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Up and Running with AutoCAD 2021
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Up and Running with AutoCAD 2021
2D and 3D Drawing, Design and Modeling
Elliot J. Gindis President - Vertical Technologies, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Robert C. Kaebisch Construction Sciences - Architecture/Structural, Gateway Technical College Sturtevant, WI, United States
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www. elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-823117-3 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Katey Birtcher Acquisitions Editor: Steve Merken Editorial Project Manager: Alex Ford Production Project Manager: Poulouse Joseph Cover Designer: Alan Studholme Typeset by TNQ Technologies
Contents About the authors Preface Acknowledgments
xiii xv xix
1.8 1.9
Level 1 Chapters 1e10 1. AutoCAD fundamentalsdPart I 1.1
1.2 1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Introduction and basic commands Create Objects Edit/Modify Objects View Objects The AutoCAD environment Interacting with AutoCAD Method 1. Type in the commands on the command line Method 2. Use the Ribbon tabs, Panels, and Tools Practicing the create objects commands Line Circle Arc Rectangle View objects Zoom Pan Regen Practicing the Edit/Modify objects commands Erase Move Copy Rotate Scale Trim Extend Offset Mirror Fillet Selection methods
1.10 4 4 4 5 5 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Drawing accuracydpart 1 Ortho (F8) Drawing accuracydpart 2 OSNAPs ENDpoint MIDpoint CENter QUADrant INTersection PERPendicular OSNAP drafting settings Summary Review questions Exercises
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 33 34 34
2. AutoCAD fundamentalsdPart II 2.1 2.2 2.3
2.4 2.5
2.6
2.7
GRIPS Units and scale Snap and Grid To set Snap To set Grid Cartesian coordinate system Geometric data entry Dynamic Input Manual Input Inquiry commands Quick Area Distance List ID Radius and Angle Additional drafting commands Explode Polygon Drawing challengedstar Ellipse Chamfer Templates Limits Save Help files
42 43 43 44 44 45 45 45 47 49 49 49 51 52 52 52 53 53 54 56 56 57 58 59 59 59
v
vi
Contents
TANgent OSNAP Time Drawing the star Summary Review questions Exercises
63 64 65 65 66 66
Spotlight on: architecture
3.2 3.3
3.4
Introduction to layers What are layers? Why use them? Creating and deleting layers Making a layer current Assigning layer colors Index Color True Color Color Books Layer Freeze/Thaw and On/Off Layer Lock/Unlock Introduction to linetypes Introduction to properties Properties palette Match Properties Layers and the Ribbon In-class drawing project: floor plan layout Basic file preparation Starting the floor plan Drawing the inner wall geometry Drawing the doors and windows Doors Windows Summary Review questions Exercises
Spotlight on: mechanical engineering 5.1
80 80 80 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 85 85 87 87 89 89 90 91 91 91 93 94 94 95 95 96
5.2
5.3
5.4 5.5 5.6
4.3
4.4 4.5 4.6
Introduction to text and mtext Text (single line) Editing Text Mtext Formatting mtext Toolbar text editing Style Spell check In-Class drawing project: adding text and furniture to floor plan layout NEArest OSNAP
6.1 6.2
102 102 103 103 104 107 108 110 111 113
Introduction to Hatch Architecture Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Hatch procedures Step 1. Pick the Hatch pattern you want to use Step 2. Indicate where you want the pattern to go Step 3. Fine-Tune the pattern by adjusting scale and angle (if necessary) Step 4. Watch the Preview of the pattern and accept it if it is OK Working with Hatch patterns Exploding Hatch patterns Hatch pattern layers and colors Advanced Hatch topics Gradient and solid fill Solid fill SuperHatch In-Class drawing project: adding Hatch to floor plan layout Summary Review questions Exercises
126 126 126 126 126 126 128 129 129 130 130 130 131 133 133 133 136 136 137 138
6. Dimensions
4. Text, mtext, editing, and style 4.1 4.2
114 114 114
5. Hatch patterns
3. Layers, colors, linetypes, and properties 3.1
Summary Review questions Exercises
6.3 6.4
Introduction to dimensions Types of dimensions Linear dimensions Aligned dimension Diameter dimension Radius dimension Angular dimension Continuous dimensions Baseline dimensions Leader and multileader Leader Multileader Secondary dimensions Editing dimensions Customizing dimensions
146 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 159 160 161
Contents
6.5 6.6
Dimstyle Step 1. Change the units of the dimensions Step 2. Change the font of the dimensions Step 3. Change the arrowheads of the dimensions Step 4. Change the fit (size) of the dimensions Center marks and centerlines In-Class drawing project: adding dimensions to floor plan layout Summary Review questions Exercises
161
8.3
163
8.4 163 164
168 169 169 169
7.2 7.3 7.4
7.5
7.6
180 180 180 182 184 185 186 186 186
9. Basic printing and output 9.1 9.2
8.2
Polar array Steps in creating a polar array Additional operations with polar array Rectangular array Steps in creating a rectangular array Additional operations with rectangular array
9.3 9.4
Introduction to printing and plotting The essentials What printer or plotter to use What paper size to use What area to plot At what scale to plot What pen settings to use What orientation to use What offset to use Miscellaneous The plot dialog box Preview Page setup manager Summary Review questions Exercise
238 238 239 239 239 240 240 241 241 241 241 243 244 245 246 246
10. Advanced outputdPaper Space 186 187 187 192 198 202 203 203
8. Polar, rectangular, and path arrays 8.1
223 226 227 227
Spotlight on: electrical engineering
7. Blocks, Wblocks, dynamic blocks, groups, and purge Introduction to blocks Blocks versus the wblock command Creating a block Insert Purge Wblocks Retain Convert to block Delete from drawing Inserting blocks from other files or entire .dwg files Dynamic blocks Actions and parameters Visibility Groups Summary Review questions Exercises
