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THE PRIEST, MINISTER OF DIVINE MERCY An Aid for Confessors and Spiritual Directors

CONGREGATION FOR THE CLERGY

All documents are published thanks to the generous support of the members of the Catholic Truth Society

catholic truth society publishers to the holy see

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Contents Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Introduction: Towards Holiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I. THE MINISTRY OF PENANCE AND RECONCILIATION LEADING TOWARDS CHRISTIAN HOLINESS . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1. Contemporary importance, moment of grace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 An urgent invitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Christâ€™s Mission operative in the Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Opening ourselves to love and reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The witness and commitment of pastors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 The example of the CurĂŠ of Ars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The ministry of mercy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Fundamental approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The nature of the Sacrament of Penance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Paschal celebration, journey of conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 On the journey of holiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A mystery of grace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. Some Practical guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The ministry of awakening the proper dispositions in the penitent . 20 The liturgical celebration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Practical norms given by the Church: an expression of pastoral charity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Orientation on the journey of holiness in harmony with the action of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Ministerial availability and fatherly welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 A renewed and up to date training for priests so as to be able to guide the faithful in different circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 New circumstances, new graces, new fervour of priests . . . . . . . . . 28 2

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Contents II. THE MINISTRY OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION AS AN EXERCISE OF PASTORAL CHARITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1. Contemporary importance, moment of grace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Historical and contemporary itinerary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Priestly formation for spiritual accompaniment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Spiritual direction and priestly ministry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Spiritual direction received by ordained ministers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2. Fundamental approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Theological nature and basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Specific objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Dynamism and process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 For all vocations and states of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3. Practical guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Concrete itinerary of path of the spiritual life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Discernment of the Holy Spirit in spiritual direction . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Qualities of the spiritual director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Qualities in the recipient of spiritual direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Spiritual direction of the priest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Spiritual direction in the consecrated life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Spiritual direction for the laity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Harmonization of the various formative levels on the journey of spiritual direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 CONCLUSION: “LET CHRIST BE FORMED IN YOU” (Gal 4:19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 APPENDIX I - EXAMINATION OF CONSCIENCE FOR PRIESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1. “It is for their sakes that I sanctify myself, so that they, too, may be sanctified by the truth” (Jn 17:19). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. “This is my body” (Mt 26:26). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy 3. “Zeal for your house consumes me” (Jn 2:17). . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4. “Remain in my love” (Jn 15:9). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5. “Explain the parable to us” (Mt 13:36). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6. It is necessary “pray always and without tiring” (Lk 18:1) . . . 60 7. “Come and follow me” (Mt 19:21). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 8. “Who are you?” (Jn 1:20). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 9. The Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head (Mt 8:20). . . . . . 60 10. “You have hidden these things from the wise and learned and revealed them to mere children” (Mt 11:25). . . . . . . . . . . . 61 11. “And there flowed out blood and water” (Jn 19:34). . . . . . . . . 61 12. “You are Peter” (Mt 16:18). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 13. “Love one another” (Jn 13:34). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 14. “I am the way, the truth and the life” (Jn 14:6). . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 15. “Go and sin no more” (Jn 8:11). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 16. “He called those to himself whom he willed and these went with him” (Mk 3:13). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 17. “The Man came not to be served but to serve” (Mt 20:28). . . . 62 18. “I thirst” (Jn 19:28). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 19. Behold your son. Behold your mother (Jn 19: 26-27). . . . . . . . 62 20. “Father, into your hands I commend my spirit” (Lk 23:44). . . 63 APPENDIX II - PRAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Oratio Sacerdotis Antequam Confessiones Excipiat . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Priest’s Prayer Before Hearing Confessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Oratio Sacerdotis Postquam Confessiones Exceperit . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Priest’s Prayer After Hearing Confessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

