The Record Newspaper 15 May 1941

FiftiethAnniversaryof LeoXIIIEnvisagedA Chrisit NewOrder

To-dayisthefiftiethanniversaryofthepublicationof PopeLeo epoch-makingEncyclical"ReimanNovarum.'ThesignificanceoftheEncyclical,asitapedtothe"people'sCardinal"Manningin1991,issuccinctly expressedinthisarticle.

SINCEtheDivinewords,"Ihave compassiononthemultitude," werespokeninthewilderness, novoicehasbeenheardthroughoutthe worldpleadingforthepeoplewithsuch profoundandlovingsympathyforthcse thattoilandsufferasthevoiceofLeo XIII.Thisisnorhetoricalexaggeration,butstricttruth.Nonebutthe VicarofourDivineLordcouldsospeak tomankind.NoPontiffhaseverhad suchanopportunitysotospeak,for nevertillnowhastheworldoflabour beensoconsciouslyunited,sodependentuponthewilloftherich,soexposedtothefluctuationsofadversityand tothevicissitudesoftrade.LeoXIII, lookingoutofthewatch-towerofthe Christianworld,asS.LeotheGreat usedtosay,hasbeforehimwhatno Pontiffyethaseverseen.Heseesall thekingdomsoftheworldandthesufferingsofthem.

Themoanofdiscontent,oftoil,of sorrowgoesupbeforehim.Themodernworld,byeveryagencyofknowledge,andbyeverybondofinterest andofintellect,hasbecomeconfluent. Ithasoneintelligence,oneconscience, onewill,foritisunderonelaw:"Inthe sweatthyfacethoushalteatbread:" andformillionsthatbreadisscant.Its sufferingsarethesame,anditsneedS anddemandsarethesame.Thisinterchangeofknowledgeissorapid andcomplete,notonlyasofoldby messengersandbyletters,butbythe electricwireandinstantaneoustransit, thattheworkersandtoilersofalllanguagesandofalllandsareunitedby onelivingconsciousnessandbyacontinualparticipationinthevarious changesoflabourandoftrade.The worldofto-dayisaworldofenormous wealthandendlesslabour.TheHoly Father,attheoutsetoftheEncyclical, recognisesthischaracterofthenineteenthcentury.Hesaysthat"the growthofindustryandthesurprising discoveriesofscience;thechangedrelationsofmastersandworkmen;the enormousfortunesofindividualsAnd thepovertyofthemasses;theincreasedself-relianceandtheclosermutual combinationoftheworkingpopulation" havecreatedanewconditioninthe worldfullofelementsofconflict;and thisisrenderedmoremenacingby"a generalmoraldeterioration"thatisin allclassesandinallnations.Itis

uponsuchaworldthathelooksdown, andhisheartiswiththepoor;"Ihave compassiononthemultitude"-onthe poor,who,ashesays,are"themajorityofmankind." Allagree,"hesaid,"andtherecan benoquestionwhatever,thatsome remedymustbefound,andthatquicklyfound,forthemiseryandwretchednesswhichpresssoheavilyatthis momentonthelargemajorityofthe verypoor.Theancientworkmen's guildsweredestroyedinthelastcentury,andnootherorganisationtook theirplace.Hencebydegreesithas cometopassthatworkingmenhave beengivenover,isolatedanddefenceless,tothecallousnessofemployers andthegreedofunrestrainedcompetition.Theevilhasbeenincreasedby rapacioususury,which,thoughmore thanoncecondemnedbytheChurch, isneverthelessunderadifferentform, butwiththesameguilt,stillpractised byavariciousandgraspingmen;andto thismustbeaddedthecustomof workingbycontract,andtheconcen-

TheshopforBetterValue.Our PriceslowestinPerth.Anygoods senttocountrynotsatisfactorywepay freight.

NICHOLSON'SPIANOSFOR THEMODERNHOME

SelectyourpianofromthemostcomprehensiverangeintheSouthern Hemisphere

trationofsomanybranchesoftradein thehandsofafewindividuals,sothat anumberofveryrichmenhavebeen abletolayuponthemassesofthepoor ayokelitlebetterthanslaveryitself." ThisisnonewpronouncementofLeo XIII.Itisperhapsnotknownto manythatthestudyofthisquestion haslongoccupiedhismind.During hisepiscopateatPerugiaheissuedpastorals,evenstrongerandmoreexplicit, onthesufferingsoftheworkersandthe callousnessofemployers.Byahappy providence,whathethenwroteina pastoraltoanUmbrianflock,henow nromulgateswithApostolicauthority tothewholeworld.

Beforewespeakofthetextofthe Encyclical,wemustmaketwopreliminaryremarks.

Somepubliccriticshavecensuredit forvaguenessandgenerality.Theyare disappointedbecausetheydonotfind detailedandparticularsolutions,remedies,andschemesofaction.Butthey forgetthatthediversitiesofnations,in

civilisation,inmaturity,inclimate,in character,inthediversitiesofnatural andindustrialproducts,alsoinmode oflifeandinamultitudeofotherconditionsandcircumstances,makeitas impossibletoprescriberemediesforall nationsasitwouldbetodispensea scoreofprescriptionsforallthehospitalsofEurope.Itwasofabsolute necessitytolaydownbroadprinciples whichserveasmajorpremisesinall argumentsofthesocialorder.

Theotherremarkisthis:thatthe HolyFatherhaslifted"PoliticalEconomy"fromthelowlevelofselfishness inprofitandloss,labourandwages, andreplaceditonthehighandtrue levelof"SocialEconomy."Thevery wordeconomyisaprotestagainstthe narrownessofthelasthundredyears. Economyistheadministrationofa household.Heisabadhouseholder whoattendsonlytoweeklybills,and neglectsthehealth,morals,andwelfareofthehousehold.Thereisnothing neededforthewell-beingandhappiness ofthefamilyforwhichdomesticeconomydoesnotvigilantlyprovide.The financesofthehouseholdarenecessary, butsubordinate.Theyareonedetail ofadministration.Whenwespeakof "political"economywespeakinmetaphors.AStateismetaphoricallya family,ahousehold;andmetaphoricallyithasanadministrationwhichis tothecommonwealthwhateconomyis tothehousehold.Itincludesevery formofmaterialandmoralprovision forthepublichealthandwelfare.In this,financeandcommerceareanimportantbutasubordinatepart.The HolyFatherhascarefullydefinedthis economyanditsbearinguponSocialism,boththethingandtheterm,as weshallseehereafter.

