Whitaker's 2017

3

CONTENTS PREFACE

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The UK in Figures The National Flag

19 23

England County Councils District Councils Metropolitan Borough Councils Unitary Councils London London Borough Councils The City of London Corporation The City Guilds Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Political Composition of Councils Isle of Man Channel Islands

THE ROYAL FAMILY

24

Private Secretaries Finance Military Ranks and Titles Kings and Queens The House of Windsor Descendants of Queen Victoria

28 30 32 35 39 40

LAW AND ORDER

PRECEDENCE

42

PEERAGE

44

Hereditary Peers Life Peers Courtesy Titles and Peers’ Surnames Lords Spiritual Orders of Chivalry Baronetage and Knightage The Order of St John Dames Decorations and Medals Chiefs of Clans in Scotland Privy Council

45 64 73 79 80 83 109 110 114 117 119

THE YEAR 2017 2017 Calendar 2018 Calendar Forthcoming Events Centenaries

10 11 12 15

UNITED KINGDOM

PARLIAMENT Members of Parliament General Election 2015 Results By-election Results

THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES The Cabinet Government Departments Executive Agencies Non-ministerial Government Departments Public Bodies

DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT Wales National Assembly Election Results 2016 Scotland Scottish Parliament Election Results 2016 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly Election Results 2016

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT London

EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

123 134 141 181

182 182 184 194 198 202

221 221 224 228 231 237 240

243 243

247

Law Courts and Offices Scottish Judicature Northern Ireland Judicature Tribunals Ombudsman Services Police Prisons

DEFENCE Salaries

EDUCATION The Education System Universities Professional Education Independent Schools National Academies Research Councils

HEALTH National Health Service

SOCIAL WELFARE Social Services National Insurance Pensions War Pensions Tax Credits Benefits

UTILITIES AND TRANSPORT Water Energy Transport

RELIGION Religion in the UK Churches

COMMUNICATIONS Postal Services Telecommunications Internet

CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE World Heritage Sites Historic Buildings and Monuments Museums and Galleries

250 253 261 262 265 266 268 268 269 271 274 277 282 284 289 290

292 292 298 301 302 309 312 317

321 331

333 333 350 361 370 377 379

382 382

388 388 389 390 393 394 394

402 402 405 411

420 420 426

447 447 448 450

452 462 464 472

4 Sights of London Hallmarks

BANKING AND FINANCE British Currency Banking and Personal Finance Financial Services Regulation National Savings National Debt London Stock Exchange Economic Statistics Cost of Living Insurance

TAXATION Income Tax Value Added Tax Stamp Duty

480 487

489 491 496 498 499 500 501 503 505

509 509 521 522

524

Intellectual Property

548

Broadcasting Television Radio The Press Newspapers Periodicals

ORGANISATIONS Trade and Professional Bodies Trade Unions Sports Bodies Clubs Charities and Societies

550 550 550 552 555 555 560

565 565 570 573 578 581

THE YEAR 2015–16 Events A Century Ago: Events 1915–16 UK Affairs Arts and Media Crimes and Legal Affairs Environment and Science Sport International Affairs Obituaries Archaeology Architecture Art Business and Finance Classical Music and Opera Conservation Natural Environment Built Heritage Dance Film Literature The Media Television Radio The Press Internet Parliament Acts of Parliament Pop Music Science and Discovery Theatre Sports Results Sports Records Weather

927 927 928 931 932 934 935 939 951 954 958 964 967 970 976 976 979 981 985 988 992 992 993 994 995 997 1002 1004 1007 1012 1016 1042 1046

TIME AND SPACE

THE WORLD The World in Figures Air Distances Travel Overseas European Union International Organisations

637 913 916

489

LEGAL NOTES THE MEDIA

Countries of the World A–Z The North and South Poles UK Overseas Territories

595 602 603 605 615

Astronomy Time Measurement and Calendars Tidal Predictions

1055 1113 1127

Abbreviations Index

1135 1141

20

The UK in Figures

RESIDENT POPULATION

ASYLUM NATIONALITIES APPLYING FOR UK ASYLUM year ending in March Top 5 Nationalities 1) Iran 2) Eritrea 3) Iraq 4) Sudan 5) Pakistan 6) Syria

2015

2016

1,995 3,551 695 1,605 2,431 2,185

4,305 3,321 2,805 2,769 2,669 2,539

Source: Home Office, National Statistics: Asylum

BIRTHS United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

Live births 2015

Birth rate* 2015

777,165 697,852 55,098 24,215

11.8 12.1 10.3 13.1

* Live births per 1,000 population Source: General Register Office for Scotland, NISRA, ONS (Crown copyright)

FERTILITY RATES Total fertility rate is the average number of children which would be born to a woman if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates of the period in question throughout her childbearing life span. The figures for the years 1960–2 are estimates. United Kingdom England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland NON-UK BORN RESIDENTS BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH thousands 2004 2015 94 831 Poland 505 795 India 285 503 Pakistan 453 382 Republic of Ireland 276 286 Germany – 220 Romania 228 217 Bangladesh 181 200 South Africa 92 199 Nigeria 152 197 China Source: ONS (Crown Copyright)

1960–2

2000

2015

3.07 2.77 2.98 3.47

1.62 1.65 1.48 1.75

1.78 1.82 1.56 1.96

Source: General Register Office for Scotland, NISRA, ONS (Crown copyright)

MATERNITY RATES FOR ENGLAND AND WALES 2014 All All maternities* Singleton multiple† Twins Triplets 687,346 676,357 10,989 10,839 148 All ages <20 25,931 25,749 182 181 1 20–24 112,086 111,008 1,078 1,066 12 25–29 195,116 192,608 2,508 2,476 32 30–34 212,864 209,185 3,679 3,638 40 35–39 113,113 110,538 2,575 2,542 32 40–44 26,425 25,649 776 751 25 45+ 1,811 1,620 191 185 6 * Includes stillbirths † Total includes rates for twins, triplets, quads and above Source: ONS (Crown copyright)

TOP TEN BABY NAMES (ENGLAND AND WALES) 2015 1994 Girls Boys Girls Boys 1 Rebecca Thomas Amelia Oliver 2 Lauren James Olivia Jack 3 Jessica Jack Emily Harry 4 Charlotte Daniel Isla George 5 Hannah Matthew Ava Jacob 6 Sophie Ryan Ella Charlie 7 Amy Joshua Jessica Noah 8 Emily Luke Isabella William 9 Laura Samuel Mia Thomas 10 Emma Jordan Poppy Oscar Source: ONS (Crown copyright)

46

Peerage

DUKES

Coronet, Eight strawberry leaves Style, His Grace the Duke of _ Envelope (formal), His Grace the Duke of _; (social), The Duke of _. Letter (formal), My Lord Duke; (social), Dear Duke. Spoken (formal), Your Grace; (social), Duke Wife’s style, Her Grace the Duchess of _ Envelope (formal), Her Grace the Duchess of _; (social), The Duchess of _. Letter (formal), Dear Madam; (social), Dear Duchess. Spoken, Duchess Eldest son’s style, Takes his father’s second title as a courtesy title (see Courtesy Titles) Younger sons’ style, ‘Lord’ before forename (F_) and surname (S_) Envelope, Lord F_ S_. Letter (formal), My Lord; (social), Dear Lord F_. Spoken (formal), My Lord; (social), Lord F_ Daughters’ style, ‘Lady’ before forename (F_) and surname (S_) Envelope, Lady F_ S_. Letter (formal), Dear Madam; (social), Dear Lady F_. Spoken, Lady F_

Created 1868 I. 1701 S. 1703 S. 1682 1694 1663 S.

Title, order of succession, name, etc Abercorn (5th), James Hamilton, KG, b. 1934, s. 1979, m. Argyll (13th), Torquhil Ian Campbell, b. 1968, s. 2001 m. Atholl (12th), Bruce George Ronald Murray, b. 1960, s. 2012, m. Beaufort (11th), David Robert Somerset, b. 1928, s. 1984, m. Bedford (15th), Andrew Ian Henry Russell, b. 1962, s. 2003, m. Buccleuch (10th) and Queensberry (12th) (S. 1684), Richard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, KBE, b. 1954, s. 2007, m. 1694 Devonshire (12th), Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, KCVO, CBE, b. 1944, s. 2004, m. 1900 Fife (4th) David Charles Carnegie, b. 1961, s. 2015, m. 1675 Grafton (12th), Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, b. 1978, s. 2011, m. 1643 S. Hamilton (16th) and Brandon (13th) (1711), Alexander Douglas DouglasHamilton, b. 1978, s. 2010, m. Premier Peer of Scotland 1766 I. Leinster (9th), Maurice FitzGerald, b. 1948, s. 2004, m. Premier Duke, Marquess and Earl of Ireland 1719 Manchester (13th), Alexander Charles David Drogo Montagu, b. 1962, s. 2002, m. 1702 Marlborough (12th), Charles James Spencer-Churchill, b. 1955, s. 2014, m. 1707 S. ** Montrose (8th), James Graham, b. 1935, s. 1992, w. 1483 ** Norfolk (18th), Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, b. 1956, s. 2002, m. Premier Duke and Earl Marshal 1766 Northumberland (12th), Ralph George Algernon Percy, b. 1956, s. 1995, m. 1675 Richmond (10th), Gordon (5th) (1876) and Lennox (10th) (S. 1675), Charles Henry Gordon Lennox, b. 1929, s. 1989, m. 1707 S. Roxburghe (10th), Guy David Innes-Ker, b. 1954, s. 1974, m. Premier Baronet of Scotland 1703 Rutland (11th), David Charles Robert Manners, b. 1959, s. 1999, m. 1684 St Albans (14th), Murray de Vere Beauclerk, b. 1939, s. 1988, m. 1547 ** Somerset (19th), John Michael Edward Seymour, b. 1952, s. 1984, m. 1833 Sutherland (7th), Francis Ronald Egerton, b. 1940, s. 2000, m. 1814 ** Wellington (9th), Arthur Charles Valerian Wellesley, OBE, b. 1945, s. 2014, m. 1874 Westminster (7th), Hugh Richard Louis Grosvenor, b. 1991, s. 2016

Heir Marquess of Hamilton, b. 1969 Marquess of Lorne, b. 2004 Marquis of Tullibardine, b. 1985 Marquess of Worcester, b. 1952 Marquess of Tavistock, b. 2005 Earl of Dalkeith, b. 1984 Earl of Burlington, b. 1969 Earl of Southesk, b. 1989 Earl of Euston, b. 2012 Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale, b. 2012 Edward F., b. 1988 Lord Kimble W. D. M., b. 1964 Marquess of Blandford, b. 1992 Marquis of Graham, b. 1973 Earl of Arundel and Surrey, b. 1987 Earl Percy, b. 1984 Earl of March and Kinrara, b. 1955 Marquis of Bowmont and Cessford, b. 1981 Marquess of Granby, b. 1999 Earl of Burford, b. 1965 Lord Seymour, b. 1982 Marquess of Stafford, b. 1975 Marquess of Douro, b. 1978 To Marquessate only, Earl of Wilton (see that title)

142 General Election 2015 Results ASHFORD

ENGLAND ALDERSHOT E. 72,434 T. 46,191 (63.77%) Gerald Howarth, C. Gary Puffett, Lab. Bill Walker, UKIP Alan Hilliar, LD Carl Hewitt, Green

C. hold 23,369 8,468 8,253 4,076 2,025

C. majority 14,901 (32.26%) 1.18% swing C. to Lab. (2010: C. majority 5,586 (12.31%))

ALDRIDGE-BROWNHILLS E. 60,215 T. 39,497 (65.59%) *Wendy Morton, C. John Fisher, Lab. Anthony Thompson, UKIP Ian Garrett, LD Martyn Curzey, Green Mark Beech, Loony