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Presentation “It is necessary to return to the confessional as a place in which to celebrate the Sacrament of Reconciliation, but also as a place in which “to dwell” more often, so that the faithful may find compassion, advice and comfort, feel that they are loved and understood by God and experience the presence of Divine Mercy beside the Real Presence in the Eucharist”1 With these words, the Holy Father Pope Benedict XVI addressed confessors during the recent Year for Priests, indicating to each one present the importance and therefore the apostolic urgency of rediscovering the Sacrament of Reconciliation, both from their viewpoint of penitents as well as that of ministers. Along with the daily celebration of the Eucharist, the availability of the priest to hear sacramental confessions, to welcome penitents, and to accompany them spiritually when they so request, is the real measure of a priest’s pastoral charity. By their availability, priests give joyful witness and in a certain sense take upon themselves their true identity, redefined in the Sacrament of Holy Orders and not reducible to a mere functionality. The priest is a minister, which is to say that he is at the same time both a servant and a prudent dispenser of Divine Mercy. To him is entrusted the serious responsibility “to forgive or to retain sins” (cf. John 20: 23). Through him, and through the power of the Spirit who is the Lord and Giver of Life, the faithful are able to experience today in the Church the joy of the Prodigal Son, who after a life of sin returned to his father’s house in the manner of a servant but was welcomed with the dignity of a son. Whenever a confessor is available, sooner or later a penitent will arrive. And if the confessor continues to make himself available, even stubbornly so, sooner or later many penitents will arrive! Our rediscovery of the Sacrament of Reconciliation, both as penitents and as ministers, is a measure of authentic faith in the saving action of God which shows itself more clearly in the power of grace than in human strategic or pastoral initiatives which sometimes overlook this essential truth.

1 Benedict XVI, Allocution to the participants in the Course on the Internal Forum organized by the Tribunal of the Apostolic Penitentiary, 11 March 2010.

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy Responding to the appeal of the Holy Father and expressing his profound intent, this aid is intended as yet another fruit of the Year for Priests, to be a helpful instrument for the ongoing formation of the Clergy and an aid in rediscovering the indispensible value of the Sacrament of Reconciliation and of Spiritual Direction. The new evangelization and the ongoing renewal of the Church, semper reformanda, draw their life blood from the true sanctification of each member of the Church. It is clear that sanctification must precede both evangelization and renewal, for it lays claim to and forms the necessary precondition for every effective apostolic effort, as well as for the reform of the Clergy. In the generous celebration of the Sacrament of Divine Mercy, each priest is called to experience for himself the uniqueness and the indispensability of the ministry entrusted to him. Such an experience will help him to avoid the â€œever-changing sense of identityâ€? which so often marks the existence of some priests. Instead, his experience will cultivate within himself that sense of wonder which fills his heart, for through no merit of his own he is called by God, in the Church, to break the Eucharistic Bread and to forgive the sins of others. With these thoughts, we entrust the distribution and the fruits of this aid to the Blessed Virgin Mary, Refuge of Sinners and Mother of Divine Grace. Vatican City, 9 March 2011 Ash Wednesday MAURO Card. PIACENZA Prefect

X CELSO MORGA IRUZUBIETA Titular Archbishop of Alba marittima Secretary

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Introduction: Towards Holiness 1. “At all times and in every race God has given welcome to whosoever fears Him and does what is right.(85) God, however, does not make men holy and save them merely as individuals, without bond or link between one another. Rather has it pleased Him to bring men together as one people, a people which acknowledges Him in truth and serves Him in holiness”2. On the journey to holiness to which the Lord calls each one of us (cf. Mt 5: 48; Eph 1:4), God deigns that we come to the help of one another. In this way we become mediators in Christ, as it were, to draw others near to his eternal love. This is the horizon of charity in which the celebration of the Sacraments of Penance and the practice of Spiritual direction may be found, and it is they that constitute the object of the present document. Some phrases of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI draw out attention to the same theme: “These days, the correct formation of believers’ consciences is without a doubt one of the pastoral priorities”; and he adds: ““Spiritual direction” also contributes to forming consciences. Today there is a greater need than in the past for wise and holy “spiritual teachers”: an important ecclesial service. This of course requires an inner vitality which must be implored as a gift from the Holy Spirit in intense and prolonged prayer and with a special training that must be acquired with care. Every priest moreover is called to administer divine mercy in the sacrament of Penance, through which he forgives sins in the name of Christ and helps the penitent to walk on the demanding path of holiness with an upright and informed conscience. To be able to carry out this indispensable ministry, every priest must tend to his own spiritual life and take care to keep himself pastorally and theologically up to date”3. It is in accord with this line of thought that that this aid is offered to priests as ministers of the Divine Mercy. Any year dedicated to the memory of the Curé of Ars should leave an indelible mark on the life and ministry of priests. This is especially true of this year which recalls the 150th anniversary of his death (18592

Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium, 9.

