Page 3
3
CONTENTS PREFACE
THE YEAR 2014 2014 Calendar 2015 Calendar Forthcoming Events Centenaries
8 9 10 12
UNITED KINGDOM The UK in Figures The National Flag
15 19
THE ROYAL FAMILY
20
Private Secretaries Finance Military Ranks and Titles Kings and Queens The House of Windsor Descendants of Queen Victoria
24 26 28 31 35 36
PRECEDENCE
38
PEERAGE
40
Hereditary Peers Life Peers Lords Spiritual Courtesy Titles and Peers’ Surnames Orders of Chivalry Baronetage and Knightage The Order of St John Dames Decorations and Medals Chiefs of Clans in Scotland Privy Council
41 60 69 70 76 79 105 106 109 112 113
PARLIAMENT
117
Members of Parliament General Elections Results By-election Results
128 135 173
THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC BODIES
175
The Cabinet Government Departments Executive Agencies Non-ministerial Government Departments Public Bodies
175 177 187 192 197
REGIONAL GOVERNMENT London Wales Scotland Northern Ireland
217 217 220 225 235
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
240
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
243
Political Composition of Councils England Principal Cities English County Councils
08:52:12:09:13
249 254 256 261
Page 3
London Borough Councils District Councils Metropolitan Borough Councils Unitary Councils London The City Guilds Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Isle of Man Channel Islands
LAW AND ORDER Law Courts and Offices Scottish Judicature Northern Ireland Judicature Tribunals Ombudsman Services Police Prisons
DEFENCE Salaries Pensions
EDUCATION The Education System Universities Professional Education Independent Schools National Academies Research Councils
HEALTH
261 262 265 266 268 270 273 276 281 283 284
286 286 293 295 297 303 306 310
314 323 325
326 326 343 353 362 371 373
377
National Health Service
377
SOCIAL WELFARE
383
Social Services National Insurance Pensions War Pensions Tax Credits Benefits
UTILITIES AND TRANSPORT Water Energy Transport
RELIGION Religion in the UK Churches
COMMUNICATIONS Postal Services Telecommunications Internet
THE ENVIRONMENT Conservation and Heritage World Heritage Sites
383 384 385 388 388 389
397 397 400 405
414 414 420
441 441 442 444
446 449 458
Page 4
4
HERITAGE
460
Historic Buildings and Monuments Museums and Galleries Sights of London Hallmarks
460 468 476 483
BANKING AND FINANCE
485
British Currency Banking and Personal Finance Financial Services Regulation National Savings National Debt London Stock Exchange Economic Statistics Cost of Living Insurance
485 487 492 494 495 496 497 499 501
TAXATION
505
Income Tax Value Added Tax Stamp Duty
505 517 519
LEGAL NOTES
521
Intellectual Property
545
THE MEDIA
547
Broadcasting Television Radio The Press Newspapers Periodicals Book Publishers
547 547 549 552 552 556 562
ORGANISATIONS
564
Trade and Professional Bodies Trade Unions Sports Bodies Clubs Charities and Societies
564 568 572 577 580
THE WORLD
931 934
THE YEAR 2012–13 Events UK Affairs Arts and Media Crimes and Legal Affairs Environment and Science Sport International Affairs Obituaries Archaeology Architecture Art Business and Finance Conservation Natural Environment Built Heritage Dance Film Literature The Media Television Radio The Press Internet Music Classical Pop Opera Parliament Acts of Parliament Science and Discovery Sports Results Sports Records Theatre Weather
945 945 948 950 952 954 957 967 969 973 978 981 984 984 987 989 993 996 1000 1000 1001 1002 1003 1005 1005 1008 1011 1016 1021 1023 1028 1049 1052 1056
TIME AND SPACE
The World in Figures Air Distances Travel Overseas European Union International Organisations Countries of the World A-Z
08:52:12:09:13
The North and South Poles UK Overseas Territories
595 602 603 605 615 638
Page 4
Astronomy Time Measurement and Calendars Tidal Predictions
1065 1124 1138
Abbreviations Index
1145 1149
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20
THE ROYAL FAMILY THE SOVEREIGN ELIZABETH II, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Her Majesty Elizabeth Alexandra Mary of Windsor, elder daughter of King George VI and of HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Born 21 April 1926, at 17 Bruton Street, London W1 Ascended the throne 6 February 1952 Crowned 2 June 1953, at Westminster Abbey Married 20 November 1947, in Westminster Abbey, HRH the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Official residences Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA; Windsor Castle, Berks; Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh Sandringham, Norfolk; Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire
HRH THE PRINCESS ROYAL (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), KG, KT, GCVO Born 15 August 1950, declared the Princess Royal 1987 Married (1) 14 November 1973 Captain Mark Anthony Peter Phillips, CVO (born 22 September 1948); marriage dissolved 1992; (2) 12 December 1992 Vice-Adm. Sir Timothy James Hamilton Laurence, KCVO, CB, ADC (P) (born 1 March 1955) Residence Gatcombe Park, Minchinhampton, Glos GL6 9AT Issue 1. Peter Mark Andrew Phillips, born 15 November 1977, married 17 May 2008 Autumn Patricia Kelly, and has issue, Savannah Phillips, born 29 December 2010; Isla Elizabeth Phillips, born 29 March 2012 2. Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall, MBE, born 15 May 1981, married 30 July 2011 Michael James Tindall, MBE
Private residences
