The Record Newspaper 19 June 1941

3d.

KingLeopold'sSurrenderVindicated

TruthRevealedinLibelCase

ItwasofsomeconcerntoCatholicswhenLeopoldIII.,Bing oftheBelgiansandanexemplaryCatholicruler,wasbrandedasan arch-traitorfollowingtheNastinvasionoftheLowLandslastyear. Littleheedwaspaidtothepleatosuspendjudgmentuntilthefacts involvingtheBelgiansurrenderwereknown.

Thefirstpositivereassurancewas containedinthePastoralofCardinal vanRoey,PrimateofBelgium,who said:"Forourpart,knowingourselves tobeinagreementwiththealmost unanimousopinionoftheBelgiumpeople,wemaintainforourKingrespect, fidelityandconfidence."However,no rebuttaloftheaccusationsappearedin thepressuntilSaturdaylast,whenthe "WestAustralian"publishedthecable reportreprintedbelow.AnotherPerth dailynewspaper,whichcausedgeneral disgustatthetimewithitsposter, "KingQuisling,"hasnotyetgivenany publicitytoLeopold'svindication.

London,June13.

Whatisbelievedtobetheinside storyoftheseventragicdaysleading tothesurrenderofKingLeopoldof theBelgianslastyearwastoldforthe firsttimewhenasettlementwasannouncedintheLawCourtsto-dayofa libelactionbroughtbyAdmiralofthe Fleet,SirRogerKeyes,againstDaily MirrorNewspapers,Ltd. SirPatrickHastings,KC.,counsel forSirRoger,saidthatwithinafew hoursof;heGermaninvasionofBelgium,onMay10lastyear,SirRoger, attherequestoftheBritishGovernment,fle49.4ojoinKingLeopoldas specialliaisonofficer.Heremained untilMay27,whentheKingaskedfor anarmistice.

AnnouncingthesurrenderoftheKing onMay28,thePrimeMinister(Mr. Churchill)askedthatjudgmentbesuspendeduntilthefactswereknown.

SirRoger,inthelobbyofParliament, describingKingLeopoldasagallant soldier,echoedthisadvice.OnMay 30,the"DailyMirror"publishedan attackonKingLeopoldandonSir Roger. Dilemma.

SirPatrickHastingsproceededto describehowtheBritisharmyandthe Frenchnorthernarmywereorderedon May20topreparetofighttheirway south-west,toregaincontactwiththe Frencharmy.Itwasclear,hesaid, thatunlesstheBelgianarmycould conformtothismovement,there wouldbeabreachofcontactbetween theBritishandBelgianarmies.Sir RogerKeyes,informingKingLeopold

oftheorder,wasaskedtoinformthe BritishGovernmentandGeneralViscountGortthattheBelgianarmyhad neithertanksnoraircraftandexistedsolelyfordefence.TheKingdid notfeelhehadanyrighttoexpect theBritishGovernmenttojeopardise perhapstheveryexistenceoftheBritisharmyinordertokeepcontact withtheBelgianarmy,buthewished tomakeitclearthatiftherewasa separationbetweenthetwoarmies,the capitulationoftheBelgianarmywould beinevitable.

TheBelgiumarmy,attherequestof theFrenchHighCommand,waswithdrawnonMay23fromastronglypreparedpositionontheScheldttothe weakerandlongerlineoftheLys,to allowtheBritisharmytoretirebehind thedefensivefrontierlineandtoprepareforasouthwardoffensive.On theeveningofMay26abreak-through oftheBelgianlinebytheGermans seemedinevitable.KingLeopold movedtheremainingFrench60th. DivisioninBelgianvehiclestoapreparedpositionacrosstheYser,which wasthenfloodedoverawideareaand itsbridgesmined.Fightingonthe Belgianfronthadbeencontinuousfor fourdaysandtheBelgianarmyby May27wasrunningshortoffoodand ammunitionandwasbeingattacked byatleasteightGermandivisions,includingarmouredunitsandwavesof dive-bombers.

Slaughter.

ThatmorningtheKingaskedSir RogertoinformtheBritishauthoritiesthathewouldbeobligedtosurrenderbeforeadebacleoccurred. A similarmessagewassenttothe French.TheGermanarmybythe afternoonhaddrivenawedgebetween theBelgianandBritisharmiesand everyroad,villageandtowninthe smallpartofBelgiumleftinBelgian handswasthrongedwithhundredsof thousandsofrefugees,andmen,womenandchildrenwerebeingmercilesslybombedandmachine-gunned. Inthesecircumstances,at5o'clockon theafternoonofSlay27,KingLeopold informedtheBritishandFrenchauthoritiesthatheintendedatmidnight toaskforanarmistice,inorderto avoidfurtherslaughterofhispeople. Thismessage,liketheearlierone,

waspromptlyreceivedinLondonand Paris,butallcommunicationswiththe Britisharmywerecut,andthough wirelessmessageswererepeatedly made,itwasnowknownthatthese didnotreachtheAlliedcommander-inchief.

SirPatrickHastingsconcluded:"Sir Roger,inthelightofhisknowledge, feltjustifiedinsuggestingasuspension ofjudgmentonKingLeopold,andhe resentedtheattackonhimself:' Misled.

ThedefendantsacceptedSirPatrickHasting'sstatementandregretted thattheyhadbeenmisledbyanunimpeachablesource.TheJudgeorderedthepaymentofdamages,the amountnotbeingstated,alsocosts.

HisHonourobservedthattheaction, unlikesomeotherlibelsuits,appeared tohaveservedausefulpurpose,asit hadresultedinstatements wouldgivethewidestsatisfaction.

MeuseBridges WereDestroyed

Anothercomfortingsignthatthere canbehonourindefeatistheexonerationofGeneralCorap,falselyaccused offailingtoblowupthebridgesacross theMeuse.Acompletevindication, takenfromaneutralsource,ispub- lishedbelow.

InitsissueofApril21,American newsmagazine"Time"states:

OneyearagotheNaziArmyonthe WesternFrontbrokethroughatSedan, crossedtheMeuseRiver,andstarted thedrivethatendedinthedefeatof France.IncommandoftheNinth FrenchArmy,protectingtheMeuse, wasGeneralAndreGeorgesCorap.Six dayslaterthebreak-throughPremier PaulReynaudtooktotheair,told theFrenchSenateoftheMeusedisaster,whichheblamedon"thetotal disorganisationoftheCorapArmy." Saidhe:"Asaresultofunbelievable faults,whichwillbepunished,bridges ontheMeusewerenotdestroyed." GeneralCorapwasrelievedofhis command.Parisnewsmenthougnt thatGeneralCoraphadbeenmadea scapegoatbytheReynaudGovernmentinanefforttorestoreitsown prestige.HisArmymighthavebeen fullofslackersandsaboteurs,buthis previousrecordwassuperb.AgraduateofSt.Cyr,Frenchequivalentof WestPoint,hehadservedonMarshal Foch'sstaffinWorldWar1,wastwice citedforbravery.Heservedin1926 underMarshalPetainagainstfamed RebelAbdel-KriminFrenchMorocco. HewasforawhileChiefofStaff underGeneralMaximeWeygand,was VicePresidentoftheSupremeWar

BOMBHILLS12MEMBERSor DUBLINFAMILY.

Thetragicnewshasbeenreceived byMissE.O'Toole,Blantyre-avenue, Chelsea,Victoria,thatherfather, sevenbrothersandfoursisterswere killedwhentheirhomeinNorth Strand,Dublin,yeswreckedbya bombintherecentairraid.

MissO'Toole'smotherandonesisteraresafe,statesthecablemessage, butitisnotknownwhethertheywere inthebuildingatthetime.Besides themembersoftheO'Toolefamily, twootherswhowereinthehousewere victimsofthebomb.Anothersister, Mrs.Dent,residesatAtkin-street, Kew.SolemnRequiemMassforthe reposeofthesoulsofthedeceasedwas celebratedatSt.Joseph'sChurch,Chelsea,byRev.G.Fitzpatrick,P.P.,and waslargelyattendedbysympathetic parishioners.

Council,aGrandOfficeroftheLegion ofHonor.

ThatthebridgesovertheMeuse wereleftstandingwasdeniedbyArmymen.TheyclaimedinsteadthatGermancolumnshadfoundsomeshallowfordsintheriver,haddriven scoresofobsoletetanks,uselessfor combat,intothewater,andsenttheir big30-tonmonsterscrunchingover theseimprovisedbridges.Butinthe magnitudeofFrance'sfalltheirwords wentunheeded.

Lastweek,fromVichy,capitalof UnoccupiedFrance,camethefirst newsofGeneralCorapsincetheFrench collapse.Onedaylastmonth,saida Governmentspokesman,GeneralCorap turnedupunexpectedlyinVichy,paid asurprisecallonGeneralCharles Huntziger,MinisterofWar.To GeneralHuntzigerhetoldhisstory,. presentedproofs.

learnedGeneralHuntzigerinvestigated, thatPremierReynaud'saccusationwasbasedonanunconfirmed reportwhichheheardjusthalfanhour beforehewentontheairinMay.

GeneralCoraphadrepeatedlycomplainedtoGeneralMauriceGamelin, thenincommandoftheFrenchArmy, thathelackedmaterialandmento meetaGermanadvance.Thebridges overtheMeusewereindeedblownup.

To63-year-oldGeneralCorap,stillin retirement,exonerationbytheVichy Governmentwassmallconsolationlast week.ButtotheFrenchpeople, smartingunderchargesoftreasonand sabotage,itwasacomfortingsign thattherecanbehonourindefeat.

PERTHCHAPLAINSAFE.

AletterfromRev.Father O'Callaghan,previouslyreportedmissing,isprintedonPage U.

"Taste Tells"

Johnston's SAUSAGES and FRANKFURTS 3d.

3d.

KingLeopold'sSurrenderVindicated

TruthRevealedinLibelCase

ItwasofsomeconcerntoCatholicswhenLeopoldILL,King oftheBelgiansandanexemplaryCatholicruler,wasbrandedasan arch-traitorfollowingtheNaziinvasionoftheLowLandslastyear. Littleheedwaspaidtothepleatosuspendjudgmentuntilthefacts involvingtheBelgiansurrenderwereknown.

Thefirstpositivereassurancewas containedinthePastoralofCardinal vanRoey,PrimateofBelgium,who said:"Forourpart,knowingourselves tobeinagreementwiththealmost unanimousopinionoftheBelgiumpeople,wemaintainforourKingrespect, fidelityandconfidence.'However,no rebuttaloftheaccusationsappearedin thepressuntilSaturdaylast,whenthe "WestAustralian"publishedthecable reportreprintedbelow.AnotherPerth dailynewspaper,whichcausedgeneral disgustatthetimewithitsposter, "KingQuisling,"hasnotyetgivenany publicitytoLeopold'svindication.

London,June13.

Whatisbelievedtobetheinside storyoftheseventragicdaysleading tothesurrenderofKingLeopoldof theBelgianslastyearwastoldforthe firsttimewhenasettlementwasannouncedintheLawCourtsto-dayofa libelactionbroughtbyAdmiralofthe Fleet,SirRogerKeyes,againstDaily MirrorNewspapers,Ltd.

SirPatrickHastings,K.C.,counsel forSirRoger,saidthatwithinafew hoursof;heGermaninvasionofBelgium,onMay10lastyear,SirRoger, attherequestoftheBritishGovernment,fle.1941/4,4ojoinKingLeopoldas specialliaisonofficer.Heremained untilMay27,whentheKingaskedfor anarmistice.

AnnouncingthesurrenderoftheKing onMay28,thePrimeMinister(Mr. Churchill)askedthatjudgmentbesuspendeduntilthefactswereknown. SirRoger,inthelobbyofParliament, describingKingLeopoldasagallant soldier,echoedthisadvice.OnMay 30,the"DailyMirror"publishedan attackonKingLeopoldandonSir Roger.

Dilemma.

SirPatrickHastingsproceededto describehowtheBritisharmyandthe Frenchnorthernarmywereorderedon May20topreparetofighttheirway south-west,toregaincontactwiththe Frencharmy.Itwasclear,hesaid, thatunlesstheBelgianarmycould conformtothismovement,there wouldbeabreachofcontactbetween theBritishandBelgianarmies.Sir RogerKeyes,informingKingLeopold

oftheorder,wasaskedtoinformthe BritishGovernmentandGeneralViscountGortthattheBelgianarmyhad neithertanksnoraircraftandexistedsolelyfordefence.TheKingdid notfeelhehadanyrighttoexpect theBritishGovernmenttojeopardise perhapstheveryexistenceoftheBritisharmyinordertokeepcontact withtheBelgianarmy,buthewished tomakeitclearthatiftherewasa separationbetweenthetwoarmies,the capitulationoftheBelgianarmywould beinevitable.

TheBelgiumarmy,attherequestof theFrenchHighCommand,waswithdrawnonMay23fromastronglypreparedpositionontheScheldttothe weakerandlongerlineoftheLys,to allowtheBritisharmytoretirebehind thedefensivefrontierlineandtoprepareforasouthwardoffensive.On theeveningofMay26abreak-through oftheBelgianlinebytheGermans seemedinevitable.KingLeopold movedtheremainingFrench60th. DivisioninBelgianvehiclestoapreparedpositionacrosstheYser,which wasthenfloodedoverawideareaand itsbridgesmined.Fightingonthe Belgianfronthadbeencontinuousfor fourdaysandtheBelgianarmyby May27wasrunningshortoffoodand ammunitionandwasbeingattacked byatleasteightGermandivisions,includingarmouredunitsandwavesof dive-bombers.

Slaughter.

ThatmorningtheKingaskedSir RogertoinformtheBritishauthoritiesthathewouldbeobligedtosurrenderbeforeadebacleoccurred.A similarmessagewassenttothe French.TheGermanarmybythe afternoonhaddrivenawedgebetween theBelgianandBritisharmiesand everyroad,villageandtowninthe smallpartofBelgiumleftinBelgian handswasthrongedwithhundredsof thousandsofrefugees,andmen,womenandchildrenwerebeingmercilesslybombedandmachine-gunned.

Inthesecircumstances,at5o'clockon theafternoonofMay27,KingLeopold informedtheBritishandFrenchauthoritiesthatheintendedatmidnight toaskforanarmistice,inorderto avoidfurtherslaughterofhispeople. Thismessage,liketheearlierone,

waspromptlyreceivedinLondonand Paris,butallcommunicationswiththe Britisharmywerecut,andthough wirelessmessageswererepeatedly made,itwasnowknownthatthese didnotreachtheAlliedcommander-inchief.

SirPatrickHastingsconcluded:"Sir Roger,inthelightofhisknowledge, feltjustifiedinsuggestingasuspension ofjudgmentonKingLeopold,andhe resentedtheattackonhimself:' Misled.

ThedefendantsacceptedSirPatrickHastingsstatementandregretted thattheyhadbeenmisledbyanunimpeachablesource.TheJudgeorderedthepaymentofdamages,the amountnotbeingstated,alsocosts.

HisHonourobservedthattheaction, unlikesomeotherlibelsuits,appeared tohaveservedausefulpurpose,asit hadresultedinstatementswhich wouldgivethewidestsatisfaction.

MeuseBridges WereDestroyed

Anothercomfortingsignthatthere canbehonourindefeatistheexonerationofGeneralCorap,falselyaccused offailingtoblowupthebridgesacross theMeuse.Acompletevindication, takenfromaneutralsource,ispublishedbelow.

InitsissueofApril21,American newsmagazine"Time"states: OneyearagotheNaziArmyonthe WesternFrontbrokethroughatSedan, crossedtheMeuseRiver,andstarted thedrivethatendedinthedefeatof France.IncommandoftheNinth FrenchArmy,protectingtheMeuse, wasGeneralAndreGeorgesCorap.Six dayslaterthebreak-throughPremier PaulReynaudtooktotheair,told theFrenchSenateoftheMeusedisaster,whichheblamedon"thetotal disorganisationoftheCorapArmy." Saidhe:"Asaresultofunbelievable faults,whichwillbepunished,bridges ontheMeusewerenotdestroyed."

GeneralCorapwasrelievedofhis command.Parisnewsmenthougnt thatGeneralCoraphadbeenmadea scapegoatbytheReynaudGovernmentinanefforttorestoreitsown prestige.HisArmymighthavebeen fullofslackersandsaboteurs,buthis previousrecordwassuperb.AgraduateofSt.Cyr,Frenchequivalentof WestPoint,hehadservedonMarshal Foch'sstaffinWorldWar1,wastwice citedforbravery.Heservedin1926 underMarshalPetainagainstfamed RebelAbdel-KriminFrenchMorocco. HewasforawhileChiefofStaff underGeneralMaximeWeygand,was VicePresidentoftheSupremeWar

SIXTY-EIGHTHYEAR.

BOMBHILLS12MEMBERSOF DUBLINFAMILY.

Thetragicnewshasbeenreceived byMissE.O'Toole,Blantyre-avenue, Chelsea,Victoria,thatherfather, sevenbrothersandfoursisterswere killedwhentheirhomeinNorth Strand,Dublin,waswreckedbya bombintherecentairraid.

MissO'Toole'smotherandonesisteraresafe,statesthecablemessage, butitisnotknownwhethertheywere inthebuildingatthetime.Besides themembersoftheO'Toolefamily, twootherswhowereinthehousewere victimsofthebomb.Anothersister, Mrs.Dent,residesatAtkin-street, Kew.SolemnRequiemMassforthe reposeofthesoulsofthedeceasedwas celebratedatSt.Joseph'sChurch,Chelsea,byRev.G.Fitzpatrick,P.P.,and waslargelyattendedbysympathetic parishioners.

Council,aGrandOfficeroftheLegion ofHonor. ThatthebridgesovertheMeuse wereleftstandingwasdeniedbyArmy men.TheyclaimedinsteadthatGermancolumnshadfoundsomeshallowfordsintheriver,haddriven scoresofobsoletetanks,uselessfor combat,intothewater,andsenttheir big30-tonmonsterscrunchingover theseimprovisedbridges.Butinthe magnitudeofFrance'sfalltheirwords wentunheeded. Lastweek,fromVichy,capitalof UnoccupiedFrance,camethefirst newsofGeneralCorapsincetheFrench collapse.Onedaylastmonth,saida Governmentspokesman,GeneralCorap turnedupunexpectedlyinVichy,paid asurprisecallonGeneralCharles Huntziger,MinisterofWar.To. GeneralHuntzigerhetoldhisstory, presentedproofs.

learnedGeneralHuntzigerinvestigated, thatPremierReynaud'saccusationwasbasedonanunconfirmed reportwhichheheardjusthalfanhour beforehewentontheairinMay. GeneralCoraphadrepeatedlycomplainedtoGeneralMauriceGamelin, thenincommandoftheFrenchArmy, thathelackedmaterialandmento meetaGermanadvance.Thebridges overtheMeusewereindeedblownup.

To63-year-oldGeneralCorap,stillin retirement,exonerationbytheVichy Governmentwassmallconsolationlast week.ButtotheFrenchpeople, smartingunderchargesoftreasonand sabotage,itwasacomfortingsign thattherecanbehonourindefeat.

PERTHCHAPLAINSAFE.

AletterfromRev.Father O'Callaghan,previouslyreportedmissing,isprintedonPage 11.

WHYTHEKOOKABURRA Laughs

Sandywasentertainingaguestfor thenight.Theeveningwasspentin weightyconversation,noofferof liquidrefreshmentbeingmade.

About10.30p.m.thehostsaidsuddenly:''Now,howaboutaweedeochad-doris,eh?"

Theguestrubbedhishandsand chuckled:"Splendid."

Sandyrose,smilinggenially,andput SirHarryLauder'scelebratedsongon thegramvphone.

* * * *

Thehoteldinerwastryingtogetout withoutpilyinghisbill.

"I'msorry,"hesaid,"butIhaven't anymoney,youknow."

"That's411right,saidthecashier. "We11writeyournameonthewall, andyoucanpaynexttimeyoucome in."

"But,"protestedthediner,"everyonewhocomesinwillseeit."

"Havenofear,"returnedthecashier,"yourovercoatwillbehanging overyourname."

Thesmallboylookedratheranxious asthreeaeroplanesflewdirectlyoverhead.

"Don'tworry,Jimmy,"saidMrs. Junesnextdoor,"they'reours."

SometimelaterlittleJimwasinhis garden,andthethreeaeroplanescame back,flyingratherlow.Hisfather, whowasdigging,lookedup,questioninglyatthemachines.

"It'sallright,daddy,"saidtheboy, "don'tworry.They'reMrs.Jones's."

* * *

Oswaldwasinhismostsentimental andextravagantmood.Hewaswritingalettertohissweetheart.

"DearAnnabella,"hewrote,"I wouldswimthemightyoceanforone glancefromyoureyes.Iwouldwalk throughawallofflameforonetouch ofyourtinyhands,Iwouldleapthe widestriverforawordfromyour lovelylips.-YourownOswald.

"P.S.-I'llbeoveronSaturday nightifitdoesn'train."

* * * *

Shewashavingagoodoldwifely nag,andhubbywaslosinghispatience,althoughso'farhehadn'tansweredaword.Perhapsthatwaswhy hiswifesuddenlyburstoutwith:

"NothingIeversaytoyoubears fruit."

'Perhapsitmightifyouprunedit abit!"heretorted.

* * * *

Walkingintoahatshop,thesadfacedmansaid:

"Iwantasofthat."

"Certainly,sir,"saidtheassistant. "Thisisthesoftesthatwehave."

Thecustomerexamineditcarefully.

"What1want,"hesaidsadly,"is something-er-reallytender.You see,I'velostabet,andI'vegottoeat it."

* * * *

"I'veplanedoutmyfuture,"said themanwiththedreamyeyes."I'm goingtofindanicelittlewifeandthen I'llhaveacosyhomewithwell-cooked meals.Andpeaceandcontentment willreignfortherestofmydays. Don'tyouthinkit'sagreatidea?"

Themanwiththewearylookshook hishead.

"Youshouldnevermarry,oldchap," hereplied.

"Whynot"

"Becausewhenamanhasabeautifuldreamlikethatheshouldn'trun theriskofwakingup."

* * * *

Twoverymodernyoungmenmanaged,bysomeerror,togetintoalocal concert.Theystooditforsometime, thenoneremarked:

"Doyouknowmuchaboutmusic?"

"Oh,justabit!"hepliedtheother. -Thencanvoutellmewhatthat chap'splaying?"

"Rather!Aviolin,oldman."

* * * * Asubalternwasawakenedthenight beforeBardiawiththenewsthat500 Italianswantedtosurrender.

"Tellthemtheycan't,"hesaid sleepily."Thebattleisn'ttillto-morrow.Tellthemtocomeagainlater.'

* * * *

"SoYoulikedmynovel.Whatdid youlikeespecially?"

"YourquotationsfromByron."

Ilewassquireofthevillageaswell asaMemberofParliament,anddidn't letpeople'forgetit.Allthelocal shopkeepersputupwithhisnonsense furthesakeofhiscustom.

Butwhenrationingstartedandhe grumbledbecausethegrocercouldn't sellhimextrasugar,thestormbroke. "Andletmetellyou,sir,"thegrocer finshedup,"youmaybesquireandsit inParliament,buttomeyou'rejust anotherrationbook!"

* * * *

ThemanwhosoldthecartoBrown hadassuredhimthathewouldbe surprisedatitsspeed.Whenhefound himselfinaquietcountrylanehedecidedtogiveitarealtest,pressed hardontheaccelerator,andfeltthe carleapforward.Thespedometer racedroundlikeaclockgonemad. Telegraphpolesbecamehazy,woodcn fences!

Thencameacrash,andheawoke laterinahospitalbed.ItwasFlag Dayatthehospital,andBrowncaught sightofthreestudentsdressedasRed Indians.Hegapedatthemthrough hisbandages,hiseyesaglowwithwonderment.

"Indians!"hegasped."GreatHeavens!Whatacar!"

* * * *

TwoAustraliansoldiersstoppeda CivilServantinLondon.Theypointedtoanimpressivebuildingandaskedwhatitwas,Hetoldthemitwas theMinistryofInformation.

"IthoughttheMinistrymustbe aboutthatsize,"saidone,"tostore upalltheinformationtheynevergive away."

* * *

NaziorBritish:"YouareaBritish subject!"saidaGermanofficertoa Sollumnative.

"No,sah!Datwasyesterday!"

* * * *

"Whatdoyouthinkofthiswar?" askedtherecruit. "Ithinkit'sawait-and-seewar!"repliedhiscompanion.

"Whatdoyoumeanbythat?"

"Well.Goering'sgottheweight, whileChurchill'sgotthesea!"

BadKicking-OrWasIt?-ANazi garrisoninaSoccermatchagainsta DutchteamatHilversum,Holland, kicked5goals,andtheteamkicked 15Germans.

* * * * neitherreadnorwrite,but whena'distantrelationdiedandleft himasmallfortune,hestartedto makeasplash.Heboughtachequebook,butinsteadofsigninghisname onchequesheputtwocrosses,andthe hankpaid.

Thenonedayhehandedthecashier achequesignedwiththreecrosses.

"What'sthis?"demandedthecashier."You'veputthreecrosseshere."

"Iknow,"wasthereply,"butmy wife'sgotsocialambitions.Shesays Imusthaveamiddlename."

* * * * Harkinshadlivedinhisnewhome butafewweeks,andscarcelyknew hisneighboursbysight.Thenhis housecaughtfire.Rushingfromthe frontdoorhefoundtwoneighbours alreadyonthescene.

"Isay,"Harkinscriedexcitedly, "willvouruntothecornerandgive thealarm?"

"Verysorry,"explainedtheman, "butIhaveawoodenlegandcan't run."

Theothermanpressedforward.

"Isay,"saidHarkins,turningtohis newally,"whileI'mgettingthethings outrunovertothecornerofthe streetandshout'Fire'!"

"I'msufferingfromlaryngitis,"said theotherneighbourinawhisper.

Therewasnotamomenttospare, butHarkinsfoundtimetoturnto themandsay,politely:"Supposeboth ofyougointothehouseandbringout easy-chairsandsitdownhereand enjoytheblaze."

* * * *

Astheywalkedhometogether,Tom toldFredhewasgoingtogivehis wifeaserioustalkoneconomy.

Whentheymetagainnextday, Fledasked:

"Well,didyougivethemissusthat economy-lecture?"

"Idid,"repliedTom.

"Anyresults?" "Yes-er-I'mgoingtogiveup smoking."

* * *

"Brownisverycarefulabouthischildren,isn'the?"

"Yes;he'stryingtobringthemup inthewayheshouldhavegone."

Amaninthepitofthetheatrewas annoyedbycontinualconversationin therowbehind.

"Excuseme,"hesaid,"butwecan't hearawordthat'sbeingsaid."

"Oh,"repliedthetalkativeone,indignantly."Andisitanybusinessof yourswhatI'mtellingmywife?"

LittleJohnwentintothedrawingroomtoseesavisitorwhowaswithhis father.

"Well,mylittleman,"saidhis father'sfriend,"whatareyoulooking atmefor?"

"Why,"repliedtheboy,"daddytold meyouwereaself-mademan,andI wanttoseewhatyoulooklike."

"Quiteright,"saidthegratified guest."Iamaself-mademan."

"Butwhy'didyoumakeyourself likethat?"saidJohn,withconsiderablesurprise.

Itwasherfirstdayatthejob,and thenewmaidwasabitslowinansweringthebell,Sothemasterofthe housestrodeintothekitchen.He foundherscrubbingthefloor. "You'reprettydirty,"heremarked, eyeinghersoiledapron.

"Yes,sir,"sherepliedcoyly;"but I'mprettierclean."

* * * *

Tiredandhungry,thebusinessman satdownintherestaurant.When thewaiterofferedhimthemenu,he waveditaway.

"Justbringmeagoodmeal."

Thewaiterdidhisbest,andgota goodtip.Asthecustomerwasleavingthewaiterleanedoverhisshoulder andmurmured: "Thankyou,sir.Andifyouhave anyotherfriendswhocan'tread,just yousend'emtome!"

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WHYTHEKOOKABURRA Laughs...

Sandywasentertainingaguestfor thenight.Theeveningwasspentin weightyconversation,noofferof liquidrefreshmentbeingmade.

About10.30p.m.thehostsaidsuddenly:"Now,howaboutaweedeochad-doris,eh?"

Theguestrubbedhishandsand chuckled:"Splendid."

Sandyrose,smilinggenially,andput SirHarryLauder'scelebratedsongon thegramophone.

* * * *

Thehoteldinerwastryingtogetout withoutpityinghisbill.

"I'msorry,"hesaid,''butIhaven't anymoney,youknow."

"That's411right,saidthecashier. "We11writeyournameonthewall, andyoucanpaynexttimeyoucome in."

"But,"protestedthediner,"every-e onewhocomesinwillseeit."

"Havenofear,"returnedthecashier,"yourovercoatwillbehanging overyourname.'

* * *

Thesmallboylookedratheranxious asthreeaeroplanesflewdirectlyoverhead.

"Don'tworry,Jimmy,"saidMrs. Junesnextdour,"they'reours:' SometimelaterlittleJimwasinhis garden,andthethreeaeroplanescame back,flyingratherlow.Hisfather, whowasdigging,lookedup,questioninglyatthemachines.

"It'sallright,daddy,"saidtheboy, "don'tworry.They'reMrs.Jones's."

* * * * Oswaldwasinhismostsentimental andextravagantmood.Hewaswritingalettertohissweetheart.

"DearAnnabelle,"hewrote,"1 wouldswimthemightyoceanforone glancefromyoureyes.Iwouldwalk throughawallofflameforonetouch ofyourtinyhands,Iwouldleapthe widestriverforawordfromyour lovelylips.-YourownOswald.

"P.5.-1'11beoveronSaturday nightifitdoesn'train."

* * * *

Shewashavingagoodoldwifely nag,andhubbywaslosinghispatience,althoughsofarhehadn'tansweredaword.Perhapsthatwaswhyhiswifesuddenlyburstoutwith:

"NothingIeversaytoyoubears fruit."

"Perhapsitmightifyouprunedit abit!"heretorted.

* * * *

Walkingintoahatshop,thesadfacedmansaid:

"Iwantasofthat."

"Certainly,sir,"saidtheassistant. "Thisisthesoftesthatwehave.'

Thecustomerexamineditcarefully.

"WhatIwant,"hesaidsadly,"is something-er-reallytender.You see,l'velostabet,andI'vegottoeat it," * * * *

"I'veplanedoutmyfuture,"said themanwiththedreamyeyes."I'm goingtorindanicelittlewifeandthen I'llhaveacosy,-homewithwell-cooked meals.Andpeaceandcontentment willreignfortherestofmydays. Don'tyouthinkit'sagreatidea?"

Themanwiththewearylookshook hishead.

"Youshouldnevermarry,oldchap," hereplied.

"Whynot"

"Becausewhenamanhasabeautifuldreamlikethatheshouldn'trun theriskofwakingup." * * * *

Twoverymodernyoungmenmanaged,bysomeerror,togetintoalocal concert.Theystooditforsometime, thenoneremarked:

"Doyouknowmuchaboutmusic?"

"Oh,justabit!"hepliedtheother.

