HOW DOES A SINGLE CLIMEWORKS CARBON COLLECTOR WORK?
WHY IS IT RELEVANT? DIRECT AIR CAPTURE OF CARBON REDUCES CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THUS THE AMOUNT OF HEAT THE ATMOSPHERE CAN HOLD SINCE CO2 HAS A HIGHER SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT THAN OXYGEN, REDUCING THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND PROMOTING A RETURN TO THE DIURNAL SEASONAL NATURE OF THE HOLOCENE. THE CO2 THAT GETS CAPTURED AND REDIRECTED DURING THIS PROCESS ULTIMATELY CAN BE STORED AND USED IN WAYS THAT PROMOTE A POSITIVE CYCLE OF ATMOSPHERIC RENEWAL, SUCH AS STORING LIQUIFIED CO2 IN WAYS THAT SCULPT NEW LANDSCAPES AND ACCELERATING GROWTH OF BIOGENIC MATERIALS AND PROCESSES.
WHY IS SOLID DIRECT AIR CAPTURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE (S-DAC) BETTER THAN LIQUID DIRECT AIR CAPTURE (L-DAC) FOR THIS PROJECT?
ALL MATERIALS IN THE COLLECTOR ARE SOLIDS. THE FILTER THAT CAPTURES CO2 FROM THE AIR AND RELEASES OXYGEN IS A CARBONATE ON SILICA SOLUTION. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT OPTIONS FOR ADSORBENTS IN S-DAC SYSTEMS, AND NONE SCORES THE BEST ON ALL ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES ACCORDING TO CLIMAWORKS’ LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, BUT CARBONATE ON SILICA IS WHAT IS USED IN THIS SYSTEM AND SEEMS TO BE ABLE TO STRIP CARBON APPROPRIATELY AT TEMPERATURES OF 100 DEGREES CELSIUS, WHICH MAKES IT EFFICIENT HERE.
LOCATION
CARBON ENGINEERING CANADA
GLOBAL THERMOSTAT UNITED STATES
SYSTEM TYPE
SOLID SORBENT
LIQUID SOLVENT
SOLID SORBENT
THERMAL ENERGY NEEDS THERMAL ENERGY SOURCE
80-120°C/176-248°F
900°C/1652°F
105-120°C/221-248°F
NON-FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY RESOURCES (GEOTHERMAL, WASTE HEAT, ETC.)
NATURAL GAS WITH CCS
ENERGY RESOURCE AGNOSTIC
PROJECTS
15 PLANTS AROUND EUROPE WITH A COLLECTIVE CAPACITY OF JUST UNDER 6000 tCO2/YR
PILOT PLANT IN CANADA DEVELOPING 1MtCO2/YR CAPACITY PLANT IN SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES
2 PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES WITH A COLLECTIVE CAPACITY OF 1500 tCO2/YR
MOST RECENT ROUND OF FUNDING IN MARCH 2022, REACHED $650 MILLION
RECEIVED $70 MILLION IN TOTAL INVESTMENT FROM GOVERNMENTS AND CORPORATES
RECEIVED INVESTMENTS OF $68 MILLION IN MOST RECENT ROUND OF FUNDING IN 2019
INVESTMENTS
N. HOLTON ST
N. RICHARDS ST.
A
SINGLE
CARBON
THE CLIMEWORKS WEBSITE STATES THAT THE ORCA PLANT – WHICH WE KNOW CONTAINS 48 CARBON COLLECTORS AND ACCOMPANYING EQUIPMENT – SITS ON 0.42 ACRES OF LAND.