Benedict XVI, Message to His Eminence Cardinal James Stafford, Major Penitentiary, and to the participants of the course on the internal forum promoted by the Apostolic Penetentiary (14 March 2009).

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy 2009): “[a] Year, meant to deepen the commitment of all priests to interior renewal for the sake of a stronger and more incisive witness to the Gospel in today’s world…”4. Such interior renewal should reach every aspect of priestly life and ministry and deeply permeate every aspect of their outlook, motivation and concrete behaviour. Contemporary circumstances demand witness to a priestly identity lived in joy and hope. 2. The ministry of the sacrament of reconciliation, which is closely connected with spiritual counselling or direction, tends towards recovery of the spiritual and apostolic objectives of both the minister and of the faithful, as a paschal return to the Father, in fidelity to his loving plan for “the fully-rounded development of the whole man and of all men”5. It implies personally undertaking anew, for the service of others, that journey of interpersonal relationship with God and with the brethren which is realized in contemplation, perfection, communion and mission. The practice of the sacrament of Penance in all its fullness, as well as spiritual direction or counselling, allows us to live more authentically in “joyful hope” (Rom 12:12). It allows us to respect and value human life in all its aspects, to rediscover the importance of the family and the guidance of young people, of the renaissance of priestly vocations and of an integrally lived priesthood, and of ecclesial and universal communion. 3. The relationship between reconciliation and spiritual direction is based on the urgency of love: “For the love of Christ impels us, once we have come to the conviction that one died for all; therefore, all have died. He indeed died for all, so that those who live might no longer live for themselves but for him who for their sake died and was raised” (2 Cor. 5:14-15). This presupposes a particular commitment since the followers of Christ truly “no longer live for themselves” (ibidem), but live in truth and charity. All of the pastoral activity of St. Paul, together with its many difficulties, which he compares to the travail of childbirth, can be summarized in the urgency of “forming Christ” (Gal 4:19) in each and everyone of the 4 Benedict XVI, Letter Proclaiming a Year for Priests on the 150th Anniversary of the “Dies Natalis” of the Curé of Ars (16 June 2009). 5 Paul VI, Encyclical Letter Populorum Progressio (26 March 1967), 42: AAS 59 (1987), 278.

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Introduction faithful. St. Paul’s objective was “to make everyone perfect in Christ” (Col 1:28) without exceptions or limits. 4. The ministry of reconciliation and the service of spiritual counsel and direction are contextualized by the universal call to holiness which is the perfection of Christian life and “the perfection of charity”6. Pastoral charity in the truth of priestly identity should cause the priest to direct all of his ministry and ministrations towards holiness thereby harmonizing the prophetic, liturgical and diaconal aspects of his ministry.7 An integral part of priestly ministry is the disposition to guide the baptized towards the perfection of charity. 5. The priest, as servant of the paschal mystery which he preaches and an instrument of Christ, celebrates and communicates, is called to be a confessor and spiritual director, beginning also from his own experience. He is minister of the Sacrament of Reconciliation and servant of spiritual direction just as he is, at the same time, a beneficiary of both of these means of sanctification in his own personal spiritual and apostolic renewal. 6. This present Aid hopes to afford a number of simple, factual, and inspiring examples drawn from numerous ecclesial documents (cited throughout) which may eventually be directly consulted. This is not intended as an exercise in casuistry but one of daily hope and encouragement.

Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium, 40.

Cf. John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millenio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 30: AAS (2001), 287.