"ThencanYoutellmewhatthat chap'splaying?"

"Rather!Aviolin,oldman." * * *

Asubalternwasawakenedthenight beforeBardiawiththenewsthat500 Italianswantedtosurrender.

"Tellthemtheycan't,"hesaid sleepily."Thebattleisn'ttillto-morrow.Tellthemtocomeagainlater." * * * *

"Soyoulikedmynovel.Whatdid youlikeespecially?"

"YourquotationsfromByron."

liewassquireofthevillageaswell asaMemberofParliament,anddidn't letpeopleforgetit.Allthelocal shopkeepersputupwithhisnonsense forthesakeofhiscustom.

Butwhenrationingstartedandhe grumbledbecausethegrocercouldn't sellhimextrasugar,thestormbroke.

"Andletmetellyou,sir,"thegrocer unshedup,"youmaybesquireandsit inParliament,buttomeyou'rejust anotherrationbook!"

* * * *

ThemanwhosoldthecartoBrown hadassuredhimthathewouldbe surprisedatitsspeed.Whenhefound himselfinaquietcountrylanehedecidedtogiveitarealtest,pressed hardontheaccelerator,andfeltthe earleapforward.Thespedometer racedroundlikeaclockgonemad. Telegraphpolesbecamehazy,wooden fences!

Thencameacrash,andheawoke laterinahospitalbed.ItwasFlag Dayatthehospital,andBrowncaught sightofthreestudentsdressedasRed Indians.Hegapedatthemthrough hisbandages,hiseyesaglowwithwonderment.

"Indians!"hegasped."GreatHeavens!Whatacar!"

* * *

TwoAustraliansoldiersstoppeda CivilServantinLondon.Theypointedtoanimpressivebuildingandaskedwhatitwas.Hetoldthemitwas theMinistryofInformation.

"IthoughttheMinistrymustbe aboutthatsize,"saidone,"tostore tipalltheinformationtheynevergive away."

* NaziorBritish:"YouareaBritish subject!"saidaGermanofficertoa Sollumnative.

"No.sah!Datwasyesterday!"

* * "Whatdoyouthinkofthiswar?" askedtherecruit.

"Ithinkit'sawait-and-seewar!"repliedhiscompanion.

"Whatdoyoumeanbythat?"

"Well.Goering'sgottheweight, whileChurchill'sgotthesea!"

BadKicking--OrWasIt?-ANazi garrisoninaSoccermatchagainsta DutchteamatHilversum,Holland, kicked5goals,andtheteamkicked 15Germans.

* * * * couldneither but whena-distantrelationdiedandleft himasmallfortune,hestartedto makeasplash.Heboughtachequebook,butinsteadofsigninghisname onchequesheputtwocrosses,andthe hankpaid.

Thenonedayhehandedthecashier achequesignedwiththreecrosses.

"What'sthis?"demandedthecashier."You'veputthreecrosseshere."

"Iknow,"wasthereply,"butmy wife'sgotsocialambitions.Shesays Imusthaveamiddlename."

* * * *

Harkinshadlivedinhisnewhome butafewweeks,andscarcelyknew hisneighboursbysight.Thenhis housecaughtfire.Rushingfromthe frontdoorhefoundtwoneighbours alreadyonthescene.

"Isay."Harkinscriedexcitedly, "willyouruntothecornerandgive thealarm?"

"Verysorry,"explainedtheman, "butIhaveawoodenlegandcant run."

Theothermanpressedforward.

"Isay,"saidHarkins,turningtohis newally,"whileI'mgettingthethings outrunovertothecornerofthe streetandshout'Fire'!"

"I'msuffering'fromlaryngitis,"said theotherneighbourinawhisper.

Therewasnotamomenttospare, butIlarkinsfoundtimetoturnto themandsay,politely:"Supposeboth ofyougointothehouseandbringout easy-chairsandsitdownhereand enjoytheblaze."

* * * *

Astheywalkedhometogether,Torn toldFredhewasgoingtogivehis wifeaserioustalkoneconomy.

Whentheymetagainnextday, Fledasked:

"Well,didyougivethemissusthat econernylecture?"

"Idid,"repliedTom.

"Anyresults?" "Yes-er-I'mgoingtogiveup smoking."

"Brownisverycarefulabouthischildren,isn'the?"

"Yes;he'stryingtobringthemup inthewayheshouldhavegone."

Amaninthepitofthetheatrewas annoyedbycontinualconversationin therowbehind.

"Excuseme,"hesaid,"butwecan't hearawordthat'sbeingsaid."

"Oh,"repliedthetalkativeone,indignantly."Andisitanybusinessof yourswhatI'mtellingmywife?"

LittleJohnwentintothedrawingroomtoseesavisitorwhowaswithhis father.

"Well,mylittleman,"saidhis father'sfriend,"whatareyoulooking atmefor?"

"Why,"repliedtheboy,"daddytold meyouwereaself-mademan,andI wanttoseewhatyoulooklike."

"Quiteright,"saidthegratified guest."Iamaself-mademan."

"Butwhy'didyoumakeyourself likethat?"saidJohn,withconsiderablesurprise.

Itwasherfirstdayatthejob,and thenewmaidwasabitslowinans weringthehell.Sothemasterofthe housestrodeintothekitchen,He foundherscrubbingthefloor.

"You'reprettydirty,'heremarked, eyeinghersoiledapron.

"Yes,sir:'sherepliedcoyly;"but I'mprettierclean."

* * *

Tiredandhungry,thebusinessman :atdownintherestaurant.When thewaiterofferedhimthemenu,he waveditaway.

"Justbringmeagoodmeal."

Thewaiterdidhisbest,andgota goodtip.Asthecustomerwasleavingthewaiterleanedoverhisshoulder andmurmured:

"Thankyou,sir.Andifyouhave anyotherfriendswhocan'tread,just yousend'emtome!"

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"TheNationalYouth Parliament

"Ironworker,"Sydney;Sydney:"Interestaa," R.M.J.,Fivedock;and otherListeners.

(Yourquestionsalldealwiththe onesubject,namely,theso-called YouthParliamentrecentlyheldin Sydney.Ihavethereforetakenthe libertyofmakingaselectionofyour questionsbothtoavoidneedlessrepe- titionandtogiveacomprehensivepictureofthesaidYouthParliamentand thepeopleassociatedwithit.)

Amuchadvertised"YouthParliament" hasjustbeenheldinSydney.

Theso-calledNationalYouthParliamentwasheldatFederationHouse, Phillip-street,Sydney,onSaturday, April12,andSunday,April13(Easter Sunday).

ItwasofficiallyopenedonthemorningofApril12byDr.Bainton,Director oftheSydneyConservatoriumofMusic.

Though11theusualparliamentarypro- cedurewatlollowedfairlycloselyby thehundre-de3rso"members"whoattended,the"Parliament"wasnotmerelyapieceofplay-actingandmake-believe.Theprogrammecomprisedfour mainmeasures:aJuvenileEmploymentBill,anEducationBill,aPhysical FitnessBill,and,finally,aBillconcerningPost-WarReconstruction.These measureswereseriouslydiscusedbythe "members,"andtheyarepledgedto workfortheiradoptionbytheofficial ParliamentandLegislatureofthecountry.

Furtherinformationconcerningthis "Parliament"willbegivenasweproceed: * * * *

WHOWASBEHINDIT?

Whowasbehindit?

Veryprominent,bothinorganising andconductingthe"Parliament"was theAustralianLabourLeagueof Youth!

Accordingtoitsdraftconstitution, thefirstobjectoftheAustralianLabourLeagueofYouthis"toeducate theyouthofAustraliaisthespiritand principlesofSocialism."

ButthewordSocialismhasmany meanings,andmaycoveranything fromasaneandmoderatelabourpolicytoRussianCommunism.

ForwhatparticularsortofSocialismdoestheAustralianLabourLeagueofYouthstand?Theanswerto thatquestionistobefound,itseems, inoneofitsdeclaredobjectswhichtoquoteonceagainfromthedraft constitution-readsasfollows:"Toencouragetheidealsoffriendshipwith theU.S.S.R.,theworld'sfirstSocialistcounty Sincethdraftconstitutionofthe organisatiotressesSocialism;then speaksof twistRussiaasthe world'sfirstSocialistcountry,andhas asoneofitsobjectstocultivatefriendshipwiththatcountry,itseemsclear thatthekindofSocialismforwhich theorganisationstandsisnoneother thanCommunismoftheRussiantype.

* * * *

FRIENDSHIPWITHTHEU.S.S.R.

WhytheyouthofAustraliashould beencouragedtofostertheidealsof friendshipwithCommunistRussia,it itdifficulttounderstand.

CommunistRussiavieswithNazi Germanyfortheunenviabletitleof theworld'smostmurderousandirresponsibledictatorship.Communist RussiawasguiltywithNaziGermany ofshamelessaggressionagainstPoland. InSoviet-occupiedPoland,theCommunistshavebeenguiltyofacruelty andoppressionevenmorerelentless thanthatoftheNazis;andthatis sayingagreatdeal.Oneoftheirlatest"democratic"measureshasbeento deport500,000helplessPolishcivilians tothefrozenwastesofSiberia.

Withacynicaltreacheryandbad faithequaltothatoftheNazis,CommunistRussiamadewarondemocraticFinland,andthenabsorbedthe smallBalticStatesofLatvia,EsthoniaandLithuaniabymethods whichwouldmakeevenMachiavelli blush.

AndnowStalinwhosetreacherous dealwithHitlerremovedthelastobstaclewhichpreventedHitlerfrom plungingEuropeintowar,hassigned apactofnon-aggressionwiththeJapanese"FascistAggressors,"whomhis fawningslavesinAustraliawerealwaysurgingustofight.

Suchisthecountrywithwhichthe AustralianLabourLeagueofYouth wouldhaveusfostertheidealsof friendship.

TheAustralianLabourLeagueof YouthislinkedwiththeStateLabour Party,popularlyknownastheHughesEvansGroup.

WASITSUBVERSIVE?

WastheYouthParliamentaCommunistaffairstagedforthepurposeof spreadingCommunistpropaganda?

Inadditiontowhathasbeenalreadyexplained,thefollowingfacts willenableyoutoansweryourques- tionforyourself:

(.11AttheFirstSessionofthe"Parliament'onApril12,ayouthful"member"representingsomeyoungpeople's organisationbeggedpermissiontoput thefollowingresolutionbeforethe

-ThatthisYouthParliamentaffirmsitsunswervingloyaltytoAustralia adherenceandtheEmpire;itscomplete tothePrinciplesofDemocracyitsrepudiationofallTotalitarianideologies,whetherNazi,FascistorCommunistanditpledgesitselftohelptheAustralianwareffort ineverypossibleway."

ThatresolutionofloyaltytoAustraliaandtheEmpirewasreceived withlaughterandshoutsofderision bymanyofthe"members"andwas disallowedbythe"Speaker."The youngmanwhoproposedthemotion thenmovedamotionofdissentfrom therulingofthe"Speaker."Again, hismotionwasdisallowed.

Onthefollowingafternoon,hemovedthesuspensionofstandingordersin ordertoputthemotionofloyalty forethe"Parliament."Andonce againhismotionwasruled"outof order."

Finally,atthelastSessionofthe "Parliament,"hemadeathirdattempttohavehisresolutionofloyalty accepted.Atlonglasthewaspermittedtoputhisresolutionbeforethe "House."Butitwasrejected.

Instead,the'Parliament"accepted thefollowingvaguelywordedamendment,orrathersubstitute,whichwas proposedbyMr.Levy,oftheAustralianLabourLeagueofYouth:-

"ThatthisParliamentofYouth herebyaffirmitsadherencetothe principlesofDemocraticSociety,and pledgesitselftoanunceasingstrug- gleagainsttheenemiesofdemocracy. WeexpressourhatredofTotalitarianismandMilitarism,War,andRacial Creeds. Webelievethattheemergenceofabetterworldisdependentonthestrugglesofthepeoplesof alllands-theirpatrioticstandagainst tyrannyinallformsandintheirstrug- gleforthefreedomandhappinessof theirpeople."

Inaratherincoherentandangryspeechinwhichheintroducedhis "amendment,"Mr.Levysaidthatto endorsetheresolutionbeforethe "House"wouldimplythattheBritish LegationtoMoscow,underSirStafford Cripps,wasguiltyofsubversiveaction.HedeclaredthatPolandwas outandoutFascist,andthatGreece wasdominatedbyGeneralNletaxas, oneofthegreatestdictatorsliving, andoneoftheoriginalcreatorsofFascism.Hedeclaredthathisamend menttotheresolutionwouldmeana farmorelivingandvitalexpressionof patriotismthanthereleaseofplatitudesandshibbolethswhichinessence weremeaningless.

Theso-calledamendmentwassupportedbyMr.W.A.Wood,formereditorof"HoniSoit,"Rhodesscholar, whowasacandidatefortheHughesEvansGroupintheN.S.W.Stateelections.

Theresolutionexpressingloyaltyto AustraliaandtheEmpire,andpledgingsupportforAustralia'swareffort wasrejected.Thevaguesubstitute proposedbyMr.Levy,asubstituteto whichanyconscientiousCommunist couldsubscribe,waspassedbyaUrge majority.

(2)Whena"member"objected,duringthediscussionofthePostWarReconstructionBill,thattheabolition ofprivateownershipwas"Communistic,"hewastoldbyMr.Colin,ofthe Teachers'Federation,thatthe"Hon. Member"wasusingameaningless

phrase-asifCommunismwerenota veryrealthing,withadefiniteteachingandadefiniteaim.Hisobjection wasoverruled.

The'Parliament's"ideaofpost-war reconstructionwassimplyasocialistic andbureaucraticformofTotalitarianism.

Mr.R.W.Wiles,studentdelegatefromtheSydneyUniversity,complainedthatthe"Bill"madenoprovi- sionforcollectivefarming.

(3)Amotion,proposingthatside bysidewithphysicaleducation,there shouldbeatleastequalstresson moralandreligiousvalues,wasreject- edbythe"House."

Anothermotion,suggestingthatthe recognitionofGodandthemoral lawshouldbethebasisofeducation metwiththesamefate.

(4)Manyofthepeoplemostpro- minentinthedeliberationsofthe "Parliament"couldbeaccuratelydescribed,intheexpressivelanguageof theTradesUnions,as"White-collar Reds;""Arm-chairCommunists:" "ParlourPinks."

Theforegoingfactswillenableyou toformyourownconclusionsabout therealcharacterandinspirationof theso-calledYouthParliament.

* * * *

LIKETHEPEOPLE'S CONVENTION.

TomethisYouthParliament10(1{3 verymuchlikethe'People'sConvention"whichwasheldinEngland inJanuary.

Mr.HerbertMorrisondeclaredinthe HouseofCommonsthatthe"People's Convention"wasorganisedbythe CommunistPartyforthepurposeof spreadingitssubversivepropaganda amongstthemasses.

"HoniSoit,"astudentpublicationof SydneyUniversity,issueofApril4, gaveaglowingaccountofthe"Youth Parliament,"attributingits"successmainlytotheeffortsofthestudent delegatesandtherepresentativesof theTeachers'Federation. Inthesameissue,therewasanarticleexpressingapprovalofthespurious"People'sConvention,"andurging supportforit.

Whetherornotthestudentswhc attendedthe'YouthParliament"were reallyrepresentativeofthestudent bodyofSydneyUniversityis,cf course,anothermatter.

Butitishightimethestudentswere. awaketothemannerinwhichtheir

nameandprestigearebeingusedby peopleclaimingtorepresentthem. Isthisparliamentachallengetoour FederalandStateParliaments?

Theparliamentaryformandproce- dureadoptedbythe"YouthParliament"wereratheraconvenientmeans ofpropagatingcertaindoctrinesand theories,ratherthanarivaltoourofficialParliaments. Whetherornotthetheoriesthere advancedandapprovedwereachallengetodemocracyandourloyaltyto AustraliaandtheEmpireshouldbe clearfromwhathasbeensaid.

WhydoestheGovernmentallowpeopletobemisledbythiskindoftrickeryandcamouflage?

Thatisaquestionwhichshouldbe addressedtotheGovernment,notto me.

DistancefromtheChurch

J.D.,Albert,N.S.W.

Hereistheanswertoyourquery:

CatholicsareboundbyagraveobligationtoattendMassonSundaysand holidaysofobligation.If,however, attendanceatMasswouldmeanserious inconvenienceorlosseithertoone's goodsorperson,ortoone'sneighbour, theobligationwouldceasetobind,and, onewouldnotbeguiltyofsinbyremainingawayfromMass.

Amongstthereasonswhichexcuse onefromattendanceatMassisdistance. Whetherornotanygivendistanceconstitutesaseriousinconveniencedependsonmanyfactors:meansofconveyanceorlackofthem;theweather, thestateoftheroads;andsoforth.

Whentheweatherisfineandthe roadsaretolerablygood,thedistance ofsixteenmileswhichyoumention wouldscarcelysufficetoexcusepeoplewhohavecars(andsufficientpetrolattheirdisposal.

TheobligationtoattendMassholds foreverySundayandholidayofobligation.Andbeforeonecanbelawfully excusedonanygivenSundayorholiday,someseriousinconveniencemust bepresent.

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AChildishQuestion

"Atheist,"Camden,N.S.W.

Ifeveryeventistheresultofacause, asisevident,thenwhocausedGod?

Godisnotan''event"-something whichiscausedorhappens.IfHe existsatall,hemustbeself-existent, existinginHisownrightandofHis verynature;justasitisthenatureof atriangletohavethreesides.

WhenwesaythatGodmadeeverythingwemeanthatHeistheAuthor ofeverythingwhichexistsoutsideof Himself.WedonotmeanthatGod Himselfiscreatedormade;forthat wouldbeself-contradictoryandabsurd.

Theremustbesomeuncreatedor self-existentBeing,fornoteverything (Godincluded)canbeproduced.If literallyeverything(includingGod) werecreated,produced,caused-then nothingwouldbecreated,produced. caused;fortherewouldbenothingto causeit.Therefore,fromthefact thatthingsdoactuallyexist,there mustbesomerealitywhichisselfexistent;whichexistsinitsownright, anddidnotreceiveitsexistencefrom another.

Thisself-existentrealitywecallGod. Therefore,toask"whomadethe self-existentReality'whichGodmust beifIleexistsatall,isaschildishas itisabsurd.

DOESGODSTILLEXIST?

InhispamphletFatherDaltonsays thattheplanandorderintheUniversearetheworkofintelligence. correct. Buthehasnoreasontosupposefrom thisthattheintelligenceisstillin existence. Theplan.design,finality,purposeand orderintheUniverseareunmistakable

evidenceofasupremelyintelligent author.Thisintelligentauthorof worldorderiseitherself-existentand uncreated,ordependentandcreated.

Ifitbeself-existentanduncreatedit isGod.Ifitbedependentandcreated,thenitnecessarilypresupposes someself-existentanduncreated Beingfromwhichitisultimatelyderived.Ineithercase,Godexists.

SinceGodisself-existent;sinceHe mustexistinHisownrightandof Hisverynature,itispueriletoargue thatHemayhaveceasedtoexistafter havingcreatedtheworld. Aselfexistentbeingexistsnecessarilyand ofitsverynature.Bysavingthatit existsnecessarily,Imeanthatitcannot-exist.Itisnecessarilywhatitis, eternallyandunchangeablyexisting.

Onceagain,yourquestionshows thatyouhavecompletelyfailedtounderstandtheargumentoritsimplications. * * *

MISSINGTHEPOINT.

TheWordofGodwhicharosefrom fearandsuperstitionisnotaproof ofGod'sexistenceastheauthor (FatherDalton)supposes.

Inanswertothattherearetwo thingstobeobserved:

ThefirstisthatneitherFatherDaltonnoranyoneelseinhissensewould attempttoprovetheexistenceofGod fromtheWordofGod:theBible;for the"WordofGod"presupposesHis existence.

Inhispamphlet:"CanWeProve thereisaGod?"FatherDaltonexplicitlystatesthattheproofofGod's existenceisindependentoftheChurch, oftheBible,ofChristianity,thatit presupposesonlyourhumanreason andtheUniverseaboutus.

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Isittoomuchtoaskthatyoushould findoutjustwhatanauthordoessay beforeventuringtocriticisehisarguments?

Thesecondpointtobenoticedis this:Untilyouhavedisprovedthe teachingknownfromDivineRevelationthattheBibleistheWordofGod, or,alternatively,thefactofRevelationortheexistenceofGod,yourdescriptionoftheBibleasthefruit'of fearandsuperstition"ismereclaptrap andhumbug.

MISSINGITAGAIN.

Iforonehaven'tanyvoiceofconsciencewithinmymindwhichtellsme ofmyresponsibilitytoasupreme beingformyexistence.

Ifbysayingthatyouhaveno "voiceofconscience,"youmeanthat youarenotconsciousofanyobligationordutytodowhatisgoodandto avoidwhatisevil,thenyoucanscarcelyberegardedasamoralhuman being.Peoplewhohavenosuch senseofmoralresponsibilityarerightlyregardedasabnormal.Suchare drunkards(whenintoxicated);such arethosewhohavelosttheuseof theirreasonthroughmentaldisease, orwhohaveundermineditthrough sophistry.

lf,however,youmeanthatyou havenoconsciousnessofavoicetellingyouofyourresponsibilitiestoa SupremeBeing,thenwhatyousay canbereadilyconceded.Butitis auitebesidethepoint;forwedonot saythatconscienceisavoiceexcept inametaphoricalsense.

Conscienceissimplythepractical judgmentofourhumanreasonwith referencetothemoralgoodnessofan acttobeperformedoromittedhere andnow.

Itistruethatthispracticaljudgmentofreason-whichwecallthedictateofconscience-isimperative.It commandsthisactionasbeinggood; itforbidstheotherasbeingevil.

Therealpointatissueisthis:What istheauthorityofthisvoiceofconscience?Bywhatrightdoesitimposeitscommandsuponme?Why amInotfreetosetitasideandfollowmyinclinationsasIplease?

ApartfromaPersonalGodwhose commandsaremanifestedandapplied throughthedictateofconscience, thereisnosatisfactoryanswerto thesequestionsand,therefore,nosatisexplanationofthatconsciousnessofmoralresponsibility,thatconsciousnessthatoneoughttodowhat isgoodandoughttoavoidwhatis evil,whichistheuniversalexperience ofnormalhumanbeings.

* * * THEAUTHORITY

OFCONSCIENCE.

ThelawofGod,knownbythenaturallightofhumanreasonormade knownbyDivineRevelation,isappliedtoparticularactionsbythedictateorcommandofconscience. Conscience,then,doesnotdeserve specialrespectforwhatitisinitself for,initself,itissimplyourhuman reasonjudgingthemoralityofanact tobeperformedoromittedhereand now.Itmustberespectedandobeyed,because,throughit,thelawofGad isappliedtotheactionsofeverypersonindividually.Toviolatethecommandofconscienceistoviolatethe lawofGodwhichisappliedtoindividualactionsbyconscience.

Butsinceconscienceinitselfissimplyanactofhumanreason,andis thereforeliabletoobscurityanderror, manisunderanobligationtoeducate andinformhisconsciencebyinforminghimselfoftheexactcontentand importofGod'slaw.

Needlesstosay,youhavemisunderstoodtheimportofFatherDalton' argument,andinconsequenceyour criticismmissedthepointcompletely.

Hedidnotmeanthatmenhavewithinthemaspecialvoicecalledthevoice ofconscience,tellingthemoftheir responsibilitiestoaSupremeBeing. Hisargumentwasthatnormalhuman beingshaveaconsciousnessofmoral responsibility-thattheyoughttodo goodandoughttoavoidevil,manifestedinthecommandordictateof conscience.Hetheninferredthat thiscommandofconscienceismeaninglessexceptasthemediumthrough whichthelawofapersonalLawgiver ismademanifesttoman.

Youwillfindamoredetailedexplanationofourpositioninthebookletentitled"GodandMorals,"publishedbytheA.C.T.S.

* * *

ISCELIBACYUNNATURAL?

CatholicsandallChristiansbelieve thatweoweourentiremake-upto God,Whomadeuswithfundamentalinstinctswhicharenaturalto everyone. Correct.ButitmustberememberedthatthroughthesinofAdam weareafallenrace. Catholicsaregoingagainstthenatural grainandthereforeagainstGodby believinginthecelibacyofPriests.

Onceagain,youhavemisunderstood anddistortedourposition.

Manhasinstinctsincommonwith thebruteanimals.Thesesufficefor thebruteanimals,buttheydonot sufficeforman.

Manpossessesintelligenceandfree will.Theinstinctsandurgesofhis lowernaturearequitegoodinthemselves,buttheyshouldbesubordinatedtothecontrolofreason.Theman whoallowsfullfreedomtotheinstinctsandurgesoflowernature underthepretextthatheisbeing "natural"is,infact,anythingbut natural.Heisusuallyaratherghastlyspecimenofunnaturalperversion.

Theinstinctofreproductionisnaturaltoman,andfindsitslegitimateexpressioninmarriageandthefamily.

Buttheexistenceofthatinstinct,plac- edinhumannaturebyGodtheCreator,doesnotmeanthateveryman shouldbeguidedbythatinstinctand enterintomarriage.

Itakeitthatyouwouldconsiderit rightforamantosacrificelifeitself fortruthorfreedomorjustice.Why thendoyouconsideritunnaturaland wrongforamantosacrificethejoys ofmarriedlifeforahigherpurpose?

Thesameprincipleappliesinboth cases.

Itwouldbewrongtodenytheintrinsicgoodnessofthatinstinctofreproduction.Itwouldbeequally wrongtodenyitslegitimatefulfilmentinthemarriedstate.Butifa manadmitsthegoodnessoftheinstinctinitself,andthegoodnessof marriage,yet,fromhigher'motives subordinatesittotheattainsentofa nighergood,heisdoinq.nowrong. Youputyourownfancifulinterpre- tationonthelawofaGodwhoseexistenceyoudeny,andthencavilat Catholicsforviolatingthatlawasinterpretedbyyou.

Again,youignorethefactandthe teachingofDivineRevelation..You donotdisprovetheDivinityofChrist.

YoudonotattempttoshowthatHis teachingisuntrue.Yetyoublame CatholicpriestswhoadmittheDivinityofChristforfollowingtheteaching ofChrist.Butitshouldbeobvious thatyouwillhavenoteventhe shadowofacaseuntilyouhaveprovedthatChristisnotGod.

Yourdislikeforreligioningeneral andCatholicisminparticular,isevident enough;butitisequallyevidentthat itisnotreasonable.

* *

ANYSTICKWILLDO.

InthebookletontheMassbyFather Martindale,everyactofthePriest isputdowntocustom,e.g.,thebook iscarriedfromtherighthandto thelefthandsideofthealtar,and candlesareplacedonthealtar.

Yourreadingofthebookletmust havebeenexceptionallysuperficial. FatherMartindaledoesnotattribute everyactionofthepriesttocustom. Heexplainsthatmostoftheactions ofthepriesthadtheiroriginincustom,andthatthesecustomshavebeen stabilisedbylaw. Nointelligentpersonorinstitution stickstouselesscustomsforcustoms' sake.Reasontendstosweepthem away. C. Hereagain,youaremerelydemolishinganAuntSallyofyonrownconstruction.

Withouttouchingthequestionof theauthorityoftheChurch,orthe meaningoftheMass,orthemeaning ofthecustomsassociatedwiththe Mass,youcheerfullybutmostunreasonablyassumethatthesecustomsare meaninglessandunreasonable;and inferthatreasonwouldsweepthem away.

Thereis,forinstance,anoldand wellestablishedcustomofhaving breakfastinthemorning.Butreasondoesnottendtosweepitaway. Acustomisnotnecessarilymeaninglessorunreasonablebecauseithappenstobeancient.

Whenyouhavelearnttouseyour ownreasoninaccordancewiththeelementarylawsofcorrectthinking,you willbeinabetterpositiontoeliminateunreasoninotherpeople.

Itissimplyelementarycommonsense tofindoutexactlywhataposition isbeforeattackingit.Itisfoolishto attackdoctrinesandcustomswithout referencetotheprinciplesonwhich theyarebased.Itisinexcusableto distortanopponent'spositioninorder toheabletocriticiseitmoreeasily.

KALAMUNDA.

KalamundaMeatSupply RAILWAYROAD. E.C.HITAIFREY,BM:MR.

DeliverstheBESTQUALITY MEATthroughouttheDistrict. 'Phone130.

DeValeraExplains

AStateBothModernand

ActuallyaninterviewgrantedbyMr. deValeratoJosephF.Thorning,the follcwingarticlefromtheNewYork "Lath()World"willeventuallyform partofabookrecordingsixteeninterviewsaccordedtothismuchtravelled Americanbyleadersinsocialreconstructionindifferentpartsoftheworld. Thebook,whichwillbeentitled"BuildersoftheNewSocialOrder,"hasbeen chosenbytheCatholicLiteraryGuild ofNewYorkastheirbook-of-the-month forJune.Eire'sadventureinreconstruction,followingasitdoestheprincipleslaiddownintheSocialEncyclicals,willbereadwithmuchinterestat thepresenttime.

WHILEthebombsfallonEurope, AfricaandtheBritishIsles, themostChristiannationin theworldistryingtomaintainapre cariousneutrality,orifyouwill,nonbelligerency.TheemphasisofEireis notuponmassproductionofwarships, pursuitshipsandartillery,butupon effortstosecurea''moreabundantlife" fortheyorkersinfactoriesandon farms-Furthermore,sincere,scientific considerationisbeingaccordedtothe problems'MPtheso-calledwhite-collar workers.Thetoneandtemperofthis programmeofreconstructionisreflectedinthewordsofastatesman,who, forallthediscussionhispolicieshave evoked,mustbeconcededtohaveheld thecentreoftheworld'sstagefora longerperiodthananyofhiscontemporaries.

Thisexclusiveinterview,whichtook placeintheHon.EamondeValera's privateofficeinLeinsterHouse,may havethemeritofpresentinganimage ofwhatthewholewouldoughttobe, accordingtothemindoftheHolySee andthebestChristianstatesmanship, afteratragicallydestructivewar.Cooperation,notconflict,isthekeynote oftheseconversations.Thewholepictureofferstothedemocraticnations somehopeofabrighterfutureforthe commonpeople;therealsoldiersofsociety.

Askedabouttheeconomicandfinancialbackgroundofsocialreform,the Premierreplied:

"Underournativegovernmentwe havegreatlyexpandedourtillagearea. Forexample,to-dayweareabletoproducevirtuallyalloursugar,duetointensivecultivationofthesugar-beet andtheconstructionofhugerefineries. Formerly,weweredependentuponimports.Morethanone-thirdofthe grainthatisusedforbreadgrowson ourownsoil.Andthenationaldiet hasbeenimprovedbyalargerdomestic consumptionofbeef,butter,eggs,chickens,cheeseandotherdairyproduce.