220 220 221
164 166
Spotlight on: interior design
7.1
Path array Steps in creating a path array Additional operations with path array In-class drawing project: mechanical device Summary Review questions Exercises
vii
212 212 214 217 217 219
10.1 10.2
Introduction to Paper Space What is Paper Space? Paper Space concepts Layouts Viewports Floating Model Space Modifying the Viewport Polygonal Viewport Scaling Layers Lock VP Hiding the VP Text and dims Annotation and Annotative Objects Summary Review questions Exercises
250 250 251 251 256 257 258 259 261 263 264 266 267 269 278 279 279
viii
Contents
Level 1 Answers to review questions
13. Advanced dimensions 13.1 13.2
Level 2 Chapters 11e20 11. Advanced linework 11.1 11.2
11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6
11.7
11.8
Introduction to advanced linework Pline (polyline) Pedit Exploding a pline Additional pline options Boundary Xline (construction line) Ray Spline Mline (multiline) Modifying the mline Mlstyle (multiline style) Mledit (Multiline Edit) Other Mline properties Sketch Applications of sketch GEOmetric center OSNAP Level 2 drawing project (1 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises
290 290 291 292 292 294 296 298 298 300 300 301 304 306 306 308 309 310 311 312 312
13.3 13.4
13.5 13.6 13.7
12. Advanced layers
12.6
322 322 323 326 328 329 329 329 330 334 335 335
349 351 351 353 354 354 356 356
14. Options, Shortcuts, CUI, Design Center, and Express Tools
Spotlight on: civil engineering Introduction to advanced layers Script files Layer State Manager Layer filtering Layer Freeze, Isolate, and Walk Layer Freeze Layer Isolate Layer Walk Level 2 drawing project (2 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises
337 338 339 340 340 342 342 343 345 347 347 347 348
Spotlight on: aerospace engineering
14.1
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5
Introduction to advanced dimensions Dimension Style Manager Lines tab Symbols and Arrows tab Text tab Fit tab Primary Units tab Alternate Units tab Tolerances tab Introduction to constraints Geometric constraints Types of geometric constraints Adding geometric constraints Hiding, showing, and deleting geometric constraints Dimensional constraints Working with dimensional constraints Dimension-driven design Level 2 drawing project (3 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises
14.2
14.3 14.4 14.5
Options Files tab Display tab Open and Save tab Plot and Publish tab System tab User Preferences tab Drafting tab 3D Modeling tab Selection tab Shortcuts PGP File Altering the PGP File Customize User Interface Design Center Express tools Blocks Tools
364 365 366 368 371 373 375 377 379 379 381 382 383 384 384 390 391
Contents
14.6
Modify tools Layout Tools Draw Tools Dimension Tools Web tools Level 2 drawing project (4 of 10): Architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises
392 393 393 394 394 394 396 397 397
15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6
15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29
15.30
Introduction to advanced design and file management tools Align Action recording Audit and recover Blend Break and join Break, Method 1 Single Break, Method 2 Join CAD standards Calculator Defpoints Divide and point style Donut Draw order eTransmit Filter Hyperlink Lengthen Object snap tracking Overkill Point and node Publish Raster Revcloud Sheet sets Selection methods Stretch System variables Tables Tool palette UCS and crosshair rotation Method 1 Method 2 Window tiling
Wipeout Level 2 drawing project (5 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercises
440 444 445 446 446
Spotlight on: chemical engineering 16. Importing and exporting data
15. Advanced design and file management tools 15.1
15.31 15.32
ix
16.1 400 400 402 404 405 406 406 407 408 408 410 410 411 412 413 413 416 418 420 420 421 421 422 423 424 425 429 430 431 432 434 437 437 439 439
16.2
16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9
Introduction to importing and exporting data Importing and exporting to and from MS office applications Word into AutoCAD AutoCAD into word Excel into AutoCAD AutoCAD into Excel PowerPoint into AutoCAD AutoCAD into PowerPoint Screen shots JPGs PDFs Other CAD software Exporting and the save as feature Inserting and OLE Level 2 drawing project (6 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercise
456 456 456 456 457 458 459 459 459 459 460 462 463 465 466 467 468 468
17. External references (xrefs) 17.1
17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7
Introduction to xrefs What is an xref? Why do we need an xref? What is the benefit? Using xrefs Layers in xrefs Editing and reloading xrefs Multiple xrefs Ribbon and xrefs Level 2 drawing project (7 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercise
470 470 470 470 474 474 477 478 478 478 479 480
x Contents
Spotlight on: biomedical engineering
Summary Review questions Exercises
534 534 534
18. Attributes 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5
18.6 18.7 18.8
Introduction to attributes Creating the design Creating the attribute definitions Creating the attribute block Attribute properties and editing Exploding attributes Inserting attributes Attribute extraction Invisible attributes Level 2 drawing project (8 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercise
486 486 487 489 490 491 491 491 496 497 498 498 500
Level 2 Answers to review questions Level 3 Chapters 21e30 21. 3D Basics 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4
19. Advanced output and pen settings 19.1 19.2 19.3
19.4 19.5 19.6
Introduction to advanced output and pen settings Setting standards The CTB file Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Additional CTB file features Lineweight VISIBILITY Settings Level 2 drawing project (9 of 10): architectural floor plan Summary Review questions Exercise
502 502 502 506 506 507 507 508 510 512 512 512