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I. THE MINISTRY OF PENANCE AND RECONCILIATION LEADING TOWARDS CHRISTIAN HOLINESS 1. Contemporary importance, moment of grace An urgent invitation 7. At the outset of the third millennium, John Paul II wrote: “I am also asking for renewed pastoral courage in ensuring that the day-to-day teaching of Christian communities persuasively and effectively presents the practice of the Sacrament of Reconciliation.”8 He also declared that it was his intention “to undertake a vigorous revitalization of the Sacrament of Reconciliation…[which] is a requirement of genuine charity and true pastoral justice” and recalled that the faithful, when they have the proper interior dispositions, have the right to receive personally the sacramental gift.”9 8. The Church not only proclaims conversion and forgiveness but she is also the sign of reconciliation with God and man. The celebration of the Sacrament of Penance must be seen in the full context of ecclesial life and especially in the context of the paschal mystery celebrated in the Eucharist and in the context of a lived experience of Baptism, Confirmation and the command to love one another. Penance is always a joyful celebration of the Father’s love who gives himself so as to destroy our sin when we recognise it in humility. Christ’s Mission operative in the Church 9. The Church’s mission is a harmonious process of proclamation, celebration and of communicating forgiveness. This is especially true of the celebration of the Sacrament of Reconciliation which is a fruit and gift of the Risen Lord who is present in his Church: “Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained” (Jn 20:22-23).

John Paul II, Apostolic Letter Novo Millenio Ineunte (6 January 2001), 37, l.c., 292.

John Paul II, Apostolic Letter, given Motu proprio, Misericordia Dei on certain aspects of the celebration of the Sacrament of Penance (7 April 2002): AAS 94 (2002), 453. 9

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Ministry of Penance and Reconciliation The joy of forgiveness leads to an attitude of gratitude and generosity in the journey towards sanctification and in the mission. Those who have experienced forgiveness want others to experience this encounter with Christ the Good Shepherd. Thus, the ministers of the Sacrament of Penance who themselves experience the beauty of this sacramental encounter are always more disposed to offer this humble, arduous, patient and joyous service. 10. The concrete, joyful, trustworthy and committed practice of the Sacrament of Reconciliation is a clear indicator of the level of evangelization reached by the individual believer and by a particular community. The Sacrament of Penance is a eloquent sign of our desire for perfection, contemplation, fraternal communion and apostolic mission. “The practice of sacramental confession, in the context of the communion of saints, which serves in different ways to bring men closer to Christ, is an act of faith in the mystery of the Redemption and in its actualization in the Church.”10 In the Sacrament of Penance, which is the fruit of the Lord’s saving Blood, we experience that Christ who “was put to death for our sins and raised for our justification” (Rm 4:25). Thus, St. Paul affirms that “Christ reconciled us to himself and gave us the ministry of reconciliation” (2 Cor 5:18). 11. Reconciliation with God is inseparable from reconciliation with man (cf. Mt 5:24-25). This reconciliation is impossible without arriving at some form of purification of heart. All reconciliation comes from God because He forgives us our sins (cf. Ps 103:3). When we are forgiven by God, we learn better to forgive our neighbour and be reconciled with him. Opening ourselves to love and reconciliation 12. Christ impels us to an ever more faithful love, to a more radical change (cf. Rev 2:16), so that Christian life may be imbued with sentiments of Christ (cf. Phil 2:5). Community celebration of the Sacrament of Penance, with personal confession of sins, can be of great assistance in living the ecclesial reality which is the communion of saints. 10

John Paul II, Bull Aperite Portas Redemptori (6 January 1983), 6: AAS 75 (1983), 96.