"Industrially,progresshasbeenstriking.Arichvarietyofgoods,formerly securedfromabroad,isnowmadein ourownworkshopsandfactories.Two illustratiomsmaybeenlightening:in 1931weaiiapparel,bothcottonand woollen,wasimportedintoEiretothe valueof27,500,000dollars.Thisfigure hasbeencutfive-sixthsinthecurrent year.Importsofclothingarenowless than5,000,000dollars.Tenyearsago, footwearcostingthepeoplefully7,500,000dollarswasbroughtintoEire.Todathatsumhasbeenreducedmore thantenfold:importsofbootsand shoesnowamounttolessthan5,000,000 dollars.Thesestatistics,comparativelystudied,suggestthattheIrishpeoplehaveachievedafairmeasureofindustrialindependence.Economicselfsufficiencyisadirectresultofpolitical freedomandinturnstrengthensthe fabricofourState'ssovereignty."

Mr.deValeraacknowledgedthat moreremainedtobeaccomplishedin buildingupheavyindustry,machineryoflarge-scaleproductionandininsuringasteadysupplyofbasicrawmaterials.Theseproblemsnecessarily havebeencomplicatedbythewar.

TelephoneB4757.

MARTINP.RYAN (M.W.A.O.A.)

Optometristand Optician

SonofLateM.P.Ryan,lateof Fremantle.

ORIENTLINEBUILDINGS.

WILLIAMSTREET,PERTH.

Conservative

"Obviously,thesevocationalgroups musthavethesuppportandsanctionof law.Therepresentativesofcapital andlabourineacharmorinstrument ofproductionshouldhaveavoicein determiningthemaximumvolumeof output,prices,wages,andprofits.

"Aplanofthischaracterwouldput industrialists,financiers,andmanual workers,uponanequitablebasisinthe productionanddistributionofwealth. Itwouldbringabouteffective,fruitful profit-sharingbothinindustryandagriculture.

"Infact,itmaybedoubtedwhether myprofitsharingplan,howeverlaudable,canoperatesuccessfullyunless theemployeesareliftedfromthelevel ofmerewage-earnerstothestatusof co-managersandco-directors.Since

Eire

thisspeciesofpartnershipwouldnot necessarilybeeffecteduponafiftyfiftybasis,butinaccordancewiththe enterprise,skill,zealandcapitalinvestmentofeachindividualengagedinthe productiveprocess,itwouldretainthe bestfeaturesofourpresenteconomynamely,personalinitiative,theopportunityforprivategain,permanencyof investmentandsecurityofemployment."

ThesuccessoftheTrades'Councilin GreatBritainwascitedbyhimasan indicationthatmuchmorecanbedone alongtheselines.TheIrishdairyindustry,hesaid,whereco-operativeprincipleshavebeendevelopedonanotable scale,wouldeasilybeamongthefirst tobenefitbytheextensionofthisprinciple.Electricalworkersandproduc.

InthefinancialspherethePremier pointedoutthateveryEireGovernment,since1920,hadmanagedtobalancethebudgetaswellastokeepthe nationaldebtwithinextraordinary narrowlimits.Heinsistedthatthis hasbeendonewithoutanyimpairment oftheservicesforpublichealth,educationandhousing.Indeed,asthe correspondentnoted,theslumclearanceprogrammeinDublinisamodel forthecivilisedworld.Onlyone"depressed"districtremainedinwhatwas oncethe"slummetropolis"oftheOld World.

TheIrishFreeState'sattemptto buildaCatholicstateembodyingthe occupationalgroupsystem,orvertical guildsofunionsofemployersandthe employeesinthesameindustry,was describedtothiswriterintheGovernmentHeadquartersbyPrimeMinister EamondeValera,inthefirstinterview hegaveafterrelinquishingthepresidency.

BasedontheEncyclicalofPopePius XI,"ReconstructingtheSocialOrder," Mr.deValeraassertedthatthis'adventureintotherealmofsocio-economicplanning,willtakedistinctively Irishlines."Headdedthatthestate hisgovernmentisattemptingtodevise forIrelandwouldbebothmodern andconservative.

"Forthepresent,"hedeclared,"it representsaphilosophy,anoutlook,a tendencyandanattitude,suffusedby principles,ofsoundChristianteaching. TheidealofaCatholicstateembodyingthevocationalgroupsystemwill growclearerandclearerwiththepracticalapplicationofthepertinentpassagesofthenewIrishConstitution.It willkeepthecompassofStatefrom beingdeflectedtoofareithertothe FascistRight,withallofitsperilsof stateabsolutism,ortotheMarxistLeft withitsdesperate,despiritualisedemphasisuponthethingsweeatand drinkandwear.

AModernisedGuildSystem.

"Byfranklyfacingeverypossibleobjectiontothetwentiethcenturyrevivaloftheguildsystem,andmore particularlybybridgingthechasmbetweenbusinessandpolitics,weinIrelandwilldoourpartinhelpingtoeffecttheChristiansocialrevolution."

Significantlyenough,theToiseach (GaelicforPrimeMinister),asMr.de ValeraiscalledthroughoutIreland,did notspeakofcorporations,syndicalism orthecorporativestateintellingofhis government'sexperimentwiththeoccupationalgroupsystem.Insteadhe usedtheterms'vocationalbodies"or "functionalgroups."

Inexplainingwhyhedidthis,he saidthatthepresentconflictbetween CommunismandFascismrenderedthe problemoftheoccupationalerne,system,aswellasitsaccurateexposition, amatterofacuteimportance.

"WeknowperfectlywelltheviciousnessandlamentableresultsofMarxist materialismwhereverithasbeentried,' hedeclared."Wearealsoawareof thedangersinherentinaprogramme whichwouldsubmergeindividualand familylibertiesinblindworshipofan infalliblestate,suchasNazismproposes.Thereisareasonable,practical positionwhichliesbetweentheradical extremes:itconsistsofamodernised guildsystem,embracingbothemployersandworkersinvocationalbodiesin everybranchofindustry,agriculture, commerce,theprofessionsandthearts. Thisisthesystemwebelievebestfitted forIreland.

E.NOONAN--PavingContractor

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SPECIALISTSINROADOONSTRUCTION,BITUMENPAVING,Etc.

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400ALBANYROAD,VICTORIAPARK.

ALLLINESSMALLGOODSANDCOOKEDMEATS.

'Phone:M.1089.

erslikewisecouldbeorganisedwitha minimumoffriction,hedeclared.

Mr.deValerainsistedthattheprincipalmotiveofthepresentEireGovernmentinattemptingtodevelopthe occupationalgroupsystem,istheconfidencethattheIrish,asaChristian people,haveintherecommendations forabettersocialordermadebyPope PiusXIinhisEncyclical.

G.JAGER,Proprietor.

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TheLeadingLeatherMerchant WESUPPLYANYTHINGINLEATHER SaddleryandHarness,SuitCases,Etc.SuedeSkinsforFancyWork SOLEAGENTSFORDr.Scholl'sFootAppliances."Salvitis"StockRemedies,forHorses,Cattle Sheep,Pigs,Poultry,Dogs.FreeBookletonApplication

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SEETHISMODERNPHARMACY FORYOURSELF.

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NORSEMAN

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C.J.PHILPOT BUI1DER,CONTRACTORandFUNERALDIRECTOR.

PlansandSpecificationsPrepared. AllBuilders'Hardware. 'Phone31.P.O.Box13.-PRINCEPSTREET,NORSEMAN.

"Itisinevitable,"hecontinued,"that Ireland,withhertraditionofprofound religiousfervour,shouldbeintheforefrontofthosenationslikePortugal, SpainandBrazil,whichareendeavouringtoachieveapracticalrealisation, withinthelimitsprescribedbythenationaltemperamentandgeniusofeach, oftheHolyFather'spositiveremedies forthesocialandeconomicillsofthe world.

"ThisimpliesthatChristianidealsof thefamily,ofpublicservice,andof personalself-disciplineandsobriety, takeprecedenceoverquestionsof wages,prices,orprofits."

Hefranklyadmitted,however,that thereweretwopossibledrawbacksto hisprogrammeofsocialandeconomic reconstructionforIreland.Thefirst ofthese,hedeclared,wasthedanger ofmonopolisticcontrolofaparticular commodity,suchasbread,bymembers ofacertainguildorgroup,withconsequentinterferenceorinfringementon therightsofothersengagedinother spheresofproduction.Thesecondpossibledifficultyinvolvesafairmethod ofsecuringrepresentativesofindustry, commerce,agriculture,theprofessions andtheartsuponatrulyvocational basis,hesaid.

Somemeasureofstatesupervisionor controlwouldsettlethefirstdifficulty, headded.Itwashisview,hesaid, thatthisindispensablemeasureofcoordinationmightbeachievedbymeans ofaSupremeEconomicCouncil.This council,heexplained,wouldbesubordinatetothepoliticalorgansofthe state,yetvestedwithsufficientindependentauthoritytokeepeffectivecontroluponallfactorsintheprocessof production,distributionandconsumption.Somethingofthiskindhasbeen attempted,itmaybeobserved,inthe establishment,attheoutbreakofhostilitiesinEurope,ofaMinistryofSupplies,whichsupervisesandco-ordinates measuresnecessarytomeetEire'seconomicneedsandsimultaneouslyexercisescontroloverpricestopreventprofiteering.

"Thisisequivalent,'thePremiercoin mentedwithasmile,"toguidinga four-in-handofspiritedIrishthoroughbredsoverasteeplechasecoursewith obstaclesofthenumberandvarietyof thoseintheGrandNational-orthe IrishSweepstakes!

"Unlessthiswasdone,however,the nationaleconomywouldspeedilyrun outoffocus.Theprimeconcernof thoseresponsiblefortheefficient,just administrationofthevocationalgroup set-up,therefore,isco-ordinationand balance."

TheIrishSenate.

Withreferencetotheseconddifficulty,hesaidthatIrelandhadhadan unhappyexperiencewithfunctionalrepresentationintheIrishSenate.It wasthepurposeofhisgovernment,he explained,tosecurearepresentative UpperHousebyallowinganumberof vocationalbodiestonominatecandidates.Thesecandidatesinturnwere electedbyacollegecomposedofboth DialEireanndeputiesandofrepresentativeschosenbylocalauthorities.

"Asthingsturnedout,"hesaid,"the Senate,contrarytoourexpectations, tendedtoshowadistinctpoliticalcomplexion,notvastlydifferentfromthe DailEireannitself.

"Perhapsthisisnotsosurprising whenwerecallthatmostofthelegislationthathasbeenconsideredbythe mostdemocraticassembliesanyplace intheworldhasbeenenactedunder stressofeconomicdeterioration.Consequently,thelegislatorsthemselves havebeenobligedtoshowavastpreoccupationwithmeasuresforpublicrelief,socialsecurityandfinancialreform.

"Inotherwords,thepoliticianshave beenforcedtoexpendtheresourcesof statecraftuponproblemsthat,strictly speaking,pertaintotheprovinceofsociologists,economists,bankers,and healthofficers.

"Governmentto-daydemandsadegreeofspecialisationineachoneof thesespheres,unparalleledinhistory. Todrawastraightlinebetweenthe realmofpoliticsandthedomainofbig businessinthelargesenseofthatterm, iswell-nighimpossibleinthecontemporaneousworld.Thatiswhatsuggeststhepracticaladvantagesofthe SupremeEconomicCouncilIhavemen tioned,whosefunctionwouldbetoact asabalancewheelbetweenapurely politicalchamberanditssocio-economic counterpart,thefunctionalchamber.

Thesupremeimportance,therefore, ofobtaininganUpperHousereflecting thesocialandeconomiclaminations, aspirations,andneedsofsociety,is

evident.InEire,asyouprobably know,one-halfofthemembersofour Stateareelectedvocationally.Ifthe medicalprofession,forexample,isto impinge calendarproperlyuponthelegislative oftheday,itisimperative thatthisoccupationalgroupbeenabled toplaceinnominationandtosecure theelectionofaphysicianorsurgeon ofundeniableprofessionalqualifica- tions,aswellasofthefinestChristian, ethicaloutlook.Ahorsedoctoror evenacompetentveterinarysurgeon withaflarefortheturfwouldhardly meettheserequirements."

NaturalFrontiers.

Thiscorrespondent,whohadjust concludedasurveyofsocialandeconomicconditionsofSpainandPortugal, askedMr.DeValeraifIreland'sexperimentwiththevocationalgroups'sys- temwouldfollowthegenerallinesof itsdevelopmentinthosetwocountries. Hisanswerwasmostemphatic.

"Itwouldbeabigmistaketoimagine thatIreland,whichisasmall,compact, unitarystate,wouldbeinducedtofollowtheleadofanationwhoseFederal orregionalcharacterisasnronounced asthatofSpainorBrazil,"hesaid. "Herewedonotdesirestateswithina state.OurhistoryshowsthatIreland prosperedmostwhenthe'highking' didnotfindhispowertoojealouslydisputedbyhisbrotherkingsinrelatively powerfulkingdoms.Particularismof thistypewouldnotworkinIreland. Ouradventureintherealmofsocioeconomicplanningwilltakedistinctly Irishlines."

In sisedconclusion,theToiseachemphathattheunityofIrelandwould comprisethefinestpossible.contributiontosocialreconstruie6n."The ConstitutionofEire,"heexplained, "providesabasiclawforthewhole island.Soonerorlater,theNorthern CountieswillcompletethecycleofIrish independence.Economically,thiswill producehugegainsbothforNorthand South.Foryears,therewasaconcentrationofmanufacturingindustries inUlster.Thepeopleofthatregion haveawiderexperienceintradeand commercialdevelopmentthanthoseof theone-timeFreeState.

"Businessacumenandbusinessenterprisewillstimulateeveryphaseofour nationallife.Thesequalitiesabound intheNorth.Theyareanecessary complementtothetraitsofapeople withalongtraditionofsuccessinagricultureandcattleraising.Unionof effortandco-minglingoftalentwillenrichtheIrishpatternofwork,study, andplay.

'Aboveall,thecoolingofresources inaunitedIrelandwouldgivetoevery Irishmanasenseofconfidence,pride andstrengththatwouldkeythenationaldefenceprogrammetothehighestpossiblepitch.Sincetheworldis contracting,duetoswiftermeansof communicationandtransport,itisimperativethatEiretakeadvantageof theopportunitytoexpandtohernaturalfrontiers.Afterall,isn'tthatthe meaningofdemocracy:majorityrule forthecommonweal?"

M1158-Telephones-L1460

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Businesses,Farms,Houses,Land ForSale.

TheSyrian

"OftheHighest I.

TO-DAY,ourAustraliantroops fightforthesecondtimeinthe historyoftheirsix-generation nationinthatlandofdestiny-Syria. ForSyria,bufferoftheMediterranean, isofthehighestmomenttoourrace. "Ithasbeen,"writesMr.HilaireBelloc."theplaceofmeetingandofshock betweenthoseforceswhichsweepand mouldtheworldbeyondallothers, thosesourcesfromwhichallcultures flow-religious."

Thefirstdefinitehistoricalevidence ofSyrianoriginsdatesbackabout 4,000years.ItisbasedontheBook ofGenesis,anditisthestoryofAbrahamandhisfatherwhocameonthe longtrekfromUroftheChaldeesto thesouthSyriancountry.Appropriateandsignificantitisthatthestory ofSyriashouldopenwiththeJewish story,foritisthedevelopmentofthis raceandofoneofitstribesthatis togiveSyrianhistoryitsfulland finalmeaning.TheJewsaffirmedand maintainedtheworshipoftheonetrue GodandtheMessianicpromisesand prophecies. AfterAbrahamthereisalonggap inthehistoryoftheland.Hisgreat grandsoi.,Joseph,issoldintoslaveryin Egypt,whew.heeventuallyrisestoa highofficialposition,andthereisa migrationofhisdescendantstothe deltaoftheNile,wherethetraditional divisionintothetwelvetribestakes place.Thenthereisnothingdefinite untilabout1600B.C.,whenEgyptinvadesSyria.

Theextraordinaryfeaturesofthese Egyptianconquestswasthattheinvaderhadnointentionofoccupying orcolonisingSyria.Hismainpurposewastopreventtherecurrenceof aggressionagainstEgypt,andsecondlytoacquirewealth.Theseintermittentcampaignswentonforabout fourcenturies,andareremarkable morefortheireffectuponEgyptthan uponSyria.ThroughthemwasbegotteninEgyptthedesireforsomethinguniversalinreligion,andoneof theyoungPharoahsattemptedto substitutethesimplicityofoneGod fortheimmemorialgods.Hefailed, buthiseffortisproofofhowmuchthe SyrianinvasionaffectedtheEgyptian spirit,hithertounchangedforsolong. Theninthetwelfthcenturybefore ChristtheJewsreturnedfromEgypt totheland"promised"thembytheir leader,Moses.Seekingpasturesand

SAYSCATHOLICACTIONWILL SAVEGENERATION.

Thesalvationofthisgeneration restsonCatholicAction,theRev. DanielA.Lord,S.J.,emphasisesina pamphlet,"TheCalltoCatholicAction,'issufdby"TheQueen'sWork." Itwaswrittenespeciallyforthelayman.

Catholictionwillcarrythe"spirit ofChristintothewholeworld,into everydetailofthelifeofmankind," thepriest-authorcontinues."Andin thatspiritthereishopeandsalvation inthislifeandthenext."

'Onlythedullardandthehopelesslyboggedinsinwillfailtorespondto thissweepingprogramme,"which, FatherLordadds,isinfusingsaving principles"intoorganisationsand groupsthatneverknewthesanityand strengthanddivinevigourandhuman adaptabilityoftheCatholicposition. Labourunions,boardsofdirectors, politicsandthesometimesdubious walksofpolitics,education,charity, thefieldofsportsandtheworldofentertainmentarebeginningtofeelthe effectsofCatholicthoughtcarriedto them,notonlybypriests,butbythe laymanwhospeaksoutofaglowing convictionandanewbornenthusiasm."

1E1\YOUR EYES

SHOULDBEEXAMINED.

Ifyouneglectfaultyvision, permanentinjurymayresult. Weassureexpertattention andqualityspectaclewearat areasonableprice.

Battleground

MomenttoOurRace"

arableland,theysettledinthehighlandsofMt.Ephraimamongthe Canaanites.Withthistribetheyintermarriedandmanyhalf-forgotthe ancienttraditions,yettherepersisted amongtheJewstheconvictionof spiritualsupremacy.Theywerethe chosennotofagodbutoftheGod.

Inthisconvictiontheyweresustainedbyaseriesofinspiredprophets, notablySamuel,whoatthistimeorganisedaschoolofteachersdevoted totheancienttraditions, Asaresultlargelyofconflictswith thePhilistinesestablishedinthewealthycoastalcities,Monarchyarosein Israel.WiththesecondKing-David -Israelentereduponabriefphaseof glorywhichnosubsequentdisasters havebeenabletoobliterate.David milmoHimenensomilluommuillellonomuslisosimume

subduedthePhilistines,seizedthe plateauxeastofJordan,andeventook Damascus.HemadeJerusalemthe capitalofthekingdomandestablished astandingarmy."Henceforward," writesMr.Belloc,"inthebloodof Davidwastobefixedtheundying hopeofIsrael:soonerorlaterthere shouldcomefromDavidaMessiah whoshouldrestoreallthings."SolomonsucceededandfilledtheEastwith legendswhichhavesurvivedfor3,000 years.Foralltheinfluenceheexertedduringhisreign,thewholepolitical edificecollapseduponhisdeath.Egypt onceagainswallowedupIsrael.

Thencametheterriblepowerofthe AssyriansfromtheTigrisintheyear 586B.C.Jerusalemwasoccupiedand mostofthechildrenofIsraeldestroyed.Theremainingtwotribesof JudahandBenjaminwerecarriedoff incaptivitytoBabylon.Itseemed thatIsraelwasendedandthather Jehovahhadfailed.Yetwhatremainsto-dayoutofallthatSyriaof solongago;to-day,after2,500years?

OnlyJudah. ThePersianEmpirenextoccupied thestage,andunderittheJewswere liberated,manyofthemreturningto theirHolyCity.Theeffectsoftheir exileweretwofold:theywerehardened.Theoldhopeandtheoldclaim wereintensified.ThesmallnewState thatwastobefoundedwaspassionate initssenseofunity,andthatunity wasbaseduponthesanctityofthe

CATHOLICACTION.

MILITANTMEANS

ByB.R.A.

THEChurchhasthreedivisions, theChurchTriumphantinHeaven,theChurchSufferingin Purgatory,andtheChurchMilianton Earth.We,thelaity,aremembersof thelatteronlyinsofarasweare militant.ThisimpliesthattheChurch isapostolic,notonlyinandthrough herpriests,butofnecessityinand throughherlaymembers.Inthe Church,shepherdandsheepbothshare intheapostolateofChrist,andtheone isnottobeseparatedfromtheother, foritistheChurch,theMystical Christ,asawholewhichisapostolic. ThepriestsareorganisedbytheHierarchytocarryouttheirshareofthe work;howarewetocarryoutours?

Somewillsayourreligioussodalities andsocietiesfootthebill,butatatime likethepresent,whentheopposition toChristinHisChurchissowellorganised,thedividedandvariedactivitiesofindividualsandsocietiesare hopelesslyinadequate.Itisacaseof standingunitedorfallingdivided.

Whatistobetheforcewhichwill enableustopresentaunitedfrontto facetheattacksofthosewhowould destroyus?ItisCatholicAction, thelayapostolate-organised.Organised,thatis,underthedirectionofthe hierarchy,sothatbothitscontroland itsresponsibilitymaybeinthehands ofauthority.Thisauthority,which givestoCatholicActionitspower,is delegatednottoindividualsbuttothe organisationofCatholicActionasa whole.Itisexercisedbytheleaders whiletheindividualhasashareinit byvirtueofhismembership,when hedoestheworkwhichtheChurchhas mandatedtoCatholicAction.

Oncewehaveproperlygraspedthis responsibility,whichrestsonthe shouldersofeachoneofus,wewill appreciatethefactthatfarfrombeing passivewehaveanactiveparttoplay intheChurch,andthroughtheChurch inthewholeworld.

ThereissomemysteryinSyria wherebyithasalwaysbeenableto sapthestrengthofitsconquerors.

Law.ButatthesametimecommencedthatformalisingoftheJewish religionwhichwenttosuchlengthsasalmosttokillitsspirit.Itwasresponsible,humanlyspeaking,forthe failureoftheJewstorecognisethe Messiahwhenhecame.Also,many JewsremainedinBabylon,andthere thuscommencedwhatiscalledthe DiasporaortheScattering,i.e.,the growingupofexclusiveJewishcommunities,isolatedinthemidstofGentiles.

Slowlythetemplewasrebuilt,and thenthewallsofJerusalem.Thecity itselfwashalfinruins,andtherewere brigandsandwildbeastsintheneighbourhood.Butatlengththething wasdone,theBabylonJewsassisting. AnewStatewasorganisedunderEzra theScribeandNehemiah.Atthis timetheconceptionofthespiritual supremacyoftheJewishracewasintensifiedbeyondmeasureandanintensedeterminationtoachievesocial justiceisevincedintheirlawsandinstitutions.

WiththeconquestsofAlexander, "theSpiritsoflovelinessweretowaft infromtheWestinthewakeofthe Greekarmies,"andhereinSyria, "AphroditemournedforAdonisdead." TheJewishcommunitiesintheold PersianEmpireincreasedquicklyin numbersandinwealthwiththecomingoftheGreeks.TheJewswelcomedthechangeastheyhavewelcomed everygreatchange(saveOne).Itis anoutlookbornoftheMessianictemper.

ItenervatedtheCrusadersandlikewiseatthistimetherewasanebbing vitalityintheGreekSyrianpowerandthisgavetheoccasionandtheopportunityforarevivaloftheJewish kingdomunderMachabees.Thisis allthemoreremarkableinthatmany oftheJewshadbeenabsorbedinto theGreekmannerandhadapparently compromisedthespiritoftheLaw.But therewasasmallnucleusinfierceantagonismtoallthingsGreek,because theyseducedthechosenonesfrom theirGod,Jehovah.Thesettingupof theOlympiangod,Jove,intheTempleCourtwasthesignalforrebellion undertheMattathias.JudasMaccabeusafterhim,continuedthestruggle,occupiedJerusalem,andrestored theworshipofJehovah.Afterdelay causedbythedeathoftheGreekking, Judashadasmallvictory,butwas shortlyafterwardskilledinbattle.

TheMaccabeanscontinuedthefight againstimpossibleoddsinwhichthey wereassistedbydisputesoverthe SyriansuccessionamongtheGreeks. Theysucceededatlengthinonce againestablishingIsraelasanation. AkingreignedoncemoreinJerusalem untiltheadventofPompey,whoreducedSyriatothestatusofaprovince inthenowalmostcompletedRoman Empire.Atitularkingremainedfor afewyears,butSyriahadservedits purposeintheDivinePlan.

"Forthirtyyearsoralittlelessafter thepeaceofAugustwasbegan,there wasborntoanobscureyoungwoman fromGalilee(whohadcomedown withherolderhusbandforthecensus toBethlehem,thelittletownjust southofJerusalem),aMan-Child.The DesireoftheEverlastingHillshad come."

TheAmericanNegro

ITmightseemstrangetoassociate whatiscalledtheNegroproblem intheUnitedStateswiththe Puritanismthatstemmedfromthe ReformationinEngland.Butifwe considerhowPuritanism,whichsawin worldly thesignofGod's favour,castigatedtheweakorpoverty- stricken,regardingtheirmisfortuneas proofofGod'scondemnation,weshould beabletofindaninterestingparallel inthewidespreadattitudeinAmerica towardtheNegrovictimsofsocialinequality.

OnthisPuritanattitude,Professor R.H.Tawney,inhisbook,"Religion andtheRiseofCapitalism,"says:"A societywhichreverencestheattainmentofrichesasthesupremefelicity willnaturallybedisposedtoregard thepoorasdamnedinthenextworld, ifonlytojustifyitselfformakingtheir lifeahellinthis."

CertainlytheNegrohasfoundno paradiseinthisgreat,richland.When heceasedtobeaslave,heaspiredto anequalpartnershipinacountryto whichhehadbeenbroughtagainst hiswill,butwhichwasnowhishome andtowhichheaspreparedtocontributethebestofhispowersand skill.Intheyearsofhistravailhe keptalivethespiritofcourageand hope;anineffablesadnesspervades thespiritualswhichwetreasuretodayaspartofournationalculture.He sweatedinthefieldsandfactoriesto makehismastersrichandtocreate greatindustriesforthenation.He witnessedintorturedsilencethedegradationofhiswomankindbywhite owners.Thelivingproofofthissin isfoundinthepresenceoftwomillion mulattoesintheUnitedStates.

Whenfreedomcameitfoundthe Negropoor,withoutahome,without toolsandwithhopeundermined.As afreemanhewasforcedintocompetitionwithwhiteworkerswhoresentedhispresence.Whiteterroristswere organisedtodenyhimtherightto votegrantedundertheFederalConstitution.Thoseofhisracewhohad knownthebenevolenceofwhitemastersweredoomedtocryunheardtinder thepressureofanever-growingracial prejudice,againstwhichtheNorth whichhadassumedtheresponsibility forhisfuturewasunabletoprotect him.BothNorthandSouthwere toblameforneglectingtoeasethesocialandeconomicburdensofthe Negrowhen,afteryearsofforceddependence,hewasrequiredtofinda placeforhimselfinanewandbewilderinglycomplexworld.

ThemovementforNegroupliftmust beprimarilyreligiousinitsapproach. AsengagedinbyCatholicActionit cananddoesappealtoinnatehuman qualitiesofjusticeandkindliness,but preponderantlyitisaspiritualcru.

sade.WhateverinbornoringraftedprejudicesmayexisttowardaraceunjustlybrandedasmentallyandmorallyinferiormustyieldtotheinjunctionsofChrist.TotheproblemofinterracialrelationsinAmerica,His wordsbring realassuranceof eventualsolution. Thefactthattheproblemhaspersistedsolongandthattomanyit seemswell-nighinsolubleismerelyan indicationofspiritualapathyonthe partofHisfollowers.ThetrueChristianattitudeisnotshownbyindifferenceorneglectoraPilate-likedisavowalofresponsibility,butratherin sympathy,understandingandareadinesstoserve.

YOURLUCKYWEEK.

Thismaybeyourluckyweek.Try it.Getaticketto-dayintheNo.95 CharitiesConsultation.Thesetickets willbeinthespecialsweeponthe CanningHandicap,runonJune28,in whichthefirstprizeis£100.Allticketswillalsobeinthefinaldrawof theNo.95CharitiesConsultation.

WHATisCHIROPRACTIC?

"Chiropracticisadruglessmethodof healingandisbaseduponthescientific factthatthesoftnerves,astheyescapefromthelateralopeningsofthe spine,frequentlybecomeimpingedby comingincontactwithhardbone; hencepathologicalchangestakeplace attheterminationofthenerve.The spineisthekeytotheentiresituation regardingthemaintenanceofhealth ontheonehandortheestablishment ofdiseaseontheother,andisthemost vitalandimportantthinginthewhole anatomicalstructure."

Mr.AndrewMartin

-QualifiedChiropractorMacLAREN'SCHAMBERS, 144WILLIAMSTREET, PERTH.Phone:B2582.

, Affections.,

77i.rairopractic

S

MOTHERSUPERIOR'SCOURAGE.

Threatenedbyfireduringthegreat airraidonLondonrecently,the MotherSuperiorofacontemplative crdertelephonedtheChaplainandon hisinstructionadministeredCommunionuntilalltheHostswereconsumed."Ifwemustdie,"shesaid,"I thinkthatthereisnomoresublime momenttodoso."Theconventwas sparedbyachangeofwind,whichthe firemendeclaredwasmiraculous.

...Dressandfashion

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REMOVEDPERMANENTLY withoutdiscomfortorinconvenienceby ELECTROYLSIS.

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MISSR.DUGGAN, Room33,ThirdFloor,GleddenBuildings,WilliamStreet,Perth. nIIIIIIIIInu1nl1nu111111(III. 1.11111111.11multiluipsumilio

ADVANCENEWS ofgreatimportanceforout-of-town

ShoppersforHEADLINES.

MADELONMILLINERY NO.6PLAZAARCADE (MurraySt.End,opp.Bowls)

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ELLIOTT &ELLIOTT

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S(IERTIFI( MODEan METWODS (QUIPMEBT

OntheStaffisMr.J.KING, lateManagerofJ.Neilson's.

HIGHGATETENNISDANCE.