CAPITOL DRIVE
INDUSTRIES
SITES
CAPACITY MW
CHEMICALS
23
385.1
WOOD PRODUCTS
12
13.5
PETROLEUM REFINING
7
35.6
PRIMARY METALS
5
316.0
PULP AND PAPER
4
2.8
FOOD PROCESSING
3
3.9
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
3
2.2
STONE, CLAY, GLASS
2
50.2
FURNITURE
2
0.3
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
1
1.8
CAPITOL DRIVE
CAPITOL DRIVE
CAPITOL DRIVE
1470’-0”
LIFE STORAGE RIVERWEST PLAZA
1470’-0”
TACO BELL
N. HOLTON ST
ABANDONED BUILDING
TABLE 2: EXISTING WHP PROJECTS IN THE UNITED STATES BY APPLICATION
CITGO PNC BANK
UHAUL
AUMOR TRUCK WASH
GAMESTOP
RAINBOW ANTHONY’S AUTO GARAGE
BAREFOOT ITNL & FLY HIGH MFG
STRONG MICROBIALS INC
WALMART SUPERCENTER
MISC. MANUFACTURING
1
0.6
TOTAL
63
812.0
LEGENDS TOWING
D & D’S LOUNGE
SOURCE: CHP INSTALLATION DATABASE, DOE/ORNL, 2022.
VALENT’S
E. ABERT PL.
DAIRYLAND BUSES
0.42/48 = 0.00875 ACRES PER CARBON COLLECTOR (FOOTPRINT) = 381.15 SQUARE
FEET (FOOTPRINT) 381.15 SQUARE FEET OF LAND SPACE CAN BE USED TO REMOVE 83.3 TCO2/YEAR FROM THE AIR USING A SINGLE S-DAC CARBON COLLECTOR, 1000 TIMES MORE EFFICIENT THAN TREES
THEREFORE,
STEP 1 OPTION C
STEP 1 OPTION B
JOB: WIND TURBINE MAINTENANCE
6.
75
6
.5 43
JOB: MAINTENANCE OF HEAT PUMP
6.
75
JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY LEVELS FROM SOURCE
JOB: MAINTENANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ELECTRCIAL CONVERSION
6
.2 30
BECAUSE THE CLIMEWORKS S-DAC SYSTEM – UNLIKE ANY OTHER S-DAC OR L-DAC SYSTEM – ONLY REQUIRES THE GENERATION OF HEAT UP TO 100 DEGREES CELSIUS IN ORDER TO STRIP CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE AIR AND LIQUIFY IT, AND CAN THEREFORE BE POWERED ENTIRELY BY RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, BOTH IN TERMS OF HEAT AND ELECTRICITY REQUIRED TO RUN THE SYSTEM.
CLIMEWORKS SWITZERLAND
ROSS DRESS FOR LESS
JOB: WIND TURBINE INSPECTOR
6.
75
.26
0
SINGLE CARBON COLLECTOR
JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY AND HEAT LEVELS AT CARBON COLLECTORS FROM SOURCE
.3 13
30 .30 3 1 .42 8
6.
75
4.44
S-DAC SYSTEMS REQUIRE MORE ENERGY TO RUN THAN L-DAC SYSTEMS, BUT THEY CAN DERIVE THEIR ENERGY FROM LOW-TEMPERATURE HEAT AS OPPOSED TO HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT, WHICH IS ULTIMATELY WHAT GIVES THEM THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME CARBON NEGATIVE OR CARBON NEUTRAL. ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, L-DAC SYSTEMS REQUIRE ON AVERAGE 6.75 GIGAJOULES/TON OF CO2 HARVESTED, WHILE S-DAC SYSTEMS REQUIRE 9.5 GIGAJOULES/TON OF CO2 HARVESTED.