HUSBAND OF THE QUEEN HRH THE PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH, KG, KT, OM, GBE, Royal Victorian Chain, AC, QSO, PC, Ranger of Windsor Park Born 10 June 1921, son of Prince and Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, naturalised a British subject 1947, created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron Greenwich 1947
CHILDREN OF THE QUEEN HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES (Prince Charles Philip Arthur George), KG, KT, GCB, OM and Great Master of the Order of the Bath, AK, QSO, PC, ADC(P) Born 14 November 1948, created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester 1958, succeeded as Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Great Steward of Scotland 1952 Married (1) 29 July 1981 Lady Diana Frances Spencer (Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–97), youngest daughter of the 8th Earl Spencer and the Hon. Mrs Shand Kydd), marriage dissolved 1996; (2) 9 April 2005 Mrs Camilla Rosemary Parker Bowles, now HRH the Duchess of Cornwall, GCVO (born 17 July 1947, daughter of Major Bruce Shand and the Hon. Mrs Rosalind Shand) Residences Clarence House, London SW1A 1BA; Highgrove, Doughton, Tetbury, Glos GL8 8TN; Birkhall, Ballater, Aberdeenshire
Issue 1. HRH Duke of Cambridge (Prince William Arthur Philip Louis), KG, KT born 21 June 1982, created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus 2011 married 29 April 2011 Catherine Elizabeth Middleton, now HRH the Duchess of Cambridge (born 9 January 1982, elder daughter of Michael and Carole Middleton), and has issue, HRH Prince George of Cambridge (Prince George Alexander Louis), born 22 July 2013 Residence Kensington Palace, London W8 4PU; Amner Hall,
HRH THE DUKE OF YORK (Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward), KG, GCVO, ADC(P) Born 19 February 1960, created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh 1986 Married 23 July 1986 Sarah Margaret Ferguson, now Sarah, Duchess of York (born 15 October 1959, younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Mrs Hector Barrantes), marriage dissolved 1996 Residence Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, Berks Issue 1. HRH Princess Beatrice of York (Princess Beatrice Elizabeth Mary), born 8 August 1988 2. HRH Princess Eugenie of York (Princess Eugenie Victoria Helena), born 23 March 1990 HRH THE EARL OF WESSEX (Prince Edward Antony Richard Louis), KG, GCVO, ADC(P) Born 10 March 1964, created Earl of Wessex, Viscount Severn 1999 Married 19 June 1999 Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones, now HRH the Countess of Wessex, GCVO (born 20 January 1965, daughter of Mr and Mrs Christopher Rhys-Jones) Residence Bagshot Park, Bagshot, Surrey GU19 5HS Issue 1. Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten-Windsor), born 8 November 2003 2. Viscount Severn (James Alexander Philip Theo Mountbatten-Windsor), born 17 December 2007
NEPHEW AND NIECE OF THE QUEEN Children of HRH the Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon and the Earl of Snowdon (see House of Windsor): DAVID ALBERT CHARLES ARMSTRONG-JONES, VISCOUNT LINLEY, born 3 November 1961, married 8 October 1993 Hon. Serena Alleyne Stanhope, and has issue, Hon. Charles Patrick Inigo Armstrong-Jones, born 1 July 1999; Hon. Margarita Elizabeth Alleyne Armstrong-Jones, born 14 May 2002
Norfolk PE31 6RW
2. HRH Prince Henry of Wales (Prince Henry Charles Albert David), born 15 September 1984 Residence Nottingham Cottage, Kensington Palace, London W8 4PU
09:27:25:09:13
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LADY SARAH CHATTO (Sarah Frances Elizabeth), born 1 May 1964, married 14 July 1994 Daniel Chatto, and has issue, Samuel David Benedict Chatto, born 28 July 1996; Arthur Robert Nathaniel Chatto, born 5 February 1999
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483
HALLMARKS Hallmarks are the symbols stamped on gold, silver, palladium or platinum articles to indicate that they have been tested at an official Assay Office and that they conform to one of the legal standards. The marking of gold and silver articles to identify the maker was instituted in England in 1363 under a statute of Edward III. In 1478 the Assay Office in Goldsmiths’ Hall was established and all gold and silversmiths were required to bring their wares to be date-marked by the Hall, hence the term ‘hallmarked’. With certain exceptions, all gold, silver, palladium or platinum articles are required by law to be hallmarked before they are offered for sale. Current hallmarking requirements come under the UK Hallmarking Act 1973 and subsequent amendments. The act is built around the principle of description, where it is an offence for any person to apply to an unhallmarked article a description indicating that it is wholly or partly made of gold, silver, palladium or platinum. There is an exemption by weight: compulsory hallmarks are not needed on gold and palladium under 1g, silver under 7.78g and platinum under 0.5g. Also, some descriptions, such as rolled gold and gold plate, are permissible. The British Hallmarking Council is a statutory body created as a result of the Hallmarking Act. It ensures adequate provision for assaying and hallmarking, supervises the assay offices and ensures the enforcement of hallmarking legislation. The four assay offices at London, Birmingham, Sheffield and Edinburgh operate under the act.
