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Sackcloth and ashes

What is our modern concept of penance? Is it giving up chocolates for Lent or is it a lasting state of the awareness of sin? Is it public or private? Is it punishment or greater closeness to God? In the first Bloomsbury Lent Book, former MP Ann Widdecombe looks at voluntary penance and its relation to repentance, at prescribed but not enforced penance as part of the sacrament of Absolution and, as an ex-Prisons Minister, at the role of penance as enforced by the State. Penance in art, penance in literature, penance in history, penance in the Bible are all examined in an important and thoughtful meditation on the concept of penance in the 21st Century.

Cover design: James Watson Cover photograph: ÂŠ 2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence

www.bloomsbury.com

ÂŁ9.99

Ann Widdecombe

For many years a forthright and high-profile MP, Ann Widdecombe is now as well-known for her star appearances on Strictly Come Dancing. A former Prisons Minister, she converted to Roman Catholicism in 1993. Broadcaster, columnist and best-selling author, she lives on Dartmoor.

Ann Widdecombe

Sackcloth AND ASHES Penance and penitence in a self-centred world The Bloomsbury Lent Book 2014

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Th e Bl o om s bu r y L e n t Bo ok 2014

Sac kc l o t h and A shes Penance and Penitence in a Self-centred World

A n n Wi dde c om be

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First published in Great Britain 2013 Copyright ÂŠ Ann Widdecombe, 2013 The moral right of the author has been asserted No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the Publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders of material reproduced in this book, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the Publishers would be glad to hear from them. A Continuum book Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DP www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury is a registered trademark of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Bloomsbury Publishing, London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 9781408187166 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY

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Contents introduction 1 one Penance? Me? 5 two From Canossa To Chocolates 25 three I Want To Do It 37 four The Penance To End All Penance 49 five Penance And The Law 77

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six Loving Our Neighbour 93 seven Doing Good: Pleasure Or Penance? 107 eight Lent 117 nine Lent And Doubt 137 ten The Joy Of Lent 149 eleven Thanks Be It Is All Over 161 twelve Penance After Death 175

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Introduction It’s meant to be hard

he scene is a familiar one. Lent is looming and the same journalists who ring up public figures to enquire about New Year resolutions are now ringing to enquire about Lenten vows. I tell them I am giving up everything except water to drink. No alcohol, tea, coffee or fruit juices. Just fizzy Highland Spring.

The only unpredictable aspect of the next two questions is the order in which they will be presented: how much weight do I expect to lose and what will I do with the money saved? Each year I have to explain that it is not about weight or saving money: it is a penance. Drinking a glass of cold H2O on a freezing cold February morning when all around you are gulping their cappuccinos and expressos is a penance. ‘Oh, yes, that must be hard,’ is the invariable response.

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‘Not as hard as Calvary.’ ‘Eh?’ I sigh. ‘It’s meant to be hard. It’s penance.’ But what is penance other than the ritual of forfeiting chocolates in the run-up to Easter? What is its purpose? Is it an individual or collective activity? Is the quality of penance affected by whether it is voluntary or imposed? Does mortification of the flesh always involve the flesh? Can penance help towards salvation or is it only a demonstration of repentance or regret? Is there a difference between penance and punishment? Can penance enhance prayer? Is it a necessary precursor of forgiveness? Or is it simply a rather conceited, man-made distraction from an all-forgiving God, whose Son performed the penance to end all penance? Today’s world, at least in its developed areas, is about accumulating as much as possible as quickly as possible. The me-generation looks for rewards in money, celebrity and comfort. Credit cards take the waiting out of wanting. A whole variety of medicines and cosmetics promise 2

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Introduction

instant relief, instant cure, instant youth. Patience is no longer a virtue highly prized but penance is impossible without it. For to be penitent involves a pause amidst the madness, time for reflection and for self-examination. Our ancestors were comfortable with penance. In 1077 the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, stood for three days bare-headed in the snow to persuade the Pope to reverse his excommunication. A century later King Henry II walked to Canterbury in sackcloth and ashes to be beaten by the monks as a penance for the death of Thomas A Beckett. Today our reaction would be to send for the men in white coats. Eyebrows are raised at members of Opus Dei who still practise selfâ€“flagellation and I admit mine wander upwards too and I tut-tut about remnants of the Dark Ages but is penance really now no more than 40 days without a glass of wine or ten Hail Marys between confession and Coronation Street? So what is penance in the twenty-first century? This slight volume, which is not a theological guide so much as a curious laymanâ€™s exploration, seeks some answers. 3

