TECHNOLOGIES POSITIONS
Architectural Design Position + Technical Detail Study Purpose
BA3 Technologies Part C: Technical Detail Study: “Responsible Buildings”
Charlotte Bell Technologies Response
Architectural Design Position
Process
The Position of Study Continuity’s Ethos: The stance of ‘retention’ and ‘reuse’ where possible is at therefore front of the ethos in which design is informed as a key driver by the design, architecture and site around it. Addressing the climate crisis in this way enables acknowledgement of: materials used (sourcing, production); processes for building operation; ecological stewardship over afterlife and the flux of use and residency in the building.
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Accumulating the layers of meaning and research from site, user and urban landscape creates rich design enabling socially, environmentally and economically sustainable design for the future. Project Aims: The aim of the design with the environmental ethos of CiA at the forefront of the design. The climate emergency is a key design driver of the design. Key parts of the aim include: keeping embodied and operational carbon at a minimal, by using material, processes and design curated to minimise emissions and enabling schemes for social responsibility of education to enable the low carbon initiative.
credit: Charlotte Bell 3.2 Studio Portfolio
C02 is found in high proportion in the airs atmosphere
trees sequester carbon when they photosynthesise
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bioenergy recycling by vad dismantlement and rebuilding
CLT construction components are manufactured from sheet
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To fulfil these aims creates a building which pursues a cleaner and environmentally conscience built environment working to catalyst this as a tend for Preston’s future built environment.
further CLT production
mass timber buildings store the carbon for their life cycle
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In order to meet these aims, retrofit is combined within the site strategic plan; the design of the walls, floor ad roof build up is low omitting in both production, transportation and works within the environmental strategy to reduce omissions (i.e. thermal loss); passive systems will embedded to reduce the way in which the building runs for the future.
cross laminated timber panels are made
raw material (wood) is sustainably sourced and processed in a production plant
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recycling
recycling facilities
CLT cut off
Cross Laminated Timber Life Cycle Reuse: As the CLT parts are standardised measurement for a portal frame, these can be disassembled and reused in full. This increases the life cycle of the parts. Recyclability: As shown above the parts can be recycled in many different ways. e.g. for smaller new parts of for energy or wood chips for further CLT production. This increases the life cycle of the CLT product. Energy: It is distrusted how carbon efficient it is to recycle CLT due to how carbon intensive the process is. With future improvements in this technology this will be more viable.
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Technologies Artefacts credit: Charlotte Bell 3.2 Studio Portfolio
Technical Detail Study Purpose
Constructibility
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Area of Testing The technical focus of the study addresses the way in which the natural daylighting can be optimised to create a comfortably light environment for the programme which the building houses. Allowing a suitable light exposure for the programme- a gallery space, entail use of indirect light which lights the room well without glare and over exposure. Additional strategy for use of low operating artificial light will be needed for building optimisation throughout the day.
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In order to test this, daylighting will be discussed through qualitative and quantitative testing of different location, size and pitch of the ceiling apparatuses. Additional test look into the method to prevent glare and over exposure such as window tint films and architectural devices (light shelves). In total these test allow results to show which way the building can most effectively utilise the natural daylight throughout the year.
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Laying off pile foundations prior with holding bolt cast within. The bolts have to be loose enough to accommodate for 20mm margins.
CLT columns are erected using a crane to hoist it into the HD bolts.
Stability is ensured by tightening the HD bolts with a spanner. Safety checks ensure stability before removing crane hoist chains.
The gable rafters are fit together by bolting before being hoist. This ensures strong joints which could not be done at height.
Columns are well braced before hoisting the gable improving stability further. A crane is used to hoist each gable pair to column.
Whilst still attached to the crane hoist chain either end of the CLT gable is bolted to the column. This is done simultaneously to ensure the correct placement.
RIBA SUSTAINABLE OUTCOMES Sustainable Landuse and Ecology
Net Zero Embodied Carbon Emissions
- “2.Priorities Building and Site Reuse”. By use of two buildings within the existing site, the building deep retrofits the site. This is sustainable as economically retains building material which would have to be replaced, socially as retains known urban fabric and environmentally as reduces the embodied carbon emissions of the overall build. - “6. Create mixed use development with density appropriate to local context”. Justification through the site’s historical density (discussed in 3.1 Studio) creates way for increases in density drastically in the built intervention proposed.
- “8. Consider Modular OffSite Construction systems.” Modularise facade and structural systems enable all primary building components to be prefabricated and initial construction off site. As not all processes (in situ concrete pouring)cannot be standardised off site, the building can not claim Net Zero carbon. - “9. Detailing to be Long Life and Robust” Materials used (shown in Process section) have net zero carbon life cycles as can be reused and recycled in many ways. The longevity of each material is justified in the Materials section.
Net Zero Operational Carbon - “3. Fine tune internal environment with efficient mechanical systems.” The efficient mechanical systems used are the ground source heat pump serving the underfloor heating and cooling system. This aids the passive cross ventilations and thermal masses. This system is effective as only heats the habitable 1.5m above floor level- thus not heating unused areas. LED artificial lighting is used due to its low wattage and energy usage.
