Mini Encyclopedia
Use of the graphic pages from “The Essential bible Reference Series / The World of the Bible” arranged with permission by: Bill Noller International Publishing,San Dimas, CA 91773.Copyright ˝ “The Essential Bible Reference Series / The World of the Bible” Lion Hudson Plc.Oxford,England
This full-colour guide introduces the biblical world through paintings, maps, charts and photographs through which the Bible comes to life. It is a colourfully illustrated survey of the history, geography and social backdrop to life in Bible times and includes:
Timelines and maps interrelating events and the lives of key people;
Cutaway depictions of the tent of God’s presence and of the temple;
Calendars showing the year’s festivals; Notes on the land known by the Patriarchs, the kings, and Jesus; People and personalities of the Old and the New Testaments.
THE ROAD TO FREEDOM
Moses and the Exodus
The Exodus
The Israelites remained in Egypt for several centuries. In time they were no longer welcomed as visitors, but were pressed into slave labour (Exodus 1.1‑22). They did not understand God’s purpose for them and failed to carry out His mission. Therefore, God sent Moses to set His people free, revealing Himself to Moses as I AM (Exodus 3.14). It was only after Egypt had been struck with a series of terrible disasters that the Israelites were able to leave (Exodus 7.14-12.42).
The Ten Commandments
God now began to teach His people how He wanted them to be His special people. The message of Exodus is not only about freedom from oppression, but also about God providing for His people’s needs as He led them through the wilderness (Exodus 15.22-17.16).
At Mount Sinai God renewed the covenant He had made with Abraham, binding Himself to all the Israelites. The Israelites were also given a special code to live by, a code that included the Ten Commandments and many other rules and instructions (Exodus 19.1-24.18). God showed His people that they were to worship Him alone and to live in a way pleasing to Him.
Wandering in the Desert
The Israelites spent 40 years in the wilderness, until the death of Moses. While they were wandering in the wilderness, the Israelites sent spies into Canaan. Most of the spies returned with dismaying reports, though the land was rich and fertile (Numbers 13.1-33).
GOD’S ANOINTED
Saul, David and Solomon
King Saul
Although God had given His people a land of their own, they turned their backs on God and tried to become like the surrounding nations. The Israelites thought that if, instead of relying on God’s rule, they had a king they could see, they would conquer their enemies. King Saul was anointed by Samuel to be the first king of Israel. But he openly disobeyed God and died at the battle of Gilboa (1 Samuel 9.1-31.13).
King David
Samuel also anointed David, Jesse’s youngest son. God promised that a descendant of David would be a king who reigned forever. David failed many times, but always loved God and returned to Him (1 Samuel 16.1-30.31; 2 Samuel 1.1-24.25).
King Solomon
Under David’s son, Solomon, the kingdom prospered. Solomon became renowned for his wisdom, and during his reign the great Temple was finally built in Jerusalem. Yet Solomon, too, turned away from God and built temples to foreign gods (1 Kings 1.1-11.43).
RELIGIOUS LIFE
For the Israelites, worshipping God was not merely a matter of going to services three times a year, once a week or even more often. Although services and other religious practices were important, they symbolized that for Israel, being God’s people involved the whole of life. For the Jews, there was no difference between ‘religious’ and ‘non-religious’ activities. If they treated people unfairly or disobeyed the commandment, then religious observance counted for nothing.
Ways of worship
Worshipping God involved living one’s life in the way that God had laid down. Family life, working life, social life and political life all had to be carried out in a way that honoured God and reflected his law. Regulations about worship practice mingle with laws about farming, fighting, clothing, commerce, loving and learning. All these areas were equally important in the people’s relationship with God; all could be seen as part of worship.
But the occasions when people took part in specifically religious activities remained important.
Worshipping God involved living one’s life in the way that God had down. Family life, working life, social life and political life all had carried out in a way that honoured God and reflected his law. Regulations about worship practice mingle with laws about farming, fighting, clothing, commerce, loving and learning. All these areas equally important in the people’s relationship with God; all be seen as part of worship. the occasions when people took part in specifically religious activities remained important.
The Levites Israel was assistants life. The Levites administering In the early Levites were and for carrying Later, they the Temple collection The Levites did the other throughout activities. The the whole raised by gifts
The priests The main spiritual one clan of Moses’ brother. from childhood the age of The priests sacrifices. priests first offer them. one time; from infectious their recovery of worship
THE MESSAGE OF THE PROPHETS
Isaiah – Malachi
1.EighthCentury
B.C.E
AmosandHosea,theonlywritingprophetsfromthenorthern kingdom,workedatthistime,asdidIsaiahandMicahinthe southernkingdom.Isaiahaddressesthreeseparatesituations, whichwewilllookatseparately.