C. hold 20,558 8,835 7,751 1,330 826 197

C. majority 11,723 (29.68%) 4.92% swing C. to Lab. (2010: C. majority 15,266 (39.51%))

ALTRINCHAM & SALE WEST E. 72,004 T. 50,517 (70.16%) Graham Brady, C. James Wright, Lab. Jane Brophy, LD Chris Frost, UKIP Nick Robertson-Brown, Green

C. hold 26,771 13,481 4,235 4,047 1,983

C. majority 13,290 (26.31%) 0.11% swing C. to Lab. (2010: C. majority 11,595 (23.47%))

AMBER VALLEY E. 70,226 T. 45,717 (65.10%) Nigel Mills, C. Kevin Gillott, Lab. Stuart Bent, UKIP Kate Smith, LD John Devine, Green

C. hold 20,106 15,901 7,263 1,360 1,087

C. majority 4,205 (9.20%) 4.02% swing Lab. to C. (2010: C. majority 536 (1.17%))

ARUNDEL & SOUTH DOWNS E. 77,272 T. 56,477 (73.09%) Nick Herbert, C. Peter Grace, UKIP Christopher Wellbelove, Lab. Shweta Kapadia, LD Isabel Thurston, Green

C. hold 34,331 8,154 6,324 4,062 3,606

C. majority 26,177 (46.35%) 2.87% swing C. to UKIP (2010: C. majority 16,691 (29.81%))

ASHFIELD E. 77,126 T. 47,409 (61.47%) Lab. hold Gloria De Piero, Lab. 19,448 Helen Harrison, C. 10,628 Simon Ashcroft, UKIP 10,150 Philip Smith, LD 7,030 Mike Buchanan, JMB 153

Lab. majority 8,820 (18.60%) 3.55% swing C. to Lab. (2010: Lab. majority 192 (0.40%))

E. 85,189 T. 57,372 (67.35%) Damian Green, C. Gerald O’Brien, UKIP Brendan Chilton, Lab. Debbie Enever, LD Mandy Rossi, Green

BARNSLEY EAST C. hold 30,094 10,798 10,580 3,433 2,467

C. majority 19,296 (33.63%) 7.98% swing C. to UKIP (2010: C. majority 17,297 (31.34%))

ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE E. 67,714 T. 38,918 (57.47%) Lab. hold *Angela Rayner, Lab. 19,366 Tracy Sutton, C. 8,610 Maurice Jackson, UKIP 8,468 Charlotte Hughes, Green 1,531 Carly Hicks, LD 943

Lab. majority 10,756 (27.64%) 1.99% swing C. to Lab. (2010: Lab. majority 9,094 (23.66%))

AYLESBURY E. 80,611 T. 55,419 (68.75%) David Lidington, C. Chris Adams, UKIP Will Cass, Lab. Steven Lambert, LD David Lyons, Green

C. hold 28,083 10,925 8,391 5,885 2,135

C. majority 17,158 (30.96%) 7.21% swing C. to UKIP (2010: C. majority 12,618 (23.73%))

BANBURY E. 86,420 T. 58,008 (67.12%) *Victoria Prentis, C. Sean Woodcock, Lab. Dickie Bird, UKIP John Howson, LD Ian Middleton, Green Roseanne Edwards, NHAP

C. hold 30,749 12,354 8,050 3,440 2,686 729

C. majority 18,395 (31.71%) 0.97% swing C. to Lab. (2010: C. majority 18,227 (32.41%))

BARKING E. 74,004 T. 43,023 (58.14%) Lab. hold Margaret Hodge, Lab. 24,826 Roger Gravett, UKIP 9,554 Mina Rahman, C. 7,019 Tony Rablen, Green 879 Peter Wilcock, LD 562 Joseph Mambuliya, TUSC 183

Lab. majority 15,272 (35.50%) 7.98% swing Lab. to UKIP (2010: Lab. majority 16,555 (36.51%))

BARNSLEY CENTRAL E. 64,534 T. 36,560 (56.65%) Lab. hold Dan Jarvis, Lab. 20,376 Lee Hunter, UKIP 7,941 Kay Carter, C. 5,485 Michael Short, Green 938 David Ridgway, LD 770 Dave Gibson, TUSC 573 Ian Sutton, Eng. Dem. 477

Lab. majority 12,435 (34.01%) 4.29% swing Lab. to UKIP (2010: Lab. majority 11,093 (29.98%)) (2011: Lab. majority 11,771 (48.60%))

E. 69,135 T. 38,517 (55.71%) Lab. hold Michael Dugher, Lab. 21,079 Robert Swiffen, UKIP 9,045 Katharine Harborne, C. 5,622 Ruth Coleman-Taylor, LD 1,217 Tony Devoy, Yorks 647 Kevin Riddiough, Eng. Dem. 440 Ralph Dyson, TUSC 364 Billy Marsden, Vapers 103

Lab. majority 12,034 (31.24%) 5.65% swing Lab. to UKIP (2010: Lab. majority 11,090 (28.89%))

BARROW & FURNESS E. 68,338 T. 43,275 (63.32%) Lab. Co-op hold John Woodcock, Lab. Co-op 18,320 Simon Fell, C. 17,525 Nigel Cecil, UKIP 5,070 Clive Peaple, LD 1,169 Robert O’Hara, Green 1,061 Ian Jackson, Ind. 130

Lab. Co-op majority 795 (1.84%) 4.98% swing Lab. Co-op to C. (2010: Lab. Co-op majority 5,208 (11.80%))

BASILDON & BILLERICAY E. 68,459 T. 43,028 (62.85%) John Baron, C. Gavin Callaghan, Lab. George Konstantinidis, UKIP Martin Thompson, LD

C. hold 22,668 10,186 8,538 1,636

C. majority 12,482 (29.01%) 0.34% swing C. to Lab. (2010: C. majority 12,338 (29.68%))

BASILDON SOUTH & THURROCK EAST E. 73,210 T. 45,593 (62.28%) Stephen Metcalfe, C. Ian Luder, UKIP Mike Le-Surf, Lab. Geoff Williams, LD Kerry Smith, Ind. None Of The Above X, ND Stuart Hooper, Ind.

C. hold 19,788 12,097 11,493 1,356 401 253 205

C. majority 7,691 (16.87%) 10.55% swing C. to UKIP (2010: C. majority 5,772 (12.90%))

BASINGSTOKE E. 79,662 T. 53,076 (66.63%) Maria Miller, C. Paul Harvey, Lab. Alan Stone, UKIP Janice Spalding, LD Omar Selim, Ind.

C. hold 25,769 14,706 8,290 3,919 392

C. majority 11,063 (20.84%) 4.64% swing C. to Lab. (2010: C. majority 13,176 (26.01%))

BASSETLAW E. 77,480 T. 49,289 (63.62%) Lab. hold John Mann, Lab. 23,965 Sarah Downes, C. 15,122 David Scott, UKIP 7,865 Leon Duveen, LD 1,331 Kris Wragg, Green 1,006

Lab. majority 8,843 (17.94%) 0.69% swing C. to Lab. (2010: Lab. majority 8,215 (16.57%))

182 The Government and Public Bodies

THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES THE CABINET

LAW OFFICERS

Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service Rt. Hon. Theresa May, MP Chancellor of the Exchequer and Second Lord of the Treasury Rt. Hon. Philip Hammond, MP Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Rt. Hon. Boris Johnson, MP Secretary of State for the Home Department Rt. Hon. Amber Rudd, MP Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union Rt. Hon. David Davis, MP Secretary of State for International Trade Rt. Hon. Liam Fox, MP Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice Rt. Hon. Liz Truss, MP Secretary of State for Defence Rt. Hon. Sir Michael Fallon, KCB, MP Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Rt. Hon. Damian Green, MP Secretary of State for Health Rt. Hon. Jeremy Hunt, MP Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons Rt. Hon. David Lidington, CBE, MP Secretary of State for International Development Rt. Hon. Priti Patel, MP Secretary of State for Education and Minister for Women and Equalities Rt. Hon. Justine Greening, MP Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords Rt. Hon. Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Secretary of State for Transport Rt. Hon. Chris Grayling, MP Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Rt. Hon. Greg Clark, MP Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt. Hon. James Brokenshire, MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Rt. Hon. Andrea Leadsom, MP Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Rt. Hon. Sajid Javid, MP Secretary of State for Wales Rt. Hon. Alun Cairns, MP Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Rt. Hon. Karen Bradley, MP Secretary of State for Scotland Rt. Hon. David Mundell, MP

Attorney-General Rt. Hon. Jeremy Wright, QC, MP Solicitor-General Robert Buckland, QC, MP Advocate-General for Scotland Rt. Hon. Lord Keen of Elie, QC

ALSO ATTENDING CABINET MEETINGS Attorney-General Rt. Hon. Jeremy Wright, QC, MP Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General Rt. Hon. Ben Gummer, MP Chief Secretary to the Treasury Rt. Hon. David Gauke, MP Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Rt. Hon. Sir Patrick McLoughlin, MP Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury and Chief Whip Rt. Hon. Gavin Williamson, CBE, MP

MINISTERS OF STATE Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Nick Hurd, MP Jo Johnson, MP Baroness Neville-Rolfe, DBE, CMG Communities and Local Government Gavin Barwell, MP Culture, Media and Sport Rt. Hon. Matthew Hancock, MP Defence Rt. Hon. Mike Penning, MP Rt. Hon. Earl Howe Education Nick Gibb, MP Edward Timpson, MP Rt. Hon. Robert Halfon, MP Jo Johnson, MP Enivronment, Food and Rural Affairs George Eustice, MP Exiting the European Union Rt. Hon. David Jones, MP Foreign and Commonwealth Office Rt. Hon. Sir Alan Duncan, MP Rt. Hon. Baroness Anelay of St Johns, DBE* Health Philip Dunne, MP Home Office Ben Wallace, MP Brandon Lewis, MP Robert Goodwill, MP Baroness Williams of Trafford International Development Rt. Hon. Baroness Anelay of St Johns, DBE† Rory Stewart, OBE, MP International Trade Rt. Hon. Greg Hands, MP Lord Price, CVO Justice Sir Oliver Heald, QC, MP Transport Rt. Hon. John Hayes, CBE, MP Work and Pensions Damian Hinds, MP Penny Mordaunt, MP Rt. Hon. Lord Freud * Jointly wit the Department for International Development † Jointly with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office

240 Devolved Government

NORTHERN IRELAND ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS

BELFAST EAST E. 65,740 T. 37,623 (57.23%)

As at 5 May 2016 Electorate (E.) 1,281,595 Turnout (T.) 54.2% First = number of first-preference votes See General Election Results for a list of party abbreviations ANTRIM EAST E. 64,194 T. 32,744 (51.01%) David Hilditch, DUP Roy Beggs, UUP Gordon Lyons, DUP Stewart Dickson, Alliance Oliver McMullan, SF Alastair Ross, DUP Noel Jordan, UKIP John Stewart, UUP Ruth Wilson, TUV Danny Donnelly, Alliance Anne McKillop, SDLP Maureen Morrow, UUP Dawn Patterson, Green Conor Sheridan, Lab. Alt Jim McCaw, PUP

First 5,906 3,848 3,472 3,115 2,633 2,323 2,207 1,985 1,643 1,632 1,229 719 693 551 455

Round Elected 1 8 8 10 12 12

First 5,429 5,399 5,382 5,297 3,635 3,585 3,209 3,093 1,955 1,318 1,027 821 513 243 92

Round Elected 8 7 9 10 10 10

Round Elected 1 1 12 13 12 13

Gerry Kelly, SF Paula Bradley, DUP William Humphrey, DUP Nelson McCausland, DUP Caral Ni Chuilin, SF Nichola Mallon, SDLP Nuala McAllister, Alliance Lesley Carroll, UUP Fiona Ferguson, People Billy Hutchinson, PUP Malachai O’Hara, Green Ken Boyle, UKIP John Miller, TUV Gemma Weir, WP Fra Hughes, Ind. Abdo Thabeth, Lab. Rep Tom Burns, Ind. Geoff Dowey, NI First

First 5,695 4,591 4,105 4,087 4,009 3,866 2,569 1,972 1,286 1,238 796 751 644 476 243 127 87 32

Round Elected 1 11 11 11 11 11

First 5,207 4,516 4,511 3,570 3,521 3,332 2,845 2,691 2,466 871 794 495 475 430 351 246 241 161

Round Elected 5 11 12 12 12 9

BELFAST SOUTH E. 68,469 T. 37,147 (54.25%)

ANTRIM SOUTH E. 69,680 T. 35,544 (51.01%) Paul Girvan, DUP Declan Kearney, SF Pam Cameron, DUP Trevor Clarke, DUP Roisin Lynch, SDLP Steve Aiken, UUP David Ford, Alliance Paul Michael, UUP Adrian Cochrane-Watson, UUP Richard Cairns, TUV Helen Farley, Green Robert Hill, UKIP David McMaster, Ind. Mark Young, C.

