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THE ORGAN OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF PERTH

Nowleseer

VOL. XLVELL

THE RECORD. SATO& DAY, JANUARY 13, 1923. NO. 2111.

St. Augustine and the Evolution of Man by Busts. A. Gaballero, ST) St. Augustine and ether primitive Fathers. being completely unacquaine ed with sioentific natural history, admitted the idea of spontaneous generation, which was the common win ion of the naturalists of those days. Not knowing the mierscope and its wonders, they could nut find any other explanatiOn for the formation of maggots in decaying fish. In order to avoid the issue of continuous creations, they had to admit that when God created the world He gave to mineral matter. ur to dead matter, the power of generating living beings. and this power is what St. Augustine calls "rationes seminales," seminal causes. which were created in the beginning of the world as proper. ties of matter. Matter thus endowed became a living thing under proper He thus believed that cotillions. by see and organisms were produced the er sa, in which they already existother ed casually. Therefore. he and Fathers believed in some kind of evolution of plants and animals from nonThere is no passage, living matter. however, in the books of the Fathers. were Monists in any they that proves from sense neither is there any passage which we can deduce clearly that they higher the of volution believed in the species from the lower, either through small, Darwinian mutations, or through 1

Litteram-Libri Ducelecim."

decaying that worms which came from beginning

matter were created in the to of the world, so they endeavoured find out some reason for their existthe in placed This reason they ence.

"seminal causes." None of the Fathers had the slightest idea either of the evolution of the rhinoceros, or of the evolution of the camel or any other pretended evolution of the then existing higher mamThe truth is that the Fathers sisals. had no idea of the present evolutionanary discussion- as far as plants andcanto ..'o they imals are concerned. not have any opinion upon it come - It is quite dilerent wiser we to the origin of man on earth. It is sure that St. Augustine. being newly converted; and not fully informed of the Catholic doctrine, gave an allegohisrical interpretation to the general tory of creation. Afterwards, he expressand informed became better ly retracted his statements, showing clearly that he believed in the formation of the body of the first man by animal God without intervention offollows:ancestry. His words are as on my of "Shortly after the time version. I wrote two books against tI e and because at that Manicheans . to time, it did not occur to me how .

explain properly everyth:ng . . and allenot wishing to clay. I ma le an clear gorical explanati us, as short and

as I could, of those ti*.eigs whore strict meaning I could nor, find tv but now, since our Lord allows use the consider and study mare carefully points. I think it would not lit amiss to show that I can explain those points of the Holy Scripture in a literal, not in an allegorical. sense." To show clearly that he did not believe in any allegorical explanation of the historical fact of the creation of Adam and Eve, we may quote a few "There is no dou6t that man was formed of the slime of the earth, and from his side his wife was formed." "Eve was made from the side of the man." Answering the question: "How were Adam and Eve created?" he says: .

,passages:

but not generated by any par" ents, but he from the slime. she from Again, "It was becoming his rib." that the first man should not be born of parents, since there were none, but be formed of slime." And again: "But it is credible that in those first works .

of the six days, God created not only the future causes of the body, bus also the matter from which it should

be made, that is' the earth from which slime or dust had to be formed," Discussing the formation of the body of Eve, he rejects the possibility of its having been made by angels, saying: "So far, only God was able to form or build a rib into a woman, and it is not even credible that the angels could make that flesh to be put in the body of man in. placeof the rib that was removed, just as they could not make the same man from the slime of be. and we faithfully the earth; lieve that the woman was made from the man, without the intervention or any sexual relation. although, perhaps. the angels could have taken the rib from the man for the work of the that this is the way the creator; woman was made from the side of man, when he was asleep." In these quotations we can see that St. Augustine makes a most clear and He acsincere confession of faith. knowledges that there is something of body the way the mysterious about man was formed from the slime of the of rib earth. and about the way the Adam was built into the body of Eve; but he does not hesitate to believe that the historical fact must be taken .

...

A Colossal Debt. In August. 1914, the National Debt On March 31st. was £545.000.000. 1918, it was £5.921.095,819. and by March 31st. 1919, it had risen to the

ortebat"'

the "sports." They tried to explain creation of plants and animals. in harproducmony with other views on the tion df worms whose origin was puzThey could not say zling to them.

views.)

If St. Augustine had believed that the body of Eve could have been ionised by evolution from lower forms, would he have insisted upon saying that it was formed "without any sexinterveniente ("null° ual relation" coneubitu".? If he believed the body evolution, by formed of Adam was evuldthe Saint have insisted that the brat man "was born without parents cam did not exist before hine because it was becoming that he be formed irons the slime" ("primus home, quem nun ex parentibus nasci, qui nulli praecesserant. sed de limo formari opAccording to St. Augustine, the body of Adam was formed from the slime, not like a statue that the sculptor makes with his hands. but by some activities infused into the earth ("causales rationes"), activities which are never clearly explained by him because he himself admits he does not But these activities, whatknow. ever they may be, are neither sexual relation nor a descent from any other ancestor; this is clear enough. What is plain to him is the fact of Adam's poduction from slime and Eve's production from a rib; the manner of production is confessedly puzzling.

stupendous total of £7.481.050,422.

It requires, roughly, one million pounds per clay to pay the interest alone on this huge surn. and we shall continues to pay this, unless some means are found to reduce the debt. In 1913 the revenue on the country was £198,213,000, of which £44.100.000

In eight years. therefuse, taxation has increased by over £1,200,000,000 per annum. Interest alone on the National Debt absorbs K337,000,000 on: one and a halt nines the total of the whole of the national expenses before the war. Now. it we are not doing the bulk doing besal the trade that we were fore the war, how is it that we can afextent of the to ford to tax ourselves an. ass additional £1,200,000,000 per The reply IS that we cannot num? sums enormous such continue to raise annually, and that if we are to restore our old-time prosperity, we shall have some easement of our present-day burdens. Heavy taxation alone does not account for the present stagnation in There are several other factrade. tors, notably this: the purchasing power of the peoples of the world has been enormously reduced as the outcome of the war. The growth of this purchasing power can only come about very gradually, but in the mean-a time we are carrying a burden, with general stagnation of trade, which no country, however well placed, could continue to carry.

The proposals of the Labour Party Less than five per cent. are simple. of the total population controls all the Ninety-five wealth of the country. per cent. of the people toil, so that five A toll. their per cent. may receive Capital Levy would transfer to the State a proportion of the wealth of the rich, to ease the burden of the poor. But it would really do more than this. The reduction of the National Debt. an if only by one-third, would have immediate effect upon the costs of living and the costs of manufacture in

which the rich, as well as the poor. would participate. How the Capital Levy Would Operate. Here is a typical example: John Doe, with private capital of /20,000 would pay upon a Capital Levy scheme £2,800. John Doe's income is £2,000 per annum, upon which he pays income tax of £465 5s.. if earned increment, or £525 if unearned. With the Capital Levy in operation. it is calculated that the present rate of income tax would be reduced by

one-third. John Doe would therefore save £155 per annum if on earned income, or £175 per annum if on unearned, for his capital outlay of 12,800, equal to 51. per cent., or 6 per cent. respectively, upon his money. It is claimed that a Capital Levy would create a panic and dislocate trade. because everyone would be realising upon their securities to pay the amount due by them to the Government. The reply to this is that there would neither be panic nor dislocation of trade, because no one would be asked to realise upon his securities, but merely to hand over such approved securities to the Government as would meet his share of the levy. In other words, the Capital Levy would mean, nothing more or less, than a transfer of ownership. In the case of those who did nut

possess liquifiable assets time would he given to pay their quota, and payment could be spread over a number of years.

In conclusion, let me add that there

as is such a thing in business known "cutting your loss." It is sometimes has imperative to do so. The time recome to cut the Nation's loss and burlieve the country at large from a den which it is becoming increasingly.

evident it can no longer carry. --"Catholic Herald."

FOY & GIBSON'S

WEDDING. II/SANE-WAR=.

Ladies' College, Convent of Mercy, Victoria Square University English

Prise

Literature

(E3) Divided.

University Exhibition.

1922

(E120).

Illness of M. De Sales. Mud] regret was expressed in Northam when it was ascertained that Mother De Sales had to underlie so operation at Fennoy Private Hospi,The operation has tal, Northam. proved sucessful, and under the care of Drs. Aberdeen and Sewnish and of the nursing staff, it is hoped that her recovery will not be long delayed.

A 'Touching Memento His Lordship the Bishop of Plymouth, the Most Rev. Dr. Kelly, has sanctioned a scheme full of a very Under the headtouching purpose. land of East Dorset lie no less than thirty-six torpedoed vessels while the nation's commerce and battleships continually pass under it. The idea is to have a small church there, and

Mass for those who pass by, as wellesa for those whom the sea will one day Writing in his Advent give up again. Pastoral to be read in the churches on a recent Sunday, the Bishop says: "In this matter we shall expressly appeal to the navy but perhaps there are among us those who will have a tender remembrance of the men who

MISS OLIVE WEBSTER (Aged 16 Years),

Highest Aggregate Marks for Leaving Certificate. University Examination. Leaving Certificate; English Literature (distinction), French (distinction), Latin (distinction), Mathematics Mathematics (distinction). Applied (distinction). Matriculation Examination (1920). Junior Certificate (1919): English Literature, French, Latin, English History, Geography. Mathematics, Physics.

Government Scholarship (1918). £20

for five years (£1OO). Alliance Francause Examination. Division I.: Silver Gilt Medal. First place Perth Centre. Second place in

the State.

Division II.: Distinction. Division III.: Distinction. Division IV.: Distinction (1st place in State). Book Prize.

kept the dreary four years' watch. Very few suspect the great numbers of Catholics, outside the Royal Navy. who in the Naval Reserve. and often in poorly armed boats, went down in We mean, the service of the King. please God, to take immediate steps in be hunmust There this matter." dreds of Catholics in the British Isles who during the great war lost their loved ones in the manner spoken and to whom the scheme sanctioned by the Bishop of Plymouth will carry a very tender, touching, and edifying It is nothing less than the appeal. music of loved ones' voices, now silent on earth, calling from the far offsland. The tender loyalty due to the holy dead will prompt many to assist in such a laudable purpose.

Dr. Duhig's Return Archbishop Duhig returned to Brisbane on Tuesday night after a tour abroad. lIe was met at the central station by many prominent officials. Various Catholic societies formed a procession, and. headed by the Hibernian Band, proceeded through the city streets to St. Stephen's Cathedral. where Dr. Duhig addressed a crowded congregation, many hundreds being unable to obtain admission. When interviewed Dr. Duhig, referring to European problems, said he found a policy of aloofness in America. "She certainly does not want war. and she is likely to show her temper if the French per in forcing matters in Europe. M. Clemenceau did not on the whole get a cordial reception in America, and hie mission could not be described as a Dr. Duhig, during his success." speech. said he was pleased to announce that the Pope had conferred on Father Lane. the Administrator of St. Stephen's Cathedral, the cross of the order "Pro ecclesia et pontifice." which was the first distinction of its kind to come to Australia. '

SUMMER FAIR

At St. Mary's Church, Beverley, or the 3rd. of January, Nuptial Mass was

celebrated by the Rev. Father O'Brien for the purpose of joining in Holy Kissane, Matrimony Edward Ruby Elizabeth of Narrogin. and The cereWare, of East Beverley. mony was beautiful and impressive. number large a by and was witnessed of the friends and relatives of the happy couple. The bride, who was given away by her father, Mr. A Ware, wore a dress of ivory crepe -dc chene, with overdress of silk shadow lace, and the customary tulle veil and wreath of orange blossoms. She also carried a bouquet of white roses and She was attended by her sisferns. ter, Miss Martha Ware, who was dressed in shell pink crepe de chene. with hat to snatch, and a,so carried a bouquet of pink roses and ferns. The bridegroom was attended by Mr. Jaek The Boyd. who acted as best man. Wedding March was played by Mrs. Farrel. after which the wedding party adjourned to the home of Mrs. J. O'Brien, sister of the bride, where the The wedding breakfast was held. usual toasts were proposed and honthe of conclusion the At oured. breakfast, the happy couple departed future by the mid -day train for their the horde in Narrogin, accompanied by good wishes (also rice and confetti of all their friends. )

YOUNG IRELAND SOCIETY. The usual weekly meeting of the above society was held on Monday, January 8th. Mr. Jack Walsh' presided over a fair attendance of mem"The bers. The meeting opened with Soldiers' Song" by members, ac.cm-

panied by Miss Molly Doubts. ''I'll Jost Paint a Dear Little Shamrock"

was sweetly rendered by aUss Annie McDonough, followed by a recitation by Miss Boronts, O'Doheetv entitled

"Irish Heroes," which was very pleasThe ladies' chorus rening indeed. dered "Oft in the Stilly Night," and their efforts were loudly applauded. By special request Mr. L. Wildy rendered "Swim. Sam," and for the encore rem dered "The Last Rose of Summer." Mr. Jack Walsh recited a very interesting and lengthy recitation, "Sheens O'Brien." which claimed the attention

Uiss Annie McDonough sweetly rendered "Barney, Take me Home Again," which won luul and prolonged applause. .).1.:as Lily Hamilton well deserved the applause she received for her recitation. "Louraine." which concluded the social part of the programme. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmRe Picnic: The secretary was ined. gave structed to write to those who donations towards the picnic, expressing the thanks of the society. namely. Hotel. Mrs. McCarthy. of the Railway Mr. M. El Is; Mr. Boxall, dentist, 5s; 6d: O'Dea. of Rowra and O'Dea. lOs The and Mr. Quinn, Bayswater, 3s. ripen lengthy a gave president also of the picnic. The meeting elasel with the singing of "Gol Savo heisted" memby members. After .the meeting dance. bers cleared the room and had a of all.

1901

E385.800-000.

Results. N4.411114 111 the recently -issued Labour programme attracted so much notice and was so much abused as the The suggested Levy upon Capital. title itself is perhaps not very well chosen; it has an ominous sound. It is so easy to confound capital employed in business undertakings with the capital, or private fortunes. of individuals, and it is the latter and not the former that the tax or levy will fall upon. First as to the necessity of lightenIt may ing the burden of taxation. not be generally known that this country is the most heavily taxed in the It is paying at the world to-day. rate of £2 per annum per head of the total population. The dead-weight of such ass impost is felt in every industry: it is passed on to the consumer, making the necessities of life dearer and thereby increasing the costs of living, and it prevents us from competing in the world's markets with those countries. where taxation is less than our own. It cannot be anything but a serious bar to enterprise when it is reliably computed that every adult has to work eighty days out of three hundred and sixty-five to pay the taxes imposed upon him.

It was

the revenue was f,4I8,300,000, the amount raised by income tax being

Its Urgent Necessity and Practical

published A.D. 401; so it came out after fifteen years of assiduous work The quotations in this and study. article are all made from the later work and represent therefore St. Augustine's mature and thoroughly Catholic.

was raised by income tax.

The Capital Levy

literally, that is. first, that the bodies of Adam and Eve were not formed through the intervention of sexual relation; second, that our brat parents nad no ancestors of any kind; third, that neither the angels nor ally other created agent, but God, our Creator, formed directly the bodies of Adam the and Eve using slime and a rib as were materials out of which they made respectively. (St. Augustine wrote two buuks with the title: "De Genesi ad Litteram." The first was published about the year A.D. 393, and lie called it: "De Genesi ad Litteram-Imperfectus Liber." It The sechas just sixteen chapters. ond is called simply: "De Genesi ail

NORTHAM.

The Greatest Shopping Event of the Season

Commences Monday Next,

January 15#h.

With Stupendous Bargains in Every Department TO EVERY PERSON IN TILE COMFOY'S FAIR IS AN EVENT OF' TIIE GREATEST MOMENT OF OR PURCHASING POWER VALUE THE CONSIDER TO MUNITY WHO IS OBLIGED WITH THE COMPARED WHEN DOUBLED IS VALUE MONEY-IN MANY INSTANCES ITS PRICES OF THE PAST FIVE YEARS.

THE THROUGHOUT FOY'S NEVER DISAPPOINT. FOY'S FAIRS ARE PROVEN FACTS. EVENT SUCCEEDING EACH FAIRS. THESE MANY YEARS THAT FOY'S IIAVE CONDUCTED WE HAVE CONTINUED TO PROFIT HAS BEEN GREATER THAN ITS PREDECESSOR, FOR BY EXPERIENCE.

MADE TO ECLIPSE LAST YEAR'S THIS YEAR EVEN GREATER PREPARATIONS HAVE BEEN EXCELLED HAVE BUYERS AUSTRALIAN AND LONDON OUR SELLING. RECORD KEENNESS OF PRICE IN THE AND CHOICE OF RICHNESS THE THEMSELVES IN BOTH OPPORTUNE OFFERING-HAS GOODS SENT FORWARD. EVERY PRICE DROP-EVERY PRICE LOW "NEW" CONSEQUENTLY QUITE BEEN EAGERLY RESPONDED TO. ASSURANCE THAT CAN SAY WITH STANDARDS PREVAIL AT FOY'S, SO THAT WE BREAKING VALUES, WILL NOT ONLY OUR GREAT SUMMER FAIR. WITH ITS RECORD A HOST OF NEW ONES AS CREATE WILL BUT FRIENDS, SERVE TO ATTRACT OLD DAY A DAY OF KEEN INTEREST-EVERY OF WELL. EVERY DAY WILL BE A DAY

BARGAINS.

COUNTRY ORDERS,

DEPARTMENT HAS GIVEN THE GREATEST OUR SPLENDIDLY ORGANISED MAIL ORDER CUSTOMERS WHO IN PAST YEARS SATISFACTION TO MULTITUDES OF OUR COUNTRY FOR IN PERSON AT THE SUMMER FAIR. SHOP TILE VISIT TO UNABLE HAVE BEEN PREPARATIONS TO ENCOMPLETE MORE EVEN MADE HAVE WE THIS GREAT EVENT SERCLIENTS EXPERT AND EXPEDITIOUS SURE TO OUR THOUSANDS OF COUNTRY VICE. FOLLOW THE CROWD-TO FOY'S. PREPARING FOR THE FAIR. OUR EMPORIUM WILL BE CLOSED ON SATURDAY WEEK-END ORDERS.

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There was a big sound of revelry at St. Joseph's School on the night of December 14, the cause being the assemblage of the children of both Catholic schools to participate in the feast provided for them by St. Jos-

eph's Branch of the Hibernian So. Needless to say such a funceiety. tion needed little advertisement, for before 6 p.m. many youngsters in tow of their parents could be seen on the road to the Convent School. The first item on the programme was a course of sandwiches and ginger ale, which event went off without a hitch. Afterwards school ground games were When the order of the evening. shades of night fell all adjourned to the cool and spacious verandah of St. Joseph's, where a long menu was disposed of. The order of courses were raspberry ice cream, jellies. and for variety jellies, ice cream and lollies. A feature of the banquet was the aptitude of the Hibernian male waiters in attending to the wants of the chilNow many of these waiters dren. are single gentlemen, and, of course. the young ladies present must have been impressed with the possible tress sures they held, and could fondly imagine how useful they would be when they would leave the ranks of Dancing now became the singles. the order of the night. And to say that the multitude danced to their heart's content is only a feeble .expression of the evident delight of all. with her pleasing Miss Campbell, voice, also added to the evening's entertainment by several songs, whilst Mr. Philpott, with his entrepreneur, Mr. T. Lynch, gave some pleasing comThe lady Hibernian& as ic items. usual, were most effective in this work of catering for such a large Catholic functions at Norgathering. tham are always easily in the premier place were catering is concerned, and the children's evening more than upheld a well deserved reputation. The following lady Hibernians were actively engaged: Misses Foley. Heaney, Keely, M. Williams. E. Cook: Mesdames Morrison. Lynch, McManus, Cook. Miss Lee and Mrs. Duggan attended alternately at the piano.

St. Patrick's Day Celebrations 1923 The INITIAL MEETING of the above will be held at the ARCHBISHOP'S PALACE, PERTH, at 8 p.m. on MONDAY, JANUARY, 22nd, Full attendance of Parochial 1923. and Society Delegates requested. JAS. DWYER. Hon. Secretary.

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