LONDON, Goldsmiths’ Hall, Gutter Lane, London EC2V 8AQ T 020-7606 8971 W www.thegoldsmiths.co.uk
BIRMINGHAM, PO Box 151, Newhall Street, Birmingham B3 1SB T 0121-236 6951 W www.theassayoffice.co.uk
SHEFFIELD, Guardians’ Hall, Beulah Road, Hillsborough, Sheffield S6 2AN T 0114-231 2121 W www.assayoffice.co.uk
EDINBURGH, Goldsmiths’ Hall, 24 Broughton Street, Edinburgh EH1 3RH T 0131-556 1144 W www.edinburghassayoffice.co.uk Assay offices formerly existed in other towns, eg Chester, Exeter, Glasgow, Newcastle, Norwich and York, each having its own distinguishing mark.
OPTIONAL MARKS Since 1999 traditional pictorial marks such as a crown for gold, the Britannia for 958 silver, the lion passant for 925 silver (lion rampant in Scotland) and the orb for 950 platinum may be added voluntarily to the millesimal mark. In 2010 a pictorial mark for 950 palladium was introduced.
Gold – a crown
Sterling silver (Scotland)
Britannia silver
Platinum – an orb
BRITISH HALLMARKING COUNCIL Secretariat, 1 Colmore Square, Birmingham B4 6AA T 0800-763 1455 W www.bis.gov.uk/britishhallmarkingcouncil
COMPULSORY MARKS Since January 1999 UK hallmarks have consisted of three compulsory symbols – the sponsor’s mark, the millesimal fineness (purity) mark and the assay office mark. The distinction between UK and foreign articles has been removed, and more finenesses are now legal, reflecting the more common finenesses elsewhere in Europe.
SPONSOR’S MARK Formerly known as the maker’s mark, the sponsor’s mark was instituted in England in 1363. Originally a device such as a bird or fleur-de-lis, now it consists of a combination of at least two initials (usually a shortened form of the manufacturer’s name) and a shield design. The London Assay Office offers 45 standard shield designs but other designs are possible by arrangement. MILLESIMAL FINENESS MARK The millesimal fineness (purity) mark indicates the number of parts per thousand of pure metal in the alloy. The current finenesses allowed in the UK are: Gold Silver Palladium Platinum
999; 990; 916.6 (22 carat); 750 (18 carat); 585 (14 carat); 375 (9 carat) 999; 958.4 (Britannia); 925 (sterling); 800 999; 950; 500 999; 950; 900; 850
ASSAY OFFICE MARK This mark identifies the particular assay office at which the article was tested and marked. The British assay offices are:
09:37:25:09:13
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Sterling silver (England)
Palladium – the Greek goddess Pallas Athene
OTHER MARKS FOREIGN GOODS Foreign goods imported into the UK are required to be hallmarked before sale, unless they already bear a convention mark (see below) or a hallmark struck by an independent assay office in the European Economic Area which is deemed to be equivalent to a UK hallmark. The following are the assay office marks used for gold imported articles until the end of 1998. For silver and platinum the symbols remain the same but the shields differ in shape. London
Sheffield
Birmingham
Edinburgh
CONVENTION HALLMARKS The UK has been a signatory to the International Convention on Hallmarks since 1972. A convention hallmark struck by the UK assay offices is recognised by all member countries in the convention and, similarly, convention marks from member countries are legally recognised in the UK. There are currently 19 members of the hallmarking convention: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, the
Page 552
552
THE PRESS The newspaper and periodical press in the UK is large and diverse, catering for a wide variety of views and interests. There is no state control or censorship of the press; however, it is subject to the laws on publication. The press is not state-subsidised and receives few tax concessions. The income of most newspapers and periodicals is derived largely from sales and from advertising; the press remains one of the largest advertising mediums in the UK but continued to suffer a decline in advertising revenue following a 7.9 per cent decrease in advertising spend in the first quarter of 2013.