Amos
Situation: Great prosperity and great corruption in the northern kingdom. Message: God’s judgement on injustice must be taken seriously.
Hosea
Situation: Great prosperity and great corruption in the northern kingdom. Message: God loves the people deeply and is hurt by their idolatry and corruption. Because he takes them seriously, they will be judged.
THE MESSAGE OF THE PROPHETS
Isaiah 1-39
Situation: The country was prosperous, profiting from problems in surrounding countries and enemies being occupied elsewhere. A big gap had opened up between rich and poor, and the judicial system benefited the rich at the expense of the poor.
Message: God is great and will judge injustice and oppression.
Isaiah 40-55
Situation: The Exile is assumed to have happened, judgement has fallen and Israel can now look ahead to a new future.
EighthCentury
Message: God is great and will save. This section includes some of the greatest proclamations about God’s nature in the Old Testament, looking forward to the coming of the Servant of God, the Messiah.
AmosandHosea,theonlywritingprophetsfromthenorthern kingdom,workedatthistime,asdidIsaiahandMicahinthe southernkingdom.Isaiahaddressesthreeseparatesituations, whichwewilllookatseparately.
Isaiah 56-66
Situation: This looks further ahead to the situation after the return from Exile, when the nation was re-established. But there was disappointment that hopes for the future had not worked out as the people expected. Message: God is great, even when life does not appear to be so great.
Micah
Situation: Great prosperity and great corruption in the southern kingdom. Message: God will judge the people for their injustice and immorality; but for those who repent there is a great future and hope.
2.UptotheExile
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B.C.E.
Nahum
Situation: Cruelty and sin in Nineveh, Assyria’s capital.
Message: Judgement upon Nineveh.
Zephaniah
Situation: Sin and irreligion in Judah.
Message: Repent while there is still time.
Habakkuk
Situation: Corruption in Judah and her enemies.
Message: Amidst confusion and doubt, the reality of God remains.
Jeremiah
Situation: Babylon was attacking and Judah was about to be conquered.
Message: Be realistic about the situation. This is a well-deserved judgement from God, who will not intervene to save his people. Transform your lifestyle, accept punishment and wait in hope for God to bring salvation.
Obadiah
Situation: Trouble from enemies.
Message: Watch out, Edom! Israel’s God is sovereign.
Jonah
Situation: Cruelty and sin in Nineveh, Assyria’s capital city.
Message: Repent – or face destruction. God cares about the nations. Repentance is followed by mercy.
Joel
Situation: Life – and sin – continues.
Message: God will act. Calamity follows disobedience and blessing, righteousness.
totheExile
prophets–Nahum,Zephaniah,HabakkukandJeremiah–workduringthe7 century ThedatingforObadiah, andJoelislessclear.
th
Ezekiel
Situation: In Babylon during the exile.
Message: Accept your punishment, love god and hope for the future.
Haggai
Situation: Returned from Exile, the Temple has not been rebuilt.
Message: Put God first if you are to prosper.
Zechariah
Situation: Back from exile; but where was the glory?
Message: Visions, and God’s coming Day.
Daniel
Situation: In Babylon.
Message: Stories of honour and resistance, dreams and visions of the future.
Malachi
Situation: The ongoing struggle in Judah. The people believed but were uncommitted.
Message: Get your act together! If you do, you will be overwhelmed by blessings; if you don’t you will be overwhelmed by judgement.
