Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, No. 1
Aaron Copland wrote his famous Fanfare for the Common Man in 1942 to recognize everyday Americans whose work and tax dollars contributed so greatly to the ongoing war effort. It was one of a multitude of program-opening fanfares commissioned by Eugene Goossens, principal conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony at the time. In the 1980s, the composerin-residence at the Houston Symphony Tobias Picker embarked on a similar project to mark the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of Texas. Joan Tower was among those he asked to contribute a piece, and in 1986 she responded with a Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, dedicated to the conductor Marin Alsop and, more broadly, “to women who take risks and who are adventurous.” The success of this first fanfare spurred Tower to compose many more over the ensuing years, all with inscriptions to women in the music industry whom she found inspiring. Alsop recorded an album of these fanfares with the Colorado Symphony in 1999, though Tower wrote
another in 2016 and has suggested she might write more should the occasion arise.
In the first Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, she uses the same set of instruments that Copland did in his piece. In her program note, she points out a loose resemblance between the main theme of her work and the spacious call that opens Copland’s Fanfare. An ascending arpeggiated tuba entry that she adds partway through also contributes to the sense of homage. But otherwise, Tower’s is an entirely different sort of brassy showpiece. The proceedings open with the trumpets whipping off virtuosic, lightning-quick thirty-second-note licks that require extraordinary chops from the players. The weighty triplets that emerge in the trombones almost make the music sound like a stately march, but they have a raucous, danceable feeling to them. At the climax, triumphant, clarion triplet figures bounce around the group. When the brass players have expended all their energy, they sign off and let the three storming percussionists take it away in the final few measures.
—Nicky Swett
above: Joan Tower, photo by Bernard Mindich
IGOR STRAVINSKY
Born June 17, 1882; Oranienbaum, Russia
Died April 6, 1971; New York City
Symphonies of Wind Instruments (1947 revision)
On March 25, 1918, the day Claude Debussy died, Stravinsky finished writing a piano rag; the next month, he began The Soldier’s Tale. A page in music history had been turned.
Stravinsky and Debussy first met backstage after the premiere of The Firebird in June 1910. Debussy spoke kindly of the music, though he later told Stravinsky, “After all, you had to begin somewhere.” Stravinsky was in awe of his older colleague; he had admired Debussy’s music since the day he heard the Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun as a boy in Russia.
Debussy had no reservations about Stravinsky’s next work, Petrushka, in which he noticed an “orchestral infallibility . . . found only in Parsifal.” Shortly after the Petrushka premiere, they met for lunch, drank champagne, and took photographs of each other. A close friendship developed, and Debussy later gave Stravinsky a walking stick inscribed with their initials.
Friendship between great composers is often complicated, and in the next few years, tensions arose. Debussy was irritated that The Rite of Spring was heralded everywhere as the watershed
score of the new century. (“It’s primitive music with all the modern conveniences,” he said.) Stravinsky admitted that he found Debussy’s acclaimed opera Pelleas and Melisande a “great bore.” In a letter to a friend dated 1916, Debussy dismissed Stravinsky as a spoiled child and an opportunist who wore flashy ties and “treads on women’s toes as he kisses their hands.”
The two composers continued to exchange affectionate letters, although during the war, when Debussy was suffering from cancer, they saw very little of each other. “His subtle, grave smile had disappeared,” Stravinsky later recalled, “and his skin was yellow and sunken; it was hard not to see the future cadaver in him. . . . I saw him last about nine months before his death. This was a triste visit, and Paris was grey, quiet, and without lights or movement.”
Nearly a year after Debussy died in the spring of 1918, Stravinsky learned that Debussy had dedicated the last of his three pieces, En blanc et noir, to him. “I was very moved by it,” Stravinsky wrote after receiving the score, “as well as delighted to see that it was such a good composition.” In the summer of 1920, Stravinsky accepted an invitation from Le revue musicale to contribute to a volume of piano pieces composed in memory of Debussy. He wrote fifty-one
measures of solemn chords, irregularly spaced, that he called a Tombeau de Claude Debussy. That music was quickly recycled as the final section of the Symphonies of Wind Instruments, which he completed in November 1920.