JOB: MAINTAINING TECS ON COOKERS
JOB: COOKING
ENERGY NEEDS OF L-DAC AND S-DAC, 2023 GJ/t CO2
115 SMALL STOVE-SIZED TECS TO POWER ONE CARBON COLLECTOR
HEAT FROM 92 AIR-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS CAN BE USED OR CONVERTED BACK TO ELECTRICITY FOR ONE CARBON COLLECTOR
JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY AND HEAT LEVELS AT CARBON COLLECTORS FROM SOURCE
1865.6 CUBIC FEET OF LIQUIFIED CARBON STORAGE PER CARBON COLLECTOR PER YEAR (TRUE SCALE SHOWN HERE)
ON THE SAMPLE SITE WITHOUT ANY STACKING
80% OF CAPTURED LIQUIFIED CO2 CAN BE STORED IN A MAN-MADE SHALLOW SETTING WHICH CAN SCULPT THE LANDSCAPE AND AVOID FRACKING EFFECTS OF DEEP STORAGE
IF THE SITE WERE COMPLETELY EMPTY WITH NO OTHER POWER SOURCES, ACCESSORIES, OR AMENITIES IN THE PROGRAM, IT COULD FIT THIS MANY CARBON COLLECTORS ON SITE: SAMPLE SITE OF TWO PAVED AREAS & CAPITOL DRIVE = 882,000 SQUARE FEET FOOTPRINT OF ONE CARBON COLLECTOR = 381.15 SQUARE FEET 882,000/381.15 = 2314 CARBON COLLECTORS COULD FIT BACK-TO-BACK
8
6
ON THE SAMPLE SITE WITHOUT ANY STACKING
4
STORAGE SPACE NEEDED FOR STORING 80% OF THE CAPTURED, LIQUIFIED CO2 IN A SHALLOW-SETTING FOR 1 CARBON COLLECTOR FOR 1 YEAR:
2
0
L-DAC
S-DAC
HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT IEA, LICENSE, CC BY 4,0 LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY FOR CO2 COMPRESSION ONLY
ARE ANY CURRENT PRECEDENTS 100% PERFECT? NO, BUT BECAUSE CLIMEWORKS IS THE LARGEST AND POSSIBLY THE ONLY COMPANY CURRENTLY DEPLOYING S-DAC SYSTEMS IN A CARBON NEGATIVE WAY WITH A LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS TO BACK UP THEIR DATA, I AM USING THEIR TECHNOLOGY AS THE PRIMARY PRECEDENT FOR THE HEAT FARMER’S DAC SYSTEM.
AFTER THE CARBONATE ON SILICA/ SOLID AMINE SOLUTION FILTER TRAPS ITS MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF CARBON, THE ENTIRE INTERIOR OF THE CARBON COLLECTOR HEATS UP TO 100 DEGREES CELSIUS AND THE FILTER SHEDS ITS CARBON TO THE WATER SEPARATION UNIT WHERE IT MIXES WITH WATER AND LIQUIFIES. CLIMEWORKS THEN PUMPS THE LIQUIFIED CARBON DEEP BELOW GROUND, SOMETHING I AM CHOOSING TO AVOID.
HOW MANY TONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE (TCO2)/YEAR DOES A SINGLE CLIMAWORKS CARBON COLLECTOR SUCK OUT OF THE AIR? WE KNOW FROM THE CLIMEWORKS WEBSITE THAT THE ORCA CAPTURE PLANT REMOVES 4000TCO2/YEAR FROM THE AIR. WE KNOW FROM FOOTAGE FROM THE BBC NEWS VIDEO ALONG WITH ANIMATED DIAGRAMS FROM CLIMEWORKS FOR WHAT A SINGLE CARBON COLLECTOR LOOKS LIKE THAT THE ORCA PLANT HAS 48 CARBON COLLECTORS.
THIS CALCULATION INCLUDES THE ENERGY TO ELECTRICALLY POWER THE HEAT EXCHANGER, VACUUM SYSTEM, WATER SEPARATION UNIT, AND THE HEAT REQUIRED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE COLLECTOR TO 100 DEGREES CELSIUS THE ARTICLE DIRECT AIR CAPTURE'S HIDDEN ENERGY COST BY MICHELLE MA ON PROTOCOL.COM POSITS THAT THE NET ENERGY NEEDED TO REMOVE 1 TON OF CARBON FROM THE AIR IS 1200 KILOWATT HOURS (KWH).