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Penance? Me?

n order to remember when Britain was not what has come to be called a Me, Me, Me society one probably has to go back to the 1950s and much maligned 1960s. In the post-war years it would have been pointless to set store by material goods because they were in short supply. Everyone was in a permanent state of going without something and shopping was a carefully considered activity. For six years all anyone had been focussed on was surviving, on hoping husbands, brothers and sons would return, that both Hitlerâ€™s bombs and the dreaded telegram would pass on by and once that was all over people craved only security and a gradual return to normality. Not much was wasted. Sheets were patched, socks were darned and so were stockings and jerseys. School uniform was bought much too big and then worn until it was much too small. The washing machine boom had yet to happen and cleaning was sufficiently expensive for children to

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be told to make their clothes last a term during which time spills were sponged off. Taking everything off at the end of the day and dropping it all in the wash basket was unheard of. Clothes were handed down not only between siblings but between friends. Central heating was not the norm and I can remember running between rooms to escape cold halls and landings and jumping over the floor to reach the warmth of the carpet (which was not fitted). If material goods were not plentiful instant solutions were also few and far between. There were no credit cards to eliminate the tedium of saving up, no instant supply of antibiotics to kill infections, no faxes or emails to hasten the post, no mobile telephones to say whatever you wanted to say there and then, no self-correcting typewriters let alone computers. People were content to rent rather than immediately buy their houses, older children stayed at home until they married, families with a car thought themselves doing well. Britons holidayed at the seaside in Britain. People with problems had no choice but to work 6

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through them. Divorce was difficult to obtain and the process was messy, abortion was illegal, money hard to borrow. Families looked after their own especially their elderly. It was all we knew and therefore we accepted it. With emails not even a twinkle in anybodyâ€™s eye, we had to wait patiently for the post and for the operator to connect a trunk call and it did not seem at all odd. There were two TV channels not 200. Children played endless games of make-believe. The adults had been through so much that there was a hugely strong sense of community and we looked after our neighbours as a matter of course. I would absolutely not like to return to live in the 1950s but I sometimes find myself yearning for the days when we were not all in such a tearing hurry and not surrounded by the roar of unrestrained consumerism. The 1960s brought hope and fun. Suddenly there was much more colour about â€“ bright orange dresses and stiletto heels before, half way through that wild decade, dresses, handbags 7

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and bedlinen exploded into the kaleidoscope of colours dubbed ‘psychedelic’. The shops sported an ever-expanding range of make-up, hemlines shot upwards, there was money to spare for pop records, tights replaced stockings and were discarded when laddered, carpets covered rooms, washing machines replaced red-elbowed women. Prosperity was certainly arriving but so was something else – a rebellion against traditional morality, the beginnings of the I can do what I want and it is nobody else’s business approach of moral relativism. Yet it was still an innocent decade. The Pill was in its infancy, drugs distrusted, abortion and homosexuality made legal only in 1967 and 1968 and divorce made easier only in 1969. There was wild talk of free love and trial marriages but the conventional order of marriage, setting up home and saving for children was still largely observed as was the woman’s role in the nurture of children and man’s as breadwinner. It was all much less daring than the picture many, usually nostalgically, paint. It was the 1970s which saw the Me-culture take off as people decided to recognise nothing but their immediate need for ‘happiness’ which was 8

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often no more than a need for instant gratification or instant solution. Promiscuity became widespread. Why wait? So did the use of credit. Why wait? So did moving out of the family home at an early stage. Why wait? The 1980s then added I can have what I want to I can do what I want, as Britain boomed, the enterprise culture blossomed and everyone believed he could be a millionaire by 30. The women were encouraged to be as competitive as the men and children were farmed out to childminders so Mum and Dad could both work. Yet there was still the belief that in order to be successful you had to work for it. Fame, wealth and success were never going to be instant. Everyone envied the celebrities with their fast cars and faster lifestyles but very few dreamed of such success overnight. It was the era when managers, who used to consider it a symbol of their position to come to work at ten oâ€™clock, began to come at six, a time hitherto associated with the workers. The Oxford graduate no longer considered it beneath him to set up a small business, even if it was window cleaning, because small businesses could become big, booming 9