First 5,538 5,482 4,230 3,875 3,047 2,805 2,372 2,183 1,772 1,099 1,095 946 887 631 517 477 141 78

BELFAST NORTH E. 70,872 T. 37,193 (52.48%)

ANTRIM NORTH E. 78,337 T. 41,464 (52.93%) Paul Frew, DUP Jim Allister, TUV Mervyn Storey, DUP Daithi McKay, SF Phillip Logan, DUP Robin Swann, UUP David McIlveen, DUP Connor Duncan, SDLP Timothy Gaston, TUV Stephen McFarland, Alliance Donna Anderson, UKIP Andrew Wright, UUP Jennifer Breslin, Green Kathryn Johnston, Lab. Rep James Simpson, C.

Joanne Bunting, DUP Naomi Long, Alliance Sammy Douglas, DUP Robin Newton, DUP Andy Allen, UUP Chris Lyttle, Alliance Tim Morrow, Alliance Ross Brown, Green John Kyle, PUP Maggie Hutton, Ind. Chris McGimpsey, UUP Niall O Donnghaile, SF Andrew Girvin, TUV Jonny Lavery, UKIP Courtney Robinson, Lab. Alt Neil Wilson, C. Amy Doherty, SDLP Erskine Holmes, Lab. Rep

First 5,014 4,632 4,589 3,585 3,366 3,280 3,119 2,565 1,947 1,318 589 574 483 72

Round Elected 2 6 5 7 7 6

Mairtin O Muilleoir, SF Claire Hanna, SDLP Emma Little Pengelly, DUP Christopher Stalford, DUP Clare Bailey, Green Paula Bradshaw, Alliance Fearghal McKinney, SDLP Duncan Morrow, Alliance Rodney McCune, UUP Sean Burns, Lab. Alt Bob Stoker, UKIP John Hiddleston, TUV Ruth Patterson, ND Ian Shanks, PUP Billy Dickson, SB Unionist Brigitte Anton, Lab. Rep Lily Kerr, WP Ben Manton, C.

UK Shipping Forecast Areas

419

UK SHIPPING FORECAST AREAS Weather bulletins for shipping are broadcast daily on BBC Radio 4 at 00h 48m, 05h 20m, 12h 01m and 17h 54m. All transmissions are broadcast on long wave at 1515m (198kHz) and the 00h 48m and 05h 20m transmissions are also broadcast on FM. The bulletins consist of a gale warning summary, general synopsis, sea-area forecasts and coastal station reports. In addition, gale warnings are broadcast at the ďŹ rst available programme break after receipt. If this does not coincide with a news bulletin, the warning is repeated after the next news bulletin. Shipping forecasts and gale warnings are also available on the Met OfďŹ ce and BBC Weather websites.

FITZROY

KEY BR Bridlington C Chanel Light-Vessel (automatic) F Fife Ness G Greenwich Light-Vessel (automatic) Jersey J L Lerwick M Malin Head R Ronaldsway S Sandettie Light-Vessel (automatic) Sc Scilly (automatic) St Stornoway T Tiree V Valentia

462

Conservation and Heritage

WORLD HERITAGE SITES The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 and ratified by the UK in 1984. As at July 2016, 192 states were party to the convention. The convention provides for the identification, protection and conservation of cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value. Cultural sites may be: • an extraordinary exponent of human creative genius • sites representing architectural and technological innovation or cultural interchange • sites of artistic, historic, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnologic or anthropologic value • ’cultural landscapes’, ie sites whose characteristics are marked by significant interactions between human populations and their natural environment • exceptional examples of a traditional settlement or land- or sea-use, especially those threatened by irreversible changes. • unique or exceptional examples of a cultural tradition or a civilisation either still present or extinct

WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE, UNESCO, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France E wh-info@unesco.org W whc.unesco.org

DESIGNATED SITES As at 1 August 2016, following the 40th session of the World Heritage Committee, 1,052 sites across 165 countries were on the World Heritage List. Of these, 26 are in the UK and four in UK overseas territories; 25 are listed for their cultural significance (†), four for their natural significance (*) and one for both cultural and natural significance. Liverpool’s Maritime Mercantile City is the only UK site on the List of World Heritage in Danger. The year in which sites were designated appears in the first set of parentheses. The number in the second set of parentheses denotes the position of each site on the map below.

WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN THE UK 15 21

Natural sites may be: • those displaying critical periods of earth’s history • superlative examples of on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution of ecosystems • those exhibiting remarkable natural beauty and aesthetic significance or those where extraordinary natural phenomena are witnessed • the habitat of threatened species and plants Governments which are party to the convention nominate sites in their country for inclusion in the World Heritage List. Nominations are considered by the World Heritage Committee, an inter-governmental committee composed of 21 representatives of the parties to the convention. The committee is advised by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ICOMOS evaluates and reports on proposed cultural and mixed sites, ICCROM provides expert advice and training on how to conserve and restore cultural property and IUCN provides technical evaluations of natural heritage sites and reports on the state of conservation of listed sites. A prerequisite for inclusion in the World Heritage List is the existence of an effective legal protection system in the country in which the site is situated and a detailed management plan to ensure the conservation of the site. Inclusion in the list does not confer any greater degree of protection on the site than that offered by the national protection framework. If a site is considered to be in serious danger of decay or damage, the committee may add it to the World Heritage in Danger List. Sites on this list may benefit from particular attention or emergency measures to allay threats and allow them to retain their world heritage status, or in extreme cases of damage or neglect they may lose their world heritage status completely. As at July 2016, there were 55 sites on the World Heritage in Danger List, with the most recent additions including the Archaeological Sites of Cyrene, Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Libya. Financial support for the conservation of sites on the World Heritage List is provided by the World Heritage Fund, administered by the World Heritage Committee. The fund’s income is derived from compulsory and voluntary contributions from the states party to the convention and from private donations.

12 11 10 18 13

11

9 24

20 25 14 26

22 5

Cultural Natural

17 19

7

16

3

2 1

Mixed

23

4

8 6

UNITED KINGDOM †Bath – the city (1987). (1) †Blaenarvon industrial landscape, Wales (2000). (2) †Blenheim Palace and Park, Oxfordshire (1987). (3) †Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey, St Martin’s Church, Kent (1988). (4) †Castle and town walls of King Edward I, north Wales – Beaumaris, Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle (1986). (5) †Cornwall and west Devon mining landscape (2006). (6) †Derwent Valley Mills, Derbyshire (2001). (7) *Dorset and east Devon coast (2001). (8) †Durham Cathedral and Castle (1986). (9) †Edinburgh old and new towns (1995). (10) †Forth Bridge, Firth of Forth, Scotland (2015). (11) †Frontiers of the Roman Empire– Hadrian’s Wall, northern England; Antonine Wall, central Scotland (1987, 2005, 2008). (12) *Giant’s Causeway and Causeway coast, Co. Antrim (1986). (13)

Cost of Living and Inflation Rates 503

COST OF LIVING AND INFLATION RATES The first cost of living index to be calculated took July 1914 as 100 and was based on the pattern of expenditure of working-class families in 1914. The cost of living index was superseded in 1947 by the general index of retail prices (RPI), although the older term is still popularly applied. The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) was introduced in 1997 to enable comparisons within the European Union using an agreed methodology. In 2003 the National Statistician renamed the HICP the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) to reflect its role as the main target measure of inflation for macroeconomic purposes. In March 2013 CPIH, an additional index which includes owner-occupiers’ housing costs, was introduced. The RPI and indices based on it continue to be published alongside the CPI. Private-sector pensions and index-linked gilts continue to be calculated with reference to RPI or its derivatives.

CPI AND RPI The CPI and RPI measure the changes month by month in the average level of prices of goods and services purchased by households in the UK. The indices are compiled using a selection of around 700 goods and services, and the prices charged for these items are collected at regular intervals at about 140 locations throughout the country, from the internet and via phone. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) reviews the components of the indices once a year to reflect changes in consumer preferences and the establishment of new products. The table below shows changes made by the ONS to the CPI ‘shopping basket’ in 2016.

The CPI excludes a number of items that are included in the RPI, mainly related to housing, such as council tax, and a range of owner-occupier housing costs, such as mortgage payments. The CPI covers all private households, whereas the RPI excludes the top 4 per cent by income and pensioner households which derive at least three-quarters of their income from state benefits. The two indices use different methodologies to combine the prices of goods and services, which means that since 1996 the CPI inflation measure is less than the RPI inflation measure. * RPI goods and services are grouped together under different classifications

INFLATION RATE The 12-monthly percentage change in the ‘all items’ index of the RPI or CPI is referred to as the rate of inflation. As the most familiar measure of inflation, the RPI is often referred to as the ‘headline rate of inflation’. The CPI is the main measure of inflation for macroeconomic purposes and forms the basis of the government’s inflation target, which is currently 2 per cent. The percentage change in prices between any two months/years can be obtained using this formula: Later date RPI/CPI – Earlier date RPI/CPI x 100 Earlier date RPI/CPI For example, to find the CPI rate of inflation for 2006, using the annual averages for 2005 and 2006:

CHANGES TO THE ‘SHOPPING BASKET’ OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN 2016 The table below shows changes to the CPI* basket of goods and services made by the ONS in 2016 in order to reflect changes in consumer preferences and the establishment of new products. Goods and services group Removed items New items Alcoholic beverage

–

cream liqueur

Audio-visual equipment & related products

CD Rom; rewritable DVD

computer software

Catering services

pub hot or cold snack; restaurant main course, meat/fish; restaurant main course, vegetarian

restaurant main course

Clothing

boy’s t-shirt; Woman’s leggings boy’s branded sports top Food

cooked sliced turkey; organic carrrots; organic dessert apples

cooked sliced turkey/chicken; large chocolate bar; lemon; meat-based snack (multi pack); microwave rice (pouch/ tray)

House & garden

power point

–

Maintenance & Repair of dwelling

gloss paint; non-white emulsion

paint, gloss/emulsion

Medical Products

prescription lens

–

Non-alcoholic beverages

–

coffee pods

Personal care

–

Nail varnish

Recreational Items

–

computer game downloads

Recreational & cultural services

nightclub entry

–

The European Union

605

THE EUROPEAN UNION

MEMBER STATE Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom

ACCESSION DATE 1 Jan 1995 1 Jan 1958 1 Jan 2007 1 July 2013 1 May 2004 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1973 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1995 1 Jan 1958 1 Jan 1958 1 Jan 1981 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1973 1 Jan 1958 1 May 2004 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1958 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1958 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1986 1 Jan 2007 1 May 2004 1 May 2004 1 Jan 1986 1 Jan 1995 1 Jan 1973

POPULATION*

COUNCIL VOTES

EP SEATS

8,665,550 11,323,973 7,186,893 4,464,844 1,189,197 10,644,842 5,581,503 1,265,420 5,476,922 66,553,766 80,854,408 10,775,643 9,897,541 4,892,305 61,855,120 1,986,705 2,884,433 570,252 413,965 16,947,904 38,562,189 10,825,309 21,666,350 5,445,027 1,983,412 48,146,134 9,801,616 64,088,222

10 12 10 7 4 12 7 4 7 29 29 12 12 7 29 4 7 4 3 13 27 12 14 7 4 27 10 29

18 21 17 11 6 21 13 6 13 74 96 21 21 11 73 8 11 6 6 26 51 21 32 13 8 54 20 73

* July 2015 estimate â&#x20AC; Under the Lisbon Treaty the total number of MEPs was set at 751 from the 2014 election onwards Sources: CIA World Factbook; www.europa.eu

728

Countries of the World

GEO–GER

GERMANY Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Federal Republic of Germany DENMARK

North Sea

Hamburg NETH. BELG.