SOME TITLES OF GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
Ancient of Days
(Aramaic Attiq yomin)
Daniel 7.9
Eternal God (Hebrew El Olam)
Genesis 21.33
Father (Greek Theos ho Pater)
Malachi 2.10
God of Mountains (Hebrew El Shaddai)
Genesis 17.1; 49.25
Most High (Hebrew El Elyon)
Genesis 14.18-20
God of all Mankind
Jeremiah 32.27
God of Heaven
Nehemiah 2.4
God of Israel
(Hebrew El Elohe-Yisra’el)
Genesis 33.20
Holy One of Israel
(Hebrew Qedosh Yisra’el)
Isaiah 1.4
I AM
Exodus 3.14
Judge (Hebrew Shapat)
Genesis 18.25
King
Jeremiah 10.7
Living God
Deuteronomy 5.26
Lord (Hebrew Yahweh)
Exodus 3.13-16
God of Armies (Hebrew Yahweh-seba’ot)
1 Samuel 1.11; 17.45
Lord is my Banner (Hebrew Yahweh-nissi)
Exodus 17.15
Lord is Peace (Hebrew Yahweh-shalom)
Judges 6.24
Lord is There (Hebrew Yahweh-shammah)
Ezekiel 48.35
Lord, Master (Hebrew Adonai)
Psalm 2.4
Lord Provides (Hebrew Yahweh-jireh)
Genesis 22.14
Lord our Righteousness (Hebrew Yahweh-tsidkenu)
Jeremiah 23.6
Jesus’ Life
B.C.E.
Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in Judea, probably in 3-5 He lived most of his life in Galilee, became an itinerant preacher and healer in his mid-thirties, but was quickly executed for political sedition at the age of about thirty-eight. He left no writings and a small group of about 120 followers.
Hardly the stuff of religious revolution. How did this beginning produce such a worldchanging result? We need to seek the real, inner quality of this life, by interrogating all the New Testament witnesses. We start by thinking about the basic facts.
Jesus’ Life
Three crowded years
Jesus lived in obscurity in Nazareth, a tiny village in Galilee, until he began his public ministry, probably in c.e. 30. The story really begins in the previous year, as dated by Luke (Luke 3.1-2), when Jesus’ cousin, John ‘the Baptizer’ started a brief career as a prophet. Huge crowds flocked to hear him (Matthew 3.5), among them Jesus, whose baptism by John in the Jordan river marks the beginning of his ministry in all four Gospels.
C.E.
The most likely broad chronology of Jesus’ ministry is provided by John’s Gospel, in which three Passovers are mentioned (including the Passover at which he was executed). The date of his death can fairly securely be fixed in April 33: so from some time in midc.e.30 until then, he travelled around Galilee, Samaria, and Judea (then under Roman rule). Occasionally he ventured outside traditional Jewish territory (Matthew 15.21; 16.13), but basically he confined himself to “the lost sheep of the house of Israel,” as he put it (Matthew 10.6). He had remarkable powers of healing, which created a huge response. But all the Gospels agree that it was his teaching which captivated people, conveying a powerful sense of the mysterious significance of his own person.
C.E.
Jesus’ message
According to Matthew, Jesus’ proclamation was the same as John the Baptizer’s: “Repent, for the Kingdom of heaven has come near!” (Matthew 3.2; 4.17). But in fact Jesus put a different spin on this message, compared with John. “The Kingdom of God” (or “of heaven”) was a potent idea for Jews, expressing their sense that their real king was God, and fuelling their expectation that one day God himself would come to deliver them from alien rule, and establish them again as his Chosen People. So “the Kingdom of God is near!” was a message loaded with political freight – and revolutionary fervour.
C.E.
Both John and Jesus tried to dampen down political excitement. John emphasized the personal response of repentance, and he kept away from Jerusalem where all messianic revolutionaries would press their cause. In addition, he pointed people away from himself to “one coming after me” (Matthew 3.11), with whom the Kingdom would really arrive. Similarly, Jesus refused openly to proclaim himself as the Messiah, and avoided political arguments. Asked whether he supported Roman taxation (the hottest issue of all), he re-routed the question around duty to God (Luke 20.21 26). He broke religious taboos in reaching out to the outcast and ‘untouchables’, and proclaimed a Kingdom in which the poor are blessed and the self-righteous condemned.
More than a prophet
C.E.
But there came a moment, probably in April 32, when an excited Passover crowd wanted to make Jesus king (John 6.15). Jesus refused to precipitate an uprising. For he preached a Kingdom of God which in one sense had come already (see e.g. Luke 17.20-21). And this is where we must consider that mysterious quality, that ‘extra’ that set Jesus apart from John and all other prophets – a quality that people found very hard to define, but which led the first Christians to feel that in Jesus they had met God in a unique way. Whereas John told his disciples to fast in order to prepare for the Kingdom, Jesus and his disciples feasted in celebration of its arrival (Mark 2.18-20). The sick were healed in fulfilment of the Scriptures which promised the presence of God with his people (Matthew 11.2-6; Isaiah 35.4-6). Jesus forgave sins with divine authority – and people felt forgiven (Mark2.1-12; Luke 7.36-50). He taught “with authority, not like the teachers of the law” (Matthew 7.29).