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ones. There was optimism in abundance but based on an assumption that success followed the bright idea and the dedicated execution of it. There was no national lottery producing instant multi–millionaires twice a week and no TV talent shows producing overnight mega-stars. Indeed Opportunity Knocks now seems almost villagehallish. If you asked teenagers what they wanted to be they might well have said something as ambitious and wishful as ‘pop star’ or ‘model’ or ‘film star’ but they would not have said merely ‘celebrity’. There was still an assumption that fame and wealth followed success rather than being things in their own right. At the beginning of the current century came Big Brother, the promoter of the culture of instant wealth and fame, then Pop Idol. Unknown, unremarkable, poorly-educated people could become celebrities overnight commanding millions of pounds and A-list status. I once joined poor Jade Goody for a TV programme and she asked me innocently not arrogantly if I was nervous at meeting an A-list celebrity! The result of such instant celebrity was that too many now aspire to it. 10

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While all this was going on church attendance was steadily falling as people rejected the hereafter for the here and now. Between 1971 and 2007 the share of the population going to Sunday service fell by 52 per cent.1 Religious education in schools also began to change, moving away from scripture to comparative religion as society grew both more secular and more diverse in faith. Indeed but for the requirements of law it is likely that religious education with a specifically Christian content and the daily act of worship in schools might have disappeared altogether. Atheism did not grow aggressive until comparatively recently but God was already being quietly sidelined. The Lordâ€™s Prayer and the Ten Commandments were once considered basic literacy but when I recently made a documentary on Moses and the Law I found that many people struggled to name as many as two commandments. Hilariously when I did a vox pop around the Inns of Court only one lawyer remembered Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour!

1 See WhyChurch.org.uk 11

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Now, in the second decade of the twenty-first century, there is not merely a culture of Me but a culture also of excess, which can be seen in any city centre on a Friday night when young women, scantily clad even in winter, fall drunkenly off pavements. I once did a radio programme in which I talked to young professional women who were utterly open about their weekly bingeing. Would they not feel a bit more dignified if they just had a few drinks? Say three or four rather than fourteen or fifteen? They looked at me as if I were speaking Greek. Dignity? Restraint? Was I straight out of Jane Austen? There is no chance that any of them would offer up a penance of sobriety, for they saw nothing of which to repent! Rather it was I who spent the next ten days completely tee-total in revulsion at what I had witnessed. So people want to have it all and plenty of whatever they like and, if challenged, will respond that it is a matter of choice even unto 40 or 50 handbags and pairs of shoes. Fasting? Oh, yes, that is certainly still about but it is called de-toxing and has more to do 12

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with dress size than spiritual nourishment. Good works? Yes, people run marathons, for which they spend a long time training, in order to support a charity but the shortage of volunteers for the less dramatic kind of work is a constant headache for many organisations. Almsgiving? Yes, show me a tsunami and I will show you a tidal wave of generosity, but too often it is a pound in a collection tin on the way to buy a Mulberry handbag. Church leaders have certainly been exercised upon the subject. The Roman Catholic Cardinal Cormac Murphy O’Connor actually suggested in 2009 that the recession might be a good thing if it caused a re-think and paved the way for a return of moral values, citing the then financial crisis as exposing the extent to which people are obsessed by money. He went on to say that in times of difficulty people had to depend on friends, neighbours and families and might thus re-discover what really matters. Memorably he added ‘if your worth comes from your wealth, that is not healthy. Your worth should depend on who you are.’ He observed that shopping ‘filled a void’. 13

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He was not alone. The Archbishop of York, John Sentamu, blamed people for worshipping at ‘the temple of money’ while the Bishop of London, Richard Chartres, said that being made jobless in a recession can sometimes pave the way for leaving the rat-race. Is it however just money? Are there other forms of selfishness that are creating the Me Society? What is the role of the explosion of social media? Facebook, Twitter and blogging have created an obsession with self as the centre of the day. Each move and thought is tweeted as if it is of importance and might be interesting to everybody else. People ignore others while they finish reading the latest text, spend social occasions glued to their tablets and walk along the street immersed in tapping and reading, oblivious of what is going on around them. ‘You are less interesting than this’ is the subtext of such behaviour on the part of people who would never dream of opening an envelope and reading a letter while sharing a meal with a friend. Then there is the expectation of immediate attention. Those who send emails can be affronted 14