The first performance of the Symphonies of Wind Instruments under Serge Koussevitzky the following June made little impression—the piece was under-rehearsed (the scores arrived late), poorly positioned on the program (its spartan sonorities followed on the heels of Rimsky-Korsakov’s brilliant march from The Golden Cockerel), and badly played (the wind players remained in their chairs at the back of the stage, at an unfortunate distance from the conductor). Stravinsky later referred to Koussevitzky’s “execution” of the piece—“in the military sense.”
Stravinsky described the Symphonies of Wind Instruments as “an austere ritual which is unfolded in terms of short litanies between different groups of homogenous instruments.” He thought the title made better sense in French, although the use of the plural symphonies—alluding to the original meaning of the word, which implies instruments
sounding together—is unconventional in any language.
The Symphonies of Wind Instruments brilliantly shows Stravinsky’s ability to construct an entire score from small, dissimilar blocks of material. Stravinsky jumps from one to another like a film editor who constantly crosscuts between story lines. This restless, disjointed style is remarkably modern, and it influenced a whole new generation of composers long after Stravinsky had moved on to other things. The many shifts in tempo are, in fact, linked by a common pulse: Stravinsky uses only three metronome markings—72, 108, and 144—each a multiple of 36. Music that looks discontinuous on the page proves to be strangely hypnotic in performance, far greater than the sum of its parts. Finally, a sense of mood and line is sustained in the solemn chorale at the very end. There, in the procession of the grave, measured chords of the Tombeau, the music stretches toward infinity, as if Stravinsky were reluctant to take leave of the composer to whom, as he once admitted, he and the musicians of his generation owed the most.
—Phillip Huscher
opposite page: Igor Stravinsky, photographed by Arnold Newman (1918–2006), 1946 | next spread: Katahj Copley, photo by Casey Jones / Pinnacle Photography | John Mackey, photo courtesy of the artist
KATAHJ COPLEY
Born January 15, 1998; Carrollton, Georgia
AYO
Georgia native Katahj Copley premiered his first work, Spectra, in 2017 and hasn’t stopped composing since. As of now, he has written over a hundred works, including works for chamber ensembles, wind ensembles, and orchestra. His compositions have been commissioned and performed by universities, organizations, and professional ensembles, including the Cavaliers Brass, California Band Directors Association, Admiral Launch Duo, and “The President’s Own” United States Marine Band. Copley’s works have been performed in Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, and Australia to critical acclaim.
Katahj Copley says,
Music for me has always been this impactful thing in my life. It can soothe, it can enrage, it can quiet, and it can evoke emotions that are beyond me and this world we live in. I believe that music is the ultimate source of freedom and imagination. The most freedom I have had as a musician was through composing. Composition is like me opening my heart and showing the world my drive, my passion, and my soul.
Katahj Copley on AYO
Salutations. Greetings. Hello. Hi. Hey. Yo. Ayo.
These terms, along with countless others, have been used to greet people throughout history. However, the term ayo is different. Rooted in hip-hop and jazz culture, ayo is grounded in the Black language. It is used to tell when something is right, when something is wrong, when something is awesome, and when something is too sweet for words. It is used with your closest people, your family, or people who know you best. It is personal. In short, ayo is a personal embrace that can represent life. With this piece, I wanted to build the kind of embrace you would get from this word alone while also honoring its beginnings by using hip-hop rhythms and colorful harmonies. By the end of the piece, we, the listeners, go from uncertainty to home, and with the uniqueness of the piece, we, in turn, celebrate not only a word like ayo but also life.
AYO was composed in 2022.
—katahjcopleymusic.com
JOHN MACKEY
Born October 1, 1973; New Philadelphia, Ohio
Sheltering Sky
John Mackey has written for orchestras, theater, and extensively for dance, but the majority of his work for the past decade has been for wind ensembles (the fancy name for concert bands), and his band catalog now receives annual performances numbering in the thousands.
Recent commissions include works for the BBC Singers, the Dallas Wind Symphony, military, school, and university bands across America and Japan, as well as concertos for Joseph Alessi (principal trombone of the New York Philharmonic), Christopher Martin (principal trumpet of the New York Philharmonic), and Julian Bliss (international clarinet soloist). In 2014 Mackey became the youngest composer ever inducted into the American Bandmasters Association. In 2018 he received the Wladimir and Rhoda Lakond Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
The wind band medium in the twenty-first century is a host of disparate styles that dominate its texture. At the core of its contemporary development exists a group of composers who dazzle with scintillating and frightening virtuosity. As such, at first listening, one might experience John Mackey’s 2012
Sheltering Sky as a striking departure. Its serene and simple presentation is a throwback of sorts—a nostalgic portrait of time suspended.