REVIEW OF DIRECT AIR CAPTURE: OUR TECHNOLOGY TO CAPTURE CO2. N.D. CLIMEWORKS.COM. CLIMEWORKS. ACCESSED FEBRUARY 18, 2024. HTTPS://CLIMEWORKS.COM/DIRECT-AIR-CAPTURE.
ONE CARBON COLLECTOR REMOVES 83.3 TCO2/YEAR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE 83.3 X 1200 = 100,000 KWH/YEAR NEEDED TO POWER 1 CARBON
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS AND TEG PRODUCTS FOR CONVERTING HEAT TO TEG POWER! N.D. WWW.TEGMART.COM. TEGMART. ACCESSED FEBRUARY 18, 2024. HTTPS://WWW.TEGMART.COM/INFO/GUIDE-TO-UNDERSTANDING-AND-USING-TEG-POWER-ANDPRODUCTS/#:~:TE XT=THE%20PHOTOVOLTAIC%20EQUIVALENT%20OF%20100%20WATTS%20OF%20TEG,A%20DAY%20AS%201000-WATTS %20OF%20SOLAR%20PV%20PANELS..
__FORM-SCULPTING ELEMENT WILL THE HEAT FARMERS STORE HARVESTED, LIQUIFIED DIOXIDE IN THE SAME WAY THAT CLIMEWORKS DOES?
….THIS WILL REQUIRE NEW SHALLOW STORAGE IDEAS FOR LIQUIFIED CO2 THAT ULTIMATELY SCULPT THE FORM OF STRUCTURES, SINCE STORING CO2 UNDER NEW CONSTRUCTION IS THE MOST SPACE-EFFICIENT, AND CAN CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE LANDSCAPE THAT HOSTS NEW CONSTRUCTION AS WELL.
HOW MUCH OF VARIOUS DIFFERENT ON-SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY AND HEAT SOURCES WOULD WE NEED TO POWER ONE CARBON COLLECTOR FOR ONE DAY? 276 KWH TO POWER ONE CARBON COLLECTOR PER DAY THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS: A TEC GENERATED FROM AN AVERAGE-SIZED STOVE (WOOD STOVE, SOLAR COOKER, ETC.) PRODUCES 2.4 KWH/DAY -> 276/2.4 = 115
SMALL STOVE-SIZED TECS TO POWER ONE CARBON COLLECTOR (COULD BE DIURNAL DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF STOVE)
CHUNG, JACKSON. 2021. REVIEW OF CLIMEWORKS’ ORCA IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST DIRECT AIR CAPTURE (DAC) PLANT, AIMS TO CAPTURE 4000 TONS OF CO2 PER YEAR. WWW.TECHEBLOG.COM. TECHEBLOG. OCTOBER 9, 2021. HTTPS://WWW.TECHEBLOG.COM/CLIMEWORKS-ORCA-LARGEST-DIRECT-AIR-CAPTURE-PLANT-CO2/.
JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY AND HEAT LEVELS AT CARBON COLLECTORS FROM SOURCE
LANE, CATHERINE. 2024. REVIEW OF HOW MUCH POWER DOES A SOLAR PANEL PRODUCE? SOLARREVIEWS.COM. FEBRUARY 6, 2024. HTTPS://WWW.SOLARREVIEWS.COM/BLOG/HOW-MUCH-ELECTRICITY-DOES-A-SOLAR-PANEL-PRODUCE. REVIEW OF HOW MANY KWH DOES A WIND TURBINE PRODUCE PER DAY? 2023. WINDATA-INC.COM. WINDATA. AUGUST 4, 2023. HTTPS://WINDATA-INC.COM/HOW-MANY-KWH-DOES-A-WIND-TURBINE-PRODUCE-PER-DAY/#:~:TEXT=ON%20AVE RAGE%2C%20A%20MODERN%20WIND%20TURBINE%20WITH%20A,ON%20THE%20WIND%20CONDITIONS%20AT%20THE%2 0SPECIFIC%20LOCATION.. “WASTE HEAT TO POWER SYSTEMS.” WWW.EPA.GOV, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, JULY 2015, WWW.EPA.GOV/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/2015-07/DOCUMENTS/WASTE_HEAT_TO_POWER_SYSTEMS.PDF. ACCESSED 18 FEB. 2024.