TheEncyclicaldivideditselfinto fourparts.Thefirsttreatsoftheoriginandconstitutionofhumansociety. Thesecondshowstheunnatural,abnormal,andsubversivenatureofwhat iscalledSocialism.Thethirdtreats oftheinterventionoftheStateinsocialquestions.Thefourthandlast treatsoftheliberty,duties,andcooperationofworkers,bothmenand women.Wewillfollowthisorderin commentinguponit.

Astotheoriginofhumansociety,it ismuchtobefearedthatmanywill readtheEncyclicalwithoutweighing itsdeepandfar-reachingenunciation ofprimarytruths.Manyalsowillcall themtruismsandfailtoweighthem.

Forinstance:

1."ManisolderthantheState,and heholdstherightofprovidingforthe lifeofhisbody,priortotheformation ofanyState,"

2."TosaythatGodhasgiventhe earthtotheuseandenjoymentofthe

Ourmottois:"Wehaveit;wewill getit,oritcannotbehad."

universalhumanraceisnottodeny thattherecanbeprivateproperty."

3."Whenmanspendstheindustryof) hismindandthestrengthofhisbody inprocuringthefruitsofnature,by thatacthemakeshisownthatportion ofnature'sfieldwhichhecultivates, thatportiononwhichheleaves,asit were,theimpressofhispersonality."

4.Aseffectsfollowtheircause,soit isjustandrightthattheresultsof labourshouldbelongtohimwhohas laboured."

5."Withreasonthereforethecommonopinionofmankind hasfound, inthestudyofnatureandinthelaw ofnatureherself,thefoundationsof thedivisionofproperty,andhasconsecratedbythepracticeofallagesthe principleofprivateownership."

6."Thatwehavethefamily:thesocietyofaman'sownhousehold:asocietylimitedindeedinnumbers,buta true"society,"anteriortoeveryState ornation,withrightsanddutiesofits own,totallyindependentofthecommonwealth."

7."Itisamostsacredlawofnature thatafathermustprovidefoodandall necessariesforthosewhomhehasbegotten. Aman'schildrencarryon, asitwere,andcontinuehisownpersonality."

8."Thefamilyhasatleastequal rightswiththeStateinthechoiceand pursuitofthosethingswhichareneedfultoitspreservation,andtoitsjust liberty."

9."Wesayatleastequalrights,for sincethedomestichouseholdisanteriorior,bothinideaandinfact,tothe gatheringofmenintoacommonwealth. theformermustnecessarilyhaverights anddutieswhicharepriortothoseof thelatter,andwhichrestsmoreimmediatelyonnature."

10."Theidea,then,thatthecivilgovernmentshould,atitsowndiscretion, penetrateandpervadethefamilyand thehouseholdisagreatandpernicious mistake."

11.'Paternalauthoritycanneitherbe abolishedbytheStatenorabsorbe-1, forithasthesamesourseashuman lifeitself."

12."Thechild is,asitwere,the continuationofthefather'sper,on:llity."

13."Tospeakwithstrictness,the childtakesitsplaceincivilsociety,not initsownright,butinitsqualityasa memberofthefamily....Beforeitattainstheuseoffreewill,itisinthe powerandcareofitsparents."

Wehavethoughtitbesttoextract thesepassages,andtoplacetheminan orderlyseries,because,embeddedina contextfullofmanifoldandvariousinterest,theirfullforcemaybeeasily lost.Theyareliketheaxiomsofmathematics,theimmovablefoundations ofallreasoning.Theyarethebasis andtheconstructivelinesofhuman +society,whichisau., creationin theorderofnature.

TheEncyclicalthenproceedstodescribeSocialismbythedoctrinesofits firstteachersandchiefwriters.The essenceofSocialism,accordingtothis statement,consistsinthedenialofthe naturalrightofproperty,orofprivate ownership,andintheassertionthatit islawfultoreformandconstitutehumansocietyonthebasisoftheuniversalequalityofman,andthecommunityofgoods.

TheEncyclicalgoesontoshowthe falseanddestructivecharacterofSocialism.

ThevoiceoftheGoodShepherdhas beenheardbytheflockspread throughouttheworldwithaloving, thankful,andjoyousassent.Ithas beenheardbysovereignsandstatesmen,andmenofeverycallingandof everymeasureofculture,witharespectfulattentionneverbeforegiven toanypontificalutterance.Ithas beenheardbythemillionsoftheworld oflabour,andtheyhaverecognisedthe accentsoftheFather'sloveandsympathy.Intruth,theEncyclical,both inmatterandinmanneroftreatment, comeshometotheintelligenceand heartofthisdaywiththesimplicityof .ahouseholdword.Whodoesnot knowwhatlabouris? Andwhois notasharerinitsinterestsorsympathiesorsufferings?Now,thereisonly onepersonwhorepresentstwothings whichmenthinkirreconcilable-power andpoverty:theVicarofOurLord "who,thoughHewasrich,yetforour sakesbecamepoor"-heonlyknows bothandcanspeaktobothasapartakerinboth.

ForacenturytheCivilPowersinalmostalltheChristianworldhavebeen separatingthemselvesfromtheChurch, -claimingandgloryingintheirseparation.TheyhavesetuptheStateasa purelylayandsecularsociety,andhave thrusttheChurchfromthem.And nowofasuddentheyfindthatthemillionsoftheworldsympathisewiththe Church,whichhascompassiononthe multitude,ratherthanwiththeState, ortheplutocracywhichhasweighed soheavilyuponthem.

BeforeRerum

CondencedfromarticlesbyVerginia Crawford.)