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy 13. The Christian tends towards full “reconciliation” following the “Our Father”, the Beatitudes and the command to love. It is a journey of purification of sins and a journey of identification with Christ. Today, this penitential journey is all the more important as a cornerstone and foundation for a society which lives communion. “The Church’s wisdom has always pointed to the presence of original sin in social conditions and in the structure of society: ‘Ignorance of the fact that man has a wounded nature inclined to evil gives rise to serious errors in the areas of education, politics, social action and morals.’”11 The witness and commitment of pastors 14. In every age of the Church’s history, model confessors and spiritual directors can be found. Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (1984) mentions St John Nepomucene, St. John Mary Vianney, St. Joseph Cafasso and St. Leopold of Castelnuovo. In his discourse to the Apostolic Penitentiary,12 Benedict XVI adds St. Pio of Pietrelcina. Referring to these priestly models, John Paul II writes: “I also wish to pay homage to the innumerable host of holy and almost always anonymous confessors to whom is owed the salvation of so many souls who have been helped by them in conversion, in the struggle against sin and temptation, in spiritual progress and, in a word, in achieving holiness. I do not hesitate to say that even the great canonized saints are generally the fruit of those confessionals, and not only the saints but also the spiritual patrimony of the church and the flowering of a civilization permeated with the Christian spirit! Praise then to this silent army of our brothers who have served well and serve each day the cause of reconciliation through the ministry of sacramental penance.”13 15. In many dioceses, and especially in minor basilicas, in cathedrals, in sanctuaries and in large urban parishes, the faithful have responded positively to the efforts of pastors to provide opportunities to approach 11 Benedict XVI, Encyclical Letter Caritas in Veritate (29 June 2009), 34, quoting The Catechism of the Catholic Church, n.407.

Benedict XVI, Discourse to the confessors who serve in the four papal basilicas of Rome (19 February 2007): AAS 99 (2007), 252.

John Paul II, Apostolic Exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (2 December 1984), 29: AAS 77 (1985), 255-256.

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Ministry of Penance and Reconciliation the Sacrament of Penance. Since “through the Sacrament of Penance (the ministers) reconcile sinners with God and with the Church,”14 this penitential celebration can also provide an opportunity for spiritual direction or counsel. 16. The priestly munera (duties) are closely joined to each other for the spiritual good of the faithful: “In the Church, and on behalf of the Church, priests are a sacramental representation of Jesus Christ – the head and shepherd – authoritatively proclaiming his word, repeating his acts of forgiveness and his offer of salvation – particularly in Baptism, Penance and the Eucharist, showing his loving concern to the point of a total gift of self for the flock, which they gather into unity and lead to the Father through Christ and in the Spirit”15. 17. Priests are also invited to avail of this Sacrament: “The ministers of sacramental grace are intimately united to Christ our Saviour and Pastor through the fruitful reception of the sacraments, especially sacramental Penance, in which, prepared by the daily examination of conscience, the necessary conversion of heart and love for the Father of Mercy is greatly deepened”16. For this precise reason, Pastores Dabo Vobis invites priests to avail of this practice, which is a guarantee of their spiritual life: “I would like to make special mention of the Sacrament of Penance, of which priests are the ministers, but ought also to be its beneficiaries, becoming themselves witnesses of God’s mercy toward sinners. Once again, I would like to set forth what I wrote in the exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia: ‘The priest’s spiritual and pastoral life, like that of his brothers and sisters, lay and religious, depends, for its quality and fervour, on the frequent and conscientious personal practice of the Sacrament of Penance. The priest’s celebration of the Eucharist and administration of the other sacraments, his pastoral zeal, his relationship with the faithful, his communion with his brother priests, his collaboration with his bishop, his life of prayer – in a word, the whole of his priestly existence, suffers an inexorable 14

Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Decree Presbyterorum Ordinis, 5.

John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis (25 March 1992), 15: AAS 84 (1992), 680.

Ibid., 18.

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy decline if by negligence or for some other reason he fails to receive the Sacrament of Penance at regular intervals and in a spirit of genuine faith and devotion. If a priest were no longer to go to confession or properly confess his sins, his priestly being and his priestly action would feel its effects very soon, and this would also be noticed by the community of which he was the pastor’”17. But when I am conscious that God always forgives me, as Benedict XVI wrote, “by letting myself be forgiven, I learn to forgive others”18. 18. Pastoral fruitfulness derives from the Mercy of God. Pastoral planning would hardly be efficacious were it to underestimate the importance of sacramental confession: “the greatest pastoral concern must be shown for this sacrament of the Church, the source of reconciliation, of peace and of joy for all of us who stand in need of the Lord’s mercy and of healing from the wounds of sin… The Bishop will not fail to remind all those who by virtue of office are charged with the care of souls that they have the duty to provide the faithful with the opportunity of making an individual confession. He himself will make certain that the faithful are in fact being assisted in every way possible to make their confession… When one considers in the light of Tradition and the Church’s Magisterium the close connection between the Sacrament of Reconciliation and participation in the Eucharist, one sees how necessary it is today to form the consciences of the faithful so that they may partake worthily and fruitfully of the Eucharistic Banquet, and approach it in a state of grace”19. The example of the Curé of Ars 19. The example of the Curé of Ars remains relevant for us today. The historical circumstances of his times were extremely difficult because of war, persecution, materialism and secularism. When he arrived into his parish, few approached the Sacrament of Penance. By the end of his life, huge numbers were coming to the sacrament even from other dioceses. For the Curé of Ars, the ministry of reconciliation was a “long martyrdom” 17 Ibid., 26: l.c. 699 quoting the Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (2 December 1984), 31. 18