JOB: CLEANING, MONITORING, AND MAINTENANCING CARBON COLLECTORS
18
FEB.
SIZE RELATIVE TO SAMPLE SITE
JOB: MAINTENANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ELECTRCIAL CONVERSION
JOB: SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY LEVELS FROM SOURCE
JOB: OPERATING WATER FILTRATION UNITS TO STORE AND PUMP CO2 OUT TO OTHER SOURCES
STEP 3 OPTION A
STEP 1 OPTION F
HEAT FARMERS DIVISION 4 CO2 STORAGE AND TRANSFORMATION
2024,
FENDT, LINDSAY. 2021. REVIEW OF IS THERE A DANGER THAT PUMPING LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE UNDERGROUND COULD HAVE THE SAME NEGATIVE IMPACTS AS FRACKING? CLIMATE.MIT.EDU. MIT. APRIL 21, 2021. HTTPS://CLIMATE.MIT.EDU/ASK-MIT/THERE-DANGER-PUMPING-LIQUID-CARBON-DIOXIDE-UNDERGROUND-COU LD-HAVE-SAME-NEGATIVE-IMPACTS.
JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY LEVELS
JOB: OPERATING WATER FILTRATION UNITS TO STORE CO2
REVIEW OF TREES HELP TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE. 2012. WWW.EEA.EUROPA.EU. EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY. JANUARY 6, 2012. HTTPS://WWW.EEA.EUROPA.EU/ARTICLES/FORESTS-HEALTH-AND-CLIMATE-CHANGE/KEY-FACTS/TREES-HELPTACKLE-CLIMATE-CHANGE. “TON CONTAINERS MODEL D.” WWW.ISGEC.COM, ISGEC, WWW.ISGEC.COM/PDF/LGC-MODEL-D-ENGLISH-NEW.PDF. ACCESSED 18 FEB. 2024.
STEP 1 OPTION D
JOB: MAINTAINING ELECTRICITY AND HEAT LEVELS AT CARBON COLLECTORS FROM SOURCE
JOB: MIXING LIQUIFIED CO2 INTO NEW BATCHES OF CONCRETE TO STORE IN NEW FOUNDATIONS
STEP 3 OPTION B
MA, MICHELLE. 2022. REVIEW OF DIRECT AIR CAPTURE’S HIDDEN ENERGY COST. WWW.PROTOCOL.COM. PROTOCOL. OCTOBER 21, 2022. HTTPS://WWW.PROTOCOL.COM/BULLETINS/DIRECT-AIR-CAPTURE-ENERGY-USE.
SIZE RELATIVE TO SAMPLE SITE
JOB: PROCESSING TIMBER FOR BUILDING MATERIALS
LEBLING, KATIE, HALEY LESLEY-BOLE, AND ZACH BYRUM. 2022. REVIEW OF 6 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT DIRECT AIR CAPTURE. WWW.WRI.ORG. WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE. MAY 2, 2022. HTTPS://WWW.WRI.ORG/INSIGHTS/DIRECT-AIR-CAPTURE-RESOURCE-CONSIDERATIONS-AND-COSTS-CARBON-R EMOVAL. BUDINIS, SARA. 2023. REVIEW OF DIRECT AIR CAPTURE. WWW.IEA.ORG. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. JULY 11, 2023. HTTPS://WWW.IEA.ORG/ENERGY-SYSTEM/CARBON-CAPTURE-UTILISATION-AND-STORAGE/DIRECT-AIR-CAPTUR E.