The work unfolds in a sweeping arch structure, with cascading phrases that elide effortlessly. The introduction presents softly articulated harmonies stacked through a surrounding placidity. From there emerge statements of each of the two folksong-like melodies—the call as a sighing descent in solo oboe, and its answer as a hopeful rising line in trumpet. Though the composer’s trademark virtuosity is absent, his harmonic language remains. Mackey avoids traditional triadic sonorities almost exclusively, instead choosing more indistinct chords with diatonic extensions (particularly seventh and ninth chords) that facilitate the hazy sonic world that the piece inhabits. Near cadences, chromatic dissonances fill the narrow spaces in these harmonies, creating an even greater pull toward wistful nostalgia. Each new phrase begins over the resolution of the previous one, creating a sense of motion that never completely stops. The melodies themselves unfold and eventually dissipate until at last the serene introductory material returns—the opening chords finally coming to rest.
—Jake Wallace
JOHN PHILIP SOUSA
Born November 6, 1854; Washington, D.C.
Died March 6, 1932; Reading, Pennsylvania
El Capitan March
One of the perennial Sousa favorites, this march has enjoyed exceptional popularity with bands since it first appeared. It was extracted from the most successful of the Sousa operettas, El Capitan, composed in 1896. El Capitan of the operetta was the comical and cowardly Don Medigua, the early seventeenth-century viceroy of Peru. Some of the themes appear in more than one act, and the closing theme of the march is the same rousing theme that ends the operetta. This was
the march played by the Sousa Band, augmented to over a hundred men and all at Sousa’s personal expense, as they led Admiral Dewey’s victory parade in New York on September 30, 1899. It was a matter of sentiment with Sousa, because the same march had been played by the band on Dewey’s warship Olympia as it sailed out of Mirs Bay on the way to attack Manila during the Spanish-American War.
—Paul E. Bierley, The Works of John Philip Sousa: A Descriptive Catalog of His Works (University of Illinois Press, 1973)
this page: John Philip Sousa, portrait by Elmer Chickering (1857–1915), 1900. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. | opposite page: Gustav Holst, sketch by William Rothenstein (1872–1945). Included in Music & Letters (Oxford University Press), vol. 1, no. 3 (July 1920)
GUSTAV HOLST
Born September 21, 1874; Cheltenham, England
Died May 25, 1934; London, England
First Suite in E-flat for Military Band, Op. 28, No. 1
Gustav Holst wrote his First Suite for Military Band in 1909, but the piece came to prominence in the early 1920s, when a slew of bands around Britain began to feature it on their programs. The suite received an uncharacteristically large number of positive newspaper reviews for band repertoire in that era. The Times noted that it was among the first works for military band “by a composer of standing” and praised it as a “healthy, cleanly written, diatonic, and generally outspoken and single-eyed composition.” The reviewer from The Observer went further, saying that “Holst has taken the military band seriously, as a beginning, and has mastered its technique, and his suite has the same value as would an orchestral piece from his pen.” The success of the piece helped to garner interest in writing for this instrumentation among English composers, paving the way for later band works by Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten.
Holst’s First Suite in E-flat opens with a chaconne. This baroque variation form involves continuously repeating a short melody or harmonic sequence, known as a “ground.” Holst’s refrain,
which is played plainly at the start by the clarinet, euphonium, and basses, is rather ingenious. It is a noble, touching tune on its own, but it also contains a multitude of wide leaps that imply a slew of different harmonies. This means it works well as a bassline and also as a primary, singing voice, and Holst continuously finds new characters by toggling between these identities. The large intervals that characterize the repeated melody are also relatively recognizable, which makes it quite exciting when, close to the end of the movement, the composer turns his ground upside down for a few cycles.
In the intermezzo, Holst writes a chirpy, syncopated ditty, alternating it with a broad melody that sounds like an English folk song. At the end, he layers these ideas in a show of wit and playfulness.
Holst gives the pickup to each phrase of the main theme of the closing march a righteous accent—a little kick that contributes to the pomp of the music. The lyrical theme that emerges over the course of the movement alludes to the repeated melody of the chaconne, making the rousing conclusion feel like the culmination of the complete work. In the march, the trombones get several sassy hits and melodic turns. Holst started playing the trombone when he
was twelve, and he continued to gig in orchestras and brass bands to support himself while studying composition at the Royal College of Music in the 1890s. The boisterous role of the instrument in the final movement of this suite may
WOLFGANG MOZART
Born January 27, 1756; Salzburg, Austria
Died December 5, 1791; Vienna, Austria
well have had a personal appeal to the composer—something he could imagine himself, or his friends, playing.
—Nicky Swett
Finale from Serenade No. 10 in B-flat Major, K. 370a (Gran Partita)
In the final year of his short life, Mozart loaned the clarinetist
Anton Stadler 500 florins—a hefty sum in 1791, and one that put a serious dent in the composer’s finances. Mozart loved great musicians even more than money, and Stadler was his favorite clarinetist. In 1791 Mozart wrote two of his finest works for Stadler—a quintet for clarinet and strings (K. 581) and the clarinet concerto (K. 622), which is his last completed composition. They had worked together in Vienna for nearly ten years, and it was partly through Mozart’s intervention that Anton and his younger brother Johann became the first full-time
professional clarinetists in that important music capital. Mozart counted Anton among his close friends; they were fellow brothers in the Masonic order, and they obviously enjoyed each other’s company. They shared a fondness for games of all kinds and probably played billiards and bowled together; in 1787, when they took a coach to Prague to attend performances of The Marriage of Figaro, they invented names for themselves and the rest of their circle (Mozart was Punkitititi, and Stadler Nàtschibinitschibi).
It was Anton Stadler who first recognized this serenade for thirteen instruments as a masterpiece, and he decided to include four of its seven movements on his benefit concert at Vienna’s Burgtheater on March 23, 1784.
this page: Wolfgang Mozart, detail from the Mozart family portrait by Johann Nepomuk della Croce (1736–1819), 1780 | opposite page: The Kohlmarkt in Vienna, a drawing of a portion of the city center by Carl Schütz (1745–1800), 1786 | next spread: Richard Strauss, as photographed by Ferdinand Schmutzer (1870–1928), 1922. Austrian National Library, Image Archive, Austria
In the eighteenth century, serenades were occasional pieces, made to order for weddings, dinner parties, and all manner of society gatherings. Although Mozart accepted a number of these assignments in his career, he never learned to write music that did not call attention to itself. Mozart’s serenades tend to interfere with polite conversation, upstage the caterer, and distract the assembled crowd from the main event. This magnificent serenade, scored for an unusually large ensemble of musicians and written with a deep understanding of the heart’s emotions, is surely the most subversive background music ever written. Even in 1784, it was apparent, at least to Anton Stadler, that it belonged on the concert stage.
romance and a set of variations between the second minuet and the finale. Since each minuet features two trios, there are, in effect, eleven musical “numbers” of differing scale and mood.
It used to be assumed that Mozart composed this serenade in Munich in 1781, after the successful premiere of his opera Idomeneo, and a few weeks before he settled in Vienna. In recent years, however, as scholars have begun to pay attention to paper stock and watermarks, we have learned that Mozart did not use the type of manuscript paper on which the serenade is written until 1782, after his move to Vienna.
If Mozart wrote this music for his own wedding, that would help to explain its lavish scoring and unusually generous proportions. Eighteenth-century serenades were normally in five movements, with a minuet on either side of a central slow movement, but here Mozart adds a
Mozart calls for a dozen wind instruments, including two pairs of horns—one pair in F, the other in B-flat—to allow access to a wider range of keys. This is apparently the first of many works in which he used the basset horn, a lower-pitched relative of the clarinet. Mozart loved its plaintive sound—Bernard Shaw referred to its “watery melancholy”—and he wrote for it again in a number of occasional works, in Constanze’s tragic aria in The Abduction from the Seraglio, and, perhaps most memorably, in the final, unfinished requiem. (The Clarinet Concerto originally was conceived for basset horn.) Mozart also requests a “contrabasso,” a string bass, though today it is sometimes played by the contrabassoon instead, or in addition.