Benedict XVI, Letter to Seminarians (18 October 2010), 3.

John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Gregis (16 October 2003), 39: AAS 96 (2004), 876-877.

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Ministry of Penance and Reconciliation which produced much abundant and healthy fruit. When confronted with the sinful condition, he used to remark, “what can we do, we cannot do anything except weep and pray”. He lived “his life for poor sinners in hope of seeing them convert and weep [with repentance]”20. Frequent confession, even for those who are not in grave sin, has constantly been recommended by the Church as a means of progress in the Christian life21. 20. In his letter to priests on Holy Thursday 1986, John Paul II, recalling the second centenary of the birth of the Curé of Ars, acknowledged that “it is undoubtedly his untiring devotion to the Sacrament of Reconciliation which revealed the principal charism of the Curé of Ars and it is rightly the reason for his renown. It is good that such an example should encourage us today to restore to the ministry of reconciliation all the attention which it deserves.” The fact that great numbers of people “seem to stay away from confession completely, for various reasons, is a sign of the urgent need to develop a whole pastoral strategy of the Sacrament of Reconciliation. This will be done by constantly reminding Christians of the need to have a real relationship with God, to have a sense of sin when one is closed to God and to others, the need to be converted and, through the Church, to receive forgiveness as a free gift of God. They also need to be reminded of the conditions that enable the sacrament to be celebrated well, and in this regard to overcome prejudices, baseless fears and routine. Such a situation, at the same time, requires that we ourselves should remain greatly available for this ministry of forgiveness; ready to devote to it the necessary time and care, and I would even say giving it priority over other activities. The faithful will then realize the value that we attach to it, as did the Curé of Ars”22. The ministry of mercy 21. The ministry of reconciliation, when exercised with great generosity, will contribute to deepening the meaning of God’s love, to recovering a sense of sin and of the imperfections which are obstacles to true love. Loss of a sense of sin disrupts the inner balance of our hearts and Blessed John XXIII, Encyclical Letter Sacerdotii Nostri Primordia (1 August 1959), 85, 88, 90: AAS 51 (1959), 573-574.

Cf. ibid., 95: l.c., 574-575.

John Paul II, Letter to priests on Holy Thursday 1986, 7: AAS 78 (1986), 695.

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy generates contradiction and conflict in human society. Only the peace of an undivided heart can overcome war and tensions. “The truth is that the imbalances under which the modern world labours are linked with that more basic imbalance which is rooted in the heart of man. For in man himself many elements wrestle with one another”23. 22. The service of reconciliation, authentically exercised, will invite us to live in harmony with the heart of Christ. This is a pastoral “priority” since it requires living the charity of the Good Shepherd, living “his love of the Father in the Holy Spirit, his love for mankind even to the point of giving up his life as a victim for them.”24 In order to turn to God, we have to invite people to acknowledge their own sins in the sure knowledge that “God is greater than our heart” (1 Jn 3:20). The paschal joy of conversion – which produced saints and missionaries in every age – derives from this. 23. This importance of the Sacrament of Reconciliation is also evident in the reality of the pilgrim Church which “embracing in its bosom sinners, [is] at the same time holy and always in need of being purified, [and] always follows the way of penance and renewal”25. For this the Church looks to Mary who “shines forth on earth, until the day of the Lord shall come, as a sign of sure hope and solace to the people of God during its sojourn on earth”26. 2. Fundamental approach The nature of the Sacrament of Penance 24. The Sacrament of Forgiveness is an efficacious sign of the word, salvific action and presence of Christ the Redeemer. Through the sacrament, Christ prolongs his words of forgiveness in the words of the priest while, at the same time, transforming the attitude of the penitent who recognises that he is a sinner and asks forgiveness with the intent of expiation and a purpose of amendment. Actualized in the sacrament is the 23

Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 10.