What gave Jesus these qualities? Was it simply the power of a unique personality? Or – the view that began to appeal to the religious authorities – was he able to exert demonic control over people (Luke 11.15; John 8.48)? In addition, the authorities began to feel threatened, as Jesus started to criticize them directly in the last year of his ministry (see Matthew 23; John 8.42-47).
Death and resurrection
In this increasingly tense situation, Jesus began to predict his own death – but the Gospels are united in recording that he also predicted his resurrection, and that he spoke of his death as ‘for others’ and ‘a ransom for many’ (Mark 10.45; John 6.51; Luke 18.31-34). Is this just later Christian thinking, read back on to his lips? In this search for the origin of the Christian view that Jesus’ death was planned by God as a means of salvation, the best candidate is still that Jesus himself began to speak of his death in this way – and expected his own resurrection, in fulfilment of the same Scriptures that had already been fulfilled in part through his ministry.
He demanded and received a tremendous response from his disciples (Mark 10.28-31). And when the conviction of his resurrection grew, this response became the heart – as we shall see – of all authentic Christian worship and living.
PALESTINE IN JESUS’ TIME
Herod the Great, who was trusted by the Romans, was king at the time of Jesus’ birth. However, when he died in 4 , his cruel son Archelaus succeeded him in Judea, but was soon removed by the Romans. Herod’s son, Herod Antipas, ruled Galilee and Perea; it was he who had John the Baptizer executed (Mark 6.14-29). A third son of Herod, Philip, ruled Iturea and Trachonitis from Caesarea Philippi.
B.C.E.
After the exile of Archelaus, Rome ruled Judea directly through officials called procurators, who lived at Caesarea, and only came to Jerusalem for special festivals. The Procurator Pontius Pilate was temporarily in Jerusalem when he sentenced Jesus to death (Luke 22.66-23.25).
JESUS IN GALILEE
Jesus spent much of his ministry preaching and healing in Galilee. Although this Roman province was largely Jewish, many non-Jews also settled there. The Galileans, with a dialect of their own, were despised by many Jews from Jerusalem.
PALESTINE IN JESUS’ TIME
JESUS IN GALILEE
THE GOOD NEWS TRAVELS
Stephen, a leader of the church in Jerusalem, was accused of blasphemy and some leaders of the Jews had him stoned to death (Acts 6.1-8.2). Believers in Jerusalem were persecuted, and many fled—south into Judea, north to Samaria, and west to the coast and even as far as Cyprus (Acts 8.1-3, 11.19). Many of the Apostles also left Jerusalem and preached elsewhere. Philip, Peter, and John all made conversions in Samaria (Acts 8), a “no-go” area for religious (or “strict”) Jews.
Philip set out for Gaza, baptizing an official from Ethiopia, before moving on to preach in the coastal towns (Acts 8.26-40).
Peter travelled to Caesarea, where he was shown in a vision that he should take the gospel to the Gentiles (Acts 10.1-48). As the persecution of Christians by Jews in Jerusalem became more evident, Jewish Christians dispersed northward. They had reached as far as Antioch, third largest city in the Roman Empire, by the time Paul embarked on his missionary journeys (Acts 13).
Paul’s Journey to Damascus
Some time after Stephen’s death, while Paul (then Saul) was still a Pharisee, he got permission from the Temple authorities to go to Damascus to arrest Christians (Acts 9.1-2). It was on the way there that he received his blinding vision of the risen Christ. After regaining his sight in Damascus with the help of Ananias, Paul became a Christian and was himself forced to flee for his life back to Jerusalem (Acts 9.23-26). He was soon in danger again, from Hellenist Jews, and departed for his hometown of Tarsus via Caesarea.
After the coming of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost, the believers in Jerusalem began to preach boldly and increased in numbers daily (Acts 2.1-47). The Jewish leaders tried to stop them, but in fact helped the young movement to spread (Acts 4.1-31).
GOOD NEWS TRAVELS
PAUL’S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS
Paul’s First Journey
Paul travelled with Barnabas. They went first to Cyprus, Barnabas’ home, and then to Asia Minor, preaching wherever they went and leaving communities of believers behind (Acts 13.1-14.28).
PAUL’S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS
First Journey travelled with Barnabas. They went first to Cyprus, Barnabas’ and then to Asia Minor, preaching wherever they went and communities of believers behind (Acts 13.1-14.28).