ONE WOOD PROCESSING PLANT ON SITE COULD POWER 3.18 CARBON COLLECTORS
JOB: MAINTENANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ELECTRCIAL CONVERSION
JOB: HORTICULTURIST
FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY:
REVIEW OF WORLD’S BIGGEST MACHINE CAPTURING CARBON FROM AIR TURNED ON IN ICELAND - BBC NEWS 9 SEPTEMBER 2021. 2021. WWW.YOUTUBE.COM. BBC NEWS. SEPTEMBER 9, 2021. HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=SG3IZP-ZJBE&T=40S.
WHAT ABOUT PER YEAR AND PER DAY FOR THE ENTIRE ORCA PLANT WITH 48 CARBON COLLECTORS? 4000 X 1200 = 4,800,000 KWH/YEAR (4000/365) X 1200 = 13151 KWH/DAY
NO. WE RECOGNIZE THAT 80% OF CAPTURED CARBON WILL NEED TO BE STORED, AS THE CURRENT DATA SUGGESTS THAT THERE IS SO MUCH OF IT THAT WE CAN ONLY USE 20% FOR OTHER FUNCTIONS, BUT A GOAL IS TO AVOID DEEP-GROUND STORAGE DUE TO ITS SIDE EFFECTS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF FRACKING.
AMOUNT OF CAPTURED LIQUIFIED CO2 TO USE FOR OTHER FUNCTIONS: TCO2 FROM ONE CARBON COLLECTOR PER YEAR TO USE TOWARD GREENHOUSE GROWTH & SYNTHETIC FUEL
HOW MUCH ENERGY PER YEAR DOES A SINGLE CLIMEWORKS CARBON COLLECTOR REQUIRE TO RUN?
83.3/365 = 0.23 TCO2 CAPTURED BY 1 CARBON COLLECTOR PER DAY 0.23 X 1200 = 276 KWH TO POWER ONE CARBON COLLECTOR PER DAY (ON AVERAGE, SINCE THERE ARE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON IN THE AIR THROUGHOUT THE YEAR)
466.4 TCO2 FROM ONE C A R B O N COLLECTOR PER YEAR TO USE TOWARD GREENHOUSE GROWTH & SYNTHETIC FUEL
2332-1865.6 = 466.4
DEUTZ, SARAH, AND ANDRÉ BARDOW. “LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL DIRECT AIR CAPTURE PROCESS BASED ON TEMPERATURE–VACUUM SWING ADSORPTION.” NATURE ENERGY 6, NO. 2 (2021): 203–213.
COLLECTOR
20% OF CAPTURED LIQUIFIED CO2 CAN BE SENT TO GREENHOUSES ON SITE TO PROMOTE GROWTH OF BIOGENIC BUILDING MATERIALS AND FOOD
CARBON COLLECTOR PER YEAR
ONE CARBON COLLECTOR REMOVES 83.3 TCO2/YEAR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE
WHAT ABOUT PER DAY?
CARBON
ONE CARBON COLLECTOR REMOVES 83.3 TCO2/YEAR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE SIZE OF A 1-TON LIQUID STORAGE CONTAINER: 7’X2’X2’ CYLINDER (ISGEC BRAND) = 28 CUBIC FEET OF AREA (VOLUME) 83.3X28 = 2332 CUBIC FEET OF AREA (100% OF CAPTURED LIQUIFIED CARBON FOR ONE CARBON COLLECTOR PER YEAR) 2332 X 0.8 = 1865.6 CUBIC FEET OF LIQUIFIED CARBON STORAGE PER
4000 TCO2 PER YEAR / 48 CARBON COLLECTORS =
FIG. 5: CARBON FOOTPRINT OF CAPTURED CO2 DEPENDING ON THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY FROM CRADLE-TO-GRAVE. THE RIGHT AXIS SHOWS THE CARBON REMOVAL EFFICIENCY (METHODS, EQUATION (2)). THE SHADED AREAS ARE EACH SPANNED BY THE TODAY (TOP LINE) AND FUTURE (BOTTOM LINE) SCENARIOS FOR ENERGY SUPPLY (METHODS). THE DASHED LINES REPRESENT THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY BY RENEWABLES (WIND AND PHOTOVOLTAICS), SEVERAL COUNTRIES TODAY, AND TWO GLOBAL FORECASTS FOR 2030 AND 2050 (METHODS AND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 1 FOR DETAILED INFORMATION). HEAT IS PROVIDED VIA A HEAT PUMP SYSTEM AND WASTE HEAT. FOR CO2-BASED FUEL (CH4), HEAT FROM METHANATION IS USED FOR THE DAC SYSTEM, AND ADDITIONAL HEAT IS PROVIDED BY WASTE HEAT IN THE TODAY SCENARIO (METHODS AND SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 8). BOTH CO2-BASED AND FOSSIL-BASED METHANE INCLUDES THE SUBSEQUENT COMBUSTION TO COVER THE ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE BUT NEGLECTS THE USE PHRASE, WHICH WOULD BE IDENTICAL. THE CO2 CAPTURE PLANT HAS A CAPACITY OF 4KTCO2/YR (SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 3) AND AN ADSORBENT CONSUMPTION OF 7.5G ADSORBENT (AMINE ON SILICA, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 4) PER KILOGRAM CO2 CAPTURED.