GERMANY

POLAND Berlin

Cologne

LUX.

Frankfurt

Leipzig CZECH REPUBLIC

Stuttgart FRANCE

Munich

Angela Merkel, leader of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CDU/ CSU), became Germany’s first female chancellor in 2005 at the head of a CDU/CSU and Social Democratic Party (SPD) coalition, governing without the latter following re-election in 2009. In 2013 the CDU again formed a ‘grand coalition’ with the SPD after the CDU fell five seats short of claiming a historic majority in the Bundestag with 41.5 per cent of the vote. Independent candidate Joachim Gauck won the 2012 presidential election, picking up 991 votes; he replaced Christian Wulf following the president’s resignation amid allegations of corruption. HEAD OF STATE Federal President, Joachim Gauck, elected and sworn in 23 March 2012

AUSTRIA SWITZ.

Area – 357,022 sq. km Capital – Berlin; population, 3,547,000 (2014) Major cities – Bremen, Cologne, Dortmund, Dresden, Du¨sseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Leipzig, Munich, Nuremberg, Stuttgart Currency – Euro (€) of 100 cents Population – 80,854,408 falling at 0.17 per cent a year (2015 est); German (91.5 per cent), Turkish (2.4 per cent) (est) Religion – Protestant 34 per cent, Roman Catholic 34 per cent, Muslim 4 per cent, unaffiliated or other 29 per cent Language – German (official) Population density – 234 per sq. km (2015) Urban population – 74.2 per cent (2013) Median age (years) – 46.5 (2015 est) National anthem – ‘Das Deutschlandlied’ [‘The Song of Germany’] National day – 3 October (Unity Day) Death penalty – Abolished for all crimes (since 1949 in FRG and 1987 in GDR) CPI score – 81 (10) Military expenditure – US$39,393m (2015)

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN The north of the country is low-lying, rising in the centre to uplands and Alpine foothills, then to the Bavarian Alps in the south. Elevation extremes range from 2,963m (Zugspitze, Bavaria) to ?3.54m (Neuendorf bei Wilster). The Rhine, Weser and Elbe rivers flow from the south to the North Sea, the Oder and Neisse rivers flow north to the Baltic Sea, and the Danube flows east from its source in the south of the country to the Austrian border. Nearly a third of the land is covered by forest or woodland. The climate is temperate, with average temperatures ranging from 0.9˚C in January to 18.2˚C in July.

POLITICS The Basic Law was adopted in 1949 as the constitution of West Germany; at unification in 1990, Berlin and the five reformed La¨nder (states) of East Germany acceded to the Federal Republic. The president is elected for a five-year term by the Bundesversammlung, an electoral college comprising the members of the Bundestag (see below) and an equal number of representatives elected by the state legislatures. The bicameral legislature comprises a lower house, the Federal Assembly (Bundestag), with 631 members elected by a mixed constituency and proportional representation system for a four-year term. The Federal Council (Bundesrat) has 69 members appointed by the governments of the La¨nder in proportion to their populations; their term of office is determined by their Land’s constitution. The head of government is the chancellor, who is proposed by the president and elected by the Bundestag.

SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS AS AT APRIL 2016 Federal Chancellor, Angela Merkel Defence, Ursula von der Leyen Finance, Wolfgang Scha¨uble Foreign Affairs, Frank-Walter Steinmeier EMBASSY OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 23 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PZ

T 020-7824 1300 W www.london.diplo.de Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Dr Peter Ammon, apptd May 2014 BRITISH EMBASSY Wilhelmstrasse 70/71, 10117 Berlin T (+49) (30) 204 570 E ukingermany@fco.gov.uk W www.gov.uk/government/world/germany

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Sir Sebastian Wood, KCMG, apptd 2015

FEDERAL STRUCTURE Germany is a federal republic composed of 16 states (La¨nder) (ten from the former Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), five from the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), and Berlin). Each Land has its own directly elected legislature and government led by a minister-president (prime minister) or equivalent. The 1949 Basic Law vests executive power in the La¨nder governments except in those areas reserved for the federal government. State (Capital, where name differs) Baden-Wu¨rttemberg (Stuttgart) Bavaria (Munich) Berlin Brandenburg (Potsdam) Bremen Hamburg Hesse (Wiesbaden) Lower Saxony (Hannover) Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Schwerin) North Rhine-Westphalia (Du¨sseldorf) Rhineland-Palitanate (Mainz) Saarland (Saarbru¨cken) Saxony (Dresden) Saxony-Anhalt (Magdeburg) Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel) Thuringia (Erfurt)

Population (millions) (2011 est) 10.78 12.50 3.50 2.49 0.60 1.79 6.0 7.90 1.60 17.80 3.90 1.00 4.10 2.30 2.80 2.20

ECONOMY AND TRADE Germany has the world’s fifth largest economy and the largest in Europe, but decades of strong economic performance gave way in the 1990s to a severe recession, largely an aftermath of reunification and of macroeconomic stagnation. Although the

Countries of the World

ROM–RUS 839

RUSSIA Rossiyskaya Federatsiya – Russian Federation Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean

R U S S I A K’grad

St. Petersburg Kazan Moscow

UKRA IN

Omsk

KAZAKHSTAN

E

Rostov

Bering Sea

Novosibirsk MONGOLIA CHINA

Area – 17,098,242 sq. km. Includes the Kaliningrad exclave, between Lithuania and Poland. Neighbours: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine (west), Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea (south) Capital – Moscow; population, 12,063,000 (2014). Founded in around 1147, it became the centre of the rising Moscow principality and in the 15th century the capital of the whole of Russia (Muscovy). In 1703 Peter the Great transferred the capital to St Petersburg, but Moscow became the capital again in 1918 Major cities – Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Nizhniy Novgorod (Gorky 1932–90), Novosibirsk (Novonikolayevsk until 1926), Omsk, Perm, Rostov, St Petersburg (Petrograd 1914–24; Leningrad 1924–91), Samara (Kuibyshev 1935–90), Ufa, Volgograd (Stalingrad 1925–61), Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk 1924–91) Currency – Rouble of 100 kopeks Population – 142,423,773 falling at 0.04 per cent a year (2015 est); Russian (77.7 per cent), Tatar (3.7 per cent), Ukrainian (1.4 per cent), Bashkir (1.1 per cent), Chuvash (1.1 per cent), and a further 150 nationalities (2010) Religion – Russian Orthodox 74 per cent, Muslim 7 per cent; other groups include Buddhists, Hindus and Jews Language – Russian (official); many minority languages Population density – 9 per sq. km (2015) Urban population – 74.2 per cent (2013 est) Median age (years) – 39.1 (2015 est) National anthem – ‘Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii’ [‘State Anthem of the Russian Federation’] National day – 12 June (Russia Day) Death penalty – Retained (last used 1999) CPI score – 29 (119) Military expenditure – US$66,421m (2015) Conscription – 18–27 years of age; 12 months

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN Russia includes the easternmost areas of Europe and the whole of northern Asia. It lies mostly on plains which extend eastwards to the Ural mountains and then from the Urals to the Yenesei river. To the east of the Yenesei are plateaux, with lowlands in northern Siberia. Mountainous areas lie along the southern borders, in eastern Siberia and the Kamchatka

peninsula. The terrain varies from the tundra of the Arctic region, through the taiga (the largest zone) of the north and centre, to the grassy plains (steppe) between the forests and the mountains. Elevation extremes range from 5,633m (Mt Elbrus, Caucasus) to ?28m (Caspian Sea). Russia has the longest Arctic coastline in the world (over 27,000km); it also has Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific coastlines. The most important rivers are the Volga, the Northern Dvina, the Neva, the Don and the Kuban in the European part, and in the Asiatic part the Ob, the Irtysh, the Yenisei, the Lena, the Amur and, further north, the Khatanga, Olenek, Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma. Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia is the deepest lake in the world. Part of the Caspian Sea lies within Russia. The climate is mostly continental, but varies with latitude and terrain, from arctic conditions in the north to subtropical in the far east and on the Black Sea coast. Average national temperatures range from −25.2˚C in January to 14.9˚C in July. Rainfall is low to moderate in most of the country.

POLITICS The 1993 constitution introduced multiparty democracy and enshrines various human rights and civil liberties; amendments in 2008 extended the terms of office for the presidency and the State Duma from the 2012 elections. The head of state is a president, who is directly elected for a six-year term, renewable once consecutively. The bicameral Federal Assembly comprises the State Duma (lower house) of 450 members, all elected by proportional representation for a five-year term, and the Council of the Federation, which has 166 members (two from each member of the federation), appointed for terms of varying lengths. The president appoints the chairman of the council of ministers (prime minister), subject to the approval of the legislature, but is also entitled to chair sessions of the council. In the 2011 legislative elections, the pro-Vladimir Putin United Russia party retained its overall majority in the Duma but with a reduced majority. Putin (elected president between 2000 and 2008) also retained the presidency in March 2012, picking up 63.6 per cent of the overall vote in a highly controversial presidential election. He was inaugurated as president in May 2012 and duly appointed former president Dmitry Medvedev to be chair of the Council of Ministers.

Reigns of Peter I Asian expansion Discontent with autocracy Under Mongol and Catherine II, provokes war with leads to another revolution; expansion continues Japan, Russia is defeated Tsar Nicholas II abdicates control

c.200600AD

c.1400 c.1200

1904-5 16821796

Settled by Grand Duke of Muscovy Protests grow into revolution, Slavs, Turks takes power, unites and Emperor forced to establish expands territory first parliament (Duma) and Bulgars

Vladivostok

1917

Joseph Stalin nationalises USSR breaks up; industry; up to 1.5 million Russian Federation takes are deported to the gulags seat of USSR in the UN in Siberia

1947-91

1922 c.1930

2014 1991-2

Bolshevik leader Vladimir Union of Soviet The Cold War; political Lenin takes power in a Socialist Republics and economic tension second revolution (USSR) formed between USSR and USA

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Russia annexes the Crimea

DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT ELECTIONS, 2016 WALES

Turnout: 45.3% 31 needed for a majority

29 Labour

12 Plaid Cymru

11 Conservative

7 UKIP

Constituency Vote Share (%)

34.7 21.1 20.5 12.5

SCOTLAND

7.7

1 Liberal Democrats Constituency Vote Share Change since 2011 (%) -2.9

Other 3.5

+12.5

-3.9

-7.6

+1.3

Turnout: 55.6% 65 needed for a majority

63 SNP

31 Conservative

6 Green

24 Labour

Constituency Vote Share (%)

46.5 22.6 22.0

7.8

Other 0.6 0.5

NORTHERN IRELAND 38 DUP

16 UUP

28 SF

+8.1

12 SDLP

-0.7 7.0

15.3

Constituency Vote Share Change since 2011 (%) -9.2 -0.1 +1.1 +0.6

Turnout: 54.2%

Constituency Vote Share (%)

29.2 24.0 12.6 12.0

5 Liberal Democrats

8 APNI

6 Other

Constituency Vote Share Change since 2011 (%) -2.9 -0.7 -0.8 -2.2

916

ANG–BER

UK Overseas Territories

UK OVERSEAS TERRITORIES ANGUILLA

Imports – US$152m (2014) Exports – US$2m (2014)

Sombrero ds Islan rd wa

Lee

North Atlantic Ocean Dog Island Caribbean Sea

Seal Island Prickly Pear Cays

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Trade – US$157m deficit (2015) Current Account – US$47.9m deficit (2013) Trade with UK Imports from UK Exports to UK

2014 £5,124,105 £102,404

2015 £826,982 £62,949

Scrub Island

COMMUNICATIONS

The Valley

Some 82km of the road network are paved. The main ports are Blowing Point ferry terminal and Clayton J. Lloyd (formerly Wallblake) airport, near The Valley.

Blowing Point Village

BERMUDA Area – 91 sq. km Capital – The Valley; population, 1,000 (2014 est) Currency – East Caribbean dollar (EC$) of 100 cents Population – 16,086 rising at 2.06 per cent a year (2014 est) Religion – Christian (Protestant 83.3 per cent, Roman Catholic 5.7 per cent) (est) Language – English (official) Flag – British blue ensign with the coat of arms and three dolphins in the fly National day – 30 May (Anguilla Day) Life expectancy (years) – 81.31 (2015 est) Mortality rate – 4.57 (2015 est) Birth rate – 12.67 (2015 est) Infant mortality rate – 3.37 (2015 est)

USA

North Atlantic Ocean

Saint George’s Island

Somerset Island Somerset

Saint David’s Island

Hamilton Main Island

North Atlantic Ocean

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN Anguilla is a flat coralline island in the eastern Caribbean and one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands. Elevation extremes range from 65m (Crocus Hill) to 0m (Caribbean Sea). The climate is tropical, modified by north-east trade winds, with temperatures ranging from 24.7˚C in January to 27.4˚C in August.

HISTORY AND POLITICS Anguilla has been a British colony since 1650. For much of its history it was linked administratively with St Kitts, but three months after the Associated State of Saint Christopher (St Kitts)-Nevis-Anguilla came into being in 1967, the Anguillans repudiated government from St Kitts. Final separation from St Kitts and Nevis was effected in December 1980 and Anguilla reverted to a British dependency. The 1982 constitution (amended in 1990) provides for a governor, an executive council comprising four of the elected assembly members and two ex-officio members (the attorneygeneral and deputy governor), and a 12-member House of Assembly, consisting of a speaker, seven elected members, two nominated members and two ex-officio members (the attorneygeneral and deputy governor). The 2015 general election was won by the Anguilla United Front with six seats. Governor, Christina Scott, apptd 2013 Chief Minister, Hon. Victor Banks

ECONOMY The main economic activity is tourism, which has stimulated construction. Offshore financial services, lobster fishing and expatriates’ remittances are also important. Export earnings are mainly from sales of fish, lobsters, livestock, salt, concrete blocks and rum.

Area – 54 sq. km Capital – Hamilton, on Main Island; population, 10,000 (2014 est) Currency – Bermudian dollar (BD$) of 100 cents Population – 70,196 rising at 0.5 per cent a year (2015 est) Religion – Christian (Protestant 46.1 per cent, Roman Catholic 14.5 per cent) (est) Language – English (official), Portuguese Population density – 1,304 per sq. km (2015 est) Flag – British red ensign with the coat of arms in the fly National day – 24 May (Bermuda Day) Life expectancy (years) – 81.15 (2015 est) Mortality rate – 8.23 (2015 est) Birth rate – 11.33 (2015 est) Infant mortality rate – 2.48 (2015 est) GNI – US$6,778m; US$104,610 per capita (2012)

CLIMATE AND TERRAIN Bermuda is a group of over 130 small islands, of which about 20 are inhabited, in the North Atlantic Ocean. All the islands are volcanic in origin, with hilly interiors, surrounded by coral reefs. Elevation extremes range from 76m (Town Hill) to 0m (Atlantic Ocean). The climate is subtropical, regulated by the Gulf Stream, with average temperatures ranging from 16.7˚C in February to 26.3˚C in August.

HISTORY AND POLITICS Bermuda was discovered by the Spanish in 1503 but colonised by the British from the early 17th century, becoming a colony in 1684. Independence from the UK was rejected in a 1995 referendum.

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934

The Year 2015–16

ENVIRONMENT AND SCIENCE AUGUST 2015 3. The World Glacier Monitoring Service, based in Zurich, Switzerland, reported in the Journal of Glaciology that the current rate of global glacier melt was without precedent. 5. Astronomers at the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, USA, observed the most distant galaxy ever found, lying approximately 13.2 billion light-years from Earth; the galaxy, known as EGSY8p7, shows astronomers the mass of stars that existed just 600 million years after the Big Bang. 20. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880; temperatures averaged 16.6˚C (61.9˚F), which was 0.08 degrees higher than the previous record of July 1988, a significant margin in weather data. SEPTEMBER 2015 3. A Yale University study, which combined a mass of ground survey data with satellite pictures, estimated that there were over three trillion trees on Earth; reported in the journal Nature, the total represented over 420 trees for every human. 11. The British Psychological Society presented the results of a study that found the need to constantly use social media could cause depression, anxiety and a reduction in sleep quality for teenagers. 16. The World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London reported that populations of marine mammals, birds, fish and reptiles had declined by 49 per cent since 1970, with fish such as tuna and mackerel having dropped in population by 74 per cent; the report claimed overfishing, pollution, climate change and loss of habitat had contributed to the decline. 24. A 26-year-old American paraplegic man was able to walk after scientists rerouted signals from his brain to electrodes on his knees; doctors stated that he was the first person with paraplegia from a spinal injury to walk without relying on manually controlled robotic limbs. 27. The world observed a lunar eclipse that coincided with a ‘supermoon’, which made the Moon appear red; the phenomenon had not occurred since 1982 and will not take place again until 2033. 28. NASA reported evidence supporting the presence of liquid water, in the form of brine, flowing on Mars; as reported in the journal Nature Geoscience, the discovery of water could mean that life has the potential to exist on the planet. OCTOBER 2015 1. The warmest UK October day was recorded in Trawsgoed, Ceredigion, when the temperature hit 22.4˚C (72.3˚F). 26. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that processed meats such as bacon, sausages and ham can cause cancer; the WHO said that 50g of processed meat per day increased the chances of developing colorectal cancer by 18 per cent. NOVEMBER 2015 10. The Met Office officially named the first storm of their ‘Name Our Storms’ project as Storm Abigail; Abigail was set to bring winds of up to 90mph to areas of Scotland between 12 and 13 November. 23. The New Shepard spaceship successfully landed following an unmanned test flight in Texas, USA; the ship, a reusable capsule and propulsion unit owned by Amazon.com entrepreneur Jeff Bezos, was intended to carry people just above Earth’s atmosphere. DECEMBER 2015 13. At the COP21 climate change summit in Paris, almost 200 countries came to a global climate agreement on the need to cut greenhouse gas emissions; the key elements of the deal were to keep global temperatures below 2.0˚C (3.6˚F) above pre-

industrial times and to limit the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity to levels that trees, soil and oceans can naturally absorb, beginning between 2050 and 2100. 17. A study by the Stony Brook Cancer Center in New York, reported in the journal Nature, found that only 10–30 per cent of cancers occur due to the way the body functions, the remainder overwhelmingly resulting from environmental factors such as smoking and UV radiation. 30. Four new elements were added to the periodic table, completing the table’s seventh row; scientists in Japan, Russia and the USA discovered elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the first to be added to the table since 2011.

JANUARY 2016 5. Met Office figures showed that December 2015 was the wettest month in the UK in over a century while 2015 was the sixth wettest year. 15. UK astronaut Tim Peake’s first spacewalk ended early after his US colleague Tim Kopra reported a small amount of water was in his helmet; the astronauts were outside the International Space Station for four hours and 43 minutes and had completed their objective of replacing a failed electrical box. 17. The UK government designated 23 new Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs), which extended the area of environmental protection to 8,000 square miles and meant 20 per cent of English waters were protected; the new MCZs included The Needles, Land’s End and Fulmar. FEBRUARY 2016 1. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority approved plans for UK scientists to genetically modify human embryos, marking the first time a country had approved the DNA-altering technique in embryos; the research was planned to take place at the Francis Crick Institute of London with the experiments occurring in the first seven days following fertilisation. 11. Physicists at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory announced the discovery of gravitational waves, which Albert Einstein first predicted with his general theory of relativity a century before; using the world’s most sophisticated detector, scientists detected the collision of two black holes, one 35 times the mass of the Sun and the other slightly smaller, as they circled each other up to 250 times a second before their collision at a distance of 1.3 billion light-years from Earth, beyond the Large Magellanic Cloud. 15. Scientists at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina, USA, developed a technique to produce 3Dprinted custom-made living body parts, including bone, muscle and cartilage, which all functioned regularly when implanted into animals; the research, published in Nature Biotechnology, was considered a significant advance for regenerative medicine. MARCH 2016 9. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced that, for a sixth year in a row, the slaughter of rhinos for their horns in Africa had increased; at least 1,338 rhinos were killed in 2015, which was the highest single-year loss since 2008, the IUCN blamed demand from South East Asia, where rhino horns are considered to have medical properties, for the rise in poaching. 14. Data released by NASA revealed that global temperatures in February had soared above previous monthly records by an unparalleled amount; global surface temperatures in February 2016 across land and ocean were 1.35˚C warmer than the average temperature for February from the period 1951–1980. In a joint mission, the European Space Agency and Russia launched the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), a satellite intended to investigate whether methane in the world’s atmosphere is originating from a geological source or being produced by microbes; Russia, which since 1960 had launched 19 failed missions to Mars,

Obituaries 2015–16 951

OBITUARIES 2015–16 Adam, Sir Ken, OBE, film production designer who created sets for Moonraker and Dr. Strangelove, aged 95 – b. 5 February 2016, d. 10 March 2016 Aherne, Caroline, comedian, writer and actor, aged 52 – b. 24 December 1963, d. 2 July 2016 Ali, Muhammad, American heavyweight boxer nicknamed ‘The Greatest’, aged 74 – b. 17 January 1942, d. 3 June 2016 Alliott, Sir John, High Court judge, aged 84 – b. 9 January 1932, d. 19 March 2016 Anstee, Dame Margaret, DCMG, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations (1987–93), aged 90 – b. 25 June 1926, d. 25 August 2016 Ashmore, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Edward, GCB, DSC, Chief of Naval Staff and First Sea Lord (1974–7), aged 96 – b. 11 December 1919, d. 28 April 2016 Baldwin, Robert, Chair of Morgan Stanley (1979–83), aged 95 – b. 9 July 1920, d. 3 January 2016 Beetham, Marshal of the RAF Sir Michael, GCB, CBE, DFC, AFC, Chief of the Air Staff and Air ADC to the Queen (1977–82), aged 92 – b. 17 May 1923, d. 24 October 2015 Be´nard, Andre´, French industrialist and chair of Eurotunnel, aged 93 – b. 19 August 1922, d. 15 March 2016 Berger, Sandy, US National Security Adviser (1997–2001), aged 70 – b. 28 October 1945, d. 2 December 2015 Berra, Yogi, American baseball player, aged 90 – b. 12 May 1925, d. 22 September 2015 Beverley, Joy, MBE, singer, aged 91 – b. 5 May 1924, d. 30 August 2015 Black, Admiral Sir Jeremy, GBE, KCB, DSO, naval officer, aged 83 – b. 17 November 1932, d. 25 November 2015 Boulez, Pierre, French composer and conductor, aged 90 – b. 26 March 1925, d. 5 January 2016 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, UN Secretary-General, aged 93 – b. 14 February 1922, d. 16 February 2016 Bowie, David, singer and actor, aged 69 – b. 8 January 1947, d. 10 January 2016 Boynton, Amelia, American civil rights activist who worked with Martin Luther King, aged 105 – b. 18 August 1910, d. 26 August 2015 Briggs, Lord Asa, historian who helped establish the University of Sussex, aged 94 – b. 7 May 1921, d. 15 March 2016 Brookner, Anita, CBE, art historian and author who wrote the Booker Prize winner Hotel du Lac, aged 87 – b. 16 July 1928, d. 10 March 2016 Brown, Captain Eric ‘Winkle’, CBE, DSC, AFC, naval aviator and test pilot, aged 97 – b. 21 January 1919, d. 21 February 2016 Brown, Sheila, Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge (1983–92), aged 90 – b. 25 December 1924, d. 26 August 2015 Cadbury, Sir Adrian, CH, director of Cadbury Bros Ltd (1958), director of the Bank of England (1970–94), Chair of Cadbury Schweppes (1975–89), aged 86 – b. 15 April 1929, d. 3 September 2015 Camrose (4th), Viscount, author and journalist, aged 78 – b. 15 June 1937, d. 19 April 2016 Charles-Roux, Edmonde, writer and editor of French Vogue, aged 95 – b. 17 April 1920, d. 20 January 2016 Chorley (2nd), Lord, mountaineer; chair, National Trust (1991–6), aged 85 – b. 14 August 1930, d. 21 February 2016

Cole, George, OBE, actor, aged 90 – b. 22 April 1925, d. 5 August 2015 Colledge, Prof. Malcolm, art historian and archaeologist of the Middle East, aged 75 – b. 12 October 1939, d. 22 June 2015 Corbett, Ronnie, CBE, actor and comedian, aged 85 – b. 4 December 1930, d. 31 March 2016 Coulsfield, Lord, PC, Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland (1987–2002), aged 81 – b. 21 April 1934, d. 28 February 2016 Cox, Jo (Helen Joanne), Labour MP for Batley and Spen (2015–16), aged 41 – b. 22 June 1974, d. 16 June 2016 Crone, Patricia, leading historian of early Islam, aged 70 – b. 28 March 1945, d. 11 July 2015 Cruyff, Johan, Dutch footballer and manager, aged 68 – b. 25 April 1947, d. 25 March 2016 Daniels, Paul, magician, aged 77 – b. 6 April 1938, d. 17 March 2016 Darling, Jean, American child film star and actor, aged 93 – b. 23 August 1922, d. 4 September 2015 DeLuca, Fred, Italian-American co-founder of the Subway sandwich shops, aged 67 – b. 3 October 1947, d. 14 September 2015 Diamond, Jim, Scottish soul singer, aged 64 – b. 28 September 1951, d. 8 October 2015 Dickinson, Peter, OBE, author, aged 88 – b. 16 December 1927, d. 16 December 2015 Diski, Jenny, author, aged 68 – b. 8 July 1947, d. 28 April 2016 Disley, John, CBE, Olympic athlete and co-founder of the London Marathon, aged 87 – b. 20 November 1928, d. 8 February 2016 Donaldson, Peter, broadcaster, BBC Radio 4 announcer (1973–2005), aged 70 – b. 23 August 1945, d. 2 November 2015 Eco, Umberto, Italian philosopher, novelist and professor of semiotics, aged 84 – b. 5 January 1932, d. 19 February 2016 Eddery, Pat, OBE, jockey, aged 63 – b. 18 March 1952, d. 10 November 2015 Emerson, Keith, musician and composer, aged 71 – b. 2 November 1944, d. 11 March 2016 Evans of Parkside, Lord, Labour MP for Newton (1974– 83) and St Helens North (1983–97); chair of the Labour Party (1991–2), aged 85 – b. 19 October 1930, d. 5 March 2016 Finklestein, Leonid, broadcaster and author, aged 91 – b. 22 May 1924, d. 22 December 2015 Finlay, Frank, CBE, actor, aged 89 – b. 6 August 1926, d. 30 January 2016 Ford, Gen. Sir Robert, GCB, CBE, Commander of Land Forces, Northern Ireland (1971–3), Adjutant-General (1978–81), ADC General to the Queen (1980–1), aged 91 – b. 29 December 1923, d. 24 November 2015 Fortnam, Peggy, children’s illustrator who drew the original Paddington bear, aged 96 – b. 23 December 1919, d. 28 March 2016 Friel, Brian, Irish playwright, aged 86 – b. 9 January 1929, d. 2 October 2015 Forster, Margaret, novelist and biographer, aged 77 – b. 25 May 1938, d. 8 February 2016 Galvin, Gen. John, US Army Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (1987–92), Commander-in-Chief, US European Command, Stuttgart (1987–92), aged 86 – b. 12 May 1929, d. 25 September 2015

Film 985

FILM Omer Ali

INTERGALACTIC NOSTALGIA Tickets went on sale three months before Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens received its UK premiere on 16 December 2015, going nationwide the next day. To the satisfaction of fans and initiates alike, director J. J. Abrams eschewed the plastic feel of the series’ 1999–2005 prequels for the adventure and dry humour of particularly the first two films in the franchise: Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back (1977–80). The action is set 30 years after the third of the original films, The Return of the Jedi (1983). The First Order has grown from the ashes of the vanquished Galactic Empire and aims to destroy the New Republic – only the Resistance can stop it. This is probably Abrams’ masterstroke: to unveil new characters alongside such familiar faces as Han Solo (Harrison Ford), Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) and Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), and even hardware like the future-vintage Millennium Falcon spacecraft. Good old-fashioned action is delivered with the latest special effects – the stormtroopers look especially stunning in their sleek uniforms – amid a very warm glow of nostalgia, which excuses the film’s rare moments of torpor. Among the new characters, the film attracted stars-of-themoment Oscar Isaac and Adam Driver while introducing freshfaced Brits Daisy Ridley and John Boyega as the new series’ central protagonists, Rey and Finn (surnames and any family history are left tantalisingly open for upcoming episodes). Both acquitted themselves handsomely amid the stellar cast. The film was shot at Pinewood Studios – the production was considered such a boon to UK industry that it received £25m of public money from the UK government, earning thenchancellor George Osborne a personal mention in the closing credits. Among the many records broken by the movie, on its release The Force Awakens became the fastest film to gross $1bn globally – in 12 days – and achieved the largest worldwide opening (and the biggest single weekend ever) of $529m. It also leapt into the top three highest-grossing films of all time, having earned $2.7bn at the time of writing, and while it may make up the $120m gap on second-placed Titanic (1997), it’s unlikely to catch Avatar (2009), at $2.8bn. Globally the film did notably better in English-language countries, perhaps thanks to the well of familiar touchstones Abrams dipped into. It grossed £123m at the UK box office, knocking James Bond’s 2012 outing, Skyfall, off the all-time top spot. CRAIG’S BOND SWANSONG?? Skyfall, of course, was followed in October 2015 by the 24th instalment in the Bond series. Spectre consolidated the franchise’s retooling under the stewardship of director Sam Mendes and star Daniel Craig, although a much-hyped ageappropriate relationship in the film – with Italian Monica Bellucci as the widow of an assassin – proves to be short-lived, as 007 teams up with the latest in a line of French actresses to grace the franchise: Le´a Seydoux. She certainly adds punch to the many action scenes – the film opens with a head-spinning turn at Mexico City’s Day of the Dead festival – but Christoph Waltz is underwhelming as an overly familiar Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Spectre’s tech theme gives a nod to the Edward Snowden revelations but Blofeld’s scheme for world-domination feels oddly remote and unthreatening. While rumours raged that this may be Craig’s last outing as 007 – in May 2016 Mendes revealed he would not be returning as director – and the spotlight inevitably turned to possible successors to Bond’s tux, the producers might do well to concentrate their efforts on delivering a truly dastardly baddie. BEARING WITNESS Son of Saul treads territory previously mined by Martin Amis in his 2014 novel, The Zone of Interest: the Sonderkommandos, work

units of mainly Jewish inmates who helped other prisoners at Nazi concentration camps to their deaths before usually being killed themselves. Hungarian director La´szlo´ Nemes pitches the audience into the heart of Auschwitz, revealing the anatomy of the monstrous death machine that operated from late 1941 to 1944. Nemes’ camera hangs on the shoulder or directly confronts Saul, a member of the Sonderkommando played by poet and big-screen debutant Ge´za Ro¨hrig. Clearing the gas chamber, Saul finds the body of a boy he believes to be his son, and embarks on a disastrous, 24-hour attempt to provide him a proper burial. It’s an intense journey, marked by Ro¨hrig’s ashen face and mute eyes: bodies are known as ‘pieces’ in camp slang and there are hints too of the hopeful reasoning behind taking these apparently traitorous, fatal roles – as one of the narrators of Amis’ book has it, ‘We, the Sonders, or some of us, will bear witness.’ Son of Saul won the Oscar for best foreign language film. US director Tom McCarthy bears witness in an equally methodical manner to a more recent trauma in Spotlight, which focuses specifically on child sex abuse by Roman Catholic priests in Boston and, by extension, wider abuse by the church around the world. McCarthy’s marquee cast includes Mark Ruffalo, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, Stanley Tucci and Liev Schreiber for what is essentially a newsroom drama, played out at the Boston Globe in 2001–2. Spotlight was named best picture at the Academy Awards, where it achieved the unusual status of becoming the first winner of that award to win fewer than three Oscars since The Greatest Show on Earth in 1953. Oddly, British historical drama Suffragette, about women’s struggle for the right to vote, didn’t receive any nominations from the Academy, BAFTA or at the Golden Globes. Written by Abi Morgan (The Iron Lady), directed by Sarah Gavron (Brick Lane) and produced by Alison Owen and Faye Ward, it stars Anne-Marie Duff, Helena Bonham Carter and Meryl Streep (as the group’s leader, Emmeline Pankhurst). Horrified by the abuse of young women employees at the factory where she works, Maud Watts (Carey Mulligan) reluctantly becomes part of the movement, and subsequently has to face her unsympathetic husband (played by Ben Whishaw) and Brendan Gleeson’s patriarchal police inspector. Perhaps the film lost its way from the moment Morgan chose to concentrate on a composite character, instead of a real-life figure. (Natalie Press also features as Emily Davison, who died after stepping in front of the king’s horse at the 1913 Epsom Derby, the film’s main set piece.)