TheFactorySystem.

WEusuallythinkoftheindustrialwealthofGreatBritain asamatterforlegitimate prideandcongratulation.Whenwe readofthesteadyincreaseinourexports,therapidgrowthofcities,the vastfortunesleftbymanufacturers, andsoforth,weareapttotakefor grantedthattheseareallundoubted signsofournationalprogress.Most peopledonotaskthemselveswhether thesegreatmaterialgainsmaynotbe boughtataterribleprice.Inpoint offactthisispreciselythecase,and thefortunesofthefewandthewealth ofthecountryhavebeeningreatmeasurebuiltuponthelabourandthe sufferingandmiseryofthemangy.

Tounderstandsomethingoftheevils thatarosethroughwhatisknownas theIndustrialRevolution,wehaveto gobackacoupleofcenturies.Already atthecloseoftheseventeenthcentury thereexistedinEnglandaconsiderableclassofrichmerchantswhohad amassedmuchwealthbyforeigntrade, andwhoenjoyedinconsequencemuch influenceinthecountry.Otherlarge fortuneshadbeenmadeatanearlier datebytheplunderoftheChurch underHenryVIII.ThusEnglandwas alreadytendingtobecomewhatis calledacapitalistState.Aclassof richmanufacturersarosetowardsthe closeoftheeighteenthcentury,thanks toaseriesofgreatmechanicalinventionswhichrevolutionisedindustry and,indeed,thewholefaceofthecountry.

Thusalreadybythebe-ginningofthe nineteenthcenturyEnglandwasbecomingindustrialandmanufacturing, insteadofmainlyanagriculturalcountry.Anentirelynewconditionof thingshadarisen,andnoonecould foretellhowmuchofgoodorevilit wouldbringforthforthepeople.

Theearliestproblemthatpresented itselfwasthesupplyoflabourforthe newfactories.Inhastilybuiltunventilatedbuildings,boysandgirlsworkeduptosixteenhoursaday,withno holidays.Theywerebadlyfed,wretchedlyhoused,andonlytoooftentreatedwithactualcruelty.Manydied: manyonlysurvivedtoalifetimeof heavytoilandlowwages.Theworkersofthose'dayshadnomeansofdefendingthemselvesagainstthegreed andtheexactionsofmanyemployers: theyhadscarcelyanyeducationand theyhadnoTradeUnionstofight theirbattles.Attimesseriousriots brokeout,sometimesinordertobreak themachinerywhich,witheverynew improvement,seemedtotheworkers torendertheirstruggleforaliving moredesperate,sometimessimplyfor morebreadtoeat.Suchriotswere sternlysuppressedbytheGovernment, andthering-leadershangedortransported.

Nonetheless,throughalltheseyears, mill-ownersandmanufacturerswere rapidlyamassinglargefortunes,and themajorityshowednoanxietytobettertheconditionsofthosethrough whoselabourtheygrewrich.Forthe factoryownersthemenandwomenin theiremployweresimply"hands,"to

Novarum

whomtheypaidthelowestpossible wagesandforwhosewelfaretheyheld themselvesinnowayresponsible.Indeed,theyusedtheirwealthandtheir influencetohinder,byeverymeansin theirpower,thelegislationwhichby degreesParliamentfeltboundtopass lortheprotectionatleastofthechild worker.

fhelownessofthewagespaidto aduafactoryworkerswaspartlydue toafurthercause:themigrationof thousandsofagriculturallabourersand yeomenfarmerswholeftthelandand driftedintothetowns,hungryand destitute,seekinganyemploymentthey couldget.Thiswasnotforthema matter01choice,butoftragicnecessity.Sincetheendofthefourteenth century,partlyintheinterestsof sheep-farmingandofimprovedcultivation,andpartlyfortheirownenrichmentandconvenience,thelandlords hadaimedatthegradual"enclosure" fortheirownuseofmuchlandpreviouslycultivatedonthe"openfield" system,andattheextinctionofthe rightsoftheirpoorerneighbours.Much 'fencing-in'wasdoneillegally,butmulionsofacresweresecuredtolandlords andrichfarmersbyEnclosureActs passedbyParliament.Asaresult thousandsofthepooryeomanfarmers weredeprivedoftheirlandaltogether, whilethepositionofthelabourer,faced bythegraduallossofallhiscommon rights,grewsteadilyworse.Hencea continuousandsadexodusoffamilies tromthecountrysidenorthwardsto theindustrialtownsthatwerespringing up. Thesemenandwomenwerenotin apositiontobargainforgoodconditionsoflabour,theyacceptedwhat theywereoffered,andtheyhadtobe contenttoexchangetheirhealthy countrylifeforalittlehovelinthe longrowsofmiserabledwellingsthat wererunupforthe"hands"close roundthenewfactories.Suchwas thebeginningofmanyofourlarge manufacturingtowns.

TheManchesterSchoolofPolitical Economy.

Whenwestudythismelancholypage ofindustrialhistorywenaturallyask ourselveswithmuchconcernhowit wasthattheterribleevilsofthefactorysystemwereallowedtocontinue uncheckedforsolong;andbeyondthe economiccausesalreadydiscussed thereweretwofurthercauseswhich mustnotbeforgotten.

Thefirstofthesewasthelamentable deadnessofreligionthroughoutEnglandintheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcentury.Catholicism,weknow, wasatitslowestebbinthiscountry.

TheCatholicChurchwasnotinapositiontointerveneinanynationalaffairs.TheAnglicanChurch,withall itswealthandinfluence,hadavery limitedholdonthepeople.Theclergy mostlybelongedtotheupperclasses; livingswerelargelyinthegiftofwealthyfamilies,andevenpublicworship hadbecomereducedtoaminimumof Sundayservices.Itwasnottillthe Oxfordmovement,datingfrom1835, andthegreatrevivalofspiritualforce thatitrepresentedandfostered,thata gradualchangecameoverthereligious lifeofthecountry.