21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8
22.1
20. Isometric drawing
20.2
20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6
Introduction to graphical projection Types of projections Isometric projection Why use isometric projection instead of 3D? When not to use isometric perspective Basic technique Ellipses in isometric drawing Text and dimensions in isometric drawing Level 2 drawing project (10 of 10): architectural floor plan
520 520 520
526 529
550 552 554 556 556 560 561 562 566 569 569 570
Introduction to Object Manipulation Rotate3D 3Drotate (Gizmo) Mirror3D 3Darray 3Dscale 3Dmove Fillets and Chamfers in 3D Summary Review Questions Exercises
574 574 575 576 579 583 585 586 589 589 589
23. Boolean operations and primitives 23.1
521 522 522 525
550
22. Object Manipulation
Spotlight on: drafting, CAD management, teaching, and consulting 20.1
Axes, Planes, and Faces 3D Workspaces, Ribbon, Toolbars, and 3D Options Entering and Exiting 3D Projecting into 3D Method 1 (New) Method 2 (Classic) 3D Dynamic Views Extrude Visual Styles: Hide and Shade Viewcube and Navigation Bar Summary Review Questions Exercises
23.2
Introduction to boolean operations Union Subtract Intersect Introduction to primitives Box Wedge Cone Sphere
594 594 595 598 602 602 602 604 604
Contents
23.3
Cylinder Torus Pyramid Applying primitives Summary Review questions Exercises
605 606 606 607 607 608 608
24. Solid Modeling 24.1
Introduction to Solid Modeling Revolve Shell Taper Loft Path Extrusion Sweep Summary Review questions Exercises
Summary Review questions Exercises
680 680 680
27. Slicing, sectioning, layouts, and vports 27.1 27.2
614 614 621 622 626 632 634 636 636 637
xi
27.3 27.4
27.5
Introduction to slicing, sectioning, layouts, and vports Slicing and sectioning Slice Section Layouts and details Additional layout options Flatten and flatshot Flatten Flatshot Vports Summary Review questions Exercise
688 688 688 690 691 697 698 699 700 704 706 706 707
25. Advanced Solids, Faces, and Edges 25.1
25.2
25.3
Introduction To Advanced Solids, Faces, And Edges Polysolid Helix 3D Path Array 3Dalign Working With Faces Delete Faces Move Faces Copy Faces Offset Faces Rotate Faces Color Faces Working With Edges Color Edges Copy Edges Summary Review questions Exercises
642 642 643 644 646 648 648 650 650 652 653 654 654 654 654 657 657 657
28. Advanced UCS, Views, Text, and Dimensions in 3D 28.1 28.2
28.3 28.4
26. Surfaces and meshes 26.1 26.2
26.3
Introduction to Surfaces and Meshes Surfacing Commands Planar Surface Region Rulesurf Tabsurf Revsurf Edgesurf 3Dface and 3Dmesh Smooth Mesh Primitives Mesh Modification 1. Smoothness Mesh Modification 3. Additional Tools
664 664 664 665 666 668 670 671 673 674 676 678
Introduction To Advanced Ucs, Views, Text, And Dimensions In 3d Advanced Ucs UCS World UCS Previous Face UCS Object View Origin Z-Axis Vector 3D Point X, Y, and Z Named UCS Views And View Manager Text And Dimensions In 3d Summary Review questions Exercise
712 712 712 713 713 714 715 715 715 716 717 718 718 720 722 722 723 723
29. Dview, camera, walk and fly, path animation 29.1
Dynamic view Camera Target Distance Points Pan Zoom Twist
728 728 729 729 729 729 730 730
xii Contents
29.2 29.3 29.4
Clip Hide Off Undo Cameras Walk and fly Path animation Summary Review questions Exercises
730 731 732 732 732 735 739 742 742 743
30. Lighting and rendering 30.1 30.2
30.3
Introduction to lighting and rendering Lighting Point light Spotlight Distant light Shadows, sun, and sky Materials and rendering Materials Rendering Summary Review questions Exercise
750 750 751 752 753 756 760 760 762 764 765 768
Level 3 Answers to review questions Appendix A: Additional information on AutoCAD Appendix B: Other CAD software, design and analysis tools, and concepts Appendix C: File extensions Appendix D: Custom linetypes and hatch patterns Appendix E: Principles of CAD management Appendix F: AutoLISP basics and advanced customization tools Appendix G: PC hardware, printers/plotters, networks, and the cloud Appendix H: What are kernels? Appendix I: Lighting, rendering, effects, and animation Appendix J: 3D printing Appendix K: AutoCAD certification exams Appendix L: AutoCAD employment Appendix M: The future of AutoCAD
773
Index
829
781 787 789 793 799 805 811 813 815 819 823 825
About the authors ELLIOT GINDIS
Elliot J. Gindis started out using AutoCAD professionally at a New York City area civil engineering company in September 1996, moving on to consulting work shortly afterward. He has since drafted in a wide variety of fields ranging from all aspects of architecture and building design to electrical, mechanical, civil, structural, aerospace, and rail design. These assignments, including lengthy stays with IBM and Siemens Transportation Systems, totaled over 50 companies to date. In 1999, Elliot began teaching part-time at the Pratt Institute of Design, followed by positions at Netcom Information Systems, RoboTECH CAD Solutions, and more recently at the New York Institute of Technology. In 2003, Elliot formed Vertical Technologies Education and Training https://www.verticaltechtraining.com/, an AutoCAD training firm that continues to train corporate clients nationwide in using and optimizing AutoCAD. Elliot holds a bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and a master’s degree in engineering management from Mercer University. As of 2016, he resides in the Los Angeles area and is a flight test engineer for the United States Air Force. He also continues to be involved with AutoCAD education and CAD consulting. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2021, which carefully incorporates lessons learned from over 20 years of teaching and industry work, is his 16th overall textbook on the subject. His 2012 textbook has also been translated and is available in Spanish from Anaya Multimedia. He can be reached at Elliot.Gindis@gmail.com or via his website: www. verticaltechtraining.com.