JOB: CO2 DISTRIBUTION IN GREENHOUSE
WASTE HEAT FROM A TRAIN SYSTEM IN MILWAUKEE COULD POWER 6.5 CARBON COLLECTORS
STEP 1 OPTION E
10
HOW MANY CARBON COLLECTORS COULD FIT ONTO THE SAMPLE SITE?
SIZE RELATIVE TO SAMPLE SITE
138 SOLAR PANELS TO POWER ONE C A R B O N COLLECTOR
SIZE RELATIVE TO SAMPLE SITE
HOW MANY CARBON COLLECTORS COULD FIT ONTO THE SAMPLE SITE? IF THE SITE WERE COMPLETELY EMPTY WITH NO OTHER POWER SOURCES, ACCESSORIES, OR AMENITIES IN THE PROGRAM, IT COULD FIT THIS MANY CARBON COLLECTORS ON SITE: SAMPLE SITE OF TWO PAVED AREAS & CAPITOL DRIVE = 882,000 SQUARE FEET FOOTPRINT OF ONE CARBON COLLECTOR = 381.15 SQUARE FEET 882,000/381.15 = 2314 CARBON COLLECTORS COULD FIT BACK-TO-BACK
ONE WIND TURBINE CAN POWER 25.36 C A R B O N COLLECTORS
SIZE RELATIVE TO SAMPLE SITE
STEP 1 OPTION A
SOURCE: CLIMEWORKS 2022, IEA 2022, MCQUEEN ET AL. 2021, NASEM 2019, CARBON ENGINEERING 2019, BIPARTISAN POLICY CENTER 2020
SIZE RELATIVE TO SAMPLE SITE
STEP 2
STEP 3
COLLECTORS TOTAL AT THE ORCA CAPTURE PLANT
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
HEAT FROM A TRAIN SYSTEM IN MILWAUKEE COULD POWER 6.5 CARBON COLLECTORS
HOW BIG IS COLLECTOR?