OnWednesday,June11,theHighgateCatholicTennisClubheldtheir seconddancefortheseasoninthe ParishHall.Manymembersofthe fightingforceswerepresent,theiruniformsprovidingastrikingcontrastto thecolourfulfrockingoftheladies. ThemusicwassuppliedbyMissIsobel O'Dwyer'sorchestraandaddedmuch tothesuccessoftheevening.Adainty supperwasservedbytheladies'committee,andwasgreatlyappreciated bythedancers.Amongthosepresentwere:Mr.andMrs.L.Conroy, MissesC.Arnold,C.Slattery,D.Wilkinson,L.Hough,F.Daly,J.Russell, T.Russell,B.Russell,N.Wall,P. Urquhart,A.Noel,M.O'Reilly,K. Quinn,M.Wyndham,I.McGrade,F. McNamara,K.Clarke,L.Power,R. McMullen,I.O'Dwyer,V.Flanagan,K. Easton,M.Easton,M.McMahon,P. Slattery,M.Flanagan,E.Casey,R.Le Page,J.Byron,D.McGrath,A.Faulds, P.Hickey,P.Mulcahy,B.Forte,P.and K.Donohue,V.Linsay,K.Gartland, J.Murray,P.Tozer,F.Scott,V. Davies,E.LeGuire,J.Communis,J. Hart,W.Smith;Messrs.P.Reilly,P. Ryan,C.Ryan,J.Slattery,P.McGinnity,J.O'Brien,D.O'Brien,K. Milne,J.Carroll,N.Farrar,J.O'Reilly, G.Parker,B.Kelly,K.McGrath,J. Kenneally,G.Russell,T.Fogarty,H. Gallagher,R.Morris,T.Cogan,J. O'Mara,H.Noonan,H.Easton,A. Marsh,R.Forte,K.Byrne,D.O'Leary, J.Peterkin,H.Wilkinson,GSmith,M. O'Dea.H.Cribb,G.Peterkin,J.Berkery,N.Compton,F.O'Mahony,R. Freeman,J.Cogan,L.Mitchin,P. Somers,K.Seage,L.Hickey,C.Nallen, K.Ryan,A.Hogan,J.Smith.

BUFTON-HICKEYWEDDING.

Averyquietbutcharmingwedding tookplaceinOurLadyHelpofChristians'Church,EastVictoriaPark,on Saturdayeveninglast,June14,when Mary(Mollie),thirddaughterofMr. andMrs.GusHickey,of18Hampshirestreet,VictoriaPark(formerlyofthe goldfields),wasmarriedtoPrivate Vo,perBufton,thirdsonofMr.and Mr,.E.J.Bufton,ofHerbert-street, VictoriaPark.Rev.FatherO'Connor officiated.

THEBREADBAKEDBY-- CORLETTBROS. (LateA.I.F.),

Thebridewho,intheunavoidable absenceofherfather,enteredthe churchonthearmofheruncle,LanceCorporalJ.Wren,wasacharmingfigureinanensembleofcrushedstrawberrywool,withmatchinghatand blackaccessories.Sheworeaspray ofcreamrosebudsandmaidenhair fern.HerbridesmaidwasMissNoreen Hickey,hersister.Sheworeanensembleofair-forcebluewoolwithaccessoriesofthesametoning.Her spraycomprisedpinkrosesandmaidenhairfern.Thebridegroom'sbrother,PrivateA.Bufton,carriedout thedutiesofbestman.

Aftertheceremonynearrelativesreturnedtothehomeofthebride'sparents,wherethecustomarytoastswere honoured.Laterintheeveningthe happycoupleleftontheirhoneymoon.

SEWINGAFTERNTON.

TheLeedervilleC.W.L.sewingafternoon,atthehomeofMrs.Dillon,31 Anzac-road,wasagreatsuccess.The president,Mrs.Jones,welcomedthree newmembers,MesdamesEdwards, DevlinandFoster.Theproceedsof thedaintyafternoonteawenttothe woolfund.Duringtheafternoona numberofwoollenrugswerecompleted.AmongthosepresentwereMesdamesJones,Hebbard,Bailey,O'Hara. Reckener,Edwards,Foster,Chesson, Boylan,Dwyer,Lamb,Gee,Brooks andLePage.

CARDPARTY.

OnFridayeveningtheSt.Gertrude's Ex-Collegiansheldasuccessfulcard eveningattheresidenceofMrs.McGregor.Vasesofbeautifulroseswere artisticallyarrangedintheloungeand diningrooms,wherethecardtables werearrangedandglowingfiresmade theroomsverycosy.Theprizeswere wonbythefollowing:Mr.Mussie (bridge),Mrs.Joyce(euchre),Miss Cantwell(rummy),Messrs.McGrath

"Liturgyand Life"

THIRDQUESTWEEKENDAT "TAYCREGGAN."

Morethanfiftypeople,boysand girls,acceptedtheinvitationofthe GrailtojointheQuestersatthethird QuestWeek-endrecently.Among themwererepresentativesfromSale, Traralgon,Swift'sCreek,Geelong,and HebpurnSprings.

Rev.P.Jonesopenedthecourseon Saturdayafternoonwhen,inavery inspiringtalk,heexplainedsomething ofthedepthandbeautyoftheLiturgy.Hisownjoyfulenthusiasm sooncommunicateditselftohislisteners,andwhen,afterteaandrehearsals ofPlainChant,theygatheredinthe "JoyoftheLord"forhissecondtalk on"TheMass,CentreoftheLiturgy," theweek-enderswereallanxiousto takeinasmuchaspossibleofwhathe hadtotellthem.Eveningprayersin theChapelbroughtthedaytoaclose.

SundaybeganwithMissaCantatain theGrailChapel,andcarryinginour mindsthethoughtoftheMass,wherein weobtainFoodforoursouls,and strengthforourdailyneeds,wewent ontoappreciatehowtheLiturgyalso providesforusineverymajorevent ofourlives,frombirthtodeath.

Aconsiderationoftheceremonies ofMatrimony,andtherichgracesof theNuptialMassledustounderstand thesolicitudeoftheChurch,that,in whatweseeasthebeginningofanew lifematerially,theremayalsobethe beginningsofanewspirituallife.

ThefactthatthebeautifuloldcustomofChurchingissorarelycarried outinAustraliawasapointofspecial interestraisedintheresultantdiscussion,andDr.Jonesgavealittletalkon therealmeaningoftheceremony,and saidthatweshouldencourageits widerpractice.

TheSacramentofExtremeUnction wasexplainedtousveryclearlyby Dr.Jones,whenhepointedoutthat intheprayerssaidaftertheannointing,thethoughtsareofhealing,comfortandsorrowforsin,notofdeath. Thepreparationofthesickroomfor thecomingofthepriestwasdemonstratedbyoneoftheQuestersandexplainedbyDr.Jones.

ThethemeofGregorianMusicis oneoftranquilpossessionofthe truthsofourFaith,andthiswasillustratedbygramophonerecordsofthe singingoftheRequiemMassbythe BenedictinemonksofQuebec,which ledontoatalkontheMassforthe Dead,andtheceremoniesofCatholic burial.

Thesacristanof"TayCreggan" showedhowthealtarispreparedfor Mass,andhowthevestmentsareset outforthepriest.Thiswasfollowed bysomesuggestionsofCatholiccustomswhichcouldbedevelopedinour Australianhomes.

andMcGovern(specialprizes).The president,MissP.Williamson,onbehalfoftheAssociation,thankedMrs. McGregorandthosepresentformakingtheeveningsosuccessful.Others presentwereMesdamesDavies,McGrath,Williams,Keenan,McGovern, Ryan,Burke,Monach,Welsh,Cassellas,Mussie;MissesM.Cullen,A. O'Neill,M.Butler,M.Daly,R.Stace, M.Pung,M.Butler,U.Stevens,M. Treacy,K.Bendon,K.McGovern; Messrs.J.Burke,N.Hall,J.andT. Wright,J.McGregorandWelsh.

FORTHCOMINGGERALDTON

BALL.

TheannualXaverianBall,whichis inthehandsofacapablecommittee underthesecretaryshipofMr.K. Cruickshank,willtakeplaceinthe GeraldtonTownHallonTuesdayevening,July1. Anumberofyoung ladieswillmaketheirdebutonthis occasion,andwillbepresentedtoHis LordshiptheBishopofGeraldton (MostReverendDr.O'Collins).An orchestraofseveninstrumentalists willprovidethemusicandapopular programmetosuitallisbeingprepared.Asusualthesupperwillbea specialfeatureoftheeveninganda numberofladieswhohavemadea specialityofsuchcateringwillsuper- intendinthissphere.TheTown Hallwillalsobespeciallydecorated fortheoccasion.Everyeffortwillbe madetomakethecomingXaverian Ballaworthysuccessortothoseconductedinthepast.

COUNTAlsOORMACK'SSOilMARRIED.

LieutenantCyrilPatrickMcCormack,sonofCountJohnMcCormack, thefamoustenor,wasmarriedinDublinearlyinMaytoMiss Patricia Eccles.CountMcCormack,now56 yearsold,emergedfromretirementto singtwosongs.

CHURCHINEASTINDIESNOW SELF-SUPPORTING.

TheChurchintheDutchEastIndieshasbecomeself-supportingbecauseofthewar.

WhenHollandwasinvadedmany religiousOrdersatworkinthemission fieldintheseislandshadtheirfunds there.Theseminariesfornative clergydependedlargelyonbenefactors inHolland.Schoolsnotrecognised by mothertheGovernmentdependedonthe country.Theproblemaroseofprovidingtheclergywithaliving andfundstokeeptheircharitable worksgoing.

Thecrisiscameasablessingindisguise:theCatholicsintheislandsrealisedthatitalldependedonthem. Committeeswereformed.People guaranteedapercentageoftheirincome;otherspromisedtofinanceseminaryscholarships;footballmatches, fancyfairsandothermoney-raising schemeswereorganised.

Theoutcomeisthatalthoughthere canbenoquestionofChurchextension atpresent,theChurch,withcertainrestrictions,cancarryon.

ThefirstJavaneseBishop,Monsignor Soegijapranata,Vicar-ApoNlic of Semarang,hasfoundhisnedssuppliedfromhisownterritory,notfrom Holland.TheDutchCatAtolicsgave himagoldcrossandchain?theJavanesegavehimhispectoralcrossand ringandasumofmoney;theChinese Catholicsgavehimamotorcar.

MONSIGNORSGEGIJAPRANATA, FirstJavanese

Bishop.

S.I.C.OLDBOYPRIESTS.

OldBoypriestsofSt.Ildephonsus' College,NewNorcia,whorecently enjoyedareunioncoincidingwiththe ChampagnatDaycelebrations,have donatedthesumof£73stowardsthe purchaseofatalkieplantfortheCollege.

SCHOOLBOYSHONOURDEAD COMPANIONS.

OnThursdayafternoonlastaCrucifixwaspresentedtoSt.Patrick'sBoys' Schoolbythepupilsinmemoryofthe lateBobbieTicehurstandTerryWhitely,formerpupilsoftheschool.The Crucifixwasblessedbytheschool chaplain,Rev.FatherP.Donelly.

Theceremonyopenedwiththe hymn,"ToJesus'HeartAllBurning." The"DeProfundis"wasthenrecited. Thiswasfollowedbytheblessing,the CrucifixbeingheldbyMasterJim MaschmedtandMasterGerardParkinson,twoclassmatesofthedeceasedboys. FatherDonnellyadressedtheboys, stressingthedeepmeaningofthe Crucifixandallthatitstoodfor.The lessontheyweretotakewasoneof sacrifice.Heexhortedthemtobe faithfulfollowersoftheirCrucified MasterandloyalsonsoftheChurch.

Mr.Whitely,onbehalfofbothfamilies,expresseddeepappreciationof thethoughtfulnessandkindnessof theboysindonatingtheCrucifix,and thankedRev.FatherDonnellyforofficiating.Thesingingofthehymn, "HailQueenofHeav'n,"broughtthe ceremonytoaclose.

BobbieTicehurstdiedonJanuary 27,1940,andTerryWhitelysuccumbed toinjuriesreceivedinamotoraccidentonMarch23,1940.

L.C.Y.

TheHighgateBranchoftheLeague ofCatho%cYouthareholdingthe nextof[theirseriesofdancesinthe Highgate onJune25.Ithas beenposted"as"ANightinAlaska." MissNellSheridan'sorchestrawillprovidethemusicandtheadmissionis 1/6.

PERSONAL.

Mr.StanO'Brien,prominentsportsmanandformerlyPerthCityCouncillor,isreportedtobeamongthose safelyevacuatedfromCrete.SouvenirsoftheLibyancampaignforwardedbyhimtofriendsinPerthare nowonviewinthewindowsofLaubmanandPank,Ltd.

Ex-studentsofChristianBrothers' CollegesrecentlyreportedmissingincludeDr.Palandri,ofMountLawley; DriverAlexAtkinson,ofMt.Hawthorn;StaffSergeantR.E.Ryan,and hisbrother,PrivateL.D.Ryan,of EastPerth.

Mr.ThomasDudley,oftheCentral TimberTradingCo.,hasreturnedto hisbusinessafterashortillnessinSt. JohnofGodHospital,Subiaco.

MissJeanHarfordisholidayingat Collie,andistheguestofMrs.C.P. O'Brien.

Mr.KenDavidson,ofCooperand Davidson,solicitors,Perth,willleave toratriptoDarwin,andwillalso visithisbrotheratWyndham.Mr. DavidsonissecretaryofthePerth branchoftheHolyNameSocietyand willbeawayforseveralweeks.

Mrs.C.Dudley,of94Webster-street, Nedlands,isatpresentinSt.John ofGodHospital,Subiaco.

AlsoinSt.JohnofGodHospital, Subiaco,aleMr.P.L.Gibbons,of PeppermintGrove,Mr.Davern,of Perth,andMr.D'Arcy,ofGrosvenorroad,Nortli.Perth.

Mrs.RossAmbrose,of10Osborne Parade,Cottesloe,hasreturnedhome afterabriefillnessinSt.JohnofGod Hospital,Subiaco.

Theweatherwasnotverybrightfor theCorpusChristicelebrationsat NewNorcialastweek-end,whichwere, nevertheless,asimpressivelybeautiful asalways.UptoseesonNoelwas Mrs.L.Hickey,ofWembley,whowas accompaniedbyhermother,Mrs.E. Salter.PaulQuinlivan'smother, Mrs.C.W.Quinlivan,wasanother visitor,and,ofcourse,Greg.Chipper andhisfatherwereup,havingorganisedthebus-excursion.

FriendsofMr.GrantJohnson,of Airlie-street,Cottesloe,willregretto learnthatheisatpresentinSt.John ofGodIlospital,Subiaco.

Mrs.ClaraGoody,grandmotherof VeryRev.L.J.Goody,ofPerthdied onMarch23,atSibbHedingham,England.

Mrs.Fontanella,ofGreenbushes,is anotherpatientinSt.JohnofGod Hospital,Subiaco.

SapperRaymondVictorCross,son ofMrs.R.Cross,of624Newcastlestreet,Leederville,isposted'missing" inrecentcasualtylists.HeisanexstudentofSt.Patrick'sBoys'School.

Mr.LeslieG.Moore,B.Sc.,who graduatedinAprillastattheUniversityofWesternAustralia,withPhysicsandMathematicsasmajorsubjects,hasbeenappointedphysicistin theengineeringworksofJ.W.Handley,Melbourne,tocarryouttestson theopticalmunitionsmanufactured bythatfirmfortheCommonwealth Government.

OfGeneralInterest

SOCIALCALENDAR.

June19:WeeklyEuchreParty,St. Aloysius'Hall,Henry-street,Shenton Park.

June20:BridgeandMiscellaneous CardParty,attheRendezvous,Fremantle.

June21:CombinedSocieties'FortnightlyDance,St.Joseph'sHall,Subiaco.

June24:ChristianBrothers,Highgate, AnnualConcert,HisMajesty'sTheatre.

June25:"ANightinAlaska,"Parish Hall,HighgateHill.

June25:CatholicTennisAssociation GrandCarnivalDance,StirlingSocial Rooms,Perth.

June27:Cardevening,St.Joseph's Hall,Subiaco.

July1:XaverianBall,Geraldton TownHall.

July2:St.Joseph'sConvent,Fremantle,AnnualBall,TownHall,Fremantle.

July5:CombinedSocieties'FortnightlyDance,St.Joseph'sHall,Subiaco.

1.01M011M.INEMNIMIKNIMOOi.MIHNIM.NIM.1, HEROISMINLONDON'SBLITZ.

ThirdCatholicWomanReceives GeorgeMedal.

ALondonCatholicwoman,Miss GillianKluaneTanner,amemberof theLondonFireAuxiliaryService,has beenawardedtheGeorgeMedalforher heroismindrivingatruckloadedwith 150gallonsofgasolineforthreehours, despiteintensebombing,tofeedthe firepumps.Sixlargefireswereraginginthedistrict.MissTanneris thethirdCatholicwomantoreceive thishonour.

C.W.L.AidsChild WarVictims

ChildreninEngland'sbombedareas inthefrontlinesinthepresent warandfacethesamehardshipsand riskofdeathandmaimingasdothose fightingintheforces.Thousandsof themgoundergroundeverynightinto dampsheltersandsubways,where theysleeponhardbenchesorfloors whiletheenemybombersdroneoverheadanddropdeathanddestruction onEngland'scities.Whentheallclearsounds,outoftheirunderground shelterscomethepeopleandchildren,andhundredsfindtheirhomes reducedtorubble,alltheirpossessions destroyed,andnoshelterovertheir headsexceptthebombshelters.

Inordertohelpthesepeople,and particularlytheyoungchildren,so hardlyhitbythemisfortuneofwar, theCatholicWomen'sLeagueholda weeklysewinggroup,wherezeaolus membersoftheLeagueknitandsew variouswarmgarmentstoalleviate thesufferingsinEngland'sbleakwinteryweather.Thegroupmeetsin theCatholicWomen'sLeagueRooms, secondfloor,Nestle'sHouse,St. George'sTerrace,Perth,everyTuesday afternoon,andallmembersofthe C.W.L.arewelcome,sincemoreand morehelpersarerequiredinorderto increasethenumberandbulkofthe parcelssenttoEngland'sblitzedareas.

Fromtwoo'clocktofour,thememberspresentworkonmakingnewgarmentseitherbyhandorbymachine, fortheLeaguehasanexcellentsewing machineonthepremisesformembers touse.Centringonprovidingfor childrenuptotheageofaboutsix years,theLeaguesewingcirclehas madeagoodcollectionofwarmclothes andwoolliesforbabies,toddlers,and olderchildren.Butthechildrenare notconsideredtotheexclusionof adults,fortheparcelsbeingsentto Englandwillincludearticlesforboth, butwithapreponderanceofyoung children'sclothing.Donationsboth ofcashandgoodleft-offclothes,thelattercleanandingoodrepair,willbe gratefullyreceived.Cashdonations helptheLeaguetobuymaterialsto bemadeupintonewgarmentsinthe Leaguerooms.Gaypiecesandpatchesareveryusefultothosemembershandywiththeneedleaswas shownbythenumberofbabies'blanketsmadefromthemandcosilylined -justthethingtokeepEngland's babieswarminthecolddampundergroundsduringthelongwinternights.

Articlessometimescometohand whichareunsuitabletosendtoEnglandduringwartime.Forinstance, aman'sdinnersuitinperfectcondi-

tionhasbeenreceivedbytheLeague, wh-.)areanxioustosellitandapply themoneyobtainedtherebytobuying children'sgarments.

Theparcelwillbemadeupready tosendawayinaboutsixweeks'time, sothatthePresidentisanxiousfor moreandmoreLeaguemembersto comealongonTuesdayafternoons andhelpwiththisgreatwork.The parcelis10spatchedtoMrs.Troy, wifeoftheAgent-General-forWestern Australia,andamemberoftheCatholicWomen'sLeague,inLondon,and distributedbyheramongblitzvictims.

Amongthosewhoregularlyattend thesewingcircleonTuesdayafternoonsareMrs.Maxwell(presidentC, Mrs.Sampson(organiser),Mrs.Dennehy,MissDennehy,MesdamesPitman,Brennan,Martin,McCann,Harvey,Quigley,Keenan,Goody,Jenkin, Ryan,andMissFurze.Adainty afternoonteaisservedforwhicha chargeof6d.ismade,andcontributes tothefundsofthesewinggroup.

MRS.M.F.TROY,

vifeoftheAgent-GeneralforWestern Australia,whodistributedC.W.L.part amongwarvictims.

-Bycourtesyof"TheWe,tern

-DepartmentofInformationPhoto.

PERTH,THURSDAY.JUNE19,1941.

PhysicalFitness

"Letusnotalwayssay 'Spiteofthisfleshto-day Istrove,madehead,gainedgrounduponthewhole!' Asthebirdwingsandsings.

Letuscry'Allgoodthings Areours,norsoulhelpsfleshmore,now,thanfleshhelps soul!"

Itisnotrelevanttothesubjectweconsidertodebatetheissue ofBrowning'sChristianity.ButfromtheCatholicviewpointof themodernfetishofphysicalculture,thelineswehavequoted seemamuchmoreadequateandorthodoxexposeoftheinterdependencebetweenman'sbodilyandspiritualfacultiesthanthat propoundedbythephysicalcultureexpertsinourmidst.And certainitisthatthenearerthesouldrawstoGodthelessaccount itmakesofthebody.SothesaintlyFrenchJesuit,PaulGhinac, usedtoclaim"Thebodyisnothing,"andthelovableFrancisof Assisitermedit,withgreatgoodhumour,"BrotherAss."

Onthispoint,however,manypractical-mindedCatholicsare oftwominds.WhiletheyreverethewordsoftheSaints,they haveavagueantipathytowardsthemastowardsextremists.Perhapsitisso.Itisdifficultfortheasceticaltheologiantojustify allthe"holyfollies"oftheSaints.Butevensupposingthatthere wasneglectorcontemptitwasanyhowafaultwhichleantto virtue'sside.Itwasasaneprejudice.IftheSaintsscornedthe flesh,itwasnotbecausetheyregardeditasevil,liketheManichees,butbecausetheyrecogniseditspotentialitiesofdanger. Nowthemodernphysicalculturalexpertisarealextremist.He doesn'tdespisethesoulbecausehedoesn'tbelieveinit.Sofar hashestrayedfromthepaganmaximof"asoundmindinasound body,"thatto-dayitseemsofmoreaccounttobestronginthelegs thanstronginthehead.WhereastheSaintswerewaryofthe bodyasofasourceofdanger,ourtypeofphysicalcultureexpert isblissfullyignorantofthepossibilitiesofthesoulastheanimatingprincipleofthebody.Truethereispsychology,buteven thathassomehowforgottenthemeaningoftheterm"psyche."

Itmayheobjectedthatwehavesetoffagainstoneanother, thenormalman-thephysicalcultureexpert-andtheabnormal man-theSaint.Thebootisontheotherfoot.Bothwereexperts;thedifferencebeingthatthelatterviewedlifecomprehensively,wheretheformersawitfromthesameeternallycramped andnarrowangle.TheSaintknewmanfora"body-soul,"the corporealisttreatshimasacorpse.NordidtheSaintspropose togovernlifewithabureaucracyofcompulsionlikethemoderns. Wehavebeenmovedtotheseconsiderationsbytheworld-wide maniaofphysicalfitnesswhichobsessesespeciallythemilitaristic dictatorshipsofEuropeandbytheapishpropagandathatisincreasing-inthiscountry.Initsorganisednationalform,physicalculturewillbecomeagenuinemenaceifthesoundbodyistobecome merelytheturbulenttabernacleofafesteringwarspirit.Inits privateandextremeformsithastakentoitselfsomethingofthe colourofthephilosophywhichunderliesthemodernfetishof cleanliness-thatacleancollarisreallymoreessentialthana cleanmind.Manyofthepopularlecturerswhoassistinthe expansionofbigbusinessareactuallypropagandistsoftheworst typeofviciousanddepravedphilosophy.Itisfutileforthemto protestthattheyarenotmoralistsiftheirphilosophyofphysical cultureandcareofthebodyinculcatesbirth-control,orsetsupas standardsoflifethatonemustbeinteresting,ornamentalor(Heavenforfend!)useful.Thiscannotbelightlytreated.Itattacks basictruthsandisapositivedangertosouls.

Itmustnot,however,beimaginedthatCatholicseschewphysicalcultureastheworkofthedevil.Intoomanymoderninstancesithasassumedthisaspect.butthese,wehavespecified, arethedangerousextremists.TheChurchtoalargeextentendorsesBrowning'sideal.Thebodyplaysanimportantpartin spiritualdevelopment.Isnotthenegativesideofvirtuealmost exclusivelycentredoncontrollingtheinordinatetendenciesofthe flesh?Asceticalwritersaretaking.moreandmorecognisanceof physicalunfitnessasafactorinspiritualaridity.Ourschoolshave becomeformidablecompetitorsinthefieldofsport,thusillustratingtheutilityofout-doorexerciseasamentalandspiritualtonic. Indeed,gamesaregenerallyadmittedtobeanessentialfactorin thepreservationofthechastityofthemodernadolescent.Under present-clayindustrialconditions,wherethehulkofthepopulation isherdedintocitiesinthecapacityofbondmen,theneedofthe airandthelighthasgrownimperative.Modernindustrialconditionshavebegottenanalarmingseriesofneurasthenicdisorders, whichthefreshairalonemightdispel.Unhappily,eventhegames ofthenationhavebecomeorganisedandpaalfor.Modernsport :E4abusinesswhereinthefewsalariedexpertsplayandthecrowd cheersorjeers.Inanolderconceptallplayedintheirownway, andagamewasforfun.Wemusthaveexercise;whynothave itontheoldfooting,ratherthanasagrimprofessionalspecialism. Andintheconsiderationofbuildingstrongbodiesletusnotforgetthequestionofsocialjustice.Alltheexerciseintheworld willnotavailifthepeoplearenotreceivingsufficientnourishing food,whichisusuallyboughtwithwages.

ARCHBISHOP'SENGAGEMENTS.

June22:AttendAnnualProcessionof theBlessedSacramentatSacred HeartChurch,HighgateHill

June29:CelebrateMassatNortham MilitaryCamp.

July2:ReceptionCeremonyatPresentationConvent,MosmanPark.

July2:ReceivedebutantesatAnnual Ball,Fremantle.

BuildingofSeminarytoBegin

FORsomeweekstherehasbeen littlementionoftheMinor SeminaryofSt.Charlesinthese columns.Thepreparatorywork,however,hasbeengoingsteadilyaheadin themeanwhile.Wehopethat,ina fewdays'time,wewillbeabletoannouncethatthebuildingitselfwill haveactuallystarteduponthebeautifulsiteacquiredforthepurposeat Attadale.AttadaleEstateissituatedonthesouthernbankoftheMelvilleWaterontheSwanRiver,afew mileseastofPointWalter.

Forthosewhohavenotnoticedor havetakenlittlenotice,ofourprevious reportsconcerningSt.Charles'Minor Seminary,itmayberepeatedthatthis institutionwillbeaCollegewhere youthsaspiringtothepriesthoodwill begiventheirpreparatorytraining, thatis,thosethreeorfouryearsof studywhichprecedethestudent's entryonhisphilosophicalandtheologicalcourse.TheCollegewillbewhat iscalledaProvincialSeminary,and willconsequentlyservethewholeecclesiasticalprovinceofWetsternAustralia,theArchdioceseofPerthand theDioceseofGeraldtontakingtheir sharebothintheresponsibilitiesofits establishmentandinthebenefitsthat willbederivedfromit.

TheSeminaryappealforvocations andforfinancialassistancehasbeen proceededwithinthemorefar-flung districtsoftheStateduringthepast fewweeks.TheVeryRev.Dr.Goody, thefutureRectoroftheSeminary, startedhisappealinGeraldtonashort timeago,andhassincevisitedforthe samepurpose:Northampton,Dorgarra,Greenough,ThreeSprings, Morowa,Perenjori,Mullewa,Mount MagnetandCue.Tocompletethe GeraldtonDiocesetheparishesof Meekatharra-Reidy,Wiluna,andLeonorawillbevisitedonconsecutive Sundays,startingwithMeekatharra Sunday,June22. Wehopeinournextissuetobeable topublishasketchofthatportionof thecompletedSeminarybuilding whichistobeconstructedinthenear future.

Ceremonyof Profession

ST.JOHNOF,GODCONVENT, SUBIAOO.

OnSaturday,May31,areligious ceremonytookplaceatSt.Johnof GodConvent,Subiaco,whenat7 o'clockMass,celebratedbyHisGrace theArchbishop,elevennoviceshad theprivilegeofmakingthetemporary vowsofProfession.

HisGracewasassistedbytheRev. FatherRafferty,andbytheConvent Chaplain,Rev.FatherSlowey.

Thesacredmusicfortheoccasion wasrenderedbytheConventChoir, andthebeautifulandimpressiveceremonywasbroughttoaclosebythe singingofthe"TeDeum."

Thenamesofthenewlyprofessed are:

SisterMaryClimacusMaslin,Perth.

SisterMaryCanisiusO'Brien,Offaly, Eire.

SisterMaryCarthageQuinn,Offaly, Eire.

SisterMaryChrysostumKissane,Co. Kerry,Eire.

SisterMaryRochKissane,Co.Kerry, Eire.

SisterMaryEuphrasiaCadogan,Co. Wexford,Eire.

SisterMarydeChantalKehoe,Co. Wexford,Eire.

SisterMaryKilianStafford,Co. Wexford,Eire.

SisterMaryCletusHayden,Co.Carlow,Eire.

SisterMaryCuthbertBergin,Co. Carlow,Eire.

SisterMaryMildredBurke,Co. Mayo,Eire.

CATHOLICPATRIOTICBALL FOR1941.

TheAnnualCatholicBall,which thisyearisbeingdevotedto patrioticpurposes,willbeheld atGovernmentHouseonFriday,August1.Youngladies wishingtomaketheirdebutat thisfunctionshouldcommunicatewiththeChurchOffice, VictoriaAvenue,Perth,orring B9141assoonaspossible,and leavetheirname,addrAssand telephonenumber(ifany). Theywillthenbeadvisedof thearrangementsinconnection withrehearsals,etc.

INMEMORIAM.

O'NEILL-Inprayerfulremembrance oftheVeryRev.FatherO'Neill,who diedatthePresbytery,Cottesloe,on June20,1939. Perfectpeacebethine. Mayperpetuallightshineuponhim.

HEALY.-Inlovingmemoryofmy dearwifeandmother,JessieJanet, whopassedawayonJune18,1939. R.I.P. SacredHeartofJesus,havemercy onhersoul. -Insertedbyherlovinghusband andfamily.

LEEN.-InlovingmemoryofMichael, whopassedawayonJ'b' 22,1929; alsoFrancisJohn,onJuly19,1933. SacredHeartofJesus,havemercy onthem.

MOORE.-Ofyourcharity,prayfor thereposeofthesoulsofDeliaand JohnMoore,whodiedonJune22, 1931,andAugust3,1925,respectively:alsotheireldestson,Andrew, whodiedonOctober20,1940. SacredHeartofJesus,havemercy ontheirsouls.

SWEENEY.-Ofyourcharity,pray forthehappyreposeofthesoulsof MargaretSweeney,whodeparted thislifeonJune24,1939;alsoJoseph Sweeney,whodiedonJuly13,1937. ImmaculateHeartofMary,your prayersforthemextol.

0SacredHeartofJesus,havemercy ontheirsouls.

QUARANTORE

JUNE.

Sunday.

4th.HighgateHill:FortyHours' Prayer(20th.-22nd.).

5th.OsbornePark:Forty Hours'Prayer(27th.-29th.).

JULY.

Sunday.

1st.St.Patrick'sHavelockSt., andLesmurdie:OneDay ofExposition.

2nd.St.Brigid's,WestPerth: FortyHours'Prayer(11th.13th.).

Fr.O'Callaghan'sExperiencesinCrete

Inthecourseofaletterwrittenon June3,1941,Rev.FatherO'Callaghan writes:-Wehadaveryexcitingtimeinthe pastfewmonths.Firstly,wewent toGreece.IwasgladItookaday offtoseeAthensassoonaswelanded, asthenextdaywewereofftothe mountainsnearYugoslavia,andthen thegamewason.Theboyshada veryhardtime.Tomakealong storyshort,wegotoutofGreeceafter amonthofhardfighting,at4.30in themorningonadestroyer.We movedatafast()acetoCrete.In Cretewehadtodoalotofmarching, aswehadtoleaveourtransportin Greece.Ialsolosteverythingthere. Mysuitcase,crammedfull,andabox ofbooks,wasleftbehind,aswellasa veryfineportablealtarwhichIfound inadug-outinBardia.Iwassorry tohavetoleaveitbehind.Wewere allowedverylimitedluggage,asthe spaceonthemotorlaunchwaswantedformen. Anumberoftheboys, mostlyProtestants,offeredtotake piecesoftheportablealtareach.I tooktheChaliceandAltarStone,and theresttheydividedamongstthemselves,andatCretetheycamealong andpresentedmewithaparteach,so that,althoughIhadnocase,Ihad enoughtosayMass.Ithoughtthe altarwinemighthavetemptedthem, buttheywouldnottouchit,asthey felttheirtrustwasasacredone.There wasonlyoneCatholicintheparty,and Iamsfirrytosayhewaskilledbya bombuNichburiedhimafewdays afterheha.ilandedinCrete.

"ThingsinCreteweretough.Ithink iftheGermanssawarabbitthey woulddiveatitandbombit.Iwas theonlypriestinmyareaandhad manyEnglishregimentstolookafter. Asthemenwerescattered,andliving inholesintheground,itwasimpossibletosayMassforallofthem,so1

usedtocarrytheBlessedSacrament withmeandgiveViaticumtooddmen hereandthereintheirholes.The afternoonbeforewelefttheIslandI hadoneSacredHostleft,andforsome reasondidnotgiveIttoanyofthose whoseconfessionsIheard,butonthe waybackaladcalledtome.He wantedtogotoconfession.Iwas pleasedhecalledme,sodecidedthat hewouldappreciateHolyCommunion. Hedid,andwaskilledontheboatby abomb.Well,Iamoutoftheplace nowandamwithFatherYoule,who wasalsoinCrete.Wearehavinga restandenjoyingit. "Iamveryblessedandfortunate tobealiveandwell.Imetmany Germans.Oneparachutistlandeda fewfeetawayfrominsinCrete,hut, hewasdead.

AustraliaOwesDebttoSeamen

FATHERDENISKELLYAPPEALSFORRECOGNITION.

TOalargeandinterestedaudience attheCatholicSeamen'sInstitute,,lelbourne,onWednesdaynight,June4,Rev.D.J.Kelly,of Liverpool(England),lecturedonhis experiencesaboardaGermanraider, andsubsequentlyonthePacificIsland ofEmirau,andforovertwohourshe entertainedhishearerswithhisenliveningnarrativeofsensations,thrills andhumorousepisodes.

Thewholestorywasmostinterestinglyrelated,andtheaudiencewas deeplyinterestedinFatherKelly'saccountoftheprayersheconductedin theholdoftheraider,andtheMidnightMasscelebratedonEmirauIslandasthetwinklinglightsofthe rescuevesselwereseeninthedistance.

ThechaplainoftheInstitute,Rev. T.B.O'Neill,O.Carm.,introducedthe lecturer,,andthevoteofthanksto FatherKellywascarriedattheinstanceotVeryRev.PriorHaughey, O.Carm.,tPhosaidthattheinformation givenbyFatherKellyconcerningthe LiverpoolSeamen'sInstitutewould beavaluablelessontoallinterested inseamen'swork.Hefeltsurethey wouldbenefitbyhisobservationsand helpfuladviceconcerningthescopeof seamen'swork.Thelecturehadgiven themmuchfoodforthought,andthey weredeeplyindebtedtoFatherKelly forasplendidtreat.

AformerchaplainoftheApostle. shipoftheSea,Liverpool,Father Kellydescribedtheworkdoneatthis importantportinEnglandforseamen ofallnationalities.Theroomsofthe Institutethere,hesaid,hadbeentaken overbytheGovernmentfornational

purposes,butgoodsubstituterooms hadbeenobtained,wherethework wentonuninterruptedly.Shipvisitationwasallimportant,andpersonal contactwithsailorswasvitallynecessarytoensurethesuccessofSeamen's Institutes.

AtLiverpoolitwasfoundthat invaluableworkwasdonebythe LegionofMaryinshipvisitation, andinarrangingforthesailorsto spendtheirtimeashoreatthe Seamen'sInstitute.

Seamenwerenottherough-andtumbletypeofmenthatmanypeople imagined;theyweresusceptibleto kindlyinfluencesandgreatlyappreciatedcourtesiesextendedtothem.A sailorenteringaplacewherehewas anabsolutestrangercouldeasilyfall ,ntothehandsofanundesirableclass, andthisdangercouldbegreatlyminimisedbyanactiveSeamen'sInstitute andenergeticshipvisitors.Catholics shouldnotbelaxinthiswork.We wereenjoinedtoloveourneighbours asourselves,andweshouldrecognise thatagreatworkawaitedtobedone forseamen. Australiaowedatremendousdebt toseamen,withoutwhomitwouldbe greatlyhandicapped.

lievisitedtheSydneyShowrecently,andtherelearnedthatamongsta greatnumberofarticlesdisplayed,only threelineswerenotimported.That reallyshowedhowAustraliawasdependentonseamen.Surely,then,we shouldbereadytodoalittleforslit, faringmenwhentheycameashore. Somethoughtitwasaworkfor cranks,butitreallyconcernedeverybody.TheSt.VincentdePaulSocietyshouldnothavetobegforcooperators.Thesafeguardingofsailors wasthethirdmissionoftheChurch, anditwasnottheworkoftheSt. VincentdePaulSocietyalone.If morereadyworkerswereavailablea widerfieldcouldhecovered.

AtLiverpool,thechapelwasthe centreoftheworkfortheseamen: everythingledtoGod.Themain thingwastogettheseamentothe rooms,wheretheyshouldseethatthe Instituteworkerswereinterestedin them,andthattheywerenotstrangers inastrangeland.Seamen'swelfare deserveditsfullplaceincommunity life,andtheycouldrestassured,if theyextendedtheiroperations,ofgettinggeneroussupportfromshipping concernsandmercantilebusinesses. Seafarerswellmeritedhelp,forthey ledanabnormallife.

TheCanonLaw andtheLawofthe Cannon

PETERMAURI.N.

I.R.H.Tawney.

1.Inabookentitled: "TheTheoryoftheLeisureClass,' publishedin1899, ThorsteinVeblensaid thattherearenoethics taughttopeople inmodernsociety.

2.Aboutthattime R.Ii.Tawneylearned thattherewerehighethics taughttopeople insociety whentheCanonLaw wasthelawoftheland.

3.WhatII.R.Tawney foundout aboutthehistoryofethics inthelast500years, heputinonebook entitled: "Religion andtheRise ofCapitalism.

II.St.ThomasMore.

1.St.ThomasMorebelieved intheCommonLaw.

2.TheCommonLaw thatSt.ThomasMore believedin wasrooted inCanonLaw.

3.HenryVIIIbelieved thatsincehewasaking hewastheLaw.

4.St.ThomasMore didnotbelieve inHenryVIII's interpretation ofCommonLaw.

5.TheCommonLaw asitexists into-day'sEngland haslittlerelation toCanonLaw.

M.JudgeCardoso.

1.JudgeCardozosaid thatCommonLaw asitexiststo-day intheUnitedStates doesnotmakesense.

2JudgeCardozoproposed todiscardCommonLaw andgoback toRomanLaw.

5.IfmodernCommonLaw isbad, modernRomanLaw isworse.

4.HitlerandMussolini believeinRomanLaw.

5."Tograbandtohold" istheaim ofRomanLaw.

6."Dividetorule" isthemotto ofRomanLawmindedLawyers.

IV.ArthurPenty.

1.Inabookentitled: "AGuildsman's InterpretationofHistory" ArthurPenty hasachapter ontherevival ofRomanLaw.

2.Therevival ofRomanLaw inthe13th.century broughtaboutthedisputes betweenkingsandpopes.

3.Thekings areonthego.

4.ThePope isstillonthejob.

5.Hewritesencyclicals, butbusiness-men andpoliticians paylittleattention towhathehastosay.

6.Inthemeantime, weareworrying aboutwhatStalin, Hitler,andMussolini willdotous.

-U.S."CatholicWorker."

MAJORHEAGNEYMISSING

00,0#014'

MajorBenjaminS.Heagney,whois reportedmissing,hasbeenprominent inlocalCatholiccirclesformanyyears. SonofthelateF.J.andMrs.K. Heagney,of15Gresham-street,Victoia Park,MajorHeagneyhasawifeand daughter,theirhomebeingat25Renwick-street,SouthPerth.

MajorHeagneywasborninVictoria Park35yearsago.Foryearshe servedasaltarboyintheparish,and hassinceplayedanactivepartin manyCatholicsocieties.AsamemberoftheHolyNameSociety,asPast PresidentoftheVictoriaPark H.A.C.B.S.,andfoundationtreasurer oftheVeritas(nowCentralCatholic) Library,hemadeahostoffriends. Hewasalsoinchargeof"TheRecord"salesatSouthPerth.Incivil lifehewasanaccountantwithMessrs. DudleyandDwyer.

Heservedcontinuouslyinthemilitia fromwhenhejoinedtheseniorcadets in1920,waswellknownasanofficer ofthe28th.Battalian. CompanyCommand.

JoiningtheA.I.F.inthesecond monthofthewar,hewasgivencommandof"A"Companyofthe2/11th. Battalion.

Hewentoverseaswiththefirstcontingentandservedthroughoutthe Libyancampaignas0.C.Headquarters Companyofthebattalion.

Aletterrecentlyreceivedbyhiswife isunderstoodtohavebeenwrittenin Crete.Otherletterstoldhowfrequentlyhehadhadtheprivilegeof servingMassforFatherGeraldO'CallaghaninLibya,MajorHeagney's truckbeingimprovisedtoserveasan altar.

MARSHALPETAINATLOURDES GROTTO.

MarshalPetain,accompaniedbyAdmiralDarlan,visitedLourdesrecently andspentsometimeinprayeratthe Grotto,saysReuter.

IlewasreceivedbyBishopChoquet,ofTarbesandLourdes.Bellsin thetownwererunginhishonour.The Marshalafterwardssentatelegram tothePope.

"FromthesanctuaryatLourdes," hesaid,"itgivesmespecialpleasure torecallthevisitwhichYourHoliness madeasPapalLegatein1935.Catholicsofallnationsprayedherethen forpeace. "Itiswiththesememoriesthatmy thoughtsturntoYourHolinesstoday,beggingyoutoacceptmysincererespects."

SYBILTHORNDIKE'SSONA CATHOLIC.

Mr.ChristopherCasson,theactor sonofDameSybilThorndike,istobe confirmedinDublinwhereheisactingwiththeGateTheatreCompany.

Mr.Cassonwasreceivedintothe Churchashorttimeago.

WANTED.

HOUSEKEEPER,middleaged;good home;twoadults;statewagesrequired.Applybyletter.G.J.Lightly,"ColdHarbour,"York.

BOARDANDRESIDENCE.

WantedcomfortablehomelyBoard andLodging,forelderlygentleman; nearchurch;nostairs.Replyto "Urgent,"c/o"TheRecord"Office.

PERTHFISHERIES

189WELLINGTONST.,PERTH.

FISHANDPOULTRYSUPPLIED.

WholesaleandRetail.

Phone:B5992. CityDeliveries. CountryOrdersCateredFor,

1

AsusualCoganscanoffer youfor1941,thefinest

RAINCOAT OVERCOAT

rangeintheState.Eachand everygarmentofhighclassmake -priced,though,forpopularselling.Itcostsnomoretobesmart whenyoushopat

COGANS

HAYSTREET,PERTH.

"ADISASTER AVERTED"

CABLEGRAMFROMPREMIEROF EIRE.

HisGracetheArchbishopofMelbourne,MostRev.D.Mannix,D.D., hasreceivedthefollowingcablegram fromDublin:

"VerygratefultoyourGraceand friendsforpromptaction.Adisaster forallhasbeenaverted.Regards. "EAMONDEVALERA."

ThismessagewasinreplytotherecentcablegramsentbyHisGraceto thePrimeMinisterofGreatBritain, Mr.WinstonChurchill,thetextof whichwasasfollows:

"RightHon.PrimeMinister,London: TwentyAustralianBishopsrespect. fullyprotestagainstConscriptionin SixCounties.TheBishopswoulddeploreapolicywhichinthesecritical times,whenunityisvital,wouldnot help.butratherembarrass,Britain; whichwouldcreatewidespreadi willandresentmentintheDominions andintheUnitedStatesandwhich, inIreland,wouldrekindlestrifeand oldenmities,aswellasputofftheday ofgenuinereconciliationwithBritain.

4."ARCHBISHOPMANNIX." niumiuwnuunuuununuunuuununmuuuutuuuuunm

QuickandGood!

DAYANDEVENING.

St.Joachim'sBranch.

AtthemeetingheldonJune9,the vice-president(Bro.T.Ilegney)occupiedthechair.Onenewmember wasinitiated.Weregrettoreport thatBro.M.Featherstone,whohas beenverysick,isstillinhospitaland ismakingslowprogress.Wevery deeplyregrethavingtoreportthat Bro.MajorB.S.Heagney(A.I.F.), pastpresidentandauditorofthe branch,isofficiallyreportedmissing. Membersareaskedtoprayforhis safety.Bro.MatBrophy,junr.,who isintheR.A.N.,ishomeonabrief visittohisparents.Thenextmeetingison23rd.inst.

IllustrationsLtd.

870HAYSTREET,PERTH.

'Phone:B4602;Private:W1199.

HARVEY

SuccessfulMission.

Aseventeendays'Mission-May18

toJune31-conductedbyRev.Father Moore,O.M.I.,tookplaceinHarvey andtheoutlyingdistricts.TheMissioner'ssermonsgrippedthecongregationrightfromtheopeningofthe MissiononSundaymorningtillits closeonthefollowingSundayevening. Toaccommodatethelargenumbersattendingextraseatingaccommodation hadtobeinstalled.Thisshouldbe areminderthatwerequiremorepews.

ThegeneralHolyCommunionon Sundaymorning,whenpractically everymemberofthecongregationreceivedtheSacrament,wasamostedifyingsight.Attheeveningdevotions,thesolemnrenewalofBaptismal vows,followedbytheconsecrationof allpresent,toMaryImmaculatewere devotionalandimpressivescenes whichshalllongremaininthehearts ofthecongregation.

FatherMoorewaspleasedtosay thathehadenjoyedgivingtheMissioninHarvey:thepeoplebytheirattentiondurirtgtheinstructionsand theirfaithfulattendances,madehis workamongthemveryhappyand veryeasy.Heurgedhishearersto adherefaithfullytotheresolutionsof theMission.

WiththechildrenFatherMoorehad a"way"withhim.Hewonthem completelywithstories,fromwhich themoralwasneverabsent.Onehad onlytowatchtheraptexpressionsto realisethattheywerereallylivingthe stories.

Duringthefour-days'Missionin Yarlooptheattendancewasallthat couldbedesired,andwhatwasremarkedofHarveycouldequallybe appliedtoYarloopandMornington, wheretheMissionerremainedthree days.OnJune2and3,theMissioner visitedtheInterneeCampandgave allanopportunityofmakingtheir PaschalCommunion.

Theparishpriestandpeopleof Harveydesiretoexpresstheirvery sincerethankstoRev.FatherMoore fortheuntiringandcordialmannerin whichheworkedamongthem.He hasleftbehindmanyhappyandlastingmemoriesofhispriestlyzeal.

InSeptemberaweek'sMissionwill begiveninWaroonaandHoffman's Mill.

MassTime

June22:Harvey,8a.m.;Waroona, 10a.m.

June29(FeastofSt.Peterand Paull:Harvey,8a.m.;Yarloop, 10 a.m.

July6:Waroona,8.30a.m.(Conles sionsonSaturdayeveningsfrom7.30 to9p.m);Harvey,10a.m.

July13:Yarloop,8.30a.m.;Harvey, 10a.m.

GOOMALLING

ThefoundationoftheHolyName SocietyintheparishofGoomalling wasmarkedbytheceremonyofconsecrationofmembers,whichtookplace onSunday,June15,last.HolyMass wascelebratedbyRev.FatherPacker, C.SS.R.,andRev.FatherPlacid, O.S.B.,wasmasterofceremoniesatthe ceremonyofconsecration.Theofficersandmembershadbeenonthree months'probation.Mr.E.J.Chown wasappointedpresidentofthebranch.

AprocessionoftheBlessedSacramentinthegroundsandthechurch followed.Thecross-bearerwasMr. GeoffKent;canopybearers,Messrs. Almond,Chown,EnrightandR.Johnson."TheSacredHeart"bannerwas carriedbyMr.P.Brewerton;"Our LadyofMt.Carmel"bannerbyMrs. Lockyer,assistedbyMesdamesBunneyandRyan.Theboys'bannerwas carriedbyPatLowry,andthegirls' byEileenWhite.Thecross-bearer ledtheprocession,followedbythe schoolboysandgirls,thePresentation Nuns,thelaity,flowerstrewers,altar boys,andcanopybearers.

Aftertheprocessionalladjournedto theBoys'SchoolHallforbreakfast, whichwasservedbytheCatholic ladiesoftheparish.Thepresident thankedtheladiesfortheirgoodservices.TheprayerforthePopewas recited,followedbythetoastof"The King."Mr.E.J.Chown,Presidentof theHolyNameSociety,gavethetoast ofthe"HierarchyandClergy,"and Rev.FatherPacker,C.SS.R., responded.Thetoastof..;_.TheHoly NameSociety"wasgiven,byRev. FatherPlacid,O.S.B.,andrepliedto byMr.C.Honner,memberofthe LeedervillebranchoftheHolyName Society."TheGoomallingBranch" wastoastedbyMr.T.P.Barry,ofthe Highgatebranch,andrespondedtoby Mr.Almond,secretaryoftheGoomallingbranch.Mr.W.Enright,prefect, gavethetoastof"TheVisitors,"which wasrespondedtobyMr.J.O'Loghlen '(Wyalkatchembranch),andMr.E.J. McCormack.

FREMANTLE

St.Joseph'sBall.

AsthedateofSt.Joseph'sBall,July 2,drawsnear,thekeenerhavebecome theeffortsofthecommitteewhichin thepastfortnighthasrunseveralvery successfulentertainments.Special mentionmustbemadeofthejumble sale,organisedbyMrs.BurnsandMiss C.Farrell,whichresultedinover£12 beingraised.Twowellattendedpicturenightshavealsobeenheld throughthecourtesyofHoyt's,Fremantle,andtheBeaconTheatre.

Despitethefactthatsomanyofthe youngmenoftheFremantleareaare incampatthepresenttime,itishopedthatnumbersofthemwillbeable togetleaveonthatevening,which isthemostimportantintheCatholic socialcalendarinFremantle.

Anyex-studentorfriendoftheSistersofSt.Josephwhoisunabletoattendtheball,isaskedtosendadonationincashorkindtotheConvent. Supperdonations,orprizes'forthe Children'sBallmaybeleftatthe TownHallonWednesdaycrAthursday, July2and3.

SewingCircle.

Thesewingcirclewillhaveitsusual weeklymeetingonTuesday,June24, attheLeaguerooms. WelfareCommittee.

MissHadynwillmeetdelegates fromtheWelfareBranchesonFriday next,June27,at8p.m.,intheLeaguerooms. AddCampComforts.

CampComforts.

Severalmembershavewooloutstandingforquiteaconsiderableperiod. Mrs.Ryanisanxioustoreceivethefinishedgoods,ortohavethewoolreturned.Membersareaskednotto takeoutmorethanatwomonths'supplyofwool.

HAWAIIANVICARIATEBECOMES ADIOCESE.

ThevicariateoftheHawaianIslandshasbeenraisedtotherankof adioceseandcreatedasuffraganseeof theSanFranciscoarchdiocese.The HawaiianIslandswereestablishedas anApostolicprefecturein1826,and elevatedtoavicariatein1844. Catholics,numbering118,000,areone infourofthepopulationofHawaii. Thenewdiocesehasmorethan100 churchesandchapelsstaffedchieflyby thePicpusFathers,FathersofMaryknoll,andtheSocietyofMary. AmongthemanyPicpusFatherswho labouredtherewasFatherDamien, worldrenownedastheApostleofthe lepercolonyofMolokai.

Wagin

MassTimeTable.

Wagin:June22:FirstMass,7.30; secondMass,8.30.

Dumbleyung:'Cancelled.

COLLIE

SundayMasses. St.Brigid's,Collie:7.30a.m.and10 a.m. June22:Lyall'sMill,8a.m.

June29:Buckingham's,8.30a.m.

PINJARRA

JUNEMASSTABLE. Sunday,June22:Boddington,8a.m. Sunday,June29:Dwellingup,8a.m.; Pinjarra,10a.m.

TOODYAYMASSTIM:TABLE.

June22:Clackline,8.30a.m.;Toodyay,10a.m.

June29:Wongamine,8.30a.m.; Toodyay,10a.m.

WM.R.SWEENEY

PURVEYOROFHIGHCLASS MEATS. Phone:F2391. 91SHENTONROAD, SWANBOURNE.

DailyDeliveryNedlandsto Cottesloe. PersonalService.

ThePathwaytoAssisi

WiththeChildrenofSt.Francis

or,recentmonthsarenewedvig- ourhasbeennoticeableatthe monthlymeetingsoftheThird OrderofSt.Francisandthelittle chapelthatwasoncelargeenoughfor thepioneerCatholicsofourcitywill shortlybetoosmallfortheFranciscan Tertiaries.

Althoughonlyelevenyearsold,and experiencingmanyvicissitudes,the ThirdOrderhas,indiversways,contributedtothespiritualnecessitiesof ourcommunity,andisnowrealising theresponsibilitythatsuchafra ternitymustshoulderintheseturbulenttimes.

ThehaventhattheThirdOrder offerstothepeopleoftheworldis beingkeenlyapreciatedto-day.Historyrepeatsitself.AreweCatholics notstrongerinfaithandgoodworks intimesofperil?TheillustriousfigureoftheMiddleAges,St.Francisof Assisi,ismostsurelywatchingthe spiritualinterestsofhisbelovedchildrenatthishour.Justashewasa pillarofstrengthandfireoffaithin hisownday,hisOrdersthroughout theChristianworldmustcarryonthe causeforwhichhelabouredandsufferedsomuch.

Organisationsrepresentingevery angle Catholicthoughtandaction havebeefMoundedfromtimetotime asnecessit,.hasdemanded,butfew,if any,holdtheuniquepositioninthe ChurchthattheThirdOrderholds, foritisineverysenseofthewordan Order,derivingtheprivileges,without thevows,ofthemonasticlife,participatinginthesimplicityandpeaceof themonasticspherebecauseofthe spiritinwhichitliveswithinthe outerworld,thisfusionofaMiddle Agesmovementintothewheel-work ofmodernCatholicActionmakesa mightyunion.

Perhapstomany,thisFranciscan Orderisanunknownquantity.Little distinguishestheTertiaryfromhisfellowCatholic-atinyemblemworn outwardly,anemblemsofullofsignificance,however,thatwefeelthe followingexplanationwillinterestnonTertiariesandhelpthemtorecognise andunderstandit:

"Thisemblemisrepletewithdeep meaning,andembodiestheTertiary's entireruleoflife.Itshouldserve themembersasasignofmutualrecognitionandasareminderoftheir ruleanditsobligations,personalsanctificationandcharitytowardstheir neighbours,

"Thefirstistypifiedintheground colours,blueandgold,togetherwith thecrossedarms.Thegoldcentre, theheartoftheemblem,signifiesthe motiveandmainspringofaTertiary's habitualconduct,whichistheloveof God-alovemorepreciousthangold andtriedasgoldinthefire.

"Thebluerimencirclesthegold coretoindicatethateventheloveof GodorIanctifyinggraceisnotsafe unlessprotectedbythebarrierofhumility.ThetwocrossedarmsofOur LordaneRt.Francisrepresentthe Saint'sconformitywiththesimpleand mortifiedlifeofhisMaster.Bythis symbolSt.Francisseemstoexhorthis TertiariesinthewordsofSt.Paul:"Be yefollowersofmeasIalsoamof Christ."

"St.Francisprescribedanoutward badgeforhisTertiaries,whichwas nothingelsethanthelargehabitformerlyworninpublic.Thewearingof thisgarb,however,isnolongerpermitted,exceptonrareoccasions.And

47-49BAYVIEWTERRACE, CLAREMONT

TelephoneNo.F2262

CLAREMONTMEATCO.

FAMILYBUTCHERS

ImportersofEnglishFillet,etc. G.CORDIN,Prop. Note:QualityHighest:PricesLowest.

JOSEPHEDWARDS

F.B.A.S. Tel.:B7804

SECRETARY Land,EstateandGeneral CommissionAgent AgentforAbsenteesandInvestors MortgagesArranged,Rentsand InterestCollected,SecretarialWork Undertaken.

MISSMARYEDWARDS, ForTypingandDuplicating WestAustralianChambers, FirstFloor) St.George'sTerrace (NexttoPalsyHotel).

sincethecordandscapularwhichare asubstituteforthehabitareworn beneaththeoutergarments,theuse ofsomeoutwarddistinctionismost desirable."

Wewhohaveyettimetothinkand act,shouldexerciseourwillandshow ourgratitudebyofferingtotheMotherChurchourfullestsupportin thespiritualandmaterialbattleshe iswagingagainstthetwentiethcenturyheresy-Materialism, To-dayweseeYouthcalledtotoss asideitstreasurechestandhopes,and hurlitselfintothearmsofFate.We seetheOld,robbedoftheirtranquil age,lookingoutuponaworlddarkand

unpeopled,whileunhappycountries familiarwiththescenesofwar,weep morebitterlythaneverbeforefortheir lucklesschildrenastheyliescattered overscarletwastes,staringintoEternity, Hatred Revenge Indifference Unbelief theage-old poisonshavecrystallisedintosome giganticthingthathascometochallengeourmoderncivilisationandour ancientfaith.

Withthefuturewrappedinuncertainty,letuslookbackuponAssisi,

Remarkable ofLegion

BISHOPOFGALWAYFINDSIT "STRIKINGPROOFOFCATHOLIC VITALITY."

ATaCongressoftheLegionof Mary,theBishopofGalway,in whosedioceseitwasheldafew weeksago,paidastrikingtributeto theLegion.PreachingattheopeningMass,theBishop,theMostRev. Dr.Browne,said:

"ThedevelopmentoftheLegionin thelasttwentyyearshasbeenmost remarkable,andisastrikingproofof Catholicvitalityandofitspowerto produceineveryagenewforcesof holinessandcharity.

"ItrustthatthisCongresswillhelp tostrengthenalltheLegionariesin thetruespiritoftheLegion.

"Thatspiritisdiscipline,loyalty andprayerintheserviceofGodand theChurch.Atthepresenttimethat isthespiritwhichweneedsorelyin thiscountry.ObediencetolawfulauthorityinChurchandState;loyalty orfidelitywhichmeansthatyouwill befaithfulandtrue;notreasonor surrenderofthecauseofGod,"

FrankDuff'sAddress.

Inhisclosingaddress,Bro.Duff thankedtheofficersandmembersof GalwayCuriaforthehospitalityand kindnessshowntothevisitorsfrom Concilium.

"ThepurposeoftheCongress,"he continued,"istoimproveyourqualitiesasLegionaries.Ifnotwehave allwastedourtime.Thisisnota dayforself-congratulationsorforrejoicing.Itisadayforwork.Itis forthepurposeofmakingabigmove forward.

"Wemustconvinceourselvesofthe importanceofourwork.TheChurch hasgiveniteveryencouragement.

"TheChurchthinksitisnecessary. Why?Becauseofitsapostleship.

ThepurposeoftheChurchistofoster thespiritofapostleship.

"Thereisnostateofstandingstill; standingstillmeansstagnation.Stagnationbringsdisease.Apostleshipis, asitwere,thecementbetweenthe bricksoftheChurch.Ifthereisno apostleshipthereisagreatdecline, andhistoryhasalreadyshownthat whereverthespiritofapostleshipbegantodecline,religionbeganto crumble.

"Butapostleshipisnotaspontaneousproduct.Itdoesnotgrowofitself.Itmustbeproducedbythe holyfrictionofonesoulonanother. Itsdrivingforceistheteaching Church,butthenceitmustbecommunicatedbyonemantoanother,as poweriscommunicatedfromcogto coginamachine.Theultimateaim mustbethefillingofeverysoulwith theapostolicspirit,sothatevery manactsonanotherman,andeach oneupliftsanotherateverycontact.

YEATES&YEATES W.A.O.A. OPTOMETRISTS

37BARRACKSTREET, PERTH (OppositeTownHall.)

NORTHAM.

E.O.TRESISE, M.P.S.,S.A.andW.A. MANUFACTURINGAND DISPENSINGCHEMIST. ForServiceandQuality.

Tel61Northam.

T.A.GRAHAM

WESTENDBAKERY FORBETTERBREAD ServiceandSatisfaction.

154FITZGERALDSTREET, NORTHAM.

calminhereternalpeace,flashingfrom hergreatlighthouse truthand hope teachingusherlessonand passingontheblessingofFrancis,who whendyingturnedbacktolookupon itsaving: "BlessedoftheLordbethou,0city, forthroughtheemanysoulswillbe saved,andintheemanyservantsof theMostHighwilldwellandfrom theewillbechosenfortheeternal Kingdom.Peacetothee."

Development ofMary

"Thusapostleshipmustnotbelimited.Itsspiritrequiresthatyouget aftereverysoul.Youmustneverbe contentwithresults,butgoonand on.Yourworkisneverdone.No matterhowgoodapersonis,youmust makehimbetter.Theholypeople canbemademoreholy:theywillbe responsivetoyoubecauseyourmissiongivesthemanewangleonthe loveofGod.

"NothingLessThanHeroism.".

"Theapostleshipdependsontheintensityofyourservice.Youmust makeagreateffort.Whatistobe themeasureofyourservice?Itis tobenothinglessthanheroism.Our DivineLordhassaid:'Willyounot laydownyourlifeforMe,'Ifyouare drawingalinesomewhere,yourLegion servicewillnotproducethefruitsintended.Youmaycertainlydogreat good,butyouwillnotspreadthespirit ofapostleshipoverthewholeworld. Youmustforgetyourselfandallselfish interestsifyouaretosucceed.We mustrememberthatweareinthe armyofMary,andthat,therefore,we mustbepreparedtogiveasmuchand sacrificeasmuchasordinarysoldiers oftheStateareexpectedtodo.

"Thereismuchscopeforheroism inyoureverydaywork.Youmust leadothersbyyourexampleandgood work.Youwillbesubjected,perhaps, tomuchhostileandhurtfulcriticism. Youmaybeaccusedofbeing'this,that andtheother.'Butyoumustnot bowdowntohumanrespect.Youmust havepatiencewiththesecriticismsin theserviceoftheLegionofMary."

CLOAKS FORTHE ChildrenofMary

Neatlymadewithasuperiorquality Cashmereespeciallyimportedbyus forthepurpose.

FULLCLOAKSTYLEwithample fullnessensuringthattheywillhang ingracefulfolds.

Thesearestockedinfivesizes,butany sizecanbemadetoorder.Theprices oftheusualsizeare:-

40incheslong 14/6each

42incheslong 15/-each

44incheslong 15/6each

46incheslong 16/.each

48incheslong 16/6each

CloseFittingStyle,cutfromourspecialfittingpattern.

Thesearealsostockedinfivesizes,but anysizecanbemadetoorder.The oftheusualsizesare:-

40incheslong 9/6each

42incheslong 10/-each

44incheslong 10/6each

46incheslong 11/-each

48incheslong 11/6each

Whenorderingbesuretospecifywhich StyleisrequiredandwhetherinMadonna(Sky)BlueorDarkBluecolour.

CHILDRENOFMARYANDCOMMUNIONVEILS. MadeofFineBretonneNet, 5/-,6/-,7/6,8/-,8/6,9'6,126,and14.'6.

CHILDRENOFMARYMANUALS: 2/-each.

VEILADJUSTERS:1/-and each.

Pellegrini&Co.

Pty.Rd.

776HAYSTREET,PERTH (Opp.FoyandGibson).

COSYWINTER-WEIGHT PYJAMAS 10/6

GenuineEnglishTwillWinceyPYJAMAS,inafull rangeofsizes,foronly10;'6. They'recosyandwarmjustwhatyouneedforthe coldwinternightsyetto come.

AnExampleofPracticalChristianity

Inthefollowingradio-talkdelivered throughRadioEireann,Professor AlfredO'RahillyshowsusSt.Thomas Aquinasasanexampleofpractical Christianity,Hesays:q'Agreat manypeoplestillhavetheideathat Aquinasisamustyoldwriterwhowas exclusivelyengagedinabstractmetaphysicsandtheology.Iwantto showyouthathewasnotonlyalive tothepracticalproblemsofhisown timebutlaiddownprinciplespeculiarlyappropriatetoours."

WHEN1wasastudent,there wasinvogueawayofteachingsciencecalled"theheuristicmethod."Theideawasthatyou weretostartwithablankmindand discovereverythingforyourself-asit weretorecapitulateinyourownlaboratory-careerthewholehistoryofscience,takingnothingforgranted.The ideawas,ofcourse,absurd;forindividuallifeistooshort,andmost peoplearetoostupidorlazytoinvestigateevery-thingforthemselves.We mustacceptatremendouslotonfaith withoutpersonalverification.The troubleisthatweareinclinedtotake entirelytoomuchforgranted.We succumbtotheprestigeoffashionableopinions,wearevictimsofthe propagandaandadvertisementswhich surroundus,weunthinkablyabsorb currentjargon.Oneofthemostdifficultmentaloperationsistoquery theseeminglyobvious,tofindthefallacyinacceptedplatitudes,toreact againstthatpervasiveunformulated philosophyoftheworldintowhichwe areborn.

Considerthepre-1914mentality,that pre-warworldofdominantwordsand ideaswhichthecynicalyoungpeople ofto-daycanhardlyvisualise.Itwas aneraofprogressandliberalismwith animmensebeliefinhumanrationality andperfectibility-typifiedbyH.G. Wellsinhisyouthfulhey-day.Transportfacilitiesweresupposedtobe bringingpeoplestogether,narrownationalism dying;international trade,slowlydivestingitselfofthe lastshackels,wasunifyingmankind andshowingmetheircommoninterests.Warwastobeousted,ifnot bythemedievalTruceofGod,at leastbythemoderntruceoftrade. Machinerywasusheringintheageof plenty;workersandcapitalistswere destinedtoachieveacommonprogresswithoutdiversityofinterest.A systemcalled"democracy"wasthe finalstageintheevolutionofpolitical organisation,areversalofwhichwas consideredunthinkable.Havingput outthelightsofheavenandturned ontheneonilltiminationofearth, menwouldneveragainindulgeinreligiousorracialpersecution.Such,in briefoutline,wasthecreedofthat braveoldworld.

Nowthatithascollapsed,itreads likeacaricature-especiallyinthese

RacingSelections

Saturday,June21,1941. (BeforeAcceptances.-

MaidenHandicapOredanus,1; Smokian,2;Agrion'sJoy,3. BelmontPurse(FirstDivision): Derek,1;Eridon,2;MadamMurphy, 3. BelmontPurse(SecondDivision): Lympian,1;IntheBlue,2;Bonori,3. BelmontHandicap:SamoanClipper, 1;Bravilo,2;Galerius,3. Breeders'Handicap:Ripplian,1; FlameGirl,2;StarLad,3. WelterHandicap:FlameGirl,1; StarLad,2;Mylopia,3.

TrottingSelections

GLOUCESTERPARK.

Saturday,June21,1941. Trotters'Handicap:Stella'sBoy,1; LadyCommodore,2;Walpine,3. W.A.Breeders'Handicap:Kirra,1; ArabianLass,2;ConeyMavista,3. NorthamHandicap:MaoriWonder, 1;NanHay,2;SirRaymond,3. SwanbourneHandicap:BayBeauty, 1;Meditation,2;Supertax,3. GeraldtonHandicap:BaronAntique,1;RoyalSheik,2;ArabPrincess,3. CunderdinHandicap:BelleBetel,1; PrinceMavista,2;Mareche,3. MelvilleHandicap:WiseGeneral.,1; LouiseChimes,2;Percy'sSon,3. NarroginHandicap:Moreica,1; EarlPronto,2;LightningRidge,

grimdays.Butthoseofuswhowere broughtupinitabsorbedagreatdeal moreofitthanwefinditpleasant nowtoadmit.Itwasthelastworldwarwhichsetmanyofusthinking, forourhouseofcardscametumbling aboutourearsandwewerebrought facetolacewithstarkrealities.Personally-apartfromthefundamental sanityprovidedbytheCatholicFaith wasthevictimofmanyofthese up-to-datenotionswhichwereinthe veryaironebreathed.Havinghad themisfortunetopassanexamination ineconomics,Ithought1wasentitled tobestowatolerantsmileonancients likeAristotleandmedievalslikeSt. Thomas-wholivedbeforeAdam SmithandJohnStuartMill.Butthe war,withitssocialandeconomicconsequences,wasastaggeringblowto ouroptimism.IbegantoseethatI hadbeenguiltyofafalsehistorical perspective,thatIhadbeenduped byprincipleserectedontheveryunsurefoundationofwhatwasmerelya short-livedepochinhumanhistory, which,withthedisappearanceofcertainephemeralfactorsandaccidental circumstances,wasnowcomingtoan end.Andthisledmebackagainto thegreatScholasticthinkersinanattempttodisengagetheirpermanent principles,coevalwithhumannature, fromtheexternalaccidentsoftheir particulartime.

Allthissoundsveryvague;foritis difficulttobedetailedinashorttalk. ButIwouldliketotrytoconveyto yousomeoftheimpressionswhicha studyoftheMedievals,particularly St.Thomas,madeuponmejustat thetimewhenIhadlostfaithinthe Moderns.Agreatmanypeoplestill havetheideathatAquinasisa mustyoldwriterwhowasexclusively engagedinabstractmetaphysicsand theology.Iwanttoshowyouthat hewasnotonlyalivetothepractical problemsofhisowntime,butlaid downprinciplespeculiarlyappropriate toours.Allowme,therefore,toselectafewtopicsbywayofillustration.

WarandFoodShortage.

Iwillbeginwithaquotationwhich Imyselfusedasaprefacetoapamphleton"Flour,WheatandTariffs," in1928:

"Itisnotpossibleforamultitude ofmentolivewherethereisnota sufficientsupplyoffoodstuffs. Therearetwowaysinwhichsufficientgoodsmaybesecuredfora State.Onewayisthroughthefertilityofthecountrywhichproduces inplentywhateverhumanneedsrequire.Theotherwayisthrough trade,wherebythenecessariesoflife areimportedfromdifferentregions. Butitcanbeclearlyshownthatthe firstmethodisbetter.Forathing ismoreexcellentthemoreitisselfsufficient,sincewhatdependsonanotherisobviouslydeficient.Nowthe Statewhoselandsufficesforthe necessariesoflifeismorefullyselfsufficientthantheStatewhichisdependentontradewithothers.Hence theStateismoreexcellentifitdraws itssuppliesfromitsownlandthanif itgetsthemthroughimporters.And thismethodalsoappearstoprovide greatersecurity,inasmuchasthe transportoffoodmaybeprevented bywarandvariousvicissitudes,and thustheStatemightbedestroyedby ashortageoffood."-"DeRegimine Principum,"ii.,3. Isitnotratherastonishing-especiallytoonewhohasbeenreadingmoderneconomists-tofindThomas Aquinasboldlyadvocatingapolicyof nationalself-sufficiency?Hedoes notindulgeinallthesecomplicated argumentssofamiliartousfromthe free-tradecontroversy.Hegetsdown tohumanfundamentals.Ifwewant anindependentState,wemustnotbe toodependentonoutsiders.Especiallyletusremember-howappositeis thisremarkwrittencloseon600years ago!-thattransportofessentialsmay bepreventedbywar.SowhenIrereadSt.ThomasIbegantothinkof home-grownwheatandbeet-sugar,and evenofafforestation.Whatarespectablelineagesomeofourideas have,inspiteoftherecentlyacquired authorityofthosewhocallthemselves economists!Andwhatashockto anyonebredinthepseudo-worldofinternationalism!

St.Thomasgivessomefurtherargumentsinfavourofself-sufficiency, whichmodernshavecometodespise, butofwhosewisdomImyselfhavebecomeconvinced.Hereiswhathe says: AStatewhichneedsmuchforeign tradeforitssupportmustputup

withthecontinualpresenceofforeigners,intercoursewithwhomissubversiveofnationalcustoms. Moreover,ifthecitizensthemselvesaredevotedtotrade,thewaywillbeopen tomanyvices.For,sincetheobject oftraderstendsespeciallytoprofit, greedisinducedinthecitizenshearts; sothateverythinginthecountrybecomesvaluedinmoney eachisintentonhisownadvantagewithout seekingthepublicgood andhonour,virtue'srewardwillbebestowed ontherich. Finally,thatState ismorepeacefulwhoseinhabitantslive lessincities. Itis,therefore,betterthataStateshouldreceiveits foodsuppliesfromitsownlandthan thatitshouldbealtogetherdependent ontrade."

BusinessandTrade.

Fromthisitcanbeinferredthat St.Thomasisopposedtofinancial penetrationbyforeigners,thatheadvocatesindependenthome-producers, thatheadvocatesindependenthomeproducers,thatheisagainstlarge urbancentres.

Itisatfirstsightrathersurprising tofindthesaintsomewhatlukewarm -toexpressitmildly-indefenceof whatwecallbusinessandtrade.So letusturntoanotherworkofhis whereheprofessedlytreatsthematter:

"Itisthebusinessoftraderstoattendtotheexchangeofgoods.But, asthePhilosophersays,therearetwo kindsofexchange:

"(1)Thefirstkindisat-it-werenaturalandnecessary-namely,theexchangeofgoodsforgoodsandmoney onaccountoftheneedsoflife.Such exchangeisproperlythebusinessnot oftradersbutofhouseholdersor statesmenwhohavetoprovidewhatis necessaryforlifeinhouseholdorState.

"(2)Thesecondkindofexchangeis thatofmoneyformoneyorofgoods formoney,notonaccountofwhatis necessaryforlifebutinpursuitof gain.And,accordingtothePhilosopher,thiskindofexchangeisproperly thebusinessoftraders.

"Now,thefirstkindofexchangeis praiseworthy,foritministerstonaturalneeds.Butthesecondkindis rightlyregardedasblameworthy,for initselfitministerstothelustfor gainwhichknowsnolimitbuttends toinfinity.Hence,tradeconsidered initselfhasakindofturpitude,inso farasinitsownnatureitdoesnot implyanhonourableornecessaryend. However,thegainwhichistheobject oftrade,thoughinitsownnatureit doesnotimplyanythinghonourableor necessary,doesnotinitsnatureimply anythingviciousorcontrarytovirtue.Sonothingpreventsgainfrom beingdirectedtoanecessaryoreven honourableend,andthustradewillbe madelawful.Forexample,when anyonedirectsthemoderategainhe seeksintradetowardsthesupportof hishouseholdoralsotowardshelping thoseinwant;orwhenanyoneengagesintradeonaccountofthepublicutility-i.e.,sothatthecountry maynotlackwhatisnecessaryfor life;andwhenheseeksgainnotasif itwereanendbutonlyasarecompenseforhislabour."-SummaTheologica,"2,2,q.77,a.4.

Thisisaveryilluminatingquotation.AccordingtoSt.Thomas,just asthehouseholderhastoprovidefor thefamily,sotheGovernmenthasto provideforthecommunity.But tradingforprofitorgainhewilladmit tobelawfulonlywhen,profiteering beingexcluded,itisdirectedtothe goodofthecommunity.Themoderategainthusacruingistoberegardednotasanendinitselfbutonlyas "stipendiumlaboris,"arecompensefor usefulservice.Itrequireslittlereflectiontorealisehowpregnantin practicalconsequencesisthisfunctionalviewofbusinessenterpriseand profit.Itisatthebasisofthemedievalideasofprivateownershipand responsiblepartnership,guildorganisation,prohibitionofusury.St.Thomas's approachtotheproblemissodifferent fromthatcurrentlyinvoguethatit certainlysetmethinking.And,if wetookitseriouslyenough,itwould setusallthinking-andthenacting.

MoneyandWealth.

NowhereisSt.Thomasmore thought-provokingthanonthesubject ofmoney.Owingtotheirabsorption inthepracticalproblemsofdebasementandclippingofcoins,later writers-suchasBishopNichodas OresmeandtheJesuitMariana-came toconfoundmoneywiththemetallic commodityinwhichitwasthenembodied.St.Thomasdistinguishes clearlybetweenwhathecallstheprim-

aryuseofmoneyasameansofquan- titativelyexchanginggoodsandservices,andthesecondaryuseofmoney e.,metalorcoin,asapledge,anornamentorsomuchcommodity.In hisCommentaryonAristotle'sEthics hegivesanexample.Fivebeds,he says,areexchangedforonehouse. Thiscouldoccurwithoutanyinter- ventionofmoney.Supposethehouse issoldfor£200andfivebedsare boughtforthisamount.Then,ac- cordingtoSt.Thomas,the£200(qua money)isnotanintermediatecommodityatall;itismerelythemeans foreffectingthebarteroffivebeds forahouse.Inotherwords,money isdebt,itisaclaimonthecommunity.JustasasignedI.O.U.isa claimonaparticularsignatory,so moneyisanX.O.U.,aclaimonany individualXofthecommunity.If thissimpleideaisgrasped,onebecomesimmunefromalotofmonetary nonsense,bothorthodoxandheterodox. St. conclusionsThomashimselfdrewpractical fromthisview.Forinstance,thesterilityorbarrennessof money-anideasounjustlyderided bymosteconomistssinceBentham. Butifmoneyassuchisnotaphysical butonlyamoralentity-arightora claim-theconclusionisself-evident. Itisonlythebountyofnature,aided byhumanindustry,whichisultimatelyfruitful.Hence,whatwecall 'makingmoney"-i.e.,pilingupclaims ontheindustryofothers-isnota physicaloperationlike,say,making shoes.And,sofarfromconstituting realwealth,moneyonthecontraryis debt-i.e.,claimsonorsubstraction fromexistingorpotential'Ifealth. Again,St.Thomasconcludedthat moneycannotbelentinthesenseof havingitsusehired(likeahouse) whileretainingitsownership.For moneyismerelyaclaim,andaclaim requiresaclaimant.Youcanretain yourownershipofthisclaimandauthoriseitseffectuationorexercisein theformofgoods,ofwhichyouare theownerorco-owner.Youmust thenaccepttheresponsibilityand riskandyouco-operateinbusinessenterprise.But,withoutotherserious extrinsicgroundsforrecompense,you havenorighttolendmoneyinthe senseoftransferringyourclaimtoanothertobeownedandexercisedby him-andthen,inadditiontothe subsequentreturnofanequivalent claim,todemandtoshareintheresultsofthatworker'sindustryand enterprise.Such,inanutshell,isSt. Thomas's'viewofusury.Itisquite coherentwiththealreadyquotedview thatbusiness-gainsarejustifiedonly asthe"stipendforlabour."Thewhole ideaofusuryhasbeenlaughedoutof courtbyeconomists;ithascometobe regardedasanoutwornsuperstition. Itis,therefore,ratherashockwhen onereadsSt.Thomasforoneselfand discoversthesolidmoralandsocial argumentsheadduces.

Atleast,itwasagreatshocktome, forevershatteringanytracesofthat smugup-to-datecomplacencywhichis somuchassociatedwithacademiceconomics.Imentionthisnotatall becauseIthinkmyownbiographical reminiscencesareofanyinteresttomy listeners,noteventoexplaihwhyI appearsofrightfullyoutofdateand retrogradetosomanyilhOellectual. No.Butdon'tyouseethatthereis alessonforallofus?Iwanttoset youaswellasmyselfthinking.

To-Day'sGreatNeed.

St.Thomasistousanexampleof practicalChristianity.Ihavetried toshowyouthisonafewpointsselectedalmostatrandom-Icould,indeed, havefruitfullyspentthewholetime indiscussinghisviewsonajustwar. ButIhopeIhavesaidenoughtoshow youthatthisgreatfriar-theologiandid notmerelywritehymnsandseminary textbooks.Hecarriedhisprinciples intotheworkadayworldaroundhim. Hedidnotconfinehisactivitiesto purementalspeculationortopious exhortations.Heboldlyenteredthe areaoflay-life.Herefusedtoshut uphismessageinthesacristyandthe cloister.

Wewantmenofthatspiritto-day. Theworldiscrumblingaroundus.As neverbeforeinourhistoryweare upagainstbedrockrealities:provision fortheessentialneedsofourpeople, thesubordinationofthemonetary mechanismtotheprimaryendof civillife,thenecessityforsecuringtheconformityoftheindividual'sactivitiestothecommongood, ourdutyasapeopletoproclaimthe spiritualidealsforwhichwestand. Theseareproblemswhichwecan meet,notifourcreedistimorous,partialandvague,butonlyif,inthespirit ofThomasAquinas,weboldlyreject thefalsephilosophywhichhasled merelytodisaster,ifwegetbackagain tofirstprinciplesandstrivetoestablishasocialorganisationbasedupon peaceandjustice.

ANewOrderof ChristianLife

ITisoneveryone'stongue,that therearetremendoussocialproblemstobefacedintheworldat large.ThisisnonewthingforCatholics.ForyearsourPopes,ourBishops,ourpriests,havebeencryingout warningsoftheimpendingcrisis.

PeterMaurinsaysinhisinimitable way:-

"Catholicscholarshavetakenthe dynamiteoftheChurch;theyhave wrappeditupinnicephraseology, haveplaceditinanhermiticallysealed(nit-liner,placedthelidoverthe container,andsatonthelid.Itis abouttimetotakethelidoffandto miketheCatholicdynamitedynamic."

Iftheseteachingsareineffectonly piousaFpiratioris,andiftheydomore thanproclaimends,andfailtoregard theproblemofmeans-itwouldbe tragic.Toproclaimthatwehavea bodyofsocialteaching,andadmitthat weareunabletoapplyit,wouldbeto admitfailure.

Wecanshortlyreviewtheposition. Wehave'assertedthepriorityofthe familyovertheState,thenaturalauthoritycrfparentsoverchildren,the rightoffr4rossociation,andthedignityofhumanpersonality.Thereis needforadvancebeyondthisposition.

Assertionofprincipleswillnotsolve thepracticalproblemsofunemployment,overcrowding,malnutritionand soon.Theyaretobesolvedinthe samewaythatanyproblemissolved: bythinkingaboutthem,byactivityof theintellect,andbyathoroughacquaintancewiththedata.

Isthisnotthecruxofthematter? Willanexaminationoftheposition revealthatCatholicsshowthemselves deficientinthismatter?Thisquestionseemstobeansweredbythefact thatthereisnoCatholicreadingpublicforeconomics-oratleastavery smallone.

AsCatholics,ifwedonotmakeourselvesfullyinstructedonsocialmatters,atleastweshouldbeawareofthe PapalEncyclicals.Weshouldread theCatholicpapersandjournalstoascertaintheviewpointsofleadingCatholicthinkers-weareswampedina materialisticworldwhichhasnoconceotionoftheverities.Wegetour information,toooften,fromthepublicationsofordinarysecularpublishers.

Acommonobjectiontothepleafor akeenerandmorewidespreadinterest inthesemattersisthattherearesupposedtobesomanydifferenteconomictheoriesandsomanydifferent plansforputtingsocietyright.This ishardlyacorrectviewpoint.There are,ofcourse,ahostofill-informed peoplewithquackremedies,andthere

aredifferencesofopinionamongeconomistsasinotherspheres.But trainedeconomistsareinapositionto fairlyjudgetheeffectsofcertain coursesofaction,justasdoctorsare able,withtolerableaccuracy,tojudge theeffectsofcertainkindsoftreatment.Intheeconomicworlditis broadlyspeakingpossibleforaninstructedpersontosaybywhatmeans certainendscanbeattained.The natureofthemeansisamatteroffact rarelyindoubt.

Therealproblemiswhethertheap- plicationofthemeanswouldnothave off-settingdisadvantages,whichwould outweightheadvantagesofattaining theends.

Thisisamatterfortheordinary mantodecide-buthewillnotbe abletodosountilhehassufficient

economicknowledgetoknowthe natureofthemeansandtheprobableeffectsofapplyingthem.

Itcanthenbeseen,thatthere shouldbenogreatdifficultyingetting awell-informedopiniononthesematters.Itisspecificallyourduty.

Ourworkispositiveandpractical. Weshallneverreformtheexisting socialorderbydecidingthatthis,or that,featureofitisnotimmoral.We havetodeterminewhetherornot eachlegitimatefeatureconducestoan intendedwholeandtorejectitifit doesnot.

Althoughmodernsocietyhasnot beenmadetoanantecedentmodel-it isnotablindgrowth.Itsevolution istheexpressionofadefinitephilosophy.ButtheCatholicChurch,in additiontoherphilosophy,hasin mindamodelofsocietybuiltupfrom OurLord'steachingaboutmen'srelationswitheachother,injusticeand charity.

Herprinciplesareindeedtestswhich laybaretheethicalcompositionof thisorthatdetail,methodorfeature, buttheyshouldbeappliedwiththe purposeoffindingoutwhatdoesor whatdoesnotmakeforageneralend alreadyinview.Thesociologicalmethodinthismatteriscomparison.Comparisonbetweenanactualhuman structureandadivineplan.Theplan existsandcanbeconsulted-itisin thekeepingoftheCatholicChurch.

Theessentialthingforustokeepin mindisthattheChurch'sassociation withanyformofsocietyinheressen tialworkofsavingsoulsnevercom,-omiSeSorcommitshertoanything irrevocable.

UptothetimeofLeoXIIIthe Churchassuch,though,ofcourse,consciousoftheshortcomingsofoursociety,hadgivenitnodetailedorcomprehensiveattention,suchasshehad given,forinstance,toContinentalliberalism.Theencyclical"RerumNovarum"broughtitforthefirsttime tothebarofCatholicjudgment.From thattimeonwardnoCatholiccould beindifferentaboutit,orpleadadualismofreligionandsecularlife.It wastherebirthofCatholicsociology. ThePopessincethenhaveamplified Leo'steaching.Twothingsespeciallystandout:thatextremewealthand power,andextremepovertyanddependenceinvolveinjusticeandcannot bemademoralbycharityalone;and thattherecanbenodualismofmoral andsecularlife.

CapitalandLabour,whichnature meanttobeallies,willalwaysbeinimicaltoeachotheruntiltherelations oflifeandproductionarerationalised byChristianphilosophy,untilthe meansofproductionofwealthministersequitablytothelifeofall.Only thenshallweseetheendofthemonstrosityofsocialisticcapitalism,anindividualisminwhichthevastmajority havenoindividualityandasocietyrepeatedlybaseduponprivateproperty inwhichthebulkofthepeoplehave nopropertyatall.

Ourtask,then,istremendous,needinghardthinking,closeapplication, andcourage.

ThewordsofChristopherDawson seemtobeapplicabletothesituation, "Thesaint,likeeveryothergreatman, istheorganofasocialpurpose,and thesuccessofhismissiondependson thereservesoffaithandspiritualwill thathavebeenaccumulatedbythe anonymousactivityofordinaryimperfectmenandwomen,eachofwhom hasmadeanindividualcontribution, howeverminuteitmaybe,toanew orderofChristianlife."

PRESCRIPTIONSACCURATELY&CAREFULLYDISPENSEDAT WILEY'SPHARMACY

28ADELAIDEST.,FREMANTLE. ALLLEADINGBRANDSOFTOILETREQUISITES. MAKEUSEOFOURFREEDELIVERYSERVICE.

FORPLEASANTSHOPPINGANDFRIENDLYSERVICE, TRADEWITH W.J.STAMMERS,CanningHighway FORSMALLGOODS,PRODUCE,HARDWARE,PAINTS,WINES, ALESANDSPIRITS,ANDTHEFRESHESTGROCERIES. MELRAYSTORENO.8.

411.60.ft

W1546) F.C.FORD (W1546

288aCAMBRIDGESTREET,WEMBLEY.

DELIVERSTHEPRIMESTOFMEATTHROUGHOUTWEMBLEY, JOLIMONT,

andessenceapagansystem oflawdesignedforacommunityin whichasmallaristocracyoffreemen posssessed,exploited,andruledalarge populationofslaves.TheCommon LawofEngland,ontheotherhand, wasfromthebeginningdesignedfora communityoffreecitizens.Itsfirst

Principleisfreedom.Itis,infact,one ofthegreatestachievementsofthe greatestoftheChristiancenturies.

Onthelastpageofhisclassicalwork onthehistoryofEnglishLaw,thegreat masterthatwasMaitlandhasthese words:

"Thelawoftheagethatliesbetween 1154and1272deservespatientstudy. Foronething,itisaluminousage, throwinglightonbothpastandfuture. Itwasthecriticalmoment inEnglishlegalhistory,andtherefore intheinnermosthistoryofourland andourrace.Itwasthemomentwhen oldcustomwasbroughtintocontact withnewscience.Muchinournational lifeandcharacterdependedontheresultofthatcontact.. Norcanwe partwiththisagewithoutthinking oncemoreofthepermanenceofits work.ThosefewmenwhoweregatheredatWestminsterroundPateshulland RaleighandBracton,werepenning writsthatwouldrun(intheKing's nameeverywhereand)onthenameof Kinglesscommonwealthsoftheother sideoftheAlneticOcean.Theywere makingrightandwrongforusandfor ourchildren."

Theimportanceofthesenamesas themakersoftheCommonLawisdevelopedbyMaitlandelsewhereinhis work:

"Duringthewholeofthetwelfthand thirteenthcenturiesEnglishlawwas administeredbytheablest,thebest educatedmenintherealm;bythe self-samemenwhowerethe'judgesordinary'oftheChurch'sCourts.Atone moment,HenryIIhadthreebishops forhisArchjusticiars.InRichard's reign,wecanseetheKing'sCourtasit sitsdaybyday.Itisoftenenough composedoftheArchbishopofCanterbury,twootherbishops,twoorthree archdeacons,twoorthreeordained clerks,andtwoorthreelaymen.The majorityofitsmembersmightatany timebecalledupontohearecclesiasticalcausesandlearnthelessonsinlaw thatwereaddressedtotheminpapal rescripts.Itisbypopishclergymen thatourcommonlawisconvertedfrom arudemassofcustomsintoanarticulatesystem,andwhenthepopishclergymen,yieldingatlengthtothePope's commands,nolongersitastheprincipalJusticesoftheKing'sCourt,the creativeageofourmedievallawis over."

Evenwhenatlengthheyieldstothe Pope'scommands,HenryofBracton, oneofthelastofthepopishclergymenofwhomMaitlandspoke,bequeathedtotheCommonlawhisbook"de LegibusetConsuetudinibusAngliae," "thecrownandflowerofEnglishme dievaljurisprudence,"whichasatextbookoftheCommonLawhadnocompetitoruntilBlackstonecomposedhis commentariesfivecenturieslater.

ThecharacteristicfeatureoftheCommonLawliesinitsrespectforfreedom andforthedignity,andevenforwhat onemaycalltheholiness,ofhuman

personality.Tothequestion"Quidsit libertas?"Bractonanswers"Libertas estnaturalisfacultas":Byvirtueofhis verynature,manisfree.Andforits attitudetowardshumanpersonality, therewerethewordsthatHenryof Bractonwaswonttorepeatatthe OffertoryoftheMass:''Deus,quihumansesubstantiaedignitatemmirabilitercondidisti.";andthethoughtof Aquinas"Persona,idquodperfectissimumestintotanatura."

"Afugitiveglanceatmedievaldoctrinesufficestoshowhowthroughitall, insharpcontrasttothetheoriesofantiquity,runsthethoughtoftheabsoluteandimperishablevalueoftheindividual;athoughtrevealedbyChristianityandgraspedinallitsprofounditybythe(medieval)spirit.That everyindividual,byvirtueofhiseternaldestination,isatthecoresomething holyandindestructibleeveninrelationtothehighestpower;thatthe smallestparthasavalueofitsown, andnotmerelyaspartofawhole; thateverymanistoberegardedby thecommunityneverasamereinstrumentbutalsoasanend;allthisis notmerelysuggestedbutitismoreor lessclearlyexpressed."(Gierke,"PoliticalTheories,"p.81.)

Thewholetheoryandoperationof theCommonLawwithitsconceptof freedomnotasapoliticalprivilegebut asanaturalendowmentpropertoman asmanranthustowardstheestablishmentofsocietyonthebasisoffree citizenship.The"ordinary,man"of thelawwasknowninlaw,Latinas liberetlege1ishomo;thefree,andlawfulman."Thetimehasreome,"says Maitland,writingofthelegalRenaissanceofthetwelfthandthirteenth centuries,"whenmenofonesort,free andlawfulmen,canbetreatedasmen ofthecommon,theordinary,wemay perhapssaythenormalsort,whilemen ofallsortsenjoyprivilegesoraresubjecttodisabilitieswhichcanbecalled exceptional."

Again,thefreeandlawfulmanis,in thetheoryofthelaw,innocentofcrime, honestinhisdealings,efficientinhis work;aworthyfellowlivnginarelationshipoffriendshipwithhisfellowmen.Everyman,saysBracton,is presumedtobeagoodmanuntilthe contraryisprovedagainsthim.Anda neighbourlymanalso,inaccordance withthemedievalprinciple,statedby Aquinas:Itisnaturaltoman hislike sothateverymanisina sensetoeverymanafamiliaranda friend("acsiomnishomoomnihomini essetfamiliarisetamicus.").

ThenormalcitizenisthusintheconceptionoftheCommonLawaworthy man,andafreeman;onewholivesin peacewithhisfellowsinobedienceto thelaw;andentitledtoitsprotection. Entitled;evenagainsttheKing,and theExecutive."RexestsubDeoet sublege,"saysBracton,inapassage whichwastobeawatchwordinthe constitutionalcontroversiesoftheseventeenthcentury."TheKing"(thatis tosay,theExecutive)"isunderGod andtheLaw."ForBractonalso,followingLangton,gaveustheruleof law.

TheCommonlawofEngland-the onlycreativesystemoftemperallaw thatcameoutoftheChrisliancenturies-hasthusanobleconceptionofman andanobleconceptiono(Jtaw;ofman asareasonablebeing,andoflawasa reasonablerule.

Indefenceofthoseconceptionsof theCommonlaw,EnglandandtheDominionsandtheColonieshavegoneto war.(ItwillnothaveescapedtheattentionthatthepartsoftheBritish politicalsystemwheresomehesitation hasbeenshown,e.g.,SouthAfricaand Quebec,arejustthosepartswhichare notintegratedintotheobedienceof theCommonlaw).AndAmericastands onguard.

Thewariswithanenemywhohas repudiatedinideaandinpracticeall theconceptionsthataresacredtothe Commonlaw:ofthedignityandworth andhumanpersonality:ofessential freedom;offellowshipandpeace;of theruleoflaw.

Thebattleisjoined.Alreadythe nations(eventheChristiannations) thatbelongedtothetraditionnotof theEnglishbutoftheRomansawhave beendefeatedorhaveyieldedbefore thenewpowerofPaganism.Theforces andthespiritoftheCommonlaware steady;andtheirvictoryissureif theyhave(whichGodgrant)astheir Protectoronewholearnedlongago howtowithstandatotalitariantyrant: onewhoisforeverthegreatestofthe commonlawyers.evenSt.Thomas More.

J.W.SHEEHAN

Prime

TheWorldofSport

.4,..........0..1.4.

SPORTINGQUIL

AnswerstoLastWeek's Questions.

1.Iiaplayerhasmarkedthe ball,heisallowedakick,andif theballistouchedintransit,if itcrossesthegoal-line,apointis scored.

2.Intennis,iftheball,afterit haslandedincourt,hitsalines. man,theplayerwhohitsthe ballshallwinthepoint.

3.JimJeffriesbeattwoworld's championstwice-BobFitzsimmonsandJimCorbett.

4.Therearefourcirclesona regulationKing'sPrizetarget.

5.DickArnst,whoheldthe world'sscullingchampionship ontwopreviousoccasions,won itbackafteralapseoften years.

ThisWeek'sQuestions.

1.Namethejockeywhorode eightwinnersoftheAustralian Cup.

2.What,intheAustraliangame of:football,is'hacking"?

3.In,cricket:Itisawindyday, andjustasthebowlerdelivers thebalethebailsatthestriker'sendareblowoff.Thestrikerhitstheballintoafieldsman'shand,andthecatchis held.Isthestrikerout?

4.AwellknownEasternStates jockeyoncerodesixwinners andasecondatoneSydney meeting.Namehim.

5.Tennis:Aplayerrecoversa dropshot,andfindinghecannotstophimselfrunninginto thenet,jumpsoverittoavoid touchingit.Isitagoodreturn?

LEAGUEFOOTBALL

EastFremantle,17.23,WestPerth, 8.5. Perth,7.12;SouthFremantle,5.18. EastPerth,14.16;Swans,8.10. Claremont,20.13;Subiaco,8.10.

LeadingGoalgetters. Geo.Moloney(C1.) 50

(E.F.) 50 E.Tysofi(W.P.)

SouthFremantlev.EastFremantle, atDremasi.tle.

WestEfreri1v.Claremont,atLeederville. Swansv.Claremont,atBassendean.

Subiacov.EastPerth,atSubiaco.

"Recorder"selectsEastFremantle, WestPerth,ClaremontandEast Perthtowin. Brieflets.

Perth'swinoverSouthswastheoutstandingfeatureoflastSaturday's games.TheSouthernersdidnotrelishtheheavygoingatthe W.A.C.A.,

DERBY'S MURRAYSTREET,PERTH. PhonesB9731(threelines)

B7777 B3588 B9101(twolines) REGISTEREDW.A.T.A.

ALEXRODOREDA

TurfCommissionAgent 802HAYSTREET.

AGENTFORW.A.CHARITIES. RingB5841andB5236.

butevensotheymighthavewonhad theirforwardskickedstraighter.

EastFremantle'swinoverWest Perthby72pointsisoneofthemost decisivethattheOldBlueshaveinflictedonthatclub.Thewinwas clear-cut,forneveroncedid\Vests havethelead.

GeorgeDoigwasingreatformand kickedeightgoals.Heseemscertain tonotchanothercenturythisseason.

Henfry,playingatcentreforPerth, wasasuccess.Inpreviousmatches hehasbeeninclinedtohangontothe ball,andtoattempttobeatthefield, butagainstSouthsthesefaultswere notinevidence.

BuftonandMcGlinndividedthe honoursofbeingthebestinthePerthSouthFremantlegame.

ALOOCHCUPCOMPETITION.

GameslistedfornextWednesdayin thePublicSchools'Competitionare: ScotchCollegev.Aquinas,atClaremont.

GuildfordGrammarv.Hale,at Bassendean.

HOCKEY

InAlGradeSt.IldephonsusregisteredagoodwinbydefeatingGuildford,4.2. Thegoalhittersforthe winnerswere:Benson(2),Longmore andWood.

InJuniorNo.2GradePerthBoys' SchoolbeatC.B.C.,5-2.Thegoalsfor thewinnerswerehitbyMcGregor(3) andMcKenna(2),andforChristians, HendersonandWorner.

BOXING

RecentlyIwasaskedtotell"more ofoldBobFitzsimmons."Fromtime totimeIhavewrittenofthehighlightsofhiscareer,butbelievingthat itwillinterestreadersIintendto sketchthecareerofRubyRobert.

HewasborninHelston,Cornwall, England,onJune4,1862,andwhen stillaboyhewastakentoNewZealandbyhisparents.When16years ofagehewasapprenticedtoablacksmithandfortenhoursaday edattheforge.Swingingthesledge. hammergavehimtremendousmusculardevelopmentinhisarmsandshoulders,butdidnothingtothickenhis spindlylegs. Itwasquitenaturalthatheshould becomeinterestedinboxing,forthe districtwhereinhelivedhadmany youngmenwhowereevereagerfora spar.Bobhadsmallopportunityfor education.Heworkedhardand graduallytheideaofbecominga pugilistdevelopedinhim.Hesawin thatcallingtheonlyopportunityof gettingawayfromgrindingmanual toil,ofmakingsomethingofhimself intheworld.

WhenBobwaseighteenyearsold, therecametohisdistrict,Timuru,Jem Mace,tostageanamateurtournament.ThoughBobhadnotraining inringstrategy,hehadaninstinctive feelingforthegame.Heseemedto knowjustwhattodowithoutbeing told.Eventhenhehadthetrickof tuckinghischininbehindhisshoulders,andlettinghisopponent's punchesbounceoffhisrock-likemuscles.Rightfromthestarthecould deliveramightypunch.Youcan teachamantobox,buthittingpower isborninhim.

Mace'sAmateurTournamentChampionshipwaswonbyBobFitzsimmons.Heknockedoutfourmenin asinglenighttowinthetitleof"AmateurChampionofNewZealand."After thathereturnedtohisforgewitha medalandaverydecidedyearningto becomeaboxer.

Inthe:followingyearheagainenteredfortheTimaruTournament,and thistimestoppedfivemeninoneevening,includingthegreatMaori,Herbert Slade,wholaterfoughtJohnL.SullivaninNewYork.Itwasanamazingperformance,andFitzsimmons madeadefinitedecisiontogoinfor afightcareer.Heputawaytheleatherapronandthesledge-hammerand boughthimselftrunksandshoes.

Therearenotmanydetailsconcerninghisveryearlyprofessionalcareer. Hehadfourteenbouts,winningthirteenofthembytheK.O.route.His firstvictimwasamannamedCraw-

ford,whomBobknockedoutinthree rounds.Theseearlyboutswerespread overaperiodofnineyears,1881-1889, aperiodinwhichBobfoundlittle moneyandlessfame.Hehadtogo backtohistradeandfightwhenever hefoundtheopportunity.Hedid onething,though,thatprobablyhelpedhimmorethananythingelseon theroadtofame-hewenttoSydney andbecameacquaintedwithLarry Foley,fromwhomFitz.learntmany ofthefinepointsofthegame,asdid PeterJackson,PaddySlavin,Griffo, andahundredothers.

OutsideoftheringFitzsimmonswas notquicktomakeuphismind,buthe sawthattherewasnothingforhim inaboxingwayinAustralia.He knewthattherewasmoneytobe madeandfametobegainedinAmerica,buthecouldn'tquitemakeup hismindtogothere.LarryFoley urgedhimtogo.Hesawinthishugeshoulderedthin-shankedman,withhis unsmilinggoodhumour,areallygreat ringman.Fitz.agreedthatitwas thethingtodo,butkeptpostponing it.Healwayswantedtofeelinhis ownmindthathewasontheright track.Eventuallyhedidgo-asmost readersknow-butbeforehelefthe hadafightwithJimHall,thatcaused muchdiscussion.Aboutthisfight andhowBobgottoAmericawillbe thethemefornextweek.

(TobeContinued.)

ATHLETICS.

TheW.A.AmateurAthleticAssociationopeneditsseasononSaturday witha41mileraceatSouthPerth.As distanceracingwillprobablybethe vogueforsometime,theremarksof JoeRinks,Englishsportswriterand ex-milerecord-holder,shouldbeinterestingandhelpfultoathletesintraining.Hesays: "ACanadianaskshowIreconcile myviewthattheslowrunistheideal training,withthestatementthatIrecentlymadeaboutthefourwonderfulAmericanswho,hesays,havebecomechampionsasjuniorsonhard running.Thislooks,onpaper,areal poserforme.Well,ithappensIwas inAmericatwosummersbackand watchedalotofrunning.IntheNew YorkMetropolitanMileIsawa youngster,strugglingveryhardinsecondplacetogetnearerSanRomani, whohadabigleadandwasclocking fasttime.Onbeingintroducedto thisyoungsterIlearnedthathewas not18andhadbeaten4min.20sec.I inquiredifhehaddoneanyhardracingandherepliedthathehadnot. I,therefore,urgedhimtoconfinehis trainingtoslowworkandraceonly intheveryimportantevents(tohim) foranotheryear. Theyouthwasobviouslyimpressed, andamanstandingneartohim agreedwithmyviews.Themansaid thathewastheboy'scoach.The youngsterwasLeslieMcMitchell,who recentlyranamilein4min.7.4sec." TakethegreatGodfreyBrown.No oneeversawthisgloriousrunnerrunninghisheadoffintraining.Thousandshavewatchedhimdohisextra slow"shuffle-around"inhiswarm-up beforearace.ArthurNewton,the greatestofalldistancerunners,developedsolelyonslowruns-and plentyofthem.Istillsaythatracingyoungsterswillnotdevelopthem. Cross-countryracingisgreattraining.

GOLF

Thesearehintsgivenbygreatgolfteacher,LawsonLittle: Don'tstandpigeon-toedataddress. Thisstancerestrictstheactionofthe bigmusclesofthelegs.Pointboth toesslightlyforward.

Finishtheshotwiththeweighton yourrightfoot.Allowafreetransferenceofweightfromtherightto theleftfoot,asyouhittheballand followthrough.

Trytokilltheballwhenhitting intoawind.Squarecontactwiththe ballinsuresgooddistanceandmaximumcontrol.

Checktheswingwhenyoucomeinto thehittingarea.Besuretohit straightonaftertheballandfinish theswingwellbalancedwithmostof yourweightontheleftfoot.

GreatScoring.

MostremarkablescoringintheBritishOpenwasthatofHenryCotton,in 1934,whenafteronequalifyinground of66,hestartedwith67.65.Gene Sarazen,intheAmericanOpenof 1932,finished70.60.WalterHagen finishedwitha66in1933.Thelowest

scoreinanAustralianOpenwasthe 68ofAllenRussellin1924atRoyal Melbourne.

AlltimelowinAustralia'smajor eventswasJoeFerrier'sKillaraeffort of67,65,70,64,butthecoursewasnot quiteofchampionshipstandard. WorthaTrial?

AnAmericanideaforafreakcompetitionisknownas"DumbGolf." Eachwordspokenbyaplayerduring theroundcountsasastroke-evenif it'sthesamewordoverandover again.

BADLUCK.

ConsiderthecricketluckofJoeGraham,ofQueensland.Hewas"called" threetimesinfourovers.Threeof theno-ballshitthestumps,andabatsmanwascaughtoffthefourth!

RACING

ThemeetingonSaturdaywillbeat BelmontPark.Themaineventon theprogrammewillbetheBelmont Handicap,of£120.Alsoincludedis theWelter,£90,oversixfurlongs; Breeders'Handicap,sevenfurlongs: MaidenHandicap,sevenfurlongs;and twodivisionsoftheBelmontPurse.

See"TheHawk's"SelectionsforRacingandTrottingelsewhereinthisissue.

FROMEASTERNSCRIBES.

Dartbrook,oneofthefavouritesfor theGrandNationalHurdle,asaresult ofhissuccessatFlemingtonatEaster, isgivinghistrainer,JackFryer,agood dealoftrouble.Atthemomenthe mustbeclassedas"doubtful."-"Norlen."

IseenoreasontoaltermyNational double,selectedwhenweightswere declared-BureaucratandBrightello. Bureaucratwasbeatenrathereasily byHarleyintheYorkHurdleat Flemingtonrecently,buthewillimprove.BrightellostagedthebestNationalSteepletrialintheHopetoun Steeple.IshouldsaythatasthepositionnowstandstheGrandNational HurdlecanbefineddowntothreeBureaucrat,HarleyandOurBoy."Ascot."

OnformBrightelloshouldbeG.N. Steeplefavourite.CheeryJackholds thepositionfortworeasons:(1) Weightofmoneyand(2)becausehe isAustralia'sNo.1jumper.IunderstandthatCheeryJackistoruninthe G.N.Hurdlebeforeheconteststhe Steeple.Ifthisprogrammeisadheredtohewillnothavetheexperience ofaraceoverfencesbeforetheSteeple.-"Ascot."

Boisterousisagoodjumperand apparentlycanstay,buthemaynot beseasonedenough.Firstyearhurdlers(BoisterousandTheStorkcanbe classedassuch)arenotusuallyexperiencedenoughtowinaNational."Ascot."

TROTTING

TherewillbeameetingatGloucesterParkonSaturday.Theprogramme,withasuggestedboth-ways tip,is:

Trotters'Handicap:GreatWay. Breeders'Handicap:Moulvinning.

NorthamHandicap:Fullwil.

SwanbourneHandicap:Rollo.

GeraldtonHandicap:Casatar.

CunderdinHandicap:PrinceMavista

MelvilleHandicap:LibyanLady.

NarroginHandicap:Minting.

CARBINE.

ManyhorsesthatwontheMelbourneCupnevercaughtthejudge's eyeagain,butaMelbourneCupdid notdisposeofCarbine.Hewonsix ofthesevenracesinwhichhesubsequentlystarted,hisonlydefeatbeing byMarvelintheA.J.C.Stakes.Later intheafternoonheranawayfrom MarvelintheCumberlandStakes,two miles.

SAVEMONEYonStoves.Coppers Baths,BathHeaters,andrepairstoal Stoves.

WellingtonandQueenStreets,Perth.

SchoolResultsmustbecoveredbyletterofauthorisation,andmust beTypewrittenorinBlockLetters.

CONTRACTRATESforgeneraladvertisingonapplicationtothe AdvertisingManager.

TheManagementreservetherighttorefuseanyadvertisementit deemsobjectionable,andacceptsnoresponsibilityforanylosssustained fromerrorswhichmayappearinadvertisements.

AllenquiriesconcerningAdvertisementsshouldbeaddressedtothe ADVERTISINGMANAGER,"THERECORD,"450HAYSTREET,PERTH, WestAustralia.

TheFirstTwoVolumesTowardsa CatholicBook-Shelf

PaulofTarsusandFrancisofAssisi, AugustineandAquinas,RogerBacon andHilaireBelloc,ChaucerandChesterton,theItalianManzoni,theJewishK)zanam,andArnoldLunn,who amongotherthings,writesauthoritativelyonAlpineMountains,and DanteAighieriwhowrotewithequal authorityontheEverlastingHillsthecatalogueisinexhaustible.

Wecanonlyhopetohandle,inbrief space,thelargergems,theKohinoors oftheTreasuryofCatholicLiterature: toholdthemup,foramomenttothe sunlightandthenputthembackinto thestrongestandmostpreciousof treasure-chests-CatholicHearts.

Beforewegofurther,however,we musttrytounderstandwhatismeant 1,s-CatholicLiterature.

WemaydefineCatholicLiterature as"arecordofthevisionoflifeas seenthroughCatholiceyes."

NowaCatholicisnothingifhedoes notliterallyseeeyetoeyewithhis Church,sothattheCatholicwriter, whetherheisasix-pennynovelistora DoctorofTheology,seesmenand thingsastheChurchseesthem.In doingsohesharesintheclearnessand completenessoftheChurch'sown vision.

Thereissomethingmore.The Churchhasamission.Shecontinues theworkoftheDivineMessiah.Hence thepoetryandtheproseofauthentic Catholicwritersalsohavethesame messianicnote:theyleadmensome waydowntheroadtoChrist.Itis thismessianiccharacterwhichdistinguishesCatholicLiteraturefrom mereliterature.

ThereisathirdqualityinCatholic literature:itisCatholic;toborrowan illustrationfrommusic:theactofdedicationwhichaCatholicwriterconsciouslyorunconsciouslymakes,is theTheme,uponwhichmaybeelaborated,aninfinitenumberofVariations,nowtenderlikethewordsof OurSaviourHimself,nowpassionate likethewordsofSt.PaulonCharity nowgravelikethestricturesofLangland'sPlowman;nowgaylikethewit ofDanChaucerorCervantes.And soonthroughmanyagesandmany lands.

AllCatholicliteraturemayfallunder twoheads.Thefirstwillincludewhat St.JeromecallsBibliothecaDivineGod'sownspecialLibrary:Literature thatispeculiarlytheChurch'sown, theHolyBible,aboveall,andtheMissal,theDivineOffice,theMartyrology andtherestofLiturgicalLiterature, nottomentionthevoluminousCommentariesoftheApostolicFathers andtheFathersoftheChurch.

Secondly,worksbyCatholicwriters whoareproudtobelongtotheChurch inthesenseofahistoriccommunion ofthefaithfulunitedunderonevisibleHead.

Intothisgroupwillalsofallthe writingsofeventhosemenandwomen who,thoughnotoftheBodyofthe Church,dosurelybelongtoitssoul; forinattitudeandatmospheretheir worksaredistinctly,iffaintlyCatholic:EdmundSpenser,Shakespeare, Lyly,Scott,Wordsworth,Munthe,Carrellandmanyothers.

TheHolyBible.

Ofallbookseverpenned,thereis nogreaterthanGod'sownbook,the Bible,whichhasbeenrightlycalled theBookofBooks.Beitinthe splendidHebreworGreekoftheoriginal,orinthemelodiousLatintranslationofSt.Jerome,orinthesimple dialectofsomeobscureMid-African tribe,theBiblecontinuestohaveits eternalappeal.Meninlovewiththe beautyofwords,haveturnedoverits pagesinwonder.TheSermononthe Mountneverfailstoaffecteventhose whodonotordinarilylovesermons.

Thousandshavefoundinitbalmfor thewoundsofthespirit;stillothers havesoughtinitforschemesoflife andmorallessons,besideswhichthe wordsofotherreligiousteachers' soundlikethemaximsinacopy-book. ThereishardlyanygreatEnglish writerbuthaslearntitslanguage.

Buttousofthehouseholdofthe Faith,theBibleisallthat,andmore. Wevalueitasthepreciouscasket whichenshrinestheRevelationofthe Word-nottheemptyLogosofthe philosopherbuttheWordthatwas madeFlesh,toliveamongstus.

Amongthemanyfoolishthingssaid byignorantormisguidedpeople aboutusCatholics,thereisonewhich wouldimplythatweareforbiddento readtheBible!Thesesimplefolkare evidentlynotawarethatitistheCatholicChurchthatgavetheBibleto theworld! TheMeal.

Theliedirectisgiventothissilly calumnyintheMissalorMassBook

whichconsistslargelyofextractsfrom theBible.ItisgoodforusCatholics toremindourselvesthattheMass-not merelytheSundayMass-isthepivot oftheCatholic'sspirituallife.When weattendMasswefulfilallthosedutiesofgratitudeandworship,ofprayer andpetitionthatweoweasdebtorsof ,51111111111111watuiamationsitanittimenimairivitolutumanutions By

Godinreturnforthesupremesacrifice ofHisSonforourredemption. Allthispointstotheimportanceof theMissal.Ifthebestwaytohear MassistopraywiththeChurchinthe petsonofthepriest,thenthebestinvestmentwecanmakeistobuyaMissalto-day,ifwedonothaveonealready.

EveryonewhohasaMissalwould begladtoknowthattherearetwo veryhelpfulbooksontheMissalby FatherC.C.Martindale:"TheWords oftheMissal"and"TheMindofthe Missal."Thesebookshelponeto seethewealthofmeaninghiddenin thosesimpleandoft-repeatedwords ssalphrasesOatformthestapleof theMissal. Thesetwobooks,then,theBible IDouayVersionoraveryrecenteditionbyFatherRonaldKnox)Nalidthe Missalwillformthefirst,pidSecond volumes,inorderofprecMence,ona Catholic'sBookshelf.-"CeylonMessenger."

"VeryGraveButCabp"

"ThePopeisdescribedaslooking verygrave,butatthesamejimecalm intheknowledgethattheFather aboveiswatching."-VaticanRadioin abroadcasttoGermany.

ROCKTONROADSTORES (W.H.BEVAN).W.M.1337. SPECIALISESINDRESSED POULTRYANDFRESHEGGS.

AlsoStocksGroceries,Vegetables, SmallGoods,etc.

OurPricesArePerthPrices.

RANDOLPHKNAPP M.O.O.A.,N.S.W. OPTOMETRIST.

12ATWELLARCADE, FREMANTLE.

S.BEECROFT-Butcher

181RokebyRoad,Subiaco.

DnlyPrimeFreshKilledMeatSold. 'PhoneW1373.

BRYANT&WATERS

80to90STIRLINGST..PERTH. WOODandCOALMERCHANTS. OrdersPromptlyAttendedto. Then.B3938.

TheBushies'Corner

THE£100OBJECTIVE.

ST.ETHELREDA.

FeastJune23rd.

DearCornerites,-Mondayisthe feastofanEnglishqueenwhobecame aSaint.St.EthelredalivedinancienttimeswhenEnglandwasdivided intoanumberofdifferentkingdoms, eachwithitsownkingandoftenwarringagainsta,neighbourinthesame land.Shewas1roughtupinavery holyatmosphere,ermotherandthree sistersnowbeingnumberedamong theSaints.Shehadbutoneaimin life,todevoteherselftotheserviceof Christinthereligiouslife,butherparentshadotherviewsforher,andin spiteofhertearsandprayersshewas compelledtobecomethewifeofTon bercht,amemberoftheMercian king'scouxtkShelivedwithdim forthreeyears,andwhenhediedshe retiredtotheisleofElythatshe mightapplyherselfwhollytoheavenly things.Thishappinesswasshortlived,forshewasnowforcedtomarry Egfrid,thepowerfulkingofNorthumbria.Shelivedathiscourtand devotedhertimetoworksofmercy andcharity.Aftertwelveyearsshe retiredwithherhusband'sconsentto ColdinghamAbbey,whichwasthen undertheruleofSaintEbba,andreceivedtheveilofthereligiousOrder fromthehandsofSt.Wilfrid.In672 shereturnedtoElyandfoundedthere adoublemonastery.Thenunneryshe governedherself,andwasbyherexamplealivingruleofperfectiontoher sisters.Sometimeafterherdeathin 679herbodywasfoundincorrupt,and St.Bederecordsmanymiraclesworkedbyherrelics.Thereisastorythat whenEthelredahadleftthecourtof herhusbandherepentedofhavingconsentedtoherdeparture,andfollowed her,meaningtobringherbackby force.Shetookrefugeonaheadland onthecoastnearColdingham,and hereamiracletookplace,forthewaters forcedthemselvesapassageroundthe hill,barringthilfurtheradvanceof Egfrid.TheSaintremainedinthis islandrefugefqrsevendays,tillthe king,recognisiutheDivinewill, agreedtoleaveherinpeace.

AUNTBESSY.

Wyalkatchem.

DearAuntBessy,-Enclosedplease findpostalnotefor2/6fortheBushies, inhonourofSt.AnthonyandSt.Joseph,foraspecialfavour. MRS.M.COLLINS.

DearMrs.Collins,-Thankyouvery muchforyourkinddonation.Everythinghelpsonthegoodworkandit certainlydoesneedalotofhelping thesedaysifthef200isgoingtobein bytheendoftheyear.Thereisso muchyettobedone,andhalftheyear isgonealready. AUNTBESSY.

Kukerin.

DearAuntBessy,-Enclosedplease findchequeforlOs6d.inhonourof theSacredHeart. THOMASJOYCE.

DearMr.Joyce,-Yourgenerous chequecametohandsafelyandIwas eversopleasedtoreceiveit,especially thisweek,whensomanyCornerites forgotallabouttheBushies.Yiur appreciationofthegoodworkbeing doneforoutbackchildrenisveryhearteningandIamsureitwillbeagood exampletootherstocomeinnowand helpalittle. AUNTBESSY.

T.N.MURGATROYD

58ERICSTREET,COTTESLOE.

HOUSERENOVATORPAINTER&DECORATOR.

'PHONE:F2054.

NextweekIamgoingtotellyou howmuchwehaveinhandforthe Bushiesandhowmuchfurtherwe shallhavetogoforthe£100bythe endoftheyear.Asyouknowwe shouldbeatthe£50markattheend ofJune,sincethatistheendofthe firstsixmonths.ButIamafraid thatwearenowherenearthemark weshouldbeatsobigthingswillbe expectedofallCorneritesduringthe secondsixmonthsoftheyear,otherwisetheobjectivewillnotbeachieved. Thereareseveralwaysyoucanhelp. EithersendadonationdirecttoAunt Bessyortakeaprickcardandask yourfriendstogiveyoutheirspare penniesfortheBushies.Further,if youhaveprickcardsthathavebeen outstandingforsometime-andthere aresomewhichhavebeenoutsince thebeginningof1939-trytofillthem inquicklyandpostthembackwith the30penniescollected.TheBushies' SchemeisafoundationRockonwhich manysoulstakeafirmfootinginthe Faith,forwithoutthehelpitgivesa goodmanyoutbackchildrenwouldnot havetheFaithortheproperknowledgeofit.Thatiswhyitissoimperativeforallofustodoourshare ofworkintheCorner.Throughout theholidayschildrenwholivefar awayfromCatholicschoolsare broughttogivencentresandinstructedinourHolyFaith.Fromtimeto timetheywritetotheCornerandtell uswhatagreatdealtheyhadlearnt insuchashortspaceoftime.Most ofthemgototheBushies'Schools morethanonce,becausemoreand moreinstructionsarenecessary.Now allthisentailsalotofexpenseon thosewhotransportthemfromoutbackdistrictsandwhoareresponsibleforlookingafterthemduringthe fewweekstheyareawayfromhome. ThatiswhytheLemonadeBottle mustbewellsupported.Makeita practicetosendalittledonationat regularintervalsandthenwewillbe suretohavethe£100bytheendof theyear.

M111111111111111111111111111111111niumilminimIN111111111,11111111

U1439.

"THERE'SALOAFOFQUALITYINEVERYSLICE

Nowiaciiimiiimniffituimaimaimanimimilimanniiiiiitiisinismomanininmainaucaummiiimmaminixmmitiniiimmtv GETMOREFORYOURSHILLIN'BYDEALINGWITHDILLON.

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a 32BRISBANESTREET. QUALITYANDHYGIENICBUTCHER. 'PHONEB8961FORPROMPTDELIVERY. EmanuipamaiiiiimmainuoitimimnammaimounimilinemingiummininimimiL

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1 LEWISandSONSBakers t I PROCERA,VIENNA,CREMALT,HEALTH,CURRANT. I ALLTYPESOFFANCYBREADSANDROLLS.

I DualCupWinners,RoyalShow,1938. Bakery:McMASTERSTREET,VICTORIAPARK.

I 'Phone.M1379. -

WHENGIVINGYOURNEXTORDER, DON'TFORGETTHATBOTTLEOF "SOVEREIGN"BRAND PICKLESANDTOMATOSAUCE. BrolgaWorcestershireSauce;"SharpandStrongVinegar."ExcellentLinesAll ManufacturedbyTHEWESTERNPRESERVINGWORKS,PERTH. J.J.O'HENEY,Proprietor.

HAVEYOUTRIEDOURWHOLEMEALBRAD?IT'SDELICIOUS ANDNUTRITIOUS. GUILDFORDROAD,MT.LAWLEY

I.SEXTON&SONS(LateA.I.F.)

RoyalShowAwards:FirstPrizes,1924,1926and1936;ThirdPrizes, 1925,1927,and1928;HighlyCommended,1932. FORPROMPTDELIVERY'PHONEU2261. CHRIS.WORSLEYQualityandHygienicButcher 373OXFORDSTREET,MT.HAWTHORN. ATRIALWILLGIVESATISFACTION.

THERE'SALOAFOFQUALITYINEVERYSLICEOF LANCASTER&CO's.

HYGIENICPREPAREDWHITE,BROWN,ANDWHOLEMEAL BREAD. 'PhoneNo.ofthePHOENIXBAKERYisL2283.

OfficialOrganoftheArchdioceseofPerth ESTABLISHED1874

NaziPersecutionoftheCatholicChurch

III

YouthAssociationsBanned

FactsandDocuments.

Inthesearticlesanattempthasbeen madetosummarisesomeoftheevidencecontainedinarecentlypublish. edbookentitled,"ThePersecutionof theCatholicChurchintheThird Reich,"thetranslationoftheworkof aGermanpriest,whohascollatedsome mostilluminatingdocumentsandevidenceaboutthetryingtimeswhich GermanCatholicsarenowexperiencing.

Topersonsinterestedinthedevelop. mentoftheNationalSocialistmachine,andinthefateoftheCatholic peopleoftheThirdReich,onecould notrecommendamoreinformative publication.

DestructionofCatholicYouth Associations.

Toeducateyouthistotrainand formthenextgenerationandmeans eventuallythemouldingofthefuture ofthewholenation.TheChurchin Germanywas,inthismatterofeducation,inaverystrongposition.She hadherschools;shehadherassociationsforyoungpeople.Bothwerein apositionwhichhardlyanothercountycouldequal.WhentheConcordat W1AdrawnupinJuly,1933,andsignedonbehalfofPiusXI,bythepresentPope,oneofthefirstandforemostconcernsoftheecclesiasticalauthoritieswastogivetotheseschools andassociationsanunassailablelegal position.InArticles23and31we findthatboththeseactivitiesaredefinitelyassignedtotheChurch.At theendof1939,practicallyspeaking, CatholicschoolsandYouthAssociationsnolongerexistedinGermania. Boththesemeansofformationhave beentakenoverbytheNaziStateand arebeingmadetoserveitspurposeof de-ChristianisingtheGermanpeople.

ABitterFight.

Nowhere-apartfromtheschool question-didthefightragesobitterlyasroundtheCatholicYouthAssociations.Dissolutioncouldnotbe avoided,buttheYouthgavewayto force,whileintheirheartstheywere abletopreserveastrongsenseoftheir ownmoralsuperiorityandworth.Overpoweredanddisarmedofallmeansof legitimateresistance,theykeptalive spirituallyanunquenchablefaithin theirownideals.Proofenoughofthe mutualfidelitywhichboundthe ChurchandCatholicYouthtogether, wasthefactthat,despitetheonslaughtsoftheNazi,ittooksixyears toliquidatetheAssociations.

AdoftHitler,inApril,1933,wroteto CardinalBertram:"IcanassureYour Eminencethatthereisnointentionof proceedingagainstanysuchassociationsprovidedtheydonotindulgein partypoliticsorfosteranytendencies inimicaltothepresentGovernment."

Thenewspaperreportsof1933leave oneastoundedtoseetheCatholicorganisationsgoingsofarinordertodemonstratetheirgoodwillandexpressingsoperseveringlytheirconfidencein theCentralGovernmentinspiteofalreadygrowingtrickeryandopposition.

InMarch,1934,theReichYouth Leader,vonSchirach,stated:"TheincorporationoftheProtestantYouth Associationswillsometimeorother befollowed,andnecessarilyfollowed, bythatoftheCatholicYouth."Twelve monthslater,thesamepersonsaid: "Itwillbedecidedinthecoming weekswhethertheCatholicswillpossessenoughsensetogiveupoftheir ownaccordthiscliquishanddisloyal systemoftheirs,orwhetheritwillbe necessarytouseforce. And,unless thedevilhimselfisagainstus,we'll succeedincompellingtheCatholics justaswe'vecompelledthehundred andoneotherclubsandassociations." MembersofCatholicYouthAssociationswerebrandedasbeingenemiesof theState.Infuturetobecomeacivil servantoftheStateitwouldbenecessarytohavepassedthroughtheschool oftheHitlerYouthandtheState Youth.

AllMeetingsForbidden.

Meetingsinprivatehouses,round gamesplayedatsocialevenings,communitysinging,ordramaticwork,the casualgatheringtogetherinthereadingroomsoftheirclub-houses,any gatheringwhatsoevereveninahall belongingdirectlytoachurch-aparo- chialhall,forexample,inwhichthe youngpeoplemetorperhapsheld dances-suchthingswereallconsideredascrimesandpunishedagainand againwithseverepenalties.Ina numberofdiocesesthepoliceorthe menihramiiiiiametioselas111111tilisiaiiisuluariiiismelit

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

municipalauthorites,withoutthe slightestlegalright,forcedtheclergy orthelayleaderstohandoverthe membershiplistsoftheirAssociations. IndirectMethods-Defamation.

ThemostdangerousmethodsemployedbytheNazisweretheindirect forcesofpropaganda,terrorisationand, aboveall,economicpressureonparentsandchildren.ApriestinMainz whodefendedtheCatholicYouthwas accusedofbelongingtothoseenemies oftheGovernmentwhoweremore dangerousthantheCommunists.A vilecalumnywasspreadabroadthat theYouthAssociationsweresaturatedwithBolshevismandthatthey madecommoncausewiththeCommunists!

Broadcastingwasalsousedtoheap insultsontheleadersofCatholic Youth.InMarch,1935,statements likethefollowingwerebroadcastfrom theWestGermanstation:

"Comrades!WhatIshouldliketo knowhassportgottodowiththedenominations?Hasanybodyeverseen aProtestantsportoraCatholicsport?

Itisnothingbuttheevasivetalk ofthosewhoareforeverinoppositiontoGermany.Whattheyare anxiousaboutisnotreligion,buttheir jobs." IntimidationofChildren.

Theseinstructionsweresenttoeach teacherineverydistrictinGermany:

"TosupportandrecruitfortheHitlerYouthisapartoftheworkand dutyofallteachersateveryschool, and,therefore,allactivityonbehalf ofdenominationalYouthAssociations, bothinsideandoutsidetheschool,is forbidden.Thesameappliesalsoto theclergyallowedtoteachreligionin theschoolsduringtheirreligiouslessons."Ineveryclass-roomnumerical statistics,whichmustbekeptupto datebymonthlyrevision,mustbe postedupingraphforminaprominentplace,showingthenumberof childrenintheHitlerYouth.

Aheadmaster(andwiththetitleof doctor)daredtoutterthefollowing threatsagainstmembersofaCatholic YouthGroup:"Yousetofstubborn andunteachablelouts,you'llcometo yourendontheroadsideyet."Teachersdidnothesitatetoinsultand threaten;theycalledCatholicyoungsters"BlackSpawn,"andtoldthe childrenthattheywouldbeexpelled fromtheschool.

AdecreewasissuedbytheMinister ofEducationwherebyreducedschool feesweretobegrantedonlytothose childrenwhobelongedtotheState Youth.ThisreferredtobothState andprivateschools.

RudolfHesse,onbehalfofthe Fuhrer,issuedacommunicationto headsofMunichschoolsstatingthat thoseparentswhorefusedtogrant theirchildrenpermissiontojointhe HitlerYouthweretobeconsideredas enemiesoftheNationalSocialistState anditsleader,for"theFuhrerandhis assistantsalone,andnotsomereligiouscorporation,havetoanswertoGod forearthlydestinies. ."

EconomicPressure.

Oneofthemostbrutalmethodsof theNazisagainstCatholicYouthwas tomaketheeconomicexistenceof parents,andthechildren'schancesof

successinlife,dependentonwhether theyjoinedtheHitlerYouth-astep whichentailedtheirleavingtheir Churchassociations.Therealvileness androttennessofNazimethodsis broughttolightinanexaminationof theinnumerablecasesofintimidation ofdefencelessparents.

InJuly,1935,theMayorofWurzburgissuedanordertoalldepartments ofhismunicipalitycontainingthefollowing:

"Theheadsofalldepartmentsare responsibleforhandinginbyAugust 15thenamesofthoseofficials,employees,andworkmeninpermanent employwhosechildrenbelongtodenominationalyouthgroups.."A Catholicemployeeinonemunicipality whohadafamilyofeightyoungchildren,wasdismissedbytheauthorities, onthegroundthat,thoughrequested onseveraloccasions,herefusedto enrolhischildrenintheStateYouth, andwas,therefore,politicallyunreliableandaversetotheState.Thisis oneexampleofwhathappenedevery day.Noyouthcouldgetemployment withtheStateunlesshewasamemberofaHitlerorganisation. Contractsweregiventothosefirmswhose employeesandapprenticeswereall membersofStateorganisations.

PhysicalTerrorisation.

InMarch,1935,inEssen-Altendorf, Catholicyouthswereassaulted)and seriouslyinjuredonmanyoccasions, somebeatentillunconscious;propertiesweredamagedandtherewere casesofarson.ReichYouthleaders, thewirelessandpressreportsmisrepresentedthefacts.

InLimburg,abouttenmembersof HitlerYouthassaultedtwoCatholic youthsinmostbrutalfashionandinflictedseriousinjuries,necessitating thatthevictimsstaysomemonthsin hospital.Thepoliceinspectorin chargeoftheinvestigationremarked: "We,too,usedtohavefightsnowand againwhenwewereboys,"whilethe publicprosecutorbrokeofffurtherin-

vestigationonaccountof"thetrivial natureoftheaffair."

Ofallthecasesofassault,violence, battery,arson,insult,disturbanceof thepeace,damagetoproperty,robbery andtheft,notoneisknownwherethe culprits,thoughrecognised,were broughttojustice.Innoinstanceare thepublicprosecutorsknowntohave filedapetitioninthecourts,though membersofCatholicassociationswere arrestedandtakeninto"protective custody"forthesolereasonthatthey hadprotectedthemselvesintheattacks.

TheGermanBishopsdeclaredinthe JointPastoralLettertoCatholic YouthofMay,1936:"Manyofyou haveriskedproperty,future,universitycareer,employment.evenlossof lifeandliberty;andyouhavemade anofferingofittoGod,trulynot merelyforsomeassocilytionorpastime, butoutoffidelityto)ourmotto:'For thekingdomofChristinthenewGermany.'-"

DissolutionofAssociations.

WhereveritappearedtotheNazis thatpublicopinionhadbeensufficientlyprepared,ruthlessactionwasat oncetakentodissolvetheCatholic associations,andsince1939theyhave ceasedtoexist.

Twocharacteristicsofthiscampaign againsttheCatholicYouthAssociationsstandout-itscunningandits ruthlessness.Tostartoffwith,there wasneveranyintentiononthepartof theNazistoabidebytheConcordat withthePope.Itwascunningalwaystohavefoundreasons,however trivial,forthesuppressionofindividualassociations.Thefactthat threeorfourofitsmembersparticipatedinsomesporttogetherwassufficient reasontodissolveasociety.

TheGermansofto-dayareforever pratingof"Germanstrength,""Germanheroism,""Germanways,"butif modern'Germanyissynonymouswith ruthlesspersecutionandthecowardly overwhelmingofthedefenceless,then itmusteventuallyfallavictimtoits inherentweakness.

NaziPersecutionoftheCatholicChurch III

YouthAssociationsBanned

FactsandDocuments.

Inthesearticlesanattempthasbeen madetosummarisesomeoftheevidencecontainedinarecentlypublish. edtookentitled,"ThePersecutionof theCatholicChurchintheThird Reich,"thetranslationoftheworkof aGermanpriest,whohascollatedsome mostilluminatingdocumentsandevidenceaboutthetryingtimeswhich GermanCatholicsarenowexperiencintr.

TopersonsinterestedinthedevelopmentoftheNationalSocialistmachine,andinthefateoftheCatholic peopleoftheThirdReich,onecould notrecommendamoreinformative publication.

DestructionofCatholicYouth Associations.

Toeducateyouthistotrainand formthenextgenerationandmeans eventuallythemouldingofthefuture ofthewholenation.TheChurchin Germanywas,inthismatterofeducation,inaverystrongposition.She hadherschools;shehadherassociationsforyoungpeople.Bothwerein apositionwhichhardlyanothercountrycouldequal.WhentheConcordat waslrawnupinJuly,1933,ands.;gnedonbehalfofPiusXI,bythepresentPope,oneofthefirstandforemostconcernsoftheecclesiasticalauthoritieswastogivetotheseschools andassociationsanunassailablelegal position.InArticles23and31we findthatboththeseactivitiesaredefinitelyassignedtotheChurch.At theendof1939,practicallyspeaking, CatholicschoolsandYouthAssociationsnolongerexistedinGerman. Boththesemeansofformationhave beentakenoverbytheNaziStateand arebeingmadetoserveitspurposeof de-ChristianisingtheGermanpeople.

ABitterFight.

Nowhere-apartfromtheschool question-didthefightragesobitterlyasroundtheCatholicYouthAssociations.Dissolutioncouldnotbe avoided,buttheYouthgavewayto force,whileintheirheartstheywere abletopreserveastrongsenseoftheir ownmoralsuperiorityandworth.Overpoweredanddisarmedofallmeansof legitimateresistance,theykeptalive spirituallyanunquenchablefaithin theirownideals.Proofenoughofthe mutualfidelitywhichboundthe ChurchandCatholicYouthtogether, wasthefactthat,despitetheonslaughtsoftheNazi,ittooksixyears toliquidatetheAssociations.

AdoftHitler,inApril,1933,wroteto CardinalBertram:"IcanassureYour Eminencethatthereisnointentionof proceedingagainstanysuchassociationsprovidedtheydonotindulgein partypoliticsorfosteranytendencies inimicaltothepresentGovernment." Thenewspaperreportsof1933leave oneastoundedtoseetheCatholicorganisationsgoingsofarinordertodemonstratetheirgoodwillandexpressingsoperseveringlytheirconfidencein theCentralGovernmentinspiteofalreadygrowingtrickeryandopposition.

InMarch,1934,theReichYouth Leader,vonSchirach,stated:"TheincorporationoftheProtestantYouth Associationswillsometimeorother befollowed,andnecessarilyfollowed, bythatoftheCatholicYouth."Twelve monthslater,thesamepersonsaid: "Itwillbedecidedinthecoming weekswhethertheCatholicswillpossessenoughsensetogiveupoftheir ownaccordthiscliquishanddisloyal systemoftheirs,orwhetheritwillbe necessarytouseforce. And,unless thedevilhimselfisagainstus,we'll succeedincompellingtheCatholics justaswe'vecompelledthehundred andoneotherclubsandassociations." MembersofCatholicYouthAssociationswerebrandedasbeingenemiesof theState.Infuturetobecomeacivil servantoftheStateitwouldbenecessarytohavepassedthroughtheschool oftheHitlerYouthandtheState Youth.

AllMeetingsForbidden.

Meetingsinprivatehouses,round gamesplayedatsocialevenings,com- munitysinging,ordramaticwork,the casualgatheringtogetherinthereadingroomsoftheirclub-houses,any gatheringwhatsoevereveninahall belongingdirectlytoachurch-aparo- chialhall,forexample,inwhichthe youngpeoplemetorperhapsheld dances-suchthingswereallconsideredascrimesandpunishedagainand againwithseverepenalties.Ina numberofdiocesesthepoliceorthe

I111111111111111111111111111111111111101111111111111

municipalauthorites,withoutthe slightestlegalright,forcedtheclergy orthelayleaderstohandoverthe membershiplistsoftheirAssociations.

IndirectMethods-Defamation.

ThemostdangerousmethodsemployedbytheNazisweretheindirect forcesofpropaganda,terrorisationand, aboveall,economicpressureonparentsandchildren.ApriestinMainz whodefendedtheCatholicYouthwas accusedofbelongingtothoseenemies oftheGovernmentwhoweremore dangerousthantheCommunists.A vilecalumnywasspreadabroadthat theYouthAssociationsweresaturatedwithBolshevismandthatthey madecommoncausewiththeCommunists!

Broadcastingwasalsousedtoheap insultsontheleadersofCatholic Youth.InMarch,1935,statements likethefollowingwerebroadcastfrom theWestGermanstation:

"Comrades!WhatIshouldliketo knowhassportgottodowiththedenominations?Hasanybodyeverseen aProtestantsportoraCatholicsport?

Itisnothingbuttheevasivetalk ofthosewhoareforeverinoppositiontoGermany.Whattheyare anxiousaboutisnotreligion,buttheir jobs."

IntimidationofChildren.

Theseinstructionsweresenttoeach teacherineverydistrictinGermany:

"TosupportandrecruitfortheHitlerYouthisapartoftheworkand dutyofallteachersateveryschool, and,therefore,allactivityonbehalf ofdenominationalYouthAssociations, bothinsideandoutsidetheschool,is forbidden.Thesameappliesalsoto theclergyallowedtoteachreligionin theschoolsduringtheirreligiouslessons."Ineveryclass-roomnumerical statistics,whichmustbekeptupto datebymonthlyrevision,mustbe postedupingraphforminaprominentplace,showingthenumberof childrenintheHitlerYouth.

Aheadmaster(andwiththetitleof doctor)daredtoutterthefollowing threatsagainstmembersofaCatholic YouthGroup:"Yousetofstubborn andunteachablelouts,you'llcometo yourendontheroadsideyet."Teachersdidnothesitatetoinsultand threaten;theycalledCatholicyoungsters"BlackSpawn,"andtoldthe childrenthattheywouldbeexpelled fromtheschool.

AdecreewasissuedbytheMinister ofEducationwherebyreducedschool feesweretobegrantedonlytothose childrenwhobelongedtotheState Youth.ThisreferredtobothState andprivateschools.

RudolfHesse,onbehalfofthe Fuhrer,issuedacommunicationto headsofMunichschoolsstatingthat thoseparentswhorefusedtogrant theirchildrenpermissiontojointhe HitlerYouthweretobeconsideredas enemiesoftheNationalSocialistState anditsleader,for"theFuhrerandhis assistantsalone,andnotsomereligiouscorporation,havetoanswertoGod forearthlydestinies. ."

EconomicPressure.

Oneofthemostbrutalmethodsof theNazisagainstCatholicYouthwas tomaketheeconomicexistenceof parents,andthechildren'schancesof

successinlife,dependentonwhether theyjoinedtheHitlerYouth-astep whichentailedtheirleavingtheir Churchassociations.Therealvileness androttennessofNazimethodsis broughttolightinanexaminationof theinnumerablecasesofintimidation ofdefencelessparents.

InJuly,1935,theMayorofWurzburgissuedanordertoalldepartments ofhismunicipalitycontainingthefollowing:

"Theheadsofalldepartmentsare responsibleforhandinginbyAugust 15thenamesofthoseofficials,employees,andworkmeninpermanent employwhosechildrenbelongtodenominationalyouthgroups. ."A Catholicemployeeinonemunicipality whohadafamilyofeightyoungchildren,wasdismissedbytheauthorities, onthegroundthat,thoughrequested onseveraloccasions,herefusedto enrolhischildrenintheStateYouth, andwas,therefore,politicallyunreliableandaversetotheState.Thisis oneexampleofwhathappenedevery day.Noyouthcouldgetemployment withtheStateunlesshewasamemberofaHitlerorganisation.Contractsweregiventothosefirmswhose employeesandapprenticeswereall membersofStateorganisations.

PhysicalTerrorisation.

InMarch,1935,inEssen-Altendorf, 'Catholicyouthswereassaultedand seriouslyinjuredonmanyoccasions, somebeatentillunconscious;propertiesweredamagedandtherewere casesofarson.ReichYouthleaders, thewirelessandpressreportsmisrepresentedthefacts.

InLimburg,abouttenmembersof HitlerYouthassaultedtwoCatholic youthsinmostbrutalfashionandinflictedseriousinjuries,necessitating thatthevictimsstaysomemonthsin hospital.Thepoliceinspectorin chargeoftheinvestigationremarked: "We,too,usedtohavefightsnowand againwhenwewereboys,"whilethe publicprosecutorbrokeofffurtherin-

vestigationonaccountof"thetrivial natureoftheaffair."

Ofallthecasesofassault,violence, battery,arson,insult,disturbanceof thepeace,damagetoproperty,robbery andtheft,notoneisknownwherethe culprits,thoughrecognised,were broughttojustice.Innoinstanceare thepublicprosecutorsknowntohave filedapetitioninthecourts,though membersofCatholicassociationswere arrestedandtakeninto"protective custody"forthesolereasonthatthey hadprotectedthemselvesintheattacks,

TheGermanBishopsdeclaredinthe JointPastoralLettertoCatholic YouthofMay,1936:"Manyofyou haveriskedproperty,future,universitycareer,employment.evenlossof lifeandliberty;andyouhavemade anofferingofittoGod,trulynot merelyforsomeassociftionorpastime, butoutoffidelitytoyourmotto:'ForthekingdomofChristinthenewGermany.'-"

DissolutionofAssociations.

WhereveritappearedtotheNazis thatpublicopinionhadbeensufficientlyprepared,ruthlessactionwasat oncetakentodissolvetheCatholic associations,andsince1939theyhave ceasedtoexist.

Twocharacteristicsofthiscampaign againsttheCatholicYouthAssociationsstandout-itscunningandits ruthlessness.Tostartoffwith,there wasneveranyintentiononthepartof theNazistoabidebytheConcordat withthePope.Itwascunningalwaystohavefoundreasons,however trivial,forthesuppressionofindividualassociations.Thefactthat threeorfourofitsmembersparticipatedinsomesporttogetherwassufficient reasontodissolveasociety.

TheGermansofto-dayareforever pratingof"Germanstrength,""Germanheroism,""Germanways,"butif modernGermanyissynonymouswith ruthlesspersecutionandthecowardly overwhelmingofthedefenceless,then itmusteventuallyfallavictimtoits inherentweakness.

CHINA,GLASSand

Official

NaziPersecutionoftheCatholicChurch III

YouthAssociationsBanned

FactsandDocuments.

Inthesearticlesanattempthasbeen madetosummarisesomeoftheevidencecontainedinarecentlypublishedtookentitled,"ThePersecutionof theCatholicChurchintheThird Reich,"thetranslationoftheworkof aGermanpriest,whohascollatedsome mostilluminatingdocumentsandevidenceaboutthetryingtimeswhich GermanCatholicsarenowexperiencing.

Topersonsinterestedinthedevelop. mentoftheNationalSocialistmachine,andinthefateoftheCatholic peopleoftheThirdReich,onecould notrecommendamoreinformative publication.

DestructionofCatholicYouth Associations.

Toeducateyouthistotrainand formthenextgenerationandmeans eventuallythemouldingofthefuture ofthewholenation.TheChurchin Germanywas,inthismatterofeducation,inaverystrongposition.She hadherschools;shehadherassociationsforyoungpeople.Bothwerein apositionwhiehhardlyanothercountrycouldequal.WhentheConcordat wasirawnupinJuly,1933,ands'gnedonbehalfofPiusXI,bythepresentPope,oneofthefirstandforemostconcernsoftheecclesiasticalauthoritieswastogivetotheseschools andassociationsanunassailablelegal position.InArticles23and31we findthatboththeseactivitiesaredefinitelyassignedtotheChurch.At theendof1939,practicallyspeaking, CatholicschoolsandYouthAssociationsnolongerexistedinGermans. I3oththesemeansofformationhave beentakenoverbytheNaziStateand arebeingmadetoserveitspurposeof de-ChristianisingtheGermanpeople.

ABitterFight.

Nowhere-apartfromtheschool question-didthefightragesobitterlyasroundtheCatholicYouthAssociations.Dissolutioncouldnotbe avoided,buttheYouthgavewayto force,whileintheirheartstheywere abletopreserveastrongsenseoftheir ownmoralsuperiorityandworth.Overpoweredanddisarmedofallmeansof legitimateresistance,theykeptalive spirituallyanunquenchablefaithin theirownideals.Proofenoughofthe mutualfidelitywhichboundthe ChurchandCatholicYouthtogether, wasthefactthat,despitetheonslaughtsoftheNazi,ittooksixyears toliquidatetheAssociations.

AdoftHitler,inApril,1933,wroteto CardinalBertram:"IcanassureYour Eminencethatthereisnointentionof proceedingagainstanysuchassociationsprovidedtheydonotindulgein partypoliticsorfosteranytendencies inimicaltothepresentGovernment." Thenewspaperreportsof1933leave oneastoundedtoseetheCatholicorganisationsgoingsofarinordertodemonstratetheirgoodwillandexpressingsoperseveringlytheirconfidencein theCentralGovernmentinspiteofalreadygrowingtrickeryandopposition.

InMarch,1934,theReichYouth Leader,vonSchirach,stated:"TheincorporationoftheProtestantYouth Associationswillsometimeorother befollowed,andnecessarilyfollowed, bythatoftheCatholicYouth."Twelve monthslater,thesamepersonsaid: "Itwillbedecidedinthecoming weekswhethertheCatholicswillpossessenoughsensetogiveupoftheir ownaccordthiscliquishanddisloyal systemoftheirs,orwhetheritwillbe necessarytouseforce. And,unless thedevilhimselfisagainstus,we'll succeedincompellingtheCatholics justaswe'vecompelledthehundred andoneotherclubsandassociations." MembersofCatholicYouthAssociationswerebrandedasbeingenemiesof theState.Infuturetobecomeacivil servantoftheStateitwouldbenecessarytohavepassedthroughtheschool oftheHitlerYouthandtheState Youth.

AllMeetingsForbidden. Meetingsinprivatehouses,round gamesplayedatsocialevenings,communitysinging,ordramaticwork,the casualgatheringtogetherinthereadingroomsoftheirclub-houses,any gatheringwhatsoevereveninahall belongingdirectlytoachurch-aparo- chialhall,forexample,inwhichthe youngpeoplemetorperhapsheld dances-suchthingswereallconsideredascrimesandpunishedagainand againwithseverepenalties.Ina numberofdiocesesthepoliceorthe

municipalauthorites,withoutthe slightestlegalright,forcedtheclergy orthelayleaderstohandoverthe membershiplistsoftheirAssociations. IndirectMethods-Defamation. ThemostdangerousmethodsemployedbytheNazisweretheindirect forcesofpropaganda,terrorisationand, aboveall,economicpressureonparentsandchildren.ApriestinMainz whodefendedtheCatholicYouthwas accusedofbelongingtothoseenemies oftheGovernmentwhoweremore dangerousthantheCommunists.A vilecalumnywasspreadabroadthat theYouthAssociationsweresaturatedwithBolshevismandthatthey madecommoncausewiththeCommunists!

Broadcastingwasalsousedtoheap insultsontheleadersofCatholic Youth.InMarch,1935,statements likethefollowingwerebroadcastfrom theWestGermanstation:

"Comrades!WhatIshouldliketo knowhassportgottodowiththedenominations?Hasanybodyeverseen aProtestantsportoraCatholicsport?

Itisnothingbuttheevasivetalk ofthosewhoareforeverinoppositiontoGermany.Whattheyare anxiousaboutisnotreligion,buttheir jobs." IntimidationofChildren.

Theseinstructionsweresenttoeach teacherineverydistrictinGermany:

"TosupportandrecruitfortheHitlerYouthisapartoftheworkand dutyofallteachersateveryschool, and,therefore,allactivityonbehalf ofdenominationalYouthAssociations, bothinsideandoutsidetheschool,is forbidden.Thesameappliesalsoto theclergyallowedtoteachreligionin theschoolsduringtheirreligiouslessons."Ineveryclass-roomnumerical statistics,whichmustbekeptupto datebymonthlyrevision,mustbe postedupingraphforminaprominentplace,showingthenumberof childrenintheHitlerYouth.

Aheadmaster(andwiththetitleof doctor)daredtoutterthefollowing threatsagainstmembersofaCatholic YouthGroup:"Yousetofstubborn andunteachablelouts,you'llcometo yourendontheroadsideyet."Teachersdidnothesitatetoinsultand threaten;theycalledCatholicyoungsters"BlackSpawn,"andtoldthe childrenthattheywouldbeexpelled fromtheschool.

AdecreewasissuedbytheMinister ofEducationwherebyreducedschool feesweretobegrantedonlytothose childrenwhobelongedtotheState Youth.ThisreferredtobothState andprivateschools.

RudolfHesse,onbehalfofthe Fuhrer,issuedacommunicationto headsofMunichschoolsstatingthat thoseparentswhorefusedtogrant theirchildrenpermissiontojointhe HitlerYouthweretobeconsideredas enemiesoftheNationalSocialistState anditsleader,for"theFuhrerandhis assistantsalone,andnotsomereligiouscorporation,havetoanswertoGod forearthlydestinies. ." iconomiePressure.

Oneofthemostbrutalmethodsof theNazisagainstCatholicYouthwas tomaketheeconomicexistenceof parents,andthechildren'schancesof

successinlife,dependentonwhether theyjoinedtheHitlerYouth-astep whichentailedtheirleavingtheir Churchassociations.Therealvileness androttennessofNazimethodsis broughttolightinanexaminationof theinnumerablecasesofintimidation ofdefencelessparents.

InJuly,1935,theMayorofWurzburgissuedanordertoalldepartments ofhismunicipalitycontainingthefollowing:

"Theheadsofalldepartmentsare responsibleforhandinginbyAugust 15thenamesofthoseofficials,employees,andworkmeninpermanent employwhosechildrenbelongtodenominationalyouthgroups.." A Catholicemployeeinonemunicipality whohadafamilyofeightyoungchildren,wasdismissedbytheauthorities, onthegroundthat,thoughrequested onseveraloccasions,herefusedto enrolhischildrenintheStateYouth, andwas,therefore,politicallyunreliableandaversetotheState.Thisis oneexampleofwhathappenedevery day.Noyouthcouldgetemployment withtheStateunlesshewasamemberofaHitlerorganisation.Contractsweregiventothosefirmswhose employeesandapprenticeswereall membersofStateorganisations.

PhysicalTerrorisation.

InMarch,1935,inEssen-Altendorf, Catholicyouthswereassaultedand seriouslyinjuredonmanyoccasions, somebeatentillunconscious;propertiesweredamagedandtherewere casesofarson.ReichYouthleaders, thewirelessandpressreportsmisrepresentedthefacts.

InLimburg,abouttenmembersof HitlerYouthassaultedtwoCatholic youthsinmostbrutalfashionandinflictedseriousinjuries,necessitating thatthevictimsstaysomemonthsin hospital.Thepoliceinspectorin chargeoftheinvestigationremarked: "We,too,usedtohavefightsnowand againwhenwewereboys,"whilethe publicprosecutorbrokeofffurtherin-

vestigationonaccountof"thetrivial natureoftheaffair."

Ofallthecasesofassault,violence, battery,arson,insult,disturbanceof thepeace,damagetoproperty,robbery andtheft,notoneisknownwherethe culprits,thoughrecognised,were broughttojustice.Innoinstanceare thepublicprosecutorsknowntohave filedapetitioninthecourts,though membersofCatholicassociationswere arrestedandtakeninto"protective custody"forthesolereasonthatthey hadprotectedthemselvesintheattacks.

TheGermanBishopsdeclaredinthe JointPastoralLettertoCatholic YouthofMay,1936:"Manyofyou haveriskedproperty,future,universitycareer,employment.evenlossof lifeandliberty;andyouhavemade anofferingofittoGod,trulynot merelyforsomeassociffionorpastime, butoutoffidelityto-ourmotto:'For thekingdomofChristinthenewGermany.'-"

DissolutionofAssociations.

WhereveritappearedtotheNazis thatpublicopinionhadbeensufficientlyprepared,ruthlessactionwasat oncetakentodissolvetheCatholic associations,andsince1939theyhave ceasedtoexist.

Twocharacteristicsofthiscampaign againsttheCatholicYouthAssociationsstandout-itscunningandits ruthlessness.Tostartoffwith,there wasneveranyintentiononthepartof theNazistoabidebytheConcordat withthePope.Itwascunningalwaystohavefoundreasons,however trivial,forthesuppressionofindividualassociations.Thefactthat threeorfourofitsmembersparticipatedinsomesporttogetherwassufficient reasontodissolveasociety.

TheGermansofto-dayareforever pratingof"Germanstrength,""Germanheroism,""Germanways,"butif modernGermanyissynonymouswith ruthlesspersecutionandthecowardly overwhelmingofthedefenceless,then itmusteventuallyfallavictimtoits inherentweakness.