Previous textbooks by Elliot Gindis English l l l l l l
Operational AutoCAD 2008. New York: Netcom Inc. (out of print) Up and Running with AutoCAD 2009 [e-book only]. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2010. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2011: 2D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2011: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2012: 2D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc.
xiii
xiv
l l l l l l l l l l
About the authors
Up and Running with AutoCAD 2012: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2013: 2D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2013: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2014: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2015: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2016: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2017: 2D and 3D Drawing and Modeling. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2018: 2D Drafting and Design. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2019: 2D Drafting and Design. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2020: 2D Drafting and Design. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc.
Spanish l
AutoCAD 2012 - Dibujar y Modelar en 2D y 3D. Madrid, Spain: Anaya Multimedia.
ROBERT KAEBISCH
Robert C. Kaebisch started using AutoCAD in 1989 with R10 and continued using each subsequent release through college and throughout his career. Most of his drafting work has involved architecture, interior design, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and other construction-related industries, from schematic designs through full construction documents. After starting his architectural career in the mid-1990s, and spending several years in the field, Robert also worked as a part-time adjunct instructor in the School of Design and Drafting at IIT in 2001. In 2004, he stepped away from teaching to focus on architecture and obtained his architect’s license in 2005. In 2008 he returned to teaching and became a full-time instructor in Gateway Technical College’s Architectural-Structural Engineering Technician program. He continues to teach and be involved in architectural design and consulting, as well as AutoCAD, Revit, and other software training. Robert holds a bachelor’s degree in architecture from the University of WisconsineMilwaukee’s School of Architecture and Urban Planning, and a certificate in Project Management from the University of Wisconsin-Stout. He maintains his architect’s license, technical college teaching license in WI, and national certifications in both Autodesk AutoCAD and Autodesk Revit. He currently lives in the Milwaukee area and can be reached at Robert.Kaebisch@gmail.com.
Previous textbooks by Robert Kaebisch l l l
Up and Running with AutoCAD 2018: 2D Drafting and Design. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2019: 2D Drafting and Design. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc. Up and Running with AutoCAD 2020: 2D Drafting and Design. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, Inc.
Preface What is Autocad? AutoCAD is a drafting and design software package developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc. As of 2020, it has been around for approximately 38 yearsdseveral lifetimes in the software industry. It has grown from modest beginnings to an industry standard, often imitated, sometimes exceeded, but never equaled. The basic premise of its design is simple and is the main reason for AutoCAD’s success. Anything you can think of, you can draw quickly and easily. For many years, AutoCAD remained a superb 2D electronic drafting board, replacing the pencil and paper for an entire generation of technical professionals. In recent releases, its 3D capabilities finally matured, and AutoCAD is now also considered an excellent 3D visualization tool, especially for architecture and interior design. The software has a rather steep learning curve to become an expert but a surprisingly easy one to just get started. Most important, it is well worth learning. This is truly global software that has been adopted by millions of architects, designers, and engineers worldwide. Over the years, Autodesk expanded this reach by introducing add-on packages that customize AutoCAD for industry-specific tasks, such as electrical, civil, and mechanical engineering. However, underneath all these add-ons is still plain AutoCAD. This software remains hugely popular. Learn it well, as it is still one of the best skills you can add to your resume.
About this book This book is not like most on the market. While many authors certainly view their text as unique and novel in its approach, we rarely reviewed one that was clear to a beginner student and distilled AutoCAD concepts down to basic, easy to understand explanations. The problem may be that many of the available books are written by either industry technical experts or teachers but rarely by someone who is actively both. One really needs to interact with the industry and the students, in equal measure, to bridge the gap between reality and the classroom. After years of AutoCAD design work in the daytime and teaching nights and weekends, we set out to create a set of classroom notes that outlined, in an easy to understand manner, exactly how AutoCAD is used and applied, not theoretical musings or clinical descriptions of the commands. These notes eventually were expanded into this book that you now hold. The rationale was simple: An employer needs this person to be up and running as soon as possible to do a job. How do we make this happen?