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if the other person is not sitting there and available to reply immediately. ‘You took three weeks to reply’ raged someone who had emailed me at the House of Commons. Indeed, yes, I did, because he was not a constituent, did not have a problem and had merely sent me his views. He was therefore at the end of the queue behind constituents’ emails, letters, telephone calls and face-to-face meetings and also behind non-constituents with problems who had to be redirected to their own MPs and any letters I was writing or receiving on constituents’ behalves. Had he written conventionally, I doubt if the delay would have bothered him but the email society is an arrogant one. Thus is Britain now: full of yearning for instant fame and wealth, chasing instant gratification, surrendering to excess, bombarding the world with news of one’s own minute doings, expecting instant attention, unwilling to work out slow, difficult solutions. I doubt very much if the average 15-year-old haunting the rails of Primark has a clue how to 15

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darn and a stockpot is less likely to feature in an average suburban kitchen than a Kenwood with all add-ons. Nor do soap jars adorn many bathroom windowsills. We throw away so readily that supermarkets have to bribe us to re-use the bags but they themselves fill bins with wasted food which has passed the sell-by date and which would be seized upon eagerly by the poor if only the poor were allowed to seize or the sick of the Third World to dose itself with our unwanted but perfectly serviceable medicine. Health and Safety dictates waste to a generation whose grandparents scrimped and saved. Along with the desire to have it all now has grown also the desire to dispense with other forms of restraint. Girls have children by different men as if the babies were designer goods or meal tickets within the benefit system and the men proceed to give other girls babies without considering either the effects of growing up without a dad about the place or the probability of being able to support them. Relationships are dispensed with at the first sign of trouble and marriage is an optional extra. Abortion is available for â€˜socialâ€™ reasons up to the twenty-fourth week. The State should look after 16

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Granny, shouldn’t it? After all, I’ve got my own life, haven’t I? Over the last 50 years first neighbourhoods disappeared, then the extended family living together and now even the nuclear family, within which it is regarded as a scandal – which the State should solve – if older children are still living at home. It is as if even living with other people with the necessary give and take involved is too much effort in twenty-first century Britain, where everyone wants to live in some individual paradise of one’s own making! The Early Church of course was dealing with a different kind of world and so is the missionary work which takes place in the Third World today. Often the reason advanced for the success of the African churches is the highly patronising one that the population has a simplicity of belief but that in a hundred years or so it will be as sceptical as Dawkins. What nobody seems to pause to consider is the effect of simplicity of living. When life expectancy is low, daily living a struggle for existence and ambition limited to obtaining what is essential rather than desirable, the mind 17

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tends to look for some meaning to existence that will make sense of it all rather than to the next shopping expedition. Retail therapy is unlikely to occupy those who have no clean water supply and who do not expect all their children to be alive if they themselves reach old age. The profound irony of our times is that those without are more likely to do penance than those with plenty. The reason is that so many who have so much see no reason to inflict want on themselves, no matter how limited it may be. â€˜Why should I? What good will it do?â€™ is the typical response to any suggestion of voluntary self-deprivation, a response based on greater respect for the body than the soul, on self-will rather on an outwardâ€“looking attitude. One might be tempted to conclude from this that there is precious little penance around these days but if we scratch the surface a more hopeful picture can sometimes be found beneath the hurry and the self-centredness. In coming chapters I shall be looking at various definitions of penance but there are certain characteristics which have to be present namely: repentance, 18

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acknowledgement or confession of fault, and a desire to put matters right which might be termed either reparation or atonement. A fourth characteristic is amendment of life manifested by a resolution not to err again. Let us be mindful of the gap. When I was leaving school it was expected that we would go straight on to whatever the next stage was: university, perhaps, or teacher training college or nursing. Those who did go to university sometimes did Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) afterwards but more often than not by then one was anxious to start work and the opportunity seemed to have passed. Now an increasing number of students and young people take a gap year, using much of it for volunteering at home or abroad. It is not fanciful to imagine that the extent of the interest in volunteering, however much the prospect of travel and accommodation may play a role, indicates a strong consciousness of the needs of others, a desire to employ time usefully, and to acknowledge oneâ€™s own multiple blessings compared to those who have so little. How much 19