LIFE BEGINS IN THE 1950S Two literary adaptations fared better with critics and audiences. Carol is based on Patricia Highsmith’s semiautobiographical novel The Price of Salt, first published pseudonymously in 1952. Rooney Mara stars as reticent shop girl Therese Belivet, who falls for married mother Carol Aird (Cate Blanchett); their affair proceeds slowly until the moment of consummation, which may also spell its bitter end. Director Todd Haynes showed in his previous excursion into the 1950s, Far from Heaven (2002), that he has a perfect feel for both period atmosphere and trapped emotions; the film’s time-capsule look owes a great deal to designer Sandy Powell’s costumes. In March 2016, a poll of more than 100 film critics, programmers and other experts for the British Film Institute’s Flare film festival named Carol the best LGBT film of all time. In Brooklyn, Saoirse Ronan plays a young Irish woman in 1950s Ireland who, unable to find a job at home, emigrates to New York. Initially she struggles to make her way in the city and only when life seems to be improving is she pulled back to Ireland, to care for her ailing mother. Nick Hornby adapted Colm To´ibı´n’s novel of US immigration to great effect, where

1002

The Year 2015–16

PUBLIC ACTS OF PARLIAMENT Public acts included in this list are those which received the royal assent after 21 July 2015. The date stated after each act is the date on which it came into operation. For further information see W www.legislation.gov.uk Finance (No.2) Act 2015 ch. 33 (18 November 2015) grants certain duties, alters other duties, and amends the law relating to the National Debt and the Public Revenue, and makes further provision in connection with finance. Northern Ireland (Welfare Reform) Act 2015 ch. 34 (25 November 2015) makes provision in connection with social security and child support maintenance in Northern Ireland; makes provision in connection with arrangements under section 1 of the Employment and Training Act (Northern Ireland) 1950; and for connected purposes. National Insurance Contributions (Rate Ceilings) Act 2015 ch. 35 (17 December 2015) sets a ceiling on the main and additional primary percentages, the secondary percentage and the upper earnings limit in relation to Class 1 national insurance contributions. European Union Referendum Act 2015 ch. 36 (17 December 2015) makes provision for the holding of a referendum in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar on whether the United Kingdom should remain a member of the European Union. European Union (Approvals) Act 2015 ch. 37 (17 December 2015) makes provision approving for the purposes of section 8 of the European Union Act 2011 certain draft decisions under Article 352 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016 ch. 1 (28 January 2016) makes provision for the election of mayors for the areas of, and for conferring additional functions on, combined authorities established under Part 6 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009; to make other provision n relation to bodies established under that Part; to make provision about local authority governance and functions; to confer power to establish, and to make provision about, sub-national transport bodies; and for connected purposes. Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 ch. 2 (28 January 2016) makes provision about psychoactive substances; and for connected purposes. Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Act 2016 ch. 3 (16 March 2016) authorises the use of resources for the years ending with 31 March 2015, 31 March 2016 and 31 March 2017; authorises the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund for those years; and appropriates the supply authorised by this Act for the years ending with 31 March 2015 and 31 March 2016. Charities (Protection and Social Investment) Act 2016 ch. 4 (16 March 2016) amends the Charities Act 1992 and the Charities Act 2011. Childcare Act 2016 ch. 5 (16 March 2016) makes provision about free childcare for young children of working parents and about the publication of information about childcare and related matters by local authorities in England. Education and Adoption Act 2016 ch. 6 (16 March 2016) makes provision about schools in England that are causing concern, including provision about their conversion into Academies and about intervention powers; and to make provision about joint

arrangements for carrying out local authority adoption functions in England. Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016 ch. 7 (16 March 2016) makes provision about reports on progress towards full employment and the apprenticeships target; makes provision about reports on the effect of certain support for troubled families; makes provision about the benefit cap; makes provision about social security and tax credits; makes provision for loans for mortgage interest and other liabilities; and makes provision about social housing rents. Riot Compensation Act 2016 ch. 8 (23 March 2016) repeals the Riot (Damages) Act 1886 and makes provision about types of claims, procedures, decision-making and limits on awards payable in relation to a new compensation scheme for property damaged, destroyed or stolen in the course of riots. Access to Medical Treatments (Innovation) Act 2016 ch. 9 (23 March 2016) makes provision for access to innovative medical treatments; and for connected purposes. NHS (Charitable Trusts Etc) Act 2016 ch. 10 (23 March 2016) makes provision for, and in connection with, the removal of the Secretary of State’s powers under the National Health Service Act 2006 to appoint trustees; makes provision transferring to Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity the right to a royalty conferred by Schedule 6 to the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988; and for connected purposes. Scotland Act 2016 ch. 11 (23 March 2016) amends the Scotland Act 1998 and makes provision about the functions of the Scottish Ministers; and for connected purposes. Enterprise Act 2016 ch. 12 (4 May 2016) makes provision relating to the promotion of enterprise and economic growth; provision about Sunday working; and provision restricting exit payments in relation to public sector employment. Northern Ireland (Stormont Agreement and Implementation Plan) Act 2016 ch. 13 (4 May 2016) makes provision about the Independent Reporting Commission, extends the period for the appointment of Northern Ireland Ministers, modifies the pledge made by Northern Ireland Ministers on taking office, provides for persons becoming Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly to give an undertaking, and makes provision about the draft budget of the Northern Ireland Executive, in pursuance of the agreement made on 17 November 2015 called A Fresh Start: The Stormont Agreement and Implementation Plan. Bank of England and Financial Services Act 2016 ch. 14 (4 May 2016) makes provision about the Bank of England; makes provision about the regulation of financial services; makes provision about the issue of banknotes; and for connected purposes. Trade Union Act 2016 ch. 15 (4 May 2016) makes provision about industrial action, trade unions, employers’ associations and the functions of the Certification Officer. Driving Instructors (Registration) Act 2016 ch. 16 (12 May 2016) makes provision about the registration of driving instructors. Criminal Cases Review Commission (Information) Act 2016 ch. 17 (12 May 2016) extends the Criminal Cases Review Commission’s powers to obtain information.

Badminton OLYMPIC MEDAL TABLE Country Gold 46 USA Great Britain 27 & Northern Ireland China 26 Russia 19 Germany 17 Japan 12 France 10 South Korea 9 Italy 8 Australia 8 Netherlands 8 Hungary 8 Brazil 7 Spain 7 Kenya 6 Jamaica 6 Croatia 5 Cuba 5 New Zealand 4 Canada 4 Uzbekistan 4 Kazakhstan 3 Colombia 3 Switzerland 3 Iran 3 Greece 3 Argentina 3 Denmark 2 Sweden 2 South Africa 2 Ukraine 2 Serbia 2 Poland 2 North Korea 2 Belgium 2 Thailand 2 Slovakia 2 Geogia 2 Azerbaijan 1 Belarus 1 Turkey 1 Armenia 1 Czech Republic 1 Ethiopia 1 Slovenia 1 Indonesia 1 Romania 1 Bahrain 1 Vietnam 1 Chinese Taipei 1 Bahamas 1 Independent Olympic Athletes (IOC) 1 Coˆte d’Ivoire 1 Fiji 1 Jordan 1 Kosovo 1 Puerto Rico 1 Singapore 1 Tajikistan 1 Malaysia 0 Mexico 0 Algeria 0 Ireland 0 Lithuania 0 Bulgaria 0 Venezuela 0

Silver

Bronze

Total

37

38

121

23 18 18 10 8 18 3 12 11 7 3 6 4 6 3 3 2 9 3 2 5 2 2 1 1 1 6 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 7 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0

17 26 19 15 21 14 9 8 10 4 4 6 6 1 2 2 4 5 15 7 9 3 2 4 2 0 7 3 2 4 2 6 2 2 2 0 4 10 4 4 0 7 5 1 0 3 0 0 2 1

67 70 56 42 41 42 21 28 29 19 15 19 17 13 11 10 11 18 22 13 17 8 7 8 6 4 15 11 10 11 8 11 7 6 6 4 7 18 9 8 4 10 8 4 3 5 2 2 3 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 2 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 2 2

2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 2 2 4 3 3

India Mongolia Burundi Grenada Niger Philippines Qatar Norway Egypt Tunisia Israel Austria Dominican Republic Estonia Finland Moldova Morocco Nigeria Portugal Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1023

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

BADMINTON EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS 2016 La Roche-sur-Yon, France, 26 Apr–1 May Men’s Singles: Viktor Axelsen (Denmark) beat Jan Ø. Jørgensen (Denmark) 2–0 Women’s Singles: Carolina Marin (Spain) beat Kirsty Gilmour (Scotland) 2–0 Men’s Doubles: Mads Conrad-Petersen and Mads Pieler Kolding (Denmark) beat Kim Astrup and Anders Skaarup Rasmussen (Denmark) 2–1 Women’s Doubles: Christinna Pedersen and Kamilla Rytter Juhl (Denmark) beat Eefje Muskens and Selena Piek (Netherlands) 2–0 Mixed Doubles: Joachim Fischer Nielsen and Christinna Pedersen (Denmark) beat Niclas Nohr and Sara Thygesen (Denmark) 2–1

ALL-ENGLAND CHAMPIONSHIPS 2016 Birmingham, March Men’s Singles: Lin Dan (China) beat Tian Houwei (China) 2–0 Women’s Singles: Nozomi Okuhara (Japan) beat Wang Shixian (China) 2–1 Men’s Doubles: Vladimir Ivanov and Ivan Sozonov (Russia) beat Hiroyuki Endo and Kenichi Hayakawa (Japan) 2–1 Women’s Doubles: Misaki Matsutomo and Ayaka Takahashi (Japan) beat Tang Yuanting and Yu Yang (China) 2–0 Mixed Doubles: Praveen Jordan and Debby Susanto (Indonesia) beat Joachim Fischer Nielsen and Christinna Pedersen (Denmark) 2–1

ENGLISH NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS 2016 Milton Keynes, February Men’s Singles: Rajiv Ouseph beat Alex Lane 2–0 Women’s Singles: Fontaine Chapman beat Chloe Birch 2–0 Men’s Doubles: Marcus Ellis and Christopher Langridge beat Peter Briggs and Tom Wolfenden 2–0 Women’s Doubles: Heather Olver and Lauren Smith beat Sophie Brown and Kate Robertshaw 2–1 Mixed Doubles: Chris Adcock and Gabrielle Adcock beat Christopher Coles and Sophie Brown 2–0

1068 Astronomy

April 2017 FOURTH MONTH, 30 DAYS. Aperire, to open; Earth opens to receive seed. 1 Saturday Jackie Mitchell, becomes the first female professional baseball player 1931 2 Sunday India wins the 10th Cricket World Cup, defeating Sri Lanka by 6 wickets to become champions 2011

day 91 92

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Oxford University wins its 100th Boat Race, beating Cambridge by four-and-a-half lengths 1954 Bjorn Borg, Swedish tennis player and winner of 11 Grand Slam singles titles, retires aged 26 1983 Clas Thunberg, Finnish speed skater who won five Olympic Golds b. 1893 Opening of the first modern international Olympic Games in Athens, Greece 1896 Jim Clark, motor racing world champion, is killed during a German Formula Two race 1968 Foinavon wins the Grand National at odds of 100–1, after a meˆle´e at the 23rd fence 1967 Dimitrios Loundras, gymnast aged 10, becomes the youngest competitor in Olympic history 1896

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Brian Lara sets a Test record with 400 not out for the West Indies 2004 week 15 day 100 Andy Murray, British tennis player, marries artist Kim Sears at Dunblane Cathedral in Scotland 2015 101 Ben Hogan, American golfer, wins the 17th Masters Golf Tournament, shooting a 274 1953 102 Paula Radcliffe, British runner, sets the women’s marathon world record at the London marathon 2003 103 Uwe Beyer, West German hammer thrower who won a gold at the 1971 Olympics b. 1945 104 Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to play in US major league baseball 1947 105 At the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield 96 football fans are crushed to death during a stampede 1989 106

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Muttiah Muralitharan (Sri Lanka), world record holder for the highest wickets in Test cricket b. 1972 Bill Russell becomes the first black coach in NBA history, for the Boston Celtics 1966 John McDermott wins the first Boston Marathon 1897 Louise Suggs, American golfer, wins the LPGA Babe Didrikson-Zaharias Golf Open 1958 Bob Cleary, American ice hockey player who won a gold medal at the 1960 Olympic Games b. 1936 Manchester United defeat Aston Villa 3–0 to win their 13th English Premier League 2013 Ice hockey is played for the first time at the Olympics, with Canada winning the gold medal 1920

week 16 day 107 108 109 110 111 112 113

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

The Amateur Athletic Association is founded 1880 John McFall, British paralympic sprinter and 100m bronze medallist at the 2008 Paralympics b. 1981 Donna de Varona, American swimmer; 400m medley gold medallist at the 1964 Olympics b. 1947 Rocky Marciano, American heavyweight champion, retires undefeated with a total of 49 wins 1956 Philip Neame, the only holder of the Victoria Cross to win an Olympic gold medal d. 1978 The first official international Weightlifting Federation Championship in Tallinn, Estonia 1922 Monica Seles, tennis champion, is rushed to hospital after being stabbed during a match 1993

week 17 day 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA d h 1 10 Mercury Greatest elongation East 7 22 Jupiter at opposition 10 21 Jupiter 2˚ South of the Moon 16 18 Saturn 3˚ South of the Moon 25 16 Uranus 4˚ North of the Moon 25 18 Mercury 5˚ North of the Moon 26 05 Venus most brilliant MINIMA OF ALGOL d h d 1 4 7 10