SELF-REGULATION The Press Complaints Commission (PCC) was founded by the newspaper and magazine industry in January 1991 to replace the Press Council (established in 1953). It is a voluntary, non-statutory body set up to operate the press’s self-regulation system following the Calcutt report in 1990 on privacy and related matters, when the industry feared that failure to regulate itself might lead to statutory regulation of the press. The performance of the PCC was reviewed in February 2010 by the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, which concluded in favour of continuing self-regulation. In July 2010 an independent review into the commission’s governance made 75 recommendations for enhancing the system of press self-regulation. In November 2012, responding to the publication of Lord Justice Leveson’s Report (see below), Lord Hunt, chair of the PCC, reiterated a commitment to moving forward as swiftly as possible to a new regulatory body. As a result, the UK newspaper and magazine industry agreed to construct a new regulatory system, compliant with Lord Justice Leveson’s recommendations. Lord Hunt began working with the industry to establish the new organisation in accordance with the agreed objectives.
LEVESON INQUIRY The Leveson Inquiry, established under the Inquiries Act 2005, was announced by the prime minister on 13 July 2011 to investigate the role of press and police in the News of the World phone-hacking scandal. Lord Justice Leveson was appointed as chair of the inquiry. The hearings began on 14 November 2011 and ended on 24 July 2012 following the testimonies of 650 witnesses. The Leveson Report was published in late November 2012 and featured several broad and complex recommendations as to how the press should be regulated. The report generally recommended that the press should continue to be self-regulated, with the government allowed no direct power over what is published, and that a new press standards body, with a new code of conduct, should be established by legislation in order to ensure regulation is independent and effective. Lord Justice Leveson concluded that this arrangement should give the public confidence that their complaints would be dealt with seriously and ensure the press would be protected from interference. In March 2013, the three main political parties decided that an independent regulator with powers to demand prominent corrections and apologies from UK news publishers and the ability to impose fines of up to £1m would be established by royal charter. In response, the Newspaper Society, which represents national and local titles, announced
09:38:25:09:13
Page 552
it rejected ‘state-sponsored’ regulation and would apply for its own royal charter to establish a new system. At the time of going to press no further decisions on a new regulator had been reached.
NEWSPAPERS Newspapers are mostly financially independent of any political party, though most adopt a political stance in their editorial comments, usually reflecting proprietorial influence. Ownership of the national and regional daily newspapers is concentrated in the hands of large corporations whose interests cover publishing and communications, although The Guardian and The Observer are owned by the Scott Trust, formed in 1936 to protect the financial and editorial independence of The Guardian in perpetuity. The rules on cross-media ownership, as amended by the Broadcasting Act 1996, which limited the extent to which newspaper organisations may become involved in broadcasting, have been relaxed by the Communications Act 2003: newspapers with over a 20 per cent share of national circulation may own national and/or local radio licences. In October 2010, The Independent launched a concise newspaper, i, the first new daily newspaper since 1986. In July 2011, News of the World was closed by its parent company, News International, following accusations of phone-hacking. In February 2012 News International printed the first edition of The Sun on Sunday, a Sunday format of the daily tabloid paper The Sun. There are 14 daily and Sunday national papers and several hundred local papers that are published daily, weekly or twice-weekly. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland all have at least one daily and one Sunday national paper. UK CIRCULATION
National Daily Newspapers The Sun Daily Mail Daily Mirror The Daily Telegraph Daily Star Daily Express The Times i Financial Times Daily Record The Guardian The Independent
June 2012
June 2013
2,583,552 1,939,635 1,081,330 573,674 602,296 602,482 400,120 272,597 297,225 279,324 211,511 90,001
2,243,903 1,806,569 1,038,753 547,106 540,849 522,264 390,941 303,009 258,488 252,626 187,000 73,060
National Sunday Newspapers The Sun on Sunday The Mail on Sunday Sunday Mirror The Sunday Times Sunday Express The Sunday Telegraph The People Daily Star Sunday Sunday Mail Sunday Post The Observer The Independent on Sunday
June 2012
June 2013
2,189,924 1,824,393 1,088,499 915,969 512,843 450,276 450,097 473,352 313,698 279,120 243,946 122,588
1,875,220 1,638,049 1,037,542 840,201 455,901 422,590 415,075 335,864 284,051 244,257 212,376 111,986
Source: Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd
Page 703
CRO–CUB
CUBA
703
Fidel Castro, who had been president since 1959, announced in February 2008 that he would not accept another term in office due to ill health. His brother, Raúl Castro, who had been acting president since July 2006, was elected head of state and head of government later that month by the National Assembly; he was re-elected in February 2013 and announced that he would step down at the end of his second term.