Teaching methods My teaching approach has its roots in a certain philosophy I developed while attending engineering school many years ago. While there, I had sometimes been frustrated with the complex presentation of what in retrospect amounted to rather simple topics. My favorite quote was, “Most ideas in engineering are not that hard to understand but often become so upon explanation.” The moral of that quote was that concepts can usually be distilled to their essence and explained in an easy and straightforward manner. That is the job of a teacher: Not to blow away students with technical expertise but to use experience and top-level knowledge to sort out what is important and what is secondary and to explain the essentials in plain language. Such is the approach to this AutoCAD book. I want everything here to be highly practical and easy to understand. There are few descriptions of procedures or commands that are rarely used in practice. If we talk about it, you will likely need it. The first thing you must learn is how to draw a line. You see this command on the first few pages of Chapter 1, not buried somewhere in later sections. It is essential to present the “core” of AutoCAD, essential knowledge common to just about any drafting situation, all of it meant to get you up and running quickly. This stripped-down approach proved effective in the classroom and was carefully incorporated into this text.
xv
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Preface
Text organization This book comes in three parts: Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3: Level 1 (Chapters 1e10) is meant to give you a wide breadth of knowledge on many topics, a sort of “mile wide” approach. These 10 chapters comprise, in my experience, the complete essential knowledge set of an intermediate user. You then can work on, if not necessarily set up and manage, moderate to complex drawings. If your CAD requirements are modest or if you are not required to draft full time, then this is where you stop. Level 2 (Chapters 11e20) is meant for advanced users who are CAD managers, full-time AutoCAD draftspersons, architects, or self-employed and must do everything themselves. The goal here is depth, as many features not deemed critically important in Level 1 are revisited to explore additional advanced options. Also introduced are advanced topics necessary to set up and manage complex drawings. Level 3 (Chapters 21e30) is all about 3D. Solid knowledge of the previous two levels is highly recommended before starting these chapters. The 3D material covers all aspects of AutoCAD solid modeling including lights and rendering. Throughout this book, the following methods are used to present material: l l
l l
Explain the new concept or command and why it is important. Cover the command step by step (if needed), with your input and AutoCAD responses shown so you can follow and learn them. Give you a chance to apply just-learned knowledge to a real-life exercise, drawing, or model. Test yourself with end-of-chapter quizzes and drawing exercises that ask questions about the essential knowledge.
You will not see an extensive array of distracting “learning aids” in this text. You will, however, see some common features throughout, such as. Commands: These are presented in almost all cases in the form of a command matrix, such as the one shown here for a line. You can choose any of the methods for entering the command.
Tips and tricks: These are seen mostly in the first few chapters and one is shown here. They are very specific, deliberate suggestions to smooth out the learning experience. Do take note.
TIP 1: The Esc (escape) key in the upper left-hand corner of your keyboard is your new best friend. It gets you out of just about any trouble you get yourself into. If something does not look right, just press the Esc key and repeat the command. Mine was worn out learning AutoCAD, so expect to use it often.
Step-by-step instructions: These are featured whenever practical and show you exactly how to execute the command, such as the example with line here. What you type in and what AutoCAD says are in the software’s default font: Courier New. The rest of the steps are in the standard print font.
Step 1. Begin the line command via any of the previous methods. l AutoCAD says: Specify first point: Step 2. Using the mouse, left-click anywhere on the screen. l AutoCAD says: Specify next point or [Undo]: Step 3. Move the mouse elsewhere on the screen and left-click again. You can repeat step 2 as many times as you wish. When you are done, click Enter or Esc.
Learning objectives and time for completion: Each chapter begins with this, which builds a “road map” for you to follow while progressing through the chapter, as well as sets expectations of what you will learn if you put in the time to go through the chapter. The time for completion is based on classroom teaching experience but is only an estimate. If you are learning AutoCAD in school, your instructor may choose to cover part of a chapter or more than one at a time.
In this chapter, we introduce AutoCAD and discuss the following: l Introduction and the basic commands l The Create Objects commands l The Edit and Modify Objects commands l The View Objects commands, etc. By the end of the chapter, you will . Estimated time for completion of chapter: 3 hours.
Summary, review questions, exercises: Each chapter concludes with these. Be sure to not skip these pages and to review everything you learned.