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easier it would be in this age of student debt to spend the year instead in gainful employment. I doubt if those thus engaged would describe such activity as penance but many might say that this is their last opportunity to do something useful before jumping on the treadmill of modern living, earning and spending. In a way, therefore, this is an atonement for the preoccupied life which will lie ahead. Indeed penance is not much in evidence today as a conscious act, designed as such. Preoccupation with the self is the very basis now of our consumerdriven philosophy in which thrift is seen more as an interesting experiment or a harsh reality than a virtue, but what one might term subconscious penance is possibly more widespread than at first we might believe, if we are willing to define penance as a belief that humanity is selfish and that much could be done for the poor if only if it were less so and therefore one does one’s bit to atone, even at the cost of some effort and inconvenience. This involves subconscious confession: ‘I am part of the great selfishness’; repentance: ‘I should not 20

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be thus’ or ‘the human race should not be thus’; and reparation: ‘I must do something about it’. Unless however there is some vague recognition that this is not what God expects the universe to be then it is purely secular penance, but penance nonetheless. Such penance can take the form of good works – ‘I must help others’– or of periods of self-restraint as in ‘I have too much. I really do not need any more, even if I can afford it.’ Economists debate what is called in text books ‘the paradox of thrift’. If there is a recession, people are more likely to save or at least to rein in their spending which means shops and businesses lose profits, which in turn means their workers lose their jobs, which in turn adds to the recession. It is, argue the daring, better to keep spending if you care about keeping people in jobs. Is there then such a thing as the paradox of penance? Might it be penitential to buy more food, more clothes, more goods, more fuel, more entertainment? Humph. Most of us do it without even thinking about it. We ‘support’ our favourite small businesses in 21

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times of recession, not only as a mark of gratitude but because we want them still to be there when the recession ends. In short we help others for selfish reasons as well as unselfish, doing good in the hope that good will come out of it for ourselves, but as will be presently examined even spiritual penance can have a selfish edge; we want to turn away wrath and avoid judgement, to make it more likely we will make it into His kingdom, but that does not negate the act of contrition. Then there is that other great advocate of restraint and inconvenience in the name of doing what is right: the environmental lobby, whose forecast of global disaster and a dire reckoning to come would outdo even Jeremiah at his most doomladen. We are urged to repent what mankind has done to the environment and to amend our lives through acts of self-denial, such as buying only environmentally friendly goods, recycling into half a dozen different bins instead of cheerfully discarding into one, blocking up our wonderful real fires, choosing eco-lightbulbs, cycling instead of driving, even giving up air travel! The most avid are doubtless driven by crusading zeal but also by an awareness of mankindâ€™s 22

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betrayal of trust by not taking care of the world we will pass on to future generations. Here we are talking less about atonement than a new way of life, one of the foremost aims of penance. Indeed the State itself can do penance, inasmuch as it can repent and offer reparation. Sometimes this is quite voluntary but it can also be imposed. German war reparations are a good example of this, or when a court decides that the State has unlawfully imprisoned someone and awards compensation. By contrast an apology for slavery by countries which practised it to countries from which the victims came is likely to be voluntary. It is also likely to be meaningless. Slavery has been acknowledged to be wrong since the middle of the nineteenth century and we are now in the twenty-first. The perpetrators and the victims are long since dead as are their immediate families. Where does it stop? Should we apologise to the descendants of those hanged for stealing sheep? Or to those whose ancestors were boiled in oil? What would be the point of, say, the Russian leaders in 150 yearsâ€™ time apologising to the descendants of Sakharov or Solzenitzyn? 23

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Should the modern Italian State apologise to us for the depredations of Julius Caesar or to all Christendom for the role of Pontius Pilate in handing over Christ to be cruficied? So let us consider immediacy and stay with the society in which we now find ourselves, which, as I have already suggested, is not yet a complete stranger to the concept of penance. Manifestations of secular penance such as the gap year spent in volunteering and the care of the planet would be unlikely to be recognised as such. Most people still associate the word with deliberate self-denial in the name of spiritual development and amidst the rush of the materialistic world which most of us in the West inhabit that is still familiar to the public only in Ramadan or Lent. Ramadan, however, is not designed to be primarily pentitential, but rather the self-denial is supposed to remind the Muslim of his dependence on God. Lent, by contrast, is the last manifestation of regular, voluntary, spiritual, organised, mass penance in the modern world. So what does penance mean now? 24

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Cover design: James Watson Cover photograph: ÂŠ 2013 The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource/Scala, Florence

www.bloomsbury.com

ÂŁ9.99

Ann Widdecombe

Sackcloth AND ASHES Penance and penitence in a self-centred world The Bloomsbury Lent Book 2014

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