República de Cuba – Republic of Cuba
HEAD OF STATE
President of Council of State and Council of Ministers, Gen. Raúl Castro Ruz, elected 24 February 2008, re-elected February 2013 First Vice-President of Council of State, Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS as at April 2013
Area – 110,860 sq. km Capital – Havana; population, 2,140,000 (2009 est) Major cities – Camagüey, Guantánamo, Holguín, Santa Clara, Santiago de Cuba Currency – Cuban peso of 100 centavos Population – 11,061,886 falling at 0.115 per cent a year (2012 est) Religion – Christian (Roman Catholic 60 per cent, Protestant 5 per cent) (est); many practise Santería (African religions syncretised with Christianity). Religious activity is tightly controlled; house churches must be state-registered Language – Spanish (official) Population density – 106 per sq. km (2010) Urban population – 75 per cent (2010) Median age (years) – 38.9 (2012 est) National anthem – ‘El Himno de Bayamo’ [‘The Anthem of Bayamo’] National day – 1 January (Triumph of the Revolution) Death penalty – Retained CPI score – 48 (58)
Vice Presidents of Council of Ministers, Gen. Antonio Enrique Lusson Batlle; Ulises Rosales del Toro; Marino Murillo Jorge; Ramiro Valdes Menendez; Adel Izquierdo Rodriguez; Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz Finance and Prices, Lina Pedraza Rodriguez Foreign Relations, Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla Interior, Gen. Abelardo Colome Ibarra EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA 167 High Holborn, London WC1 6PA T 020-7240 2488 E embacuba@cubaldn.com W www.cubadiplomatica.cu
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Esther G. Armenteros Cárdenas, apptd 2010 BRITISH EMBASSY Calle 34, No 702, Miramar, Playa, Havana T (+53) (0) 7214 2200 W http://ukincuba.fco.gov.uk
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Timothy Cole, apptd 2012
DEFENCE
CLIMATE AND TERRAIN The largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba is part of an archipelago that also includes Isla de la Juventud and around 1,600 other islets and cays. The island of Cuba has three mountainous ranges running from east to west. Elevation extremes range from 2,005m (Pico Turquino) to 0m (Caribbean Sea). The climate is subtropical, with an average annual temperature of 25°C.
Aged 16–49, 2010 est Available for military service Fit for military service
Males
Females
2,998,201 2,446,131
2,919,107 2,375,590
Military expenditure – US$1,960m (2009 est) Conscription duration – 24 months
ECONOMY AND TRADE POLITICS The Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) is the only authorised political party. The 1976 constitution was amended in 1991 to allow direct election of the National Assembly by secret ballot, and in 2002 to enshrine socialism in the constitution. The president is elected by the legislature for a five-year term. The unicameral National Assembly of the People’s Power has 614 members directly elected for a five-year term; all candidates are approved by the PCC and stand unopposed. Between its sessions, the assembly is represented by the Council of State, whose members are elected by the assembly.
12:35:11:09:13
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After the revolution virtually all land and industrial and commercial enterprises were nationalised. With the collapse of communism in Europe in 1989–91, the economy deteriorated sharply, necessitating rationing of energy, food and consumer goods, and obliging the government to introduce reforms. Since 1993, liberalisation has gradually opened up the economy to limited private enterprise and foreign ownership of property and business enterprises, and introduced price rises for some goods and services and income tax. The reforms resulted in steady growth, in particular stimulating tourism and the oil and mining
Page 933
The Antarctic
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH There are 20 nations with permanently manned research stations in Antarctica: Country
Number of research stations
Argentina Chile Russian Federation Australia USA China France UK
6 5 5 3 3 2 2 2
Brazil, Germany, India, Italy (shared with France), Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, South Korea, Ukraine and Uruguay each have a single station. Brazil’s Comandante Ferraz research station was partially destroyed by fire in February 2012; reconstruction was scheduled to begin in November 2013 and be completed by the end of 2014.
POPULATION AND TOURISM Antarctica has no indigenous inhabitants, although the continent maintains a population of tourists, scientists and research workers which peaks in the summer months at over 4,400.