Summary Review questions Exercises
Preface
xvii
What your goal should be Just learning commands is not enough; you need to see the big picture and truly understand AutoCAD and how it functions for it to become effortless and transparent. The focus after all is on your design. AutoCAD is just one of the tools to realize it. A good analogy is ice hockey. Professional players do not think about skating; to them, it is second nature. They are focused on strategy, scoring a goal, and getting by the defenders. This mentality should be yours as well. You must become proficient through study and practice, to the point where you are working with AutoCAD, not struggling against it. It then becomes “transparent” and you focus only on the design, to truly perform the best architecture or engineering work of which you are capable. If you are in an instructor-led class, take good notes. If you are self-studying from this text, pay very close attention to every topic; nothing here is unimportant. Do not skip or cut corners. Do complete every drawing assignment. Most important, you must practice, daily if possible, as there is no substitute for sitting down and using the software. Not everyone has the opportunity to learn on the job while getting paid; companies want ready-made experts and do not want to wait. If that is the case, you must practice on your own in the evening or on weekends. Just taking a class or reading this book alone is not enough. It may seem like a big mountain to climb right now, but it is completely doable. Once on top, you will find that AutoCAD is not the frustrating program it may have seemed in the early days but an intuitive software package that, with proficiency of use, becomes a natural extension of your mind when working on a new design. That, in the end, is the mark of successful software; it helps you do your job easier and faster. Feel free to contact myself or my coauthor with questions or comments at Elliot.Gindis@gmail.com and Robert.Kaebisch@gmail.com. Also, be sure to visit www.verticaltechtraining. com, where you will find other resources such as exercises, videos, articles, and a discussion board to get your AutoCAD questions answered.
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Acknowledgments A textbook of this magnitude is rarely a product of only one person’s effort. I thank all the early and ongoing reviewers of this text and Chris Ramirez of Vertical Technologies Consulting for research and ideas when most needed as well as using the text in his classroom. A big thank you also to Karen Miletsky (retired) formerly of Pratt Institute of Design, Russell and Titu Sarder at Netcom Information Technology, and everyone at the New York Institute of Technology, RoboTECH CAD Solutions, Future Media Concepts, and other premier training centers, colleges, and universities for their past and present support. Extensive gratitude also goes to Stephen R. Merken, Poulouse Joseph, and Ashwathi P. Aravindakshan, and the rest of the team at Elsevier for believing in the project and for their invaluable support in getting the book out to market. Thank you also to Denis Cadu of Autodesk for all the support at the Autodesk Developers Network. A big thank you to my coauthor, Robert Kaebisch of Gateway Technical College, for assisting in bringing the 2018 edition to the next level and continuing his excellent work on this latest edition. Finally, I thank my friends and family, especially my parents, Boris and Tatyana Gindis, my wonderful wife, Marina, and my son Andrew, for their patience and encouragement as I undertake the lengthy annual effort of bringing this textbook to life. This book is dedicated to the hundreds of students who have passed through my classrooms and made teaching the enjoyable adventure it has become. Elliot J. Gindis May 2021 First and foremost, I must thank Elliot Gindis for asking me to join him on this journey in 2017 and trusting me to help with the evolution of his creation over the years. Thank you to the teachers and professors who gave me the freedom to explore technical drafting, AutoCAD, architecture and all their associated technologies: Mr. Peter Wilson, Mr. Paul Barry, and Mr. Rick Jules. Thank you to the team at Elsevier, especially Stephen R. Merken, Poulouse Joseph, and Ashwathi P. Aravindakshan, for promoting the project and helping us getting it published this year. Thank you also to Denis Cadu and the team at Autodesk for all the help from the Autodesk Developers Network. I could not do the work I do without the support of the Construction Science faculty: Ray Koukari, Jr., Pat Hoppe, and Steve Whitmoyer. Another big thank you to the Gateway Technical College administration: Dr. Bryan D. Albrecht, Zina Haywood, Matt Janisin, and Dr. John Thibodeau for helping me grow as an instructor. Finally, I must thank my children, Alex and Emma, my mom Sharon Kaebisch, and my amazing partner, Dr. Sandra Van Den Heuvel for their continued support. This journey is proving to be a great learning experience, making me a better architect, instructor, and learner. Robert C. Kaebisch May 2021
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Level 1
Chapters 1e10
Level 1 is the very beginning of your studies. No prior knowledge of AutoCAD is assumed, only basic familiarity with computers and some technical aptitude. You are at a slight advantage if you have hand drafted before, as many AutoCAD techniques flow from the old paper and pencil days, a fact alluded to later in the chapters. We begin Chapter 1 by outlining the basic commands under Create Objects and Modify Objects followed by an introduction to the AutoCAD environment. We then introduce basic accuracy tools of Ortho and OSNAP. Chapter 2 continues the basics by adding units and various data entry tools. These first two chapters are critically important, as success here ensures you will understand the rest and be able to function in the AutoCAD environment.
2 LEVEL | 3 Chapters 21e30
Chapter 3 continues to layers, then each succeeding chapter continues to deal with one or more major topics per chapter: text and mtext in Chapter 4, hatching in Chapter 5, and dimensioning in Chapter 6. In these six chapters, you are asked to not only practice what you learned but apply the knowledge to a basic architectural floor plan. Chapter 7 introduces blocks and Chapter 8 arrays. At this point, you are asked to draw another project, this time a mechanical device. Level 1 concludes with basic printing and output in Chapter 9 and finally advanced printing and output (Layouts/Paper Space) in Chapter 10. Be sure to dedicate as much time as possible to practicing what you learn; there really is no substitute.