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Next steps: The portal frame is assembled and therefore the wall buildup needed to be reacted. As shown below each portal frame bay has a prefabricated segment which is constructed off site. The crane hoists this to be installed via bolts (directly to the portal frame). This is for roofing and wall parts. The cladding is bolted on to transom and mullions. Prefabricated standardised window bays are added to finish the assembly.
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- “7. Prioritise maximising use of on site renewable appropriate to context” Use of PV panels on south elevations of the buildings harvesting enough energy to run a substantial part of the site.
Portal frame perlins are bolted for cross bracing between the portal frame. This also improves stability further.
Assets of the Construction Making it Accessible and Sustainable
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Locally Sourced Materials: Due to the close proximity of material sourcing the time and cost of transportations minimised. This means lags in constructibility are minimised to ensure quicker time-scales. Local Work Force: To aim for higher inclusion of the local work force of Preston’s local area, the method of construction are simple and un-specialised. This means there are low upkeep and workforce lags on construction, whilst suggesting a more sustainable economic workforce.
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Technologies Artefacts
Tools
Life Safety Proportions Tools needed for the major construction of the building are distributed for 2 systems. The portal frame production and prefabricated build-up production/instillation. Cross Laminated Timber Structure: A CNC cutter is needed to bespoke cut each member of the portal frame. A CNC cutter is off site. On site this would be transported by crane to the site. This would not have to be a large crane as the parts are small. Prefabricated Buildup: All the build up would be assembled off site in units. These are standardised to the design and repeating. This would be transported to site and again installed by crane.
Construction Process: With use of regular member sizes which are commonly used in construction the portal frame has a longer life span as can be reused in other projects. The CLT is not damaged when used in the building, showing low wear and tear. This is the assembly process of the portal frame (the disassembly process is reversed).
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Technologies Artefact
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Crane to install al, the prefabricated members
Material: Concrete Role/Placement: Foundations Longevity: 100+ years Fracture Reason: Time, stress, increase/ change in load
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Material: Terracotta Cladding Role/Placement: Exterior Cladding Longevity: 100+ years Fracture Reason: water damage in non glazed tile Recycling and Reuse: A lot of the site is Material: CLT retrofitted and therefore material is not reRole/Placement: Structure moved-however, some areas of the LancasLongevity: 60 years Fracture Reason: Stress, De-lam- ter Rd. terrace is remodelled. When available ination, Change/Increase in load. these materials can be given a recycled purpose for non structural and decorative purposes. This allows low waste and less need for production of new materials.
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CNC cross laminated timber machine
mechanical system for operable windows 200x200mm concrete support
200 miles
Material: Clay Glazed Tile Role/Placement: Exterior Tile Longevity: 30 years Fracture Reason: Rot or woodwork/ weathering (mechanical)
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Operable Louvres/Glazing A mechanical tool within the building for thermal/ lifting comfort is the operable meantime associated with the glazing and louvres (ref. Climate Change Section).
Material Strategy and Credentials Locally sourced material is preferable to enable lower emissions associated with transport. Most produces Material: Plywood Board are in a 200mile radius. Products include terracotta tile Role/Placement: Interior cladsourced from Darwen Terracotta, Blackburn based only ding 14 miles from site. The only material which is sourced out Longevity: 20-50 years of the UK is the CLT which is most economically sourced Fracture Reason: Wear and tear in Denmark.
Materials
100 miles
SITE
cladding producers
Insulation producers
concrete producers timber supplier
exterior tile producers
EU CLT producers
Technologies Response
Climate Change
aluminium frame and sill
Schematic Climatic Emergency Strategy
20 mm double glazing operable louvre system general wall/roof build up below
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Building and Life Safety
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01-07 in modular system
Life Safety Considerations
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Fire Safety Collar
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ape
e sh al fram
origin
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20mm roof perlins (dual acting as cladding attachment joints) 400mm terracotta pannel cladding
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Column to Beam Junction
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steel bracket connector
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HD bolts
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cladding attachment transom
Pinned base for structural stability in collapse
Apex Junction 400mm terracotta pannel cladding
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pe sha
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Loss of Section due to Charring
20mm roof perlins (dual acting as cladding attachment joints) 08-18 in modular system
700mmm CLT portal frame beam
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profile of original section profile of residual section calculated notional char line profile of effective residual section
steel bracket connector HD bolts
Column to Foundation Junction
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7 meters
Floor and Wall Build Up indicated via diagram to the left.
400mm terracotta pannel cladding 100mm steel facade protector terracotta exterior tiles
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Steel Plate footing: - holding bolted 6mm - base plate 15m bedding space (screed) 50mm - steel screw in to anchor steel plates.