12:36:11:09:13
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933
Antarctic tourism is a growth industry. The first Lonely Planet guide to Antarctica was published in 1996, and ship-borne cruises typically depart from Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands. The continent has also become a popular venue for extreme sports enthusiasts: it is now possible to sky-dive, ski, ride a motorbike and fly a helicopter across the continent, and the Vinson Massif and other peaks have become desirable destinations for mountaineers. The huts built by Scott and Shackleton are also popular attractions. The International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators recorded 6,704 tourists in the 1992–3 summer season, rising to more than 46,000 in 2007–8 and dipping to 26,509 in 2011–12. In 1991 the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators was founded with the objective of providing a self-regulating code of conduct for all operators to follow, but membership is voluntary, and fears remain regarding tourism-related environmental damage.
THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is part of the Natural Environment Research Council and carries out the majority of Britain’s scientific research in Antarctica. Over 400 staff are employed by BAS and the organisation supports five research stations, four of which are staffed throughout the winter months (two in South Georgia and two in Antarctica). See the BAS website (W www.antarctica.ac.uk) for further information.
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE BY NATIONALITY Year
Peace
1980–2012
Literature
Economic Sciences
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology or Medicine
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990 TIBET
1985
1980 If more than one national flag is shown, this represents multiple laureates for the prize. Flags that are connected represent a laureate’s dual nationality.
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WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX 2013
W A Y S W E D E N
ICELAND
FINLAND
O
R
GREENLAND
N
USA
ESTONIA LATVIA
UNITED KINGDOM
REP. OF IRELAND
DENMARK
LITHUANIA
NETHERLANDS
BELARUS
POLAND
BELGIUM G E R M A N Y U KRA IN E CZECH LUX. REPUBLIC OVAKIA MOLDOVA SL LIECH. Y RI AR FRANCE UNG AUST H IA SWITZERLAND S ROMANIA VEN TIA O SL ROA C BOSNIA ANDORRA & HRC. SAN KOS. BULGARIA MARINO MONT. MONACO MAC. N ALBANIA VATICAN
A
C A N A D A
I
A BI ER
A
PORTUGAL
ITA LY
SP
U N I T E D S TAT E S OF AMERICA
GREECE
TUNISIA
TURKEY
MALTA
BERMUDA
M
THE BAHAMAS
GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA
COLOMBIA
IN RK S O BU FA
NIGER
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CHAD S U D A N NIGERIA
TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA
ECUADOR
SOUTH SUDAN
C.A.R.
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
GABON
RE
UG AN D
GUINEA-BISSAU
ON
GUYANA SURINAME
THE GAMBIA
RO
VENEZUELA
MALI SENEG A
ME
PANAMA
MAURITANIA CAPE VERDE L
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA DOMINICA ST LUCIA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
ST KITTS & NEVIS ST VINCENT & GRENADINES GRENADA
NICARAGUA COSTA RICA
EGYPT
HAITI
P. C O NGO
EL SALVADOR
LIBYA
CA
JAMAICA BELIZE HONDURAS
ALGERIA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
A
GUATEMALA
BA
CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL & PAL.
O
BENIN
CU
O
CC
GHANA
MEXICO
RO
A
DEM. REP. CONGO RWANDA BURUNDI
P E R U
B R A Z I L ANGOLA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE
G
U
N W A
NAMIBIA
TS
C
RA
AY
BO
PA
A
BOLIVIA
H U
I
RU
G
U
SOUTH AFRICA AY
SWAZILAND
L
LESOTHO
E
ARGENTINA
Index Score 0–14,99
35–44,99
15–24,99
45–69,99
25–34,99
70+
No data Source: Reporters Without Borders
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F E D E R A T I O N
K A Z A K H S TAN
RK
ME
NIS
IST AN
TA N
AN
H
I R A N
IRAQ
AF
KUWAIT
D.P.R. KOREA
KYRGYZSTAN
C H I N A
TAJIKISTAN
SYRIA
JORDAN
MO NGOLI A
IST AN
N JA AI IA RB EN RM
TU
BEK
G
IS TA N
UZ
AZ GEORGIA E A
K PA
BAHRAIN SAUDI A R A B I A QATARUAE
NE
REP. KOREA
J A P A N
R U S S I A N
BHUTAN
PA L TAIWAN BANGLADESH MYANMAR
HONG KONG
LAOS
O
M
AN
I NDI A
ERITREA
Y
EM
VIETNAM
EN
THAILAND CAMBODIA
DJIBOUTI
THE PHILIPPINES MARSHALL ISLANDS
A
ETHIOPIA
LI
BRUNEI
A
M
A
PALAU
SRI LANKA
SO
MALDIVES
KENYA
MICRONESIA
MALAYSIA SINGAPORE
KIRIBATI
SEYCHELLES
I N D O N E S I A
TANZANIA THE COMOROS
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SOLOMON ISLANDS EAST TIMOR
TUVALU SAMOA
CA R GA S MA
DA
MALAWI E IQU MB ZA MO
NAURU
VANUATU FIJI
MAURITIUS
TONGA
A U S T R A L I A
The World Press Freedom Index is a global indicator of media freedom; the index ranges from 0 to 105 indicating low or high levels of censorship respectively. Regional instability and political conflict typically affect the level of press freedom. However, the index is based on factors such as legislative and physical restrictions against journalists, rather than political systems.