Chapter 1
AutoCAD fundamentalsdPart I
Learning objectives
In this chapter, we introduce AutoCAD and discuss the following: l l l l l l l l l l l
Introduction and the basic commands The Create Objects commands The Edit/Modify Objects commands The View Objects commands The AutoCAD environment Interacting with AutoCAD Practicing the Create Objects commands Practicing the Edit/Modify Objects commands Selection methodsdWindow, Crossing, and Lasso Accuracy in draftingdOrtho (F8) Accuracy in draftingdOSNAPs (F3)
Up and Running with AutoCAD 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823117-3.00001-3 Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
4 LEVEL | 1 Chapters 1e10
By the end of this chapter, you will learn the essential basics of creating, modifying, and viewing objects; the AutoCAD environment; and accuracy in the form of straight lines and precise alignment of geometric objects via OSNAP points. Estimated time for completion of this chapter: 3 hours.
1.1 Introduction and basic commands AutoCAD is a very complex program. If you are taking a class or reading this textbook, this is something you probably already know. The commands available to you, along with their submenus and various options, number in the thousands. So, how do you get a handle on them and begin using the software? Well, you must realize two important facts. First, you must understand that, on a typical workday, 95% of your AutoCAD drafting time is spent using only 5% of the available commands, over and over again. So, getting started is easy; you need to learn only a handful of key commands; and as you progress and build confidence, you can add depth to your knowledge by learning new ones. Second, you must understand that even the most complex drawing is essentially made up of only a few fundamental objects that appear over and over again in various combinations on the screen. Once you learn how to create and edit them, you can draw surprisingly quickly. Understanding these facts is the key to learning the software. We are going to strip away the perceived complexities of AutoCAD and reduce it to its essential core. Let us go ahead now and develop the list of the basic commands. For a moment, view AutoCAD as a fancy electronic hand-drafting board. In the old days of pencil, eraser, and T-square, what was the simplest thing that you could draft on a blank sheet of paper? That, of course, is a line. Let us make a list with the following header, “Create Objects,” and below it add “line.” So, what other geometric objects can we draw? Think of basic building blocks, those that cannot be broken down any further. A circle qualifies and so does an arc. Because it is so common and useful, throw in a rectangle as well (even though you should note that it is a compound polyline object, or four lines acting as one). Here is the final list of fundamental objects that we have just come up with:
Create Objects l l l l
Line Circle Arc Rectangle
As surprising as it may sound, these four objects, in large quantities, make up most of a typical design, so already you have the basic tools. We will create these on the AutoCAD screen in a bit. For now, let us keep going and get the rest of the list down. Now that you have the objects, what can you do with them? You can erase them, which is probably the most obvious. You can also move them around your screen and, in a similar manner, copy them. The objects can rotate, and you can also scale them up or down in size. With lines, if they are too long, you can trim them, and if they are too short, you can extend them. Offset is a sort of precise copy and one of the most useful commands in AutoCAD. Mirror is used, as the name implies, to make a mirror-image copy of an object. Finally, fillet is used to put a curve on two intersecting lines, among other things. We will learn a few more useful commands a bit later, but for now, under the header “Edit/Modify Objects,” list the commands just mentioned:
Edit/Modify Objects l l l l l l l l l l
Erase Move Copy Rotate Scale Trim Extend Offset Mirror Fillet
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Harper's Young People, November 29, 1881
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Harper's Young People, November 29, 1881 Author: Various Release date: October 8, 2015 [eBook #50163] Most recently updated: October 22, 2024 Language: English Credits: Produced by Annie R. McGuire *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S YOUNG PEOPLE, NOVEMBER 29, 1881 ***
HOW TOM PRIMROSE PROTECTED HIS FATHER. THE HUNTING SEASON. THE PIANO-FORTE. PERILS AND PRIVATIONS. THE DOLLS' RECEPTION. PEOPLE WE HEAR ABOUT. A LITTLE FAIRY. THE TALKING LEAVES. CHRISTMAS PREPARATIONS. BUBBLE BUBBLE BUBBLE. OUR POST-OFFICE BOX.
Vol. III.—No. 109. Tuesday, November 29, 1881.
Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. Copyright, 1881, by Harper & Brothers.
price four cents.
$1.50 per Year, in Advance.
"SEE, THEY'RE GETTING AWAY!' HE CRIED."
HOW TOM PRIMROSE PROTECTED HIS FATHER. BY SYDNEY DAYRE. Mr. Primrose arrived at home one morning just as his family were gathering for breakfast. He had been for two days at a small town about thirty miles distant, to which he had been summoned to assist in the trial of a pair of noted criminals. "You look tired out," said Mrs. Primrose. "Tired enough," he said. "I have been up nearly all night." "How did that happen?" "Well, it was partly my own fault. I met my old friend Philip Sanford up there; he was on the defense in the case I was prosecuting. We had a grand tilt over it—fought each other vigorously all the way through. The chief criminal shook his fist at me when I was making the closing speech. I began to see that the case was going against me, and I pressed the rascals pretty hard." "Dear me!" said Mrs. Primrose, with an anxious face. "I am always in fear of some of those desperate characters doing you some injury out of revenge." The gentleman laughed. "Don't worry yourself, dear," he said. "There is much more to be feared from the rogues who go uncaught than from those who feel the strong grasp of the law. But, as I was telling, the case went to the jury about nine last night, and then Sanford and I got down to a game of chess. If I didn't beat him at law, I beat him well at the game, and it was one o'clock before we took heed of the time. Then, as my train was due at three, it was not worth while to go to bed, so we played and talked on. When I got to the station, I found the train was behind time, so I lay on a bench till it came, at five, and here I am." "You will take a rest now?" "Not a bit," he said, opening some letters he had found waiting for him. "Business is pressing just now. Ha! ha!" he exclaimed, "this is good news. We'll have those rogues in the penitentiary yet." "What is it?" asked Mrs. Primrose. "Why, I told you just now that I feared the jury would not convict on the evidence, although it was convincing to me. Here is a letter from the sheriff of Hancock County, who wishes that these same fellows be held to answer to a charge of complicity in a bank robbery which took place in that county some months since. If the jury fails to convict, the prisoners must be re-arrested the moment they are discharged." "Rather a damper on them, I should say," said Frank, with a chuckle.
"You'd be astonished to see what decent-looking men they are," continued his father. "The chief criminal would impress you as having been trained for a gentleman, and his accomplice is not much more than a boy; both are well dressed. The daintiest little pearlmounted revolver I ever saw was displayed in court as the instrument used in their last scrape; Frank, you must take a run up to Homer on the nine train." "He can not," said Mrs. Primrose. "I'm sorry, but he sprained his foot yesterday, and must keep quiet for a few days." "That's bad—for the boy and for me. I must hurry down town and send some one else." "Oh, papa, let me go!" said Tom. "Please do, sir. I've been up there twice with you, you know, and I'd know just where to go, and you could tell me just what to do." "Ho! ho!" laughed Frank. "'Heedless Tom' on important business! Why, he would be sure to have the judge and sheriff under arrest, and the burglars at large. He can't help doing everything backward, you know." "Come, Frank, don't be so sharp," said his mother. "Tom is trying to be more careful lately, I think." "Yes," said Mr. Primrose, in a teasing tone, "he is not at all like the boy I sent from the office last week to buy a pamphlet called 'Westward Ho!' and who brought me instead a garden hoe." There was a laugh at Tom's expense, but he persisted, coaxingly: "Do let me go, papa. You know I wouldn't be careless about your business." "I guess you may go, Tom. Now listen. Find Sheriff Carroll either at his house or at the court-house, and give him this letter. Take the twelve train home, and be sure you are on time. There is money for your fare." So Mr. Primrose departed, while Tom, highly delighted at the prospect of such an unexpected little jaunt, went to get ready. He meant to act through the whole matter with such caution and judgment as to fully convince his father of the propriety of intrusting him with the weightiest concerns. And his first care was to leave for the station in such good time as to put all fear of his missing the train out of the question. Alas, poor Tom! "Now, where's my hat?" This inquiry was a sound of dismay in the Primrose household. Tom's hat was always missing. There was no spot in the house, yard, barn, or garden where it might not be hopefully searched for. "Where did you have it last?" some one asked. Some one was always sure to ask that. "I don't know—yes, I remember putting it on Rover's head, and he ran away with it. No, I found it after that behind the coal-house. I had it when we were playing hide-and-seek last evening." Tom was usually left to do his own hunting, but in such an emergency as this all the family energy was aroused. Uneasiness gathered in every face as time went on.
"Let me see your old hat," said his mother at last. But the old hat proved to be too shabby to be thought of. Then his brother's hat was tried, but Frank was three years older, and it would not do. "Wear it down to Mr. Ramsay, the hatter's," said his mother. "Tell him of your difficulty, and he will lend you a hat for a few hours." But Tom did not like to do this, and he continued his hunt longer than was prudent. At length his little sister came from the barn with a note of triumph and the missing hat. It had been lying in a corner of the hay-loft, where he had hidden the evening before. He seized it gratefully, and was off like the wind. The locomotive was hissing in the station as Tom, hot and out of breath, asked for a ticket to Homer. Then he felt for his pocket-book in one pocket and then another, growing hotter as he failed to find it. After thorough search he concluded, with intense dismay, that his run must have shaken it from his pocket. He knew he had no time for thought. At the distance of about half a block was situated the office of one of his father's friends. He rushed over to it and told his trouble in a few words. "Hurry, Tom, hurry," said the gentleman, as already the premonitory puff of the engine sounded. "Don't stop for a ticket, but board the train—if you can; but—Stop, boy! Hallo, there!" he shouted; "don't let that boy jump on that train!" He ran after Tom as he flew toward the now-moving train, which the boy was fully resolved to board. But he was seized by friendly hands. "You can't do that, my boy—no, sir," as Tom struggled. "Have you no concern for your life or limbs?" "I must go on that train; I will," cried poor Tom, in utter despair. But it moved pitilessly on, while a few men gathered near to inquire into his trouble. "It was about some business for my father," he explained, hardly able to force back his tears, as he realized what a terrible failure he had made at the very outset. "It was very important, and what shall I do?" "There's a freight train going up," said a brakeman. "When?" asked Tom, eagerly. "In about half an hour. It'll be slow, though. You'll get to Homer about eleven, if that'll do you." Tom could only hope it might. After a ride made long by anxiety he stood at last before Sheriff Carroll, and presented his letter, waiting breathlessly to hear what he might say. "Too bad! too bad! I discharged those scamps not more than an hour ago. Tell your father, though, that we may stand a chance of nabbing them yet. I'll have all the trains watched, and send out on the country roads. That sort are very apt to strike across country." He bustled away to set things moving, while Tom, full of bitter mortification, slowly walked back to the station.