Paul’s Second Paul took with places he had gospel to Europe Corinth and
Paul’s Third Journey
Paul stayed in the city of Ephesus for two years, working and teaching the faith. He also returned to places he had visited previously. When he returned to Jerusalem, he was arrested and imprisoned for two years (Acts 18.23-21.16).
Third Journey
stayed in the city of Ephesus for two years, working and teaching the faith. He also returned to places he had visited previously. When he returned to Jerusalem, he was arrested imprisoned for two years (Acts 18.23-21.16).
Paul’s voyage In an attempt was sent was shipwrecked, he was eventually
People OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
Andrew Peter’s fisherman brother and one of the Twelve Apostles. Matthew 4.18, 10.2; John 1.35-44, 6.8-9, 12.20-22; Acts 1.12-14
Aquila A tent-maker and Jewish Christian friend of Paul; husband of Priscilla. Acts 18.1-3, 18-26
Barnabas Barnabas was a nickname for Joses, a Jewish Christian who was born in Cyprus and who traveled extensively with Paul on his missionary work. His name means “son of encouragement.”
Acts 4.36-37, 9.27, 11.22-30, 13.1 – 15.39; 1 Corinthians 9.6; Galatians 2.1 13
Caiaphas The high priest in Jerusalem who found Jesus guilty of blasphemy and sent him to Pilate for sentencing. Matthew 26.3-5, 57-68; John 11.49-53
Cleopas One of the disciples who met the risen Christ on the Emmaus road. Luke 24.13-35
Cornelius A Roman centurion, stationed at Caesarea, who was converted to Christianity. Acts 10.1-48
Dorcas A disciple in Joppa who did much good among the poor and widows. When she died, Peter restored her to life. Acts 9.36-42
Elizabeth Wife of the priest Zechariah and mother, in old age, of John the Baptizer. Luke 1.5-66
Herod the Great Herod was king of Judea at the time of Jesus’ birth. Trusted by the Romans, he undertook a huge building program in Judea. He ordered the killing of male children to eliminate any rival. Matthew 2.1-20; Luke 1.5
Herod the Tetrarch Son of Herod the Great, he imprisoned, and later beheaded, John the Baptizer. Pilate sent Jesus to him for trial since Jesus came from Galilee, Herod’s territory. Matthew 14.1-12; Luke 9.7-9, 13.31-32, 23.6-15
James Son of Alphaeus and one of the Twelve Apostles. Matthew 10.3
James James was a fisherman like his brother, John. Called by Jesus to follow him as one of the Twelve Apostles, he was present at Jesus’ Transfiguration. He was executed by Herod Agrippa. Matthew 4.21-22; Mark 1.19-20; Luke 9.28-36, Acts 12.1-3
John James’ brother, and another fisherman, John was “the disciple whom Jesus loved.” Jesus told him to look after Mary, His Mother, when He was dying on the Cross. John is believed to be the writer of John’s Gospel, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Revelation. Matthew 4.21-22, 10.2, 17.1-13; Mark 10.35-45; Luke 22.8; John; Acts 3.1 10, 4.1-31; 1, 2, 3 John, Revelation
John the Baptizer (the Baptist) John was sent to prepare the way for Jesus, the Messiah. He lived simply and preached repentance and Baptism. He was imprisoned and beheaded by Herod the Tetrarch. Matthew 3.1-15, 11.2-19, 14.1-12; Luke 1.5-17, 3.1-20, 7.18-35
Judas Iscariot Judas was one of the Twelve Apostles. His second name means “man from Kerioth,” a town close to Hebron. Judas betrayed Jesus and later hanged himself. Matthew 10.2-4, 26.47-49, 27.1-10; Mark 14.43-46; John 12.4-7, 13.26-30
Lazarus
The brother of Mary and Martha, Lazarus lived in Bethany and was raised from the dead by Jesus. John 11.1-44
Lydia A businesswoman from Thyatira who traded in costly purple cloth, Lydia was converted through the preaching of Paul. Acts 16.12-15, 40
Martha
The sister of Mary and Lazarus, Martha lived with her siblings in Bethany. Luke 10.38-42; John 11.1-44
Mary Mother of Jesus and wife of Joseph. Her song of faith, called the Magnificat, is found in Luke 1. When He was dying on the Cross, Jesus told John to care for His Mother. Matthew 1.16-25; Luke 1.26-56, 2.1-39; John 2.1-5, 19.25-27; Acts 1.14
