%20CAP%20%208_0.pdf. Afro Barometer. 2014. www.afrobarometer.org/. Lopes, Carlos. 2014. “African Common Position on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.” Presentation, United
National
Africa
2014.
Economic
Commission
for
www.un.org/en/ecosoc/julyhls/
pdf13/ECA%20ECOSOC%20presentation-%20 African%20Common%20position%20on%20 Post%202015.pdf. Post2015.org. 2014. “Data Revolution.” http://post2015. org/tag/data-revolution/. United Nations. 2013. A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development. Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. New York: UN Publications. www. post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/ UN-Report.pdf.
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