NEW ZEALAND
In 2013 the country with the greatest press freedom was Finland, with a score of 6,38; the lowest was Eritrea with 84,83. With the regional model a score between 1 and 100 is produced to indicate the level of press freedom, with 100 as the most restrictive: 1. Europe, 17.5 2. The Americas, 30.0 3. Africa, 34.4 4. Asia-Pacific, 42.2 5. Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 45.3 6. The Middle East and North Africa, 48.5
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Health 111.3
CLG Communities 6.2
Transport 13.5
Education 57.1
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTAL BUDGETS 2013–14 (£bn)
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CLG Local Government 23.9
Culture, Media & Sport
Defence 36.3
1.4
Work & Pensions 8.0
Wales 14.8
Scotland 27.9 Northern Ireland 10.4
Law Officer’s Departments 0.6
Justice 7.5
Foreign & Commonwealth Office
1.9
International Development 10.7 Chancellor’s Departments 3.9
Home Office 8.4
Cabinet Office
Energy & Climate Change
Business, Innovation & Skills 16.7
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2.5
Small & Independent Bodies 1.6
Reserve 3.1 Special Reserve 0.5
3.6
Environment, Food & Rural Affairs 2.3
Adjustment for Budget Exchange
Green Investment Bank 1.5 -2.8
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Astronomy
JANUARY 2014 FIRST MONTH, 31 DAYS. Janus, god of the portal, facing two ways, past and future 1 2 3 4 5
Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
The Act of Union legislative agreement forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 William Smyth, bishop given the deanery of Wimborne after the accession of King Henry VII d. 1514 Catherine of Valois, Queen Consort of England from 1420–1422 d. 1437 The Rump Parliament votes to establish a High Court of Justice to try King Charles I for treason 1649 King Edward the Confessor dies, shortly after naming Harold Godwinson as his successor 1066
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
King Richard II, who reigned from 1377–1399, House of Plantagenet b. 1367 week 1 day 6 Catherine of Aragon, ďŹ rst wife of King Henry VIII, divorced in 1533 d. 1536 7 Queen Elizabeth II christens the RMS Queen Mary 2, the largest ocean liner ever built 2004 8 Peter Cook, British actor and comedian who played King Richard III in Blackadder d. 1995 9 William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury and advisor to King Charles I, is beheaded for treason 1645 10 Robert Devereux, Chief Commander of the Roundheads in the Civil War against King Charles I b. 1591 11 The RMS Queen Mary 2 sets sail on her maiden voyage from Southampton to Florida 2004 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and poet, is sentenced to death by King Henry VIII 1547 week 2 day 13 Prince Albert Victor, son of King Edward VII, whose younger brother became King George V d. 1892 14 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I at Westminster Abbey 1559 15 Philip II, married to Queen Mary I of England, becomes King of Spain 1556 16 The Long Parliament passes ‘Vote of No Addresses’ thus ending negotiations with King Charles I 1648 17 King Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York at Westminster Abbey 1486 18 The city of Rouen surrenders to King Henry V who annexes Normandy as part of England 1419 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
King George V, House of Windsor d. 1936 week 3 day 20 Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, member of King Charles II’s cabinet council d. 1683 21 Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837–1901, House of Hanover d. 1901 22 A disguised King Henry VIII jousts in Richmond and is applauded before revealing his identity 1510 23 King Edward III marries Philippa of Hainault at Yorkminster, aged 15 and 12 respectively 1328 24 King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn with whom he has a daughter, Elizabeth 1533 25 India becomes a republic, with the ďŹ rst president replacing King George VI as head of state 1950 26
27 28 29 30 31
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
The trial of Guy Fawkes and his conspirators begins after the attempt to kill King James I 1606 week 4 day 27 King Henry VII, who reigned from 1485–1509, House of Tudor b. 1457 28 King George III, House of Hanover d. 1820 29 King Charles I is executed for treason outside the Banqueting House, Whitehall, London 1649 30 Conspirator Guy Fawkes jumps from the gallows, breaking his neck before his intended execution 1606 31