John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Pastores Dabo Vobis (25 March 1992), 49: l.c., 745.

Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium, 8.

Ibid., 68.

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Ministry of Penance and Reconciliation surprise of the prodigal son as his father forgives him and prepares a feast to celebrate the return of his beloved son (cf. Lk 15:22). Paschal celebration, journey of conversion 25. The celebration of the sacrament is essentially liturgical, festive and joyful in that, guided by the Holy Spirit, it is oriented towards re-encounter with God and with the Good Shepherd. Jesus marked this forgiveness with festive and joyful tones (Lk 15:5-7; 9-10; 22-32). Frequent and regular celebration of the Sacrament of Penance is therefore understandable and desirable. Christ is readily encountered in this sacrament as he is encountered in the Eucharist, in the living word, in the community, in every person and also in the poverty of our own hearts.27 26. This sacrament also celebrates the call to conversion as a return to the Father (cf. Lk 15:18). It is called the Sacrament of Penance “since it consecrates the Christian sinner’s personal and ecclesial steps of conversion, penance, and satisfaction”28. It is also called “the Sacrament of Confession, since the disclosure or confession of sins to a priest is an essential element of this sacrament. In a profound sense it is also a “confession” – acknowledgment and praise – of the holiness of God and of his mercy toward sinful man”29. It is also called the Sacrament of “forgiveness”, “since by the priest’s sacramental absolution God grants the penitent “pardon and peace”, and the sacrament of “Reconciliation” since “it imparts to the sinner the love of God who reconciles”30. 27. The sacramental celebration of “conversion” is closely bound to the challenge to respond to the love of God. For this reason, the call to conversion “is an essential component of the proclamation of the Kingdom.”31 It is in this way that the Christian is drawn [by] “the movement of a “contrite heart,” (Ps 51:17) drawn and moved by grace (cf. 27 “The Sacrament of Penance, which has such importance in the Christian life, renders present the redemptive efficacy of Christ’s Paschal Mystery”: Benedict XVI, Discourse to the confessors who serve in the four papal basilicas of Rome (19 February 2007): l.c., 250. 28

Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1423, b.

Ibid., n.1424.

Ibid.; cf. 2 Cor 5:20; Mt 5:24.

Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1427.

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy Jn 6:44; 12:32) to respond to the merciful love of God who loved us first (cf. 1Jn 4:10)”32. On the journey of holiness 28. This is a journey towards holiness which is called for and made possible by Baptism, the Eucharist, Confirmation and the Word of God. This is how that ministerial reality of grace operates and which St. Paul describes: “So we are ambassadors for Christ, God making his appeal through us. We beseech you on behalf of Christ: Be reconciled to God” (2 Cor 5:20). The special motivation of Paul’s invitation is that God “made him sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God” (2 Cor 5:21). Thus, “now that you have been set free from sin and have become slaves of God, the return you get is sanctification and its end, eternal life” (Rm 6:22). 29. It is possible to experience this dynamic of the merciful forgiveness of God from childhood and even before First Holy Communion. “Innocent” children, moved by trust and filial joy, can find this experience33. For this reason and towards this end, such souls should be prepared with a truly adequate catechesis prior to receiving their First Holy Communion. 30. When we become involved with this evangelical dynamic, it becomes easy to understand the importance of confessing venial sins and imperfections as a conscious decision “to make progress in the life of the Spirit” and desire the transformation of our lives into an expression of divine mercy for others34. In this way, we harmonize ourselves with the sentiments of Christ who alone is the expiation of our sins (cf. Rm 3:25; 1 Jn 2:1-2)35. 31. Once the priest is conscious of this reality of grace he cannot but encourage the faithful to approach the Sacrament of Penance. Thus, “when he celebrates the Sacrament of Penance, the priest is fulfilling the ministry of the Good Shepherd who seeks the lost sheep, of the Good 32

Ibid., n. 1428.