10.0 6.8 3.6 0.4

12 15 18 21

week 14 day 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

CONSTELLATIONS The following constellations are near the meridian at d h d h 1 24 April 15 21 March March 16 23 May 1 20 April 1 22 May 16 19 Cepheus (below the Pole), Cassiopeia (below the Pole), Ursa Major, Leo Minor, Leo., Sextans, Hydra and Crater

h

d

h

21.2 18.1 14.9 11.7

24 27 30 11

8.5 5.3 2.2 13.4

THE MOON Phases, Apsides and Node d h First Quarter 3 18 Full Moon 11 06 Last Quarter 19 09 New Moon 26 12 Apogee (405,475 km) 15 10 Perigee (359,327 km) 27 16 Mean longitude of the ascending node on 1st, 151˚

m 39 08 57 16 05 15

April

1071

SUNRISE AND SUNSET London Bristol Birmingham Manchester Newcastle Glasgow Belfast 0˚ 05' 51˚ 30' 2˚ 35' 51˚ 28' 1˚ 55' 52˚ 28' 2˚ 15' 53˚ 28' 1˚ 37' 54˚ 59' 4˚ 14' 55˚ 52' 5˚ 56' 54˚ 35' h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m

d 1 2

5 5

36 33

18 18

34 36

5 5

46 43

18 18

44 46

5 5

42 40

18 18

42 44

5 5

42 40

18 18

45 46

5 5

38 35

18 18

44 46

5 5

47 45

18 18

55 57

5 5

56 53

19 19

01 02

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

31 29 26 24 22 20 18

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

37 39 41 42 44 46 47

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

41 39 37 34 32 30 28

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

47 49 51 52 54 56 57

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

37 35 33 30 28 26 23

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

46 47 49 51 53 54 56

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

37 35 33 30 28 25 23

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

48 50 52 54 56 57 59

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

33 30 28 25 23 20 18

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

48 50 52 54 55 57 59

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

42 40 37 34 32 29 27

18 19 19 19 19 19 19

59 01 03 05 07 09 11

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

51 48 46 43 41 38 36

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

04 06 08 10 12 14 16

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

15 13 11 09 07 04 02

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

49 51 52 54 56 57 59

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

25 23 21 19 17 15 12

18 19 19 19 19 19 19

59 01 02 04 06 07 09

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

21 19 17 14 12 10 08

18 19 19 19 19 19 19

58 00 01 03 05 07 08

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

21 18 16 14 11 09 07

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

01 03 05 06 08 10 12

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

15 13 10 08 06 03 01

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

01 03 05 07 09 11 13

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

24 22 19 17 14 11 09

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

14 16 18 20 22 24 26

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

33 31 29 26 24 21 19

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

18 20 22 24 25 27 29

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

5 4 4 4 4 4 4

00 58 56 54 52 50 48

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

01 02 04 06 07 09 11

5 5 5 5 5 5 4

10 08 06 04 02 00 58

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

10 12 14 15 17 19 20

5 5 5 4 4 4 4

05 03 01 59 57 55 53

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

10 12 14 15 17 19 20

5 5 5 4 4 4 4

05 02 00 58 56 53 51

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

14 16 17 19 21 23 25

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

58 56 54 51 49 47 44

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

15 17 19 21 23 25 27

5 5 5 4 4 4 4

06 04 02 59 57 54 52

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

28 30 32 34 36 38 40

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

17 14 12 10 07 05 03

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

31 33 35 37 39 41 43

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

46 44 42 40 38 36 34

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

12 14 16 17 19 21 22

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

56 54 52 50 48 46 44

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

22 24 25 27 29 30 32

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

50 48 46 44 42 40 38

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

22 24 26 27 29 31 33

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

49 47 45 43 40 38 36

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

26 28 30 32 34 35 37

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

42 40 37 35 33 31 28

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

29 30 32 34 36 38 40

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

50 47 45 42 40 38 36

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

42 44 46 48 50 52 54

5 4 4 4 4 4 4

00 58 56 54 52 49 47

19 19 19 19 19 19 19

45 47 48 50 52 54 56

JUPITER Day R.A. h m 1 13 11 13 21 13 Equatorial

URANUS Dec ˚

Mag. Diam. Rise ′ h m

12.2 −5.9 −2.5 44 19 00 07.4 −5.5 −2.5 44 18 14 02.7 −5.0 −2.4 44 17 27 Diam. 44′, Polar Diam. 41′

Transit Set h m h m 0 34 6 04 23 46 5 23 23 02 4 41

1 1 27.7 11 1 29.9 21 1 32.0

Dec ˚

Mag. Diam. Rise ′ h m

+8.6 +8.8 +9.0

+6.2 +6.2 +6.2

3 5 57 3 5 18 3 4 40

Dec ˚

Mag. Diam. Rise ′ h m

Transit Set h m h m 12 47 19 38 12 10 19 02 11 33 18 26

NEPTUNE

SATURN Day R.A. h m

Day R.A. h m

Dec ˚

Mag. Diam. Rise ′ h m

1 17 49.4 −22.1 +0.4 17 1 21 11 17 49.4 −22.1 +0.4 17 0 42 21 17 48.7 −22.1 +0.3 18 23 58 Equatorial Diam. 17′, Polar Diam. 16′ Rings – major axis 39′ minor axis 18′, Tilt 26˚

Transit Set h m h m 5 10 8 59 4 31 8 20 3 51 7 40

Day R.A. h m 1 22 57.0 11 22 58.3 21 22 59.4

−7.6 −7.5 −7.4

+8.0 +7.9 +7.9

2 4 57 2 4 18 2 3 39

Transit Set h m h m 10 17 15 38 9 39 15 00 9 01 14 23

Explanation of Astronomical Data 1105

ECLIPSES 2017

Example – Convert 14h 27m 35s from ST to MT:

During 2017 there will be four eclipses, two of the Sun and two of the Moon. 1. A very deep penumbral eclipse of the Moon on 11 February is visible from the Americas, UK, Europe, Africa and Asia. Penumbral eclipses are difficult to observe. 2. An annular eclipse of the Sun on 26 February is visible from the south of South America, the south Atlantic and southern Africa. 3. A partial eclipse (magnitude 0.25) of the Moon on 7 August is visible from Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. The Moon sets as the eclipse starts from the UK. 4. A total eclipse of the Sun on 21 August is visible as a partial eclipse from North America and the north of South America. It is visible as a total eclipse from the north Pacific, the USA and the mid-Atlantic. It is visible from the UK as a very small partial eclipse at sunset. See also opposite page

Given ST Retardation for 14h Retardation for 27m 35s

MEAN AND SIDEREAL TIME The length of a sidereal day in mean time is 23h 56m 04s.09. Hence 1h MT = 1h+9s.86 ST and 1h ST = 1h − 9s.83 MT. Acceleration h m s 1 0 10 2 0 20 3 0 30 4 0 39 5 0 49 6 0 59 7 1 09 8 1 19 9 1 29 10 1 39 11 1 48 12 1 58 13 2 08 14 2 18 15 2 28 16 2 38 17 2 48 18 2 57 19 3 07 20 3 17 21 3 27 22 3 37 23 3 47 24 3 57

Retardation m 0 3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 57 60

s s 00 0 02 1 07 2 13 3 18 4 23 5 28 6 34 7 39 8 44 9 49 10 00

h m s 1 0 10 2 0 20 3 0 29 4 0 39 5 0 49 6 0 59 7 1 09 8 1 19 9 1 28 10 1 38 11 1 48 12 1 58 13 2 08 14 2 18 15 2 27 16 2 37 17 2 47 18 2 57 19 3 07 20 3 17 21 3 26 22 3 36 23 3 46 24 3 56

m 0 3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 51 57 60

s s 00 0 03 1 09 2 15 3 21 4 28 5 34 6 40 7 46 8 53 9 59 10 00

To convert an interval of mean time to the corresponding interval of sidereal time, enter the acceleration table with the given mean time (taking the hours and the minutes and seconds separately) and add the acceleration obtained to the given mean time. To convert an interval of sidereal time to the corresponding interval of mean time, take out the retardation for the given sidereal time and subtract. The columns for the minutes and seconds of the argument are in the form known as critical tables. To use these tables, find in the appropriate left-hand column the two entries between which the given number of minutes and seconds lies; the quantity in the right-hand column between these two entries is the required acceleration or retardation. Thus the acceleration for 11m 26s (which lies between the entries 9m 07s and 15m 13s) is 2s. If the given number of minutes and seconds is a tabular entry, the required acceleration or retardation is the entry in the right-hand column above the given tabular entry, eg the retardation for 45m 46s is 7s.

Corresponding MT

h 14

m 27 2

s 35 18 5

14

25

12

For further explanation see Time, Sidereal Time and Mean Refraction

EXPLANATION OF ASTRONOMICAL DATA Positions of the heavenly bodies are given only to the degree of accuracy required by amateur astronomers for setting telescopes, or for plotting on celestial globes or star atlases. Where intermediate positions are required, linear interpolation may be employed. Detailed definitions of the terms used cannot be given here. They must be sought in astronomical literature, the internet or textbooks. A special feature has been made of the times when the various heavenly bodies are visible in the British Isles. Since two columns, calculated for latitudes 52˚ and 56˚, are devoted to risings and settings, the range 50˚ to 58˚ can be covered by interpolation and extrapolation. The times given in these columns are Greenwich Mean Times for the meridian of Greenwich. An observer west of this meridian must add his/ her longitude (in time) and vice versa. In accordance with the usual convention in astronomy, + and − indicate respectively north and south latitudes or declinations. All data are, unless otherwise stated, for 0h Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), ie at the midnight at the beginning of the day named. Allowance must be made for British Summer Time during the period that this is in operation.

PAGE ONE OF EACH MONTH The calendar for each month is explained on page 1055. Under the heading Astronomical Phenomena will be found particulars of the more important conjunctions of the Sun, Moon and planets with each other, and also the dates of other astronomical phenomena of special interest. Times of Minima of Algol are approximate times of the middle of the period of diminished light. The Constellations listed each month are those that are near the meridian at the beginning of the month at 22h local mean time. Allowance must be made for British Summer Time if necessary. The fact that any star crosses the meridian 4m earlier each night or 2h earlier each month may be used, in conjunction with the lists given each month, to find what constellations are favourably placed at any moment. The principal phases of the Moon are the GMTs when the difference between the longitude of the Moon and that of the Sun is 0˚, 90˚, 180˚ or 270˚. The times of perigee and apogee are those when the Moon is nearest to, and farthest from, the Earth, respectively. The nodes or points of intersection of the Moon’s orbit and the ecliptic make a complete retrograde circuit of the ecliptic in about 19 years. From a knowledge of the longitude of the ascending node and the inclination, whose value does not vary much from 5˚, the path of the Moon among the stars may be plotted on a celestial globe or star atlas.

PAGE TWO OF EACH MONTH The Sun’s diameter, in arc, is given once a month. The right ascension and declination (Dec.) is that of the true Sun. The right ascension of the mean Sun is obtained by applying the equation of time, with the sign given, to the right ascension of the true Sun, or, more easily, by applying 12h to the Sidereal Time. The direction in which the equation of time has to be applied in different problems is a frequent source of