ASTRONOMICAL PHENOMENA d h 1 15 Mercury in conjunction with Moon. Mercury 7°S. 1 19 Pluto in conjunction 2 11 Venus in conjunction with Moon. Venus 2°S. 4 11 Earth at perihelion (147 million km.) 5 21 Jupiter at opposition 7 22 Venus in conjunction with Mercury. Venus 6°N. 11 12 Venus in inferior conjunction 15 05 Jupiter in conjunction with Moon. Jupiter 5°N. 20 04 Sun’s longitude 300° 23 04 Mars in conjunction with Moon. Mars 4°N. 25 14 Saturn in conjunction with Moon. Saturn 0°.6 N. 29 03 Venus in conjunction with Moon. Venus 2°N. 30 00 Mercury at greatest elongation E. 18° 31 21 Venus at stationary point MINIMA OF ALGOL d h d 3 6 8 11
04.5 01.3 22.1 19.0
09:08:25:09:13
14 17 20 23
h 15.8 12.6 09.4 06.3
d 26 28 31
h 03.1 23.9 20.7
CONSTELLATIONS The following constellations are near the meridian at d h d 1 24 January 16 December December 16 23 February 1 January 1 22 February 15
h 21 20 19
Draco (below the Pole), Ursa Minor (below the Pole), Camelopardalis, Perseus, Auriga, Taurus, Orion, Eridanus and Lepus THE MOON Phases, Apsides and Node ě•Ź New Moon ěťˆ First Quarter ě•Ş Full Moon í • Last Quarter ě•Ź New Moon
d
h
m
1 8 16 24 30
11 03 04 05 21
14 39 52 19 38
Perigee (356,926km) Apogee (406,533km) Perigee (357,076km)
1 16 30
20 01 09
53 35 52
Mean longitude of ascending node on January 1, 214°
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day 1 2 3 4 5
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Time Measurement and Calendars
GEOLOGICAL TIME
PALAEOZOIC (‘ANCIENT LIFE’)
Cambrian – Mainly sandstones, slate and shales; limestones in Scotland. Shelled fossils and invertebrates, eg trilobites and brachiopods, and the earliest known vertebrates (jawless fish) appear Ordovician – Mainly shales and mudstones, eg in north Wales; limestones in Scotland. First fish Silurian – Shales, mudstones and some limestones, found mostly in Wales and southern Scotland Devonian – Old red sandstone, shale, limestone and slate, eg in south Wales and the West Country Carboniferous – Coal-bearing rocks, millstone grit, limestone and shale. First traces of land-living creatures Permian – Marls, sandstones and clays. First reptile fossils There were two great phases of mountain building in the Palaeozoic era: the Caledonian, characterised in Britain by NE–SW lines of hills and valleys; and the later Hercynian, widespread in west Germany and adjacent areas, and in Britain exemplified in E–W lines of hills and valleys. The end of the Palaeozoic era was marked by the extensive glaciations of the Permian period in the southern continents and the decline of amphibians. It was succeeded by an era of warm conditions. MESOZOIC (‘MIDDLE FORMS OF LIFE’)
Triassic – Mostly sandstone, eg in the W. Midlands; primitive mammals appear Jurassic – Mainly limestones and clays, typically displayed in the Jura mountains, and in England in a NE–SW belt from Lincolnshire and the Wash to the Severn and the Dorset coast
09:13:25:09:13
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Cretaceous – Mainly chalk, clay and sands, eg in Kent and Sussex Giant reptiles were dominant during the Mesozoic era; marsupial mammals first appeared, as well as Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest known species of bird. Coniferous trees and flowering plants also developed during the era and, with the birds and the mammals, were the main species to survive into the Cenozoic era. The giant reptiles became extinct. CENOZOIC (‘RECENT LIFE’)
Palaeocene The emergence of new forms of life, including 冧 existing species; primates appear Eocene Oligocene – Fossils of a few still existing species Miocene – Fossil remains show a balance of existing and extinct species Pliocene Fossil remains show a majority of still existing Pleistocene 冧 species Holocene – The present, post-glacial period. Existing species only, except for a few exterminated by humans In the last 25 million years, from the Miocene through the Pliocene periods, the Alpine-Himalayan and the circumPacific phases of mountain building reached their climax. During the Pleistocene period ice-sheets locked up masses of water as land ice, lowering the sea-level by 100–200m. The glaciations and interglacials of the Ice Age are difficult to date and classify, but recent scientific opinion considers the Pleistocene period to have begun c.1.64 Mya. The last glacial retreat, merging into the Holocene period, was c.10,000 years ago.