UNJUSTCLAIMSOFCAPITAL

PiusXI: "Capitalwaslongableto appropriatetoitselfexcessiveadvantages;itclaimed alltheproductsandprofits, andlefttothelabourerthe barestminimumnecessary torepairhisstrengthand toensurethecontinuation ofhisclass.

"For,byainexorableeconomiclaw,itwasheld,all accumulationofrichesmust falltotheshareofthe wealthy,whiletheworkingmanmustremainperpetuallyinindigence,orreducedtotheminimumneeded forexistence.

"Itistruethattheactual stateofthingswasnotalwaysandeverywhereas deplorableastheliberalistictenetsoftheso-called Manchesterschoolmight leadustoconclude;butit cannotbedeniedthata steadydriftofeconomic andsocialtendencieswas inthisdirection."

a

-QuadragesimoAnno."

Thesecondcausewasthewideacceptanceamongthegoverningrlass.ts oftheprinciplesofpoliticaleconomy taughtbythoseknowna.:the"ManchesterSchool"andsum,-understandingoftheseprinciplesandwhatthey ledto,isnecessaryatthispoint.The essentialideasoftheschoolwerefirst abeliefinFreeTradeasopposedto Protection;inotherwords,inthefree exchangeofimportsandexportsbetweencountries,unrestrictedbyimport dutiesputonwithaviewto'protecting"andhelpinghomeindustries;second,anindividualisticviewofwealth; andthird,acondemnationofanyinterferencebytheGovernmentwiththeaffairsofindustry.

Bydegreestheseriouslimitationsto theManchesterpolicybegantogrow moreevident.Itsinnedfarlessby whatittaughtthanbywhatitleftout. Itwasinthefirstplaceverymaterial andutilitarian;intheviewofthenew capitalists,businesswasbusiness,and noethicalorreligiousconsiderations cameintoitatall.Anemployersimplyhadnoconcernwiththesethings.

Again,theattitudeoftheManchesterSchooltowardswealthwaspurely individualistic,orpersonal.Aman's moneywashisowntodowhatheliked with,andalthoughgenerosityandpublicspiritinthemestowalofwealthwas greatlytobecommended,inpractice itwasheldthattherewerenoduties incumbentonthecuitalistsuchas mostland-ownersactiledinregard tothoseintheiremploy.

Finally,justastheManchestermerchantsobjectedtoanyStateinterferencewiththeirlibertyoftrading abroad,sotheyobjectedtoanyinterferenceathomewiththerelationsbetweenemployerandemployed.They believedincomplete"freedomofcontract"astheverycorner-stoneofindustrialprogress,i.e.,thatemployers mustbeleftquitefreetomakewhat bargainstheylikedwitheachworker. Theyacceptedwhattheyregardedas economiclawsinsoabsoluteafashion thattheybelievedanyattemptto modifythemcouldonlybemischievous.

Evenwhentheselawsproducedobviousevils,suchresults,theywould argue,wereonlyaccidentalortemporary,andthings,ifleftalone,would rightthemselves-hencetheFrenchexpressionof"laissezfaire"sooftenappliedtotheirpolicy.

Thiswasnotmerehard-heartedness. Whattheyfailedtoseewasthatas betweenanemployerwithwealthbehindhimandalabourerwithonlyhis twohandstoworkwith,andawife andchildrentofeed,notruefreedom ofcontractwaspossible,howeverdesirableintheory.Theworkman,in averyrealsense,wasatthemercyof theemployer;inmostcaseshehadto acceptthewagesandconditionsoffered, orriskstarvation.Andtheyoverlookedthefactthatloveofgainmay easilybecomethecruellestofpassions, andthatonlytoomanyemployers madeagrosslyunfairuseoftheir powertowringtheloweiepossible termsfromthoseinneedofwork-in otherwords,togrindthefacesofthe poor.Thefinalcondemnationofthe doctrineofnon-interventioncarriedto excessliesinthefactthatitdirectly promotedtheappallingconditionsof employmentthatcametobeknownas sweatedlabour.Suchwasthedirect outcomeofthepolicyofbuyinginthe cheapestandsellinginthedearest market.

Likeotherschoolsofthought,ithas longoutliveditsday.Itsfundamental shortcomingshavebeenpointedoutby ablewriters,andmanyofitsabsolute princinleshavebeenshowntobequite unsound.Atitsworstitsteachings couldalwaysbequotedasanexcuse forindifferencetothepovertyandsufferingsoftheworkingclasses,anditis nottoomuchtosaythatalltheActsof Parliamentofthelasthundredyears thatcanbeclassedassociallegislation,havebeenpassedindefianceof itsteachingsandofteninthefaceof strenuousoppositionfromitsadherents. FactoryLegislationandTradeUnions. Withalltheobstacles,bothmoral andmaterial,tosocialreform,itbecomeseasytounderstandwhyprogress shouldhavebeenlamentablyslow,how slowwecanpartlyrealisewhenwerememberthatacenturyofleisurely Parliamentaryactionhasleftmanyindustrialevilsquiteuntouched.Whole 'generationsofworkingmenhavelived andpassedaway,over-worked,underpaid,ill-housed,whileMembersofParliamentdebatedandadjournedand defeatedmeasuresfortheirrelief.It ishardlysurprisingthatbydegrees theworkingmanhaslearnedtodepend (ContinuedonBackCover.)

Strikes!

"Thinker,"Sydney.

DoestheCatholicChurchregard strikesaslawful?

TheChurchregardsstrikesasmorallyrightwhenthreeconditionsarefulfielled,namely,ajustandserious cause,aproportionategoodtobeobtainedbymeansofthestrike,theuse oflawfulmeans.Awordoneach:

(1)Theremustbeajustandserious cause.Astrikeinvolvesthedislocationofindustryand,notinfrequently, cruelsufferingandprivationforthe familiesoftheworkers.Thereforeto declareastrikefortrivialorunjust reasonswouldbemorallywrong.

(2)Thegoodtobeobtainedmustbe proportionatetotheevilscausedbya strike.Inotherwords,theinterests atstakemustbesufficientlyserious tojustifyadecisionwhichinvariably leadstomuchbitterness,sufferingand loss,andwhich,insomecases,may seriouslyaffecttheinterestsofthe wholecommunity.Evenwhenajust andveryseriouscauseispresent,a strikecannotbelawfullydeclareduntil everymeansofsettlingthedisputeby amicablemethoi;sinaccordancewith thedemands-490justicehasbeentried invain.Itisnecessarytoemphasisethispoint,becausevictoryina strikeisnotalwayswiththeside whosecauseisjust,butwiththeparty thatisstrongerorcanendurethe more.

(3)Themeansusedinthestrike mustbelawful.Allbullying,intimidationandviolencebyeithersideis forbiddenbythemorallaw.

Ifanyoneofthethreeconditions explainedaboveisnotpresent,astrike wouldbemorallywrong. Whatistobesaidofthesympathetic striketoshowthesolidarityofthe workers?Isitlawful?

Asympathticstrikeisastrikecalled byauniontoremedyaninjusticedone itsmembers;ora strikedeclaredbyseveralunionsto remedyaninjusticedonetothemembersofanotherunion.

Asympatheticstrikeismorallyjustifiedwhenthethreeconditionsexplainedabove,namely,ajustcause, thehopeofaproportionategood,and lawfulmeans,arefulfilled.Thereasonisthatitisnotwrongtodefend anotheraswewoulddefendourselves.

But,ifasympatheticstrikeweredeclaredbyonesetofmensimplybecauseanothersetofmenareonstrike, merelytoassertthesolidarityofthe workers,itwouldbeimpossibleto justifysuchastrikeonmoralgrounds, asitwouldbeimpossibletojustifya sympatheticlockoutbasedsolelyon thesolidarityoftheemployers,withoutreferencetothejusticeorinjusticeofttcase.

Sympatheticstrikeswithoutreferencetothejusticeofthecausewould bequiteinaccordwiththeCommunistclass-warinsanity,buttheyhave nothingincommonwiththeChristian principlesofsocialjusticeandpeace.

AGeneralStrike.

Isageneralstrikeeverallowed?

Ageneralstrikeisonewhichisdeclaredbythewholebodyoftrade unions,orbysuchimportantunions thatthewholeindustryofthecountryisbroughttoastandstill.

Ageneralstrikeismorallyjustifiableonthesameconditionsasthose alreadyexplained,andonthoseonly. Butsincesuchastrikeaffectsthe wholenation,thereasonsforitmust heproportionatelygrave.Itcannot beseriouslymaintainedthattheremedyingofminorgrievancesisasufficientmoraloffsetagainsttheterrible distressandotherevilswhichusually accomnanyageneralstrike.Intimes ofnationalemergencysuchasthepresent,itwouldbescarcelypossibleto justifyageneralstrike,afactwhich isrealisedbyeveryonewhoputsthe interestsofAustraliabeforethoseof Moscow.Ontheotherhand,itwould beacryingsinofinjusticetotakeadvantageofatimeofnationalemergencytorefusethelegitimatedemands oftheworkers.Therecanneverbe anyvalidexcuseforinjustice.

CanCatholicsparticipateinstrikes?

Catholicworkersarefreetotake partinanystrikewhichismorallyjustified. * * *

CommunistLeaden.

askthisespeciallybecauseitiswellknownthatmanyoftheunionlead. enareCommunists.

Providedtheconditionswhichmake astrikemorallyjustifiablearepresent, Catholicworkerswouldbefreeto strike,eventhoughtheirleadersmay beCommunists.When,however,the controlofaunionisinthehandsof Communists,thegreatestcautionis required,forCommunistleaderswho aretruetoCommunistteachingare likelytoexploitthegrievancesofthe workerfortheirownendsofclass-war andviolentrevolution.Theywould nothesitatetobringtheworkersout onstrikefortrivialreasonsandin circumstancesinwhichtheyknowthat successisimpossible.Theprivations andhardshipsofthousandsofinnocent womenandchildrenwouldmeanlittle tosuchmenexceptthattheyaccentuateclasswar,puttheworkerinthe moodforrevolution,andthushelpthe Communistsintheirbidforabsolute dictatorship.

Communistcontroloftradeun:ors isatragedyfortheworker.Inthe firstplace,Communistsdonotre,r,'senttherankandfileoftheunion members.Theyareasmall,highlyorganisedcliquewhichseekstocapturecontrolandconverttheunions frominstrumentsofsocialjusticeto instrumentsofclasswarandrevolutiontothedetrimentofthetruewelfareoftheworkers.

Secondly,itisnotunreasonableto supposethatopposinginterestswill usetheCommunistcontrolofunions asapretextforrefusingthejustdemandsofthemenandtoprejudicethe generalpublicagainstthem.

Iftheyaretobeofrealserviceto theworker,theunionsmustbecontrolledbymenwhohavetheinterestsof thewageearneratheart,notbythe agentsofamurderousforeigndictatorshipwhoarelikelytomisuse unionpowersandexploitthegrievancesoftheworkerfortheirown ends.

GovernmentProhibition.

Wouldthegovernmentbejustifiedin prohibitingstrikesaltogether?

AccordingtoCatholicsocialteachingtheStateiswithinitsrightsin prohibitingastrikethatismanifestly unjust,orevenajuststrikeintimes ofnationalemergencywhenthewellbeingofthewholenationisatstake. But,iftheStatedeprivestheworkers oftheirrighttoenforcetheirclaims tojusticebymeansofastrike,withoutatthesametimemakingadequate provisiontosecurejusticetotheworker,itwouldbetransgressingthelimits ofitsauthorityandthusviolatingthe naturalrightsofthecitizens.It, then,theStatemadeallstrikesillegal anddidnot,atthesametime,make fullprovisiontosafeguardtherights oftheworker,itwouldbeguiltyofa doublesinofinjustice:(1)Itwould failinitssacreddutytoitssubjects.

AsPopeLeoXIII.wroteintheEncyclical"RerumNovarum,""Justice demandsthattheinterestsofthepoorerpeoplebecarefullywatchedoverby theAdministration. Thefirstconcernofallistosavetheworkersfrom thecrueltyofgraspingspeculatorswho usehumanbeingsasmereinstruments formakingmoney."(2)Itwouldsin againstjusticebydeprivingtheworkersoftheironlyweaponofdefence againstinjustice.Inajuststrike, therightsoftheemployerorthe Statearenotviolated.Onlythe workers'rightshavebeenviolated. Andagainstsuchviolationitisthe dutyoftheStatetoprotecttheworkers,ratherthanwrestfromthemtheir ownweaponofdefence.

* * *

CompulsoryArbitration. *

WhatistobesaidofcompulsoryarbitrationfromtheCatholicpointof view, Compulsoryarbitrationofitselfcarriesnoguaranteethatjusticewillbe doneeithertotheworkersortothe employers.Itisquiteconceivable, withthegreatbalanceofeconomic poweronthesideoftheemployers, thattheymightthroughpoliticalinfluencesecurethesettingupofatribunalwhichisanythingbutimpartial. Thisiswhatmostoftheworkersfear, andapparentlynotwithoutreason.It wouldbeintolerabletoimposeupon theworkerstheobligationtoabideby adecisionwhichmightbeunfairand unjust.Moreover,suchatribunal

isnotlikelytoproveanadequatepro- tectionagainstthestrikeevil,for, wheretheworkersthinkthatadecisionisunjust,theyarenotlikelyto abidebyit.Theywillstrikeindefianceofthelaw.Todeprivethe workeroftherighttostrike,without givinghimanadequateguaranteethat hisjustdemandswillbemetis,ashas alreadybeenexplained,asinofinjustice.

Itis,however,quitewithinthejur- isdictionoftheStatetoestablish courtsofconciliationandarbitration towhichemployerandemployeesmay resortfortheadjustingoftheirdifferences.FortheStatehastherightand thedutytodoallinitspowertopreventindustrialupheavals,andexperiencehasshownthatinthiswaymany strikescanbeaverted.Furthermore, theStatehasundoubtedlytheright toforbidstrikesuntilthepartiesto thedisputefirstendeavourtosettle theirdifferencesbyarbitration.Hence, compulsoryarbitrationofindustrial disputes-aslongastheStatedoesnot obligethecontestingpartiestoabide bythedecisionsofthetribunalwithoutfurthermeansofredress-doesnot abrogateanynaturalrighteitherof theworkersoroftheemployer.

TheCatholicSolution.

HastheCatholicChurchanysuggestionstooffer?

Yes.IntheEncyclical,"RerumNovarum,"PopeLeoXIIIwrote:"When workingpeoplehaverecourseto strikes,itisfrequentlybecausethe hoursoflabouraretoolong,orthe worktoohard,orbecausetheyconsidertheirwagesinsufficient.The graveinconvenienceofthisnotuncommonoccurrenceshouldbeobviatedbypublicremedialmeasures. Legislatorsshouldusetheirinfluence andauthoritytoremovebeforehand thecausesthatleadtoconflictsbetweenmastersandthosewhomthey employ."Givetheworkeraliving wageanddecentlivingconditions, bothguaranteedbylaw,andindustrial strifewillbereducedtoaminimum.

ThePopeproposedthismeasureto meetapresentsituation,buthegoes muchfurtherandstrikesatthevery rootoftheevil,byadvocatingthe completereorganisationofindustry accordingtooccupationalgroups. Underthepresentindustrialsystem, themeansofproductionanddistri-

butionarealmostentirelyunderthe controlofafewcapitalists,whilethe massofhumanityisentirelydependentonthedailywage.Aslongas thissystemremains,theseedsofindustrialstrifeareboundtogerminate. Theworkerhasnoproperty,nosecurity,nosayinthecontroloftheindustryinwhichheisemployed,butwhich couldproduenothingwithouthim. (Ownershipisthusconcentratedinthe handsofafewindividuals,whilethe massesaredispossessed.Thisstateof affairsisunjustandcannotlast.AccordingtoCatholicsocialteaching,the workerhasarighttobenotonlya wageearner,butanowner.Hehas arighttoshareintheprofitsofindustryandarighttoshareinthecontrol ofindustry.Atthepresenttimethere areunionsofworkersaloneandassociationsofemployersalone,eachop- posedtotheother.Thesemustgive placetounionsofworkersandemployers,eachwithjustrepresentation,

withthepowertoregulateeverything connectedwiththeindustry.

Givetheworkerajustshareinthe ownershipandcontrolofindustryby theformationofsuchoccupational groups.Therebyyourecognisehispersonaldignityandremovethehugeso-

"DumbCattle"

"IntellectualProletarian,"Sydney. Whenweareplacidandquiet,grazing likethecattleweare,youposeas ourdefender,ourleader,ourfriend.

Inotherwords,religioningeneral andCatholicisminparticulararethe "opiumofthepeople,"lullingthe workerintothepeacefulacceptanceof injusticeanddegradation.Butif yourintellectualqualificationsextendedintothefieldofhistory,youwould realisethattheChurchhaseverbeen thefriendoftheworkerandalways thestrongestprotagonistofthedignity andrightsoftheworker.TheChurch hasalwaysstoodforthefullandpracticalrecognitionofthepersonaldignityoftheworkerandforessential humanrights;foralivingwage;for decentlivingconditions;forsuchownershipaswouldenablehimtolivein reasonablecomfortandtomakeprovisionforthefutureofhiswifeand children;forfreedomofconscienceand freedomofassociation;fortheright tocollectivebargainingand,inshort, foralltherightsoftheworkerbothas aworkerandasaman.WhentheinfluenceoftheChurchwasdominant duringtheMiddleAges,theworker possessedtheserightsandenjoyed conditionswhichhavenoparallelin history.ItwasPopeLeoXIIIwho lastcenturygavetheimpetustothe TradeUnionMovementwhichmade itspresentpositionpossible.The TradeUnionisthebestinstrumentof socialjusticewhichtheworkerhastoday,thoughCommunistsandothers aredoingtheirbesttodestroyitby changingitintoaninstrumentofclasswarandrevolution.Bycondemning CommunismtheChurchissimplydefendingtheworkeragainsttheMarxist insanityandadegradationandslaverymoreappallingthantheworst abusesofIndustrialCapitalism.

Finally,itmustberememberedthat withoutGodandreligionalltalkof

cialinjusticewhichistherootof classwarandsocialunrest. Nootherremedygoestotherootof theevil,andeventhiswillfail,unless allclassesofsocietyreturntotherecuguitionandobservanceofthemoral lawofGod.

justiceismeaningless.Thereisno reasonwhyinjusticeandoppression shouldnotprevailinplaceofjustice andfairplay,andnoreasonwhythe richandpowerfulshouldnotdespoil theworkerastheywish.

Toolonghavewebeenthecattleand sufferedtherod.Butitisnowour turn.

Itistruethatunderthesystemof IndustrialCapitalism,whichisscarcelylessgodlessandcruelthanCommunism,theworkerhaslongsuffered ahugeinjustice.Itisnottruethat theChurchsupportsorfavoursCapitalismbecauseshecondemnsCommunism.ShecandemnsCommunismpreciselybecauseitistheworstformof IndustrialCapitalism,namelyState Capitalism-asoullesstotalitariancollectivityinwhichtheindividualis nothingmorethanacoginamachine,deprivedofallhumanrights andliberties.

* * * CommunismandMaterialism.

Thewholebasisofyourattackon Communismisthatitisfranklymaterialistic.

Thatisthemostseriousandmost fundamentalerrorofCommunism;it istheerrorwhichisattherootof nearlyalltheotherabberationsof Communism. Thatdoesnotproveitwrong.

Onthecontrary,itdoesproveit wrong.Materialismisthemostfundamentallyandperverselyfalseofall falsephilosophies.Accordingtomaterialisticphilosophy,matteristhe onlyreality.ThereisnoGod,no soul,nofreewill,nomoralresponsibility,nogoodorevilinthemoral sense,nofuturelife.Manismerely amorecomplexspeciesofbrute,the productofablindandpurposelessevolutionfromlowerformsandfunctions oflife,andultimatelyfrometernal gas.Alltalkoffreedomandjustice

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andrightaremeaninglessinmaterialisticphilosophy.Andthatisthe philosophybehindCommunism,for Communismissimplytheconcrete andpracticalexpressionofmaterial. ismintheworldto-day.TheNational SocialismofHitlerisnotfarbehind. ThereforeCommunismisfalse,radicallyandperverselyfalse,preciselybecauseitismaterialistic.

* * *

GodorGas?

Itisjustasfeasibletoholdthatmatter,eternalmatter,ofwhichlifeis onlyafusedsynthesisofcertainproportions,isallrealityanditsreason, asitistopostulatewithoutjustificationtheexistenceofafirstcause. Hereatleastyoutalklikeanintellectual,eveniftheideasyouexpress areirrationalanduncommonlystale. Itcanbedemonstratedthatmatteris noteternalandself-existent;thatit isdependentandcreatedbyaBeing independentofitandinfinitelysuperiortoit,namelybyGod.Thatis provedbyeveryargumentwhichdemonstratestheexistenceofGod,and thereareatleastadozenrecognised argumentswhichdothat.Those argumentshavebeenformulated,developed,explainedandspreadtothe endsoftheearthinthousandsofbooks overhundredsofyears.Hence,Ido notfeelunderanyobligationtorepeatthemhere.Thatyouseemtobe entirelyinorantofthemdoesnotin theleastdetractfromtheirdemonstrativepower.Noatheisthasever succeededinrefutinganyoneofthem. Marxdidnotrefutethem;hedidnot givefiveminutes'thoughttothem; hecheerfullybutmostirrationallyassumedthattherewasnoGodandproceededtobuilduphissystemof"dialecticalmaterialism"-abotchpotch ofmetamorphosedHegelianabsurdities asfarremovedfromrealityasanightmarefromthelightofday.

Atheismasasystemofthoughtis intellectuallyimpossible,foritisabsolutelyimpossibletoprovethatthere isnoGod.Evenifitweregranted, forthesakeofargument,thatallthe argumentsfortheexistenceofGod werefallacious,itwouldnotfollow thattherewasnoGod.Itwould merelyfollowthatthosearguments donotproveHisexistence.Evenif therewerenoevidencefortheexistenceofGodinthenarrowfieldofour experience,itwouldnotfollowthat therewasnosuchevidenceelsewhere intheuniverse.IftherewerenoevidencefortheexistenceofGodanywhereintheuniverse,eventhenit wouldnotfollowthatGoddidnot exist.Itwouldmerelyfollowthatif Heexists,Hehasleftnodiscernible evidenceofHisexistence.Anduntil itisprovedthatthereisnoGod,there isnorationalbasisforthe'dialestical materialism"ofMarx.

Finally,thereisnottheslightest scientificorphilosophicalprooffor yourstatementthatlifeissimplya fusedsynthesisofcertainmaterial elements.Scientifically,alltheevidencewepossessisadmirablysummed upinthemaxim:"Omnevivumex vivo"-everylivingthingcomesfrom alivingthing.Philosophically,the theorywhichholdsthatlifecamefrom non-livingmatter,withoutanyCreativeorDirectiveIntelligencebehind theprocess,involvestheabsurdityof thegreatercomingfromtheless-like anever-increasingstreamofwater pouringfromanemptyjug.

Theonusisonyoutoprovematerialismfalse.

Allowingthequestionoftheonusof prooftopass,materialismisproved falsebyeveryargumentwhichdemonstratestheexistenceofGod.Asthese proofsmaybestudiedinanyrecognisedtextbookofNaturalTheology, thereisnoneedtostatethemhere. Besides,itwouldtaketoolong.Let merecommendtwoworksavailablein English:"God,HisExistenceandNature,"byR.Carrigou-Lagrange,And "PrinciplesofNaturalTheology,"by GeorgeHaywardJoyce.Ifyouare theIntellectualyouclaimtobe,you shouldnotexperiencegreatdifficulty inunderstandingthem. * * * Ownership.