Cf. John Paul II, Address to Yugoslav seminarians (26 April 1985).

Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1458.

Ibid., n. 1460.

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Ministry of Penance and Reconciliation Samaritan who binds up wounds, of the Father who awaits the prodigal son and welcomes him on his return, and of the just and impartial judge whose judgement is both just and merciful. The priest is the sign and the instrument of God’s merciful love for the sinner”36. “The Good Shepherd seeks out the lost sheep. When he finds him, he places him on those same shoulders which bore the wood of the Cross, and he carries him to eternal life”37. A mystery of grace 32. Respect for the “sacramental seal of confession” indicates that the penitential celebration of the sacrament is a reality of grace whose iter is already “traced out” in the Heart of Jesus and in deep friendship with him. Once again, the mystery and dignity of man are made manifest by the mystery of Christ.38 The effects of the grace of the sacrament are: reconciliation with God (restoration of peace and friendship with Him), reconciliation with the Church (reintegration with the communion of saints) and reconciliation with self (unification of one’s own heart). As a consequence, the penitent “is reconciled with his brethren whom he has in some way offended and wounded. He is reconciled with the Church. He is reconciled with all creation”39. 33. The dignity of the penitent emerges in the sacramental celebration in which he manifests his sincerity of his conversion and his sorrow. In effect, he is reintegrated “in the celebration of the sacrament by his acts which are completed by the words of absolution pronounced by the priest

Ibid., n. 1465.

St. Gregory Nazianzen, Sermons, 45.

Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et Spes, 22. The ministry of reconciliation “must be protected in its sacrality both for the theological, juridical, psychological reasons on which I have already commented in previous discourses, but also because of the loving respect due intimate relationship between God and penitent by which it is characterized”: John Paul II, Discourse to the Apostolic Penitentiary (12 March 1994), 3: AAS 87 (1995), 76; cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1467.

Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1469; cf. John Paul II, Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Reconciliatio et Paenitentia (2 December 1984), 31, V: l.c., 265.

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The Priest, Minister of Divine Mercy in Christ’s name40. Thus, we can say that “the Christian faithful, as he experiences the mercy of God in his life and proclaims it, celebrates with the priest the liturgy of the Church which is continually converted and renewed.41 34. The celebration of the sacrament actualizes a history of grace that derives from the Lord. “Down through history in the constant practice of the Church, the ‘ministry of reconciliation’ (2 Cor 5:18), conferred through the Sacraments of Baptism and Penance, has always been seen as an essential and highly esteemed pastoral duty of the priestly ministry, performed in obedience to the command of Jesus”42. 35. It is a “sacramental” journey, an efficacious sign of grace, which forms part of the sacramentality of the Church. It is also the journey spelled out in the Our Father in which we ask for forgiveness while offering our pardon. This experience of reconciliation gives rise to a desire for peace for all mankind in the penitent’s heart: “Christians long for the entire human family to call upon God as “Our Father!””43. 3. Some Practical guidelines The ministry of awakening the proper dispositions in the penitent 36. From the Church’s earliest history, reconciliation and penance or “conversion” has assumed different forms of expressions and takes place at different times: the celebration of the Eucharist, special liturgical seasons (such as Lent), examination of conscience, filial prayer, almsgiving, sacrifice, etc. However, the really privileged moment for reconciliation and penance or conversion is with the celebration of the Sacrament of Penance or Reconciliation which, on the penitent’s part, consists in contrition, confession, and satisfaction and which, on the priest’s part, entails absolution and an invitation to greater openness to God’s love. Rituale Romanum – Ordo Paenitentiae (2 December 1973), Praenotanda 11: editio typica (1974)., pp. 15-16. 40

Ibid.

John Paul II, Apostolic Letter, given Motu proprio, Misericordia Dei (7 April 2002):

l.c., 452. 43

Benedict XVI, Encyclical Letter Caritas in Veritate (29 June 2009), 79.

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