THE IMAGES FROM THIS VIDEO SHOW THAT 4 UNITS X 12 CARBON COLLECTORS = 48 CARBON
OFFICE DEPOT
STEP 2
TWO UNITS SHARE A WATER SEPARATION UNIT AT ORCA, SO THERE ARE FOUR TOTAL CARBON CAPTURE UNITS AND TWO TOTAL WATER SEPARATION UNITS:
DOLLAR TREE
CAPITAL CENTRE SHOPPING CENTER
PHOENIX LOGISTICS
WASTE HEAT FROM AMTRAK/TRAINS: 1.8 MWH X 1000 = 1800 KWH; 1800/276 = WASTE
PLANT ON SITE COULD POWER 3.18 CARBON COLLECTORS
CARBON COLLECTOR
5. REDIRECTION OF THE CAPTURED, LIQUIFIED CARBON DIOXIDE INTO NEWLY-MIXED BATCHES OF CONCRETE TO SERVE AS NECESSARY FOUNDATIONS FOR NEW BUILDINGS
CONVERTED BACK TO ELECTRICITY FOR ONE CARBON COLLECTOR
RAINBOW
STEP 1
4. REDIRECTION OF THE CAPTURED, LIQUIFIED CARBON DIOXIDE INTO GREENHOUSES TO PROMOTE GROWTH OF BIOGENIC BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPOST GENERATION
AIR-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: GAINS 4 KWH IN THERMAL ENERGY FROM 1 KWH ELECTRICITY -> 276/3 KWH = HEAT FROM 92 AIR-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS CAN BE USED OR
WOOD PRODUCTS PROCESSING PLANT ON SITE: 12 TOTAL SITES/13.5 TOTAL OUTPUT = 0.88 MWH AVG/SITE = 880 KWH -> 880/276 = ONE WOOD PROCESSING
UNIT
3. REDIRECTION OF THE CAPTURED, LIQUIFIED CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SHALLOW STORAGE SOLUTIONS THAT SCULPT THE ARCHITECTURES AND LANDSCAPES OF THE COMMUNITY (UNLIKE THE S-DAC PRECEDENT USED HERE, WHICH STILL RESORTS TO DEEP-GROUND CARBON STORAGE WHICH CAUSES ISSUES SIMILAR TO FRACKING)
WIND TURBINES: AVERAGE MODERN WIND TURBINE CAN PRODUCE 6000-8000 KWH/DAY -> 7000/276 = ONE WIND TURBINE CAN POWER 25.36 CARBON COLLECTORS
600’-0”
N. HOLTON ST
2. THE FUNCTIONING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DIRECT AIR CARBON CAPTURE COLLECTORS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, VACUUM SYSTEMS, AND WATER SEPARATION UNITS DURING THEIR ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION PROCESSES
138 SOLAR PANELS TO POWER ONE CARBON COLLECTOR (MAY NOT BE DIURNAL)
882,000 SQUARE FEET
AREA
TWO LARGE COMMERICAL LOTS IN WILLIAMSBURG HEIGHTS, MILWAUKEE
N. HOLTON ST
AT ORCA, EACH UNIT HOSTS 12 CARBON COLLECTORS:
SAMPLE SITE
N. RICHARDS ST.
1. ENERGY DERIVED FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS INVOLVED ON-SITE THAT POWER THE DIRECT AIR CARBON CAPTURE COLLECTORS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, VACUUM SYSTEMS, AND WATER SEPARATION UNITS, ALONG WITH THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THESE SYSTEMS
CLIMEWORKS’ ORCA CARBON CAPTURE PLANT HOSTS FOUR “UNITS” WHICH BREAK DOWN INTO A NUMBER OF CARBON COLLECTORS STACKED ON ONE ANOTHER ALONG WITH A HEAT EXCHANGER, VACUUM SYSTEM, AND WATER SEPARATION UNIT. EACH UNIT CAN RUN ON ITS OWN CYCLE OF ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHER UNITS, YET THE COLLECTION OF CARBON COLLECTORS AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN EACH UNIT WOULD BE WORKING IN-SYNC.
SOLAR PANELS: AN AVERAGE US SOLAR PANEL WILL PRODUCE 2 KWH/DAY -> 276/2 =
N. RICHARDS ST.
HEAT FARMER DIVISION 4: CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE AND TRANSFORMATION INVOLVES THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DIURNAL SYSTEMS, RESOURCES, WORKER ROLES, AND JOB DUTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DIRECT AIR CAPTURE OF CARBON AND ITS RESULTING HARVESTED CARBON DIOXIDE. IT ENCOMPASSES:
HOW DOES CLIMEWORK’S S-DAC TECHNOLOGY WORK IN THEIR ORCA CAPTURE PLANT?
N. RICHARDS ST.
HEAT FARMER DIVISION 4: