History of the Windsor and Detroit Ferries

Endnotes 1 William Rosen, The Most Powerful Idea in the World, First ed. (New York City: Random House, 2010). 2 Claire Profilet Cothren, “Rolling on the River: Preserving America’s Steamboats.” 3 Rosen. 4 Ibid. 5 “A History of Steamboats.” 6 . 7 Ibid. 8 D. H. Bedford and Francis Cleary F. J. Holton, “History of the Windsor and Detroit Ferries,” Ontario Historical Society XVI (1918).D. H. Bedford and Francis ClearyHistory of the Windsor and Detroit Ferries

Ontario Historical Society

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9 Editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica, “Clermont: Steamboat,” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998 ). 10 Fred Erving Dayton and John Lipton Lochhead, Steamboat Days (New York: Frederick A. Stokes company, 1925). 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 William Oxford, The Ferry Steamers: The Story of the Detroit-Windsor Ferry Boats (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited, 1992). 15 James Cooke Mills, Our Inland Seas : Their Shipping & Commerce for Three Centuries (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & co., 1910). 16 Ibid. The discussion of changes to transportation around the Detroit River is attributable to information from this source material. 17 Ibid., 232. 18 “A History of Steamboats.” 19 Dayton and Lochhead. 20 “Shipping News of the Lakes: Detroit,” The Minneapolis Journal 1901. 21 Anastasia Tokmakova, “Archinect News,” (2017). 22 “Shipping News of the Lakes: Detroit.” 23 “Steamer Columbia Launched,” The Buffalo Courier, 11 May 1902 1902. 24 Mills. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Detroit Dry Dock Co., Around the Lakes (Cleveland: Marine Review Print, 1894). 28 “The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-First Congress, 1890-‘91,” ed. Department of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891). 29 Ibid. 30 Thomas A. Klug, “The Immigration and Naturalization Service (Ins) and the Making of a Border-Crossing Culture on the Us–Canada Border, 1891– 1941,” The American Review of Canadian Studies 40, no. 3: Culture and the Canada-US Border (2010). 31 “Steamer Columbia Launched.” 32 Joel Stone, Floating Palaces of the Great Lakes: A History of Passenger Steamships on the Inland Seas (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015). 33 “New Car Ferry Starts,” The Buffalo Courier-Express, 22 April 1928 1928. 34 Ibid. 35 “City Receives Unprecedented Volume of Motor Tourist Traffic,” Democrat Chronicle, 28 July 1930 1930. 36 Harvey Klemmer, “Detroit Digs under to Canada,” Scientific American 142, no. 3 (1930). 37 “A History of Steamboats.” 38 Bruce Catton, “Two ‘Good Oldtimers’ Still in the Harness,” Olean Times-Herald, 17 July 1937 1937. 39 Ibid. 40 “Ferry Service Ended: Two Detroit-Windsor Boats Are Withdrawn,” 39 Buffalo Courier-Express, 19 July 1938 1938. 41 Roger Ripa, “Peace Bridge Facts,” Buffalo and Fort Erie Public Bridge Authority, http://www.peacebridge.com/index.php/about-us-sp-1874923374/ peace-bridge-facts2. 42 “Peace Bridge Dooms Beach Boat,” Democrat and Chronicle, Sept. 21 1929. 43 “Steamer Canadiana Retired,” Buffalo Evening News, Nov 27 1946. 44 Ibid. 45 F. J. Holton. 46 John Brandt Mansfield, History of the Great Lakes (Chicago: J. H. Beers & co., 1899), 998.1899 47 Oxford. 48 Ibid., 45. 49 F. J. Holton. 50 Mansfield. 51 Ibid. 52 F. J. Holton. 53 Mark Sommer, “The Ss Columbia, Ghost Ship on the Buffalo River,” The Buffalo News, July 29, 2017 2017. 54 Mansfield. 55 Sommer. 56 Oxford, 93. 57 “$1,500,000 Loss in Detroit Dock Fire”,” Rome Daily Sentinel, 28 November 1923. 58 . 59 “New Car Ferry Starts.” 60 “Ferry Service Ended: Two Detroit-Windsor Boats Are Withdrawn.” 61 . 62 “To Buy Ferry Company - Detroit & Canada Tunnel Asks I.C.C.’S Permission for Deal,” The New York Times, May 16, 1937. 63 “Ferry Service Ended: Two Detroit-Windsor Boats Are Withdrawn.” 64 Ibid. 65 “Bars Detroit River Deal - I.C.C. Forbids Tunnel to Buy Privileges from Ferry,” The New York Times, 28 July 1938. 66 Tim Colton, “Detroit Shipbuilding, Detroit Mi and Wyandotte Mi,” http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/amshipdetroit.htm. 67 Thomas A. Klug, “Historic American Engineering Record: Dry Dock Engine Works,” (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 2002). 68 Richard J Wright, Freshwater Whales; a History of the American Ship Building Company and Its Predecessors (Kent State University Press, 1970), 103. 69 Co. 70 C.P. Labadie and Minnesota Historical Society. State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota’s Lake Superior Shipwrecks (A.D. 1650-1945) (Minnesota Historical Society, State Historic Preservation Office, 1990). 71 Klug, “Historic American Engineering Record: Dry Dock Engine Works.” 72 Colton. 73 Ibid. 74 Kathy Warnes, “Frank Kirby’s Great Lakes Legacy and the Bob-Lo Boats,” Weebly, http://meanderingmichiganhistory.weebly.com/frank-kirbysgreat-lakes-legacy-and-the-bob-lo-boats.html#_ednref2. 75 Gordon Pritchard Bugbee, The Lake Erie Sidewheel Steamers of Frank E. Kirby (Detroit: Great Lakes Model Shipbuilders’ Guild, 1955). 76 Ibid. 77 “Doctor’s Degree for Frank E. Kirby,” New York Times, 1857-1922 1908. 78 Harvey Cole Estep, How Wooden Ships Are Built: A Practical Treatise on Modern American Wooden Ship Construction with a Supplement on Laying Off Wooden Vessels (Cleveland: Penton Publishing Company, 1918), 7. 79 Ibid. 80 Ibid., 5. 81 “The Seamen’s Bill,” The Square Deal XIII, no. Augut 1913 (1913). 82 Lucy Hamilton Nola Huse Tutag, Discovering Stained Glass in Detroit (Wayne State University Press, 1987). 83 “Steamer Columbia Launched,” The Buffalo Courier, 11 May 1902. 84 Patrick Livingston, Eight Steamboats: Sailing through the Sixties (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2004). 85 Ibid.

Preservation on the Inland Seas