The B-flat serenade is Mozart’s supreme achievement in wind music. Every movement shows how much he
COMMENTS
loved the sound of winds cascading up and down scales, gently rocking an arpeggiated chord, or singing out like great operatic voices. Although virtually each page calls for all thirteen instruments, their relationships change from moment to moment, as different players engage each other in dialogue. Mozart was a master colorist, and he knew that an infinite number of hues could be made by just thirteen instruments. (Only in the first trio, scored for clarinets and basset horns alone, did he intentionally restrict his palette.)
The serenade is by turns grand, playful, somber, boisterous, witty, and heartbreaking—sometimes all within a single movement. On one page Mozart writes elaborate counterpoint, on the next a homespun melody over an ordinary accompaniment. Several passages suggest the brilliance and precision of military marching music; the finale, on the other hand, is so sublimely silly that one can imagine Punkitititi and Nàtschibinitschibi giggling over their delicious joke.
—Phillip Huscher
RICHARD STRAUSS
Born June 11, 1864; Munich, Germany
Died September 8, 1949; Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Introduction and Allegro from Symphony for Winds in E-flat Major (Happy Workshop)
Richard Strauss spent much of World War II in a state of despondency. He had reluctantly and self-interestedly collaborated with Hitler’s regime in the early 1930s, but he refused to cooperate with anti-Jewish policies, and in 1935, he decisively fell out of favor with the administration. He devoted much of his energy during the war to finding safety for his Jewish daughter-in-law and grandchildren,
and he had many periods in which he composed very little.
Strauss claimed in a bitter moment in October 1943 that he was done with writing major, public compositions, and that “the notes I scribble now have absolutely no meaning for music history.” Among his private experiments in 1943 was a sonatina for wind ensemble subtitled “From an Invalid’s Workshop,” an indication of his miserable state of mind and poor physical health while he was crafting the piece. He returned to writing for winds in 1944, drafting an altogether cheerier
“Sonatina no. 2,” which he described as a Symphony for Winds and subtitled Happy Workshop
The manuscript included an inscription “to the spirit of the eternal Mozart at the end of grateful life,” a most appropriate dedicatee for a wind work. In the 1780s, Mozart revitalized the genre of the wind serenade. His wind works from that time rivaled his symphonic creations and made brilliant, raucous, touching use of the diverse timbres found in wind ensembles. Strauss starts the final movement of his Happy Workshop in an utterly unhappy and un-Mozartian mode. The bassoons and contrabassoon lay down a thick, implication-rich set of dissonant harmonies, while higher voices in the group repeat a ruminating melodic figure that disintegrates into chromatic descents. As this heavy, slow introduction develops, we are introduced to a lighter figure—four sixteenth notes, two eighth notes, and a jolly ascending scale in triplets. Notably, the start of that gesture is a rhythmic motif that is important to the closing movement of Mozart’s Wind Serenade in B-flat, the so-called Gran
Partita. This theme emerges cautiously in the bassoon and is eventually played by almost every instrument in the group before Strauss uses the idea to move into an allegro. The gesture becomes the subject of a perky dialogue between upper wind voices, reminiscent of chirping, conversant birdsongs found in Beethoven’s Fourth and Sixth symphonies. Echoes of the severe opening return, but punctuated by bursts of these hooting, carefree calls, the music that seemed so dire initially comes to appear more benign. Strauss, like Mozart, writes difficult, virtuosic, yet fluent-sounding wind lines, resulting in an ultimately euphoric showcase for every instrument in the group.
—Nicky Swett
Cellist, writer, and music researcher Nicky Swett holds a PhD in music from the University of Cambridge, where he was a Gates Scholar. From 2016 to 2018, he was a section member and community engagement fellow in the Civic Orchestra of Chicago.
Phillip Huscher is the program annotator for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
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CIVIC ORCHESTRA OF CHICAGO SCHOLARSHIPS
Members of the Civic Orchestra receive an annual stipend to offset some of their living expenses during their training. The following donors have generously helped to support these stipends for the 2025–26 season.
Ten Civic members participate in the Civic Fellowship program, a rigorous artistic and professional development curriculum that supplements their membership in the full orchestra. Major funding for this program is generously provided by Lori Julian for the Julian Family Foundation
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Anonymous
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