Underfloor heating and cooling within arrogate screed layer 250mm
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01 skylight double glazed with frame comprised of beams and aluminium frame columns 02 400mm terracotta tiles 16 20mm double glazing 03 20mm roof perlins (dual acting 17 aluminium window fare and as cladding attachment joints attachment transom ) 18 30mm window box and sill ad04 20mm roof mullions ditional cladding pannel 05 water proof membrane 19 20mm inner plywood cladding 06 2x 250mm firm insulation 20 vapour proof membrane 07 vapour proof membrane 21 2x 250mm firm insulation 08 400mm terracotta tiles 22 water proof membrane 09 20mm cladding attachment 23 500mm raft foundation joints transom) 24 500m PAD foundation + foot11 water proof membrane ing of portal frame 10 20mm roof mullions 24 500mm screed 12 2x 250mm firm insulation 26 100x300x30mm clay tile 13 vapour proof membrane 27 700mm arrogate sub soil 14 20mm inner plywood cladding 28 Screed with underfloor fila15 700x200x3000mm CLT Portal ment (heating/cooling)
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WPM 500m raft foundation
500m PAD foundation + footing of portal frame
250mm 400mm subconcrete concrete soil footing slab
Structural Stystem The scheme has three main structural systems to cover the breadth of the programme throughout the site. The structural system focused in the fragment is the 24 CLT portal frame system of the gallery space. Cross Laminated Timber Structure: The system explored uses a CLT portal frame which is mead out of 700x200x3000 mm columns and 700x200xlength mm beams/ rafters. There are 6 portal frames spaced evenly at 7m.These are the load bearing primary structure and the roof perlins and cross bracing of transom and mullions on both wall and roof are secondary. Load paths run across the roof perlins (2ndry) to the rafters and onto beams (1st) onwards down to the foundations to be dissipated into the ground. The foundation is a raft foundation to support the floor and wall build up between the portal frame. This is supplemented with PAD foundations in supporting the polar frames.
the climate emergency retrofit reduces embodied and operational carand the breath-ability and environmental credentials of the build itself. bon with use of existing buildings. 08 Water Reclamation Strategy: a blue roof system is used to collect water at few downpipes for a cleaner aesthetic. Guttering is also at ground level 02 Orientation: The orientation allows optimisation of the north light allowing the desired soft indirect light. This also prevent solar gain as the north on the south of the building. 09 Standardisation of Construction Parts: To enable sourcing of parts inlight will be past 12:00 stead of waste in offcuts from local suppliers standardised parts are used. 03 Flexibility of Space/Programme: Flexibility of space to be able to a flux in use of the building through lack of structural intermediate/portions thus This makes them more likely to be used in the future if disassembled. increasing the lifetime of the building. Underfloor Heating +Cool System
Ground Source Heat Pump System BUILDING
Fire Safety Collar
Pump + Control valve
Water Converter
600mm screed 700mm CLT Portal Fame column
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Calculated effective depth of char dc
01 Retrofit: Within the schematic environmental strategy for both M+E and 07 Green Provision: To ensure the health of users through green provision
Hot water storage tank
WC + Appliances
Expansion tank
PLANT ROOM
Thermal sensor
Control panel PLC
Heat transfer fluid pump
Multi pass underfloor arrangement
Solar radiation
Hot/cold water to heating and cooling system
Convector heaters UnderFloor system
Ground Source Heat Pump
Evacuated tubes
72+ metres below GL Control Thermal valve sensor
CLT wall for fire partition
Collars fixed to either sides of the walls (standardised) to prevent the spread in either direction).
Pipe housing the electrical/ other services made of ASTROFM compounds
Properties of Cross Laminated Timber An inherent advantage of CLT is its inherent fire resistance, designed to accommodate substantial fire damage whilst staying structurally stable. The CLT panels can remain fire resistant for up to 90 minutes. Desegregation rates vary due to the fire retardant protection added to the CLT.
PLANT ROOM
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Summer: warmed ground cooled water into the system Winter: cooled ground warm water into the system
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Passive Strategies for Ventilation and Lighting
04 The Ventilation and Heating+Cooling Strategy: The ventilation strategy is composed of both passive and active systems working together so that the
carbon emission is reduced. The active system used is the underfloor heating/cooling system. (underfloor heating and cooling system). The passive system is louvres built into the overhead skylight which promotes cross ventilation.
The active system works by using the ground source heat pump converts the hearing and cooling of the earth below to feed the system with either hot or cold air. The system takes the hot or cold air into a hear transfer pump which heats/cools water to be pushed in the active underfloor heating or cooling pipes. This system is activated by temperature sensors in the interior environment. It can also be manually activated. Passive uses window apparatuses as well as the louvres in the intergrated window system (shown in diagram Tools section). This creates a passive cross ventilation system which is activated to open louvres when the humidity sensors note an increase in the room.
Other preventative methods include fire collars and stoppers. The fire proof material are used in the door stops and foundation prevent spread over the whole scheme through the habitable areas. Fire collars are used to accommodate services through the building and between different buildings in the whole scheme. The 05 The Lighting Strategy: Due to large apparatuses the design is mostly naturally light- resulting in a passive and low emitting system. Low wattage LED foundations are also succoured fully as shown in diagram (left) to lighting is used to supplement this future at different times in the day. Due to the programme this may have to be altered in need of low soft light for be structurally adequate if fire/char occurs. interior comfort and programme specific needs- low glare and prevention of over exposure. This the factor is explored in testing page2.