Again,yousay:"Communismdenies theworkertherighttoownproductivegoods."

Correct.

CommunismsimplytransfersownershiptotheState,whichreturnsto theworkeraccordingtohisneeds, whatyouwouldgivedirectlytothe worker.

CommunismthusincreasesandaggravatesoneoftheworstevilsofIndustrialCapitalism.UnderCapitalism,theworkerhasatleasttheright toownproductivegoods,evenifthe rightisnotrespected.Communism refuseshimeventherighttoownand transfersallsuchownershiptotheCollectivitywhich,inpracticemeansthe State,or,moreaccurately,thehandful ofRedCommissarswhohappento

wieldtheauthorityoftheState.The ,workerhasnotonlynoownershipexceptatthepleasureoftheState,but hehasnorightsexceptatthepleasure oftheState.Theserviceofthecollectivemachineisthesolereasonfor hisexistence.

ThestatementthattheStateunder Communismreturnstotheworkeraccordingtohisneedsissheerhumbug.

TheCommunistStatedoesnotgive himtheownershiptowhichhehasa naturalright,andthusmakeshima "wageslave"evenmorecompletely thanIndustrialCapitalism.Heceases tobedependentupontheprivatecapitalistandbecomestheslaveofthe CouncilofCommissars,backedbythe mightoftheState,theconcentration camp,theO.G.P.U.,andthefiring squad.

ThatiswhywerejectCommunism. Inthematterofownership,asineverythingelse,itisaremedywhichisworse thanthedisease.

M.B.,Haberfield,N.S.W.

ThedoctrineoftheMysticalBodyof Christisnot,asyouseemtothink,a merepiousfancy.Itistheexplicit teachingofDivineRevelation,andis clearlycontainedinSacredScripture.

(SeeEphesiansV.;Cor.XII,12, JohnXV.,5,etc.,etc.)

Youwillfindthedoctrineexplained in"TheMysticalBodyofChrist,"by MonsignorFultonSheen,and"OurPart intheMysticalBody,"byDanielLord. * ** * "OldLaw,"Strathfield,N.S.W. Circumcisionwasoncewidelypractisedasariteofreligiqusorothersignificance.Itwasvotedbythe Jews,owingtoitsDivineinstitutionas asignoftheCovenantbetweenGod andAbraham.TheChildJesuswas circumcisedoutofreverenceforthe prescriptionsoftheOldLaw.

(2)YouarequitemistakeninthinkingthattheCatholicChurchattaches anyreligioussignificancetocircumcision;fortheOldLawgaveplaceto theNewLawfoundedbyOurLord JesusChrist.

(3)AtthetimeofSt.Paulcertain JewishconvertstoChristianityendeavouredtoimposethewholeMosaic Law,includingcircumcision,uponthe Christiancommunities.Theywere condemnedinthestrongesttermsby theApostle,andtheirclaimswereunreservedlyrejectedbytheCouncilof Jerusalem,thefirstCouncilofthe Church.(SeeActsXV.)

* * * "Interested,"Rockdale,N.S.W.

Thehymn,'FaithofOurFathers," waswrittenlastcenturybyFather Faber.

* * "Mother,"Brisbane.

Itiscommonlyheldthatchildren reachtheageofreasonwhenabout sevenyearsold.Thatisthegeneral rule,butitadmitsofmanyexceptions. Manychildrenreachtheageofreason longbeforetheyareseven.Ifinthe judgmentoftheParishPriest,your boyhassufficientuseofreasontobe abletounderstandthemeaningofthe Eucharist,hewouldbeentitledtoreceivethatHolySacramenteforeattaininghisseventhyear.'MayIsuggestthatyouleavethemattertothe judgmentoftheParishPriest.

AS.,Maneidra,N.S.W.

Ihopeyouwillbesatisfiedwitha generalreplytoyourverylengthylet ter.TheCatholicreligionisnotonly abodyofrevealeddoctrinetobebelieved;itisaruleoflifetobefaithfullypractisedinitsfulness.Those whoprofesstobeCatholicsandyetlive likepagansare,asSt.Pauldeclares, worsethanthepagans.Birthcontrol,abortion,andotherimmoral abusesareabsolutelycondemnedby theChurch.TheirprevalenceinAustraliaisnotduetoChristianitybutto theresectionofChristianity.

Youmaynotapproveofpowderand lip-stick,butthereisnothingintrinsicallyevilinthem.Fashionscanbe sillywithoutbeingsinful.Thereare enoughrealevilsintheworldwithout addingfancifulones.

SOUTHSUBURBANDAIRY

ADIFFICULTYUSEDASAPRETEXTFOR "Itisimpossible

topay

a FamilyLivingWage"

PAPALTEACHINGDEMANDSREFORM

WeightofResponsibilityis onControllersofCapital

ConcerningthePapalteachingonthefamilywage,thisisthecommon andimmediateobjection:"Whatistohappenifitisnotpossibletopay workersalivingwage?""Afterall,"saythesound,practicalbusinessmen, whohavelittletimeandlesssympathyforanytheoretical,idealisticnonsense-"afterall,businessisbusiness,andwearenotinbusinessforour health;wehavetomakeitpay,andwejustcan'tpaywhatyousayisa livingwage. Asfora"just"wage,thetermhasnodefinitemeaningfor us."

Condensedfromanarticleinthe"BombayExaminer,"byREV.E.J.COYNE,

Thedifficultyisneitheroriginalnor hidden,norisitdeniedbyCatholic teaching.Quitethecontrary.Pope PiusXIistheveryfirsttoadmitit: neitherhenorhisadviserslivesofar removedfromrealityastobeunaware ofwhatstar.gs:Iveryoneintheface. But.thecoalasionthePopedraws fromthisdifficultyisverydifferent fromthatdrawnbythepractical businessmen