Mary The sister of Martha and Lazarus, Mary anointed Jesus with oil just before His death. Luke 10.38-42; John 11.1-44, 12.1-8
Mary Magdalene From Magdala in Galilee, Mary was healed by Jesus. Later, she was the first to meet the risen Christ. Matthew 27.56, 61, 28.1-10; Luke 8.1-3; John 20.1-18
Matthew Matthew, or Levi, was a tax collector who was called by Jesus to become one of the Twelve Apostles. The first Gospel is attributed to him. Matthew 9.9-13, 10.3; Mark 2.13-17; Luke 5.27-32
Nicodemus A Pharisee and ruler of the Jews, Nicodemus came to talk to Jesus secretly by night and later assisted at His burial. John 3.1-36, 7.50-52, 19.38-42
Paul Paul was born in Tarsus and brought up as a strict Pharisee. Suddenly converted to Christ on the road to Damascus, he became the great missionary to the Gentiles. He undertook three major missionary journeys, founding and building up Christian communities wherever he went. He wrote letters to many new churches to encourage them in the faith. Paul was executed by Nero in Rome about c.e. 67. Acts 7.1-28.31; Romans – Philemon
Peter (Simon Peter) Peter was a fisherman called by Jesus to become one of the Twelve Apostles. After the Resurrection, Christ appeared specially to Peter, who is said to have become the leader of the young Church. 1 and 2 Peter are attributed to him. He was probably executed in Rome. Matthew 4.18-20, 16.13-17.8, 26.31-35, 69-75; John 13.1 9, 24, 31-38, 21.1-22; Acts 1.13-5.42, 8.14-25, 9.32-12.18, 15.1-11; 1 and 2 Peter
Philip One of the Twelve Apostles, Philip came from Bethsaida in Galilee. Matthew 10.3; John 1.43-46, 6.7, 12.20-22
Pontius Pilate Pilate was the Roman procurator of Judea who sentenced Jesus to death, though he declared Him to be innocent. Matthew 27.11-26; John 18.28-36
Priscilla Wife of Aquila; a faithful Jewish Christian and a friend of Paul. Acts 18.1-3, 18-26
Silas Silas was a leader of the Jerusalem church and went with Paul on his second missionary journey. Acts 15.22-18.22
Stephen A Greek-speaking Jew and one of the seven men chosen to help the Apostles in Jerusalem, Stephen became the first martyr in the Church. Acts 6.1-8.2
Tabitha Also known as Dorcas (see entry).
Thomas Thomas was one of the Twelve Apostles and was initially very skeptical when the risen Christ appeared after the Crucifixion. Matthew 10.3; Mark 3.18; John 11.16, 20.24-29, 21.2
Timothy Timothy was a young convert of Paul who accompanied the Apostle on his second missionary journey. He later led the church in Ephesus. 1 and 2 Timothy have been considered as having been written to him by Paul. Acts 16.1-18.22; 1 and 2 Timothy
Titus A Gentile convert, sent as a missionary to Crete. A letter to him is attributed to Paul. 2 Corinthians 2.13; Galatians 2.1-3; Titus
Zacchaeus A wealthy and dishonest tax collector, Zacchaeus climbed a tree in Jericho to see Jesus. When Jesus invited Himself to his home, Zacchaeus made full restitution. Luke 19.1-10
The Seven Churches
of Asia Minor
The first three chapters of Revelation consist of letters to seven churches in Asia Minor.
Ephesus
With a population of up to 500,000, Ephesus was the leading port of Asia Minor, famed for the worship of Artemis, whose priestesses were cult prostitutes (2.1-7).
Smyrna
This ancient port (modern Izmir) had a population of c. 200,000; was a wealthy academic community; boasted a “street of gold” with a temple at each end (2.8-11).
Pergamum
With the second largest library in the Roman Empire, Pergamum (Pergamon) was famous for parchment, and as the site of the Asclepion (health resort) and altar of Zeus (2.12-17).
Thyatira
A city of many trade guilds, located on an imperial post road (2.18-29).
Sardis
A wealthy fortress city set on a hill; accessible to a fertile river basin; rebuilt by Tiberius (3.1-6).
Philadelphia
A fortress city on an imperial post road; educational centre for Hellenism (3.7-13).
Laodicea
Producer of world-famous black wool; a banking center; had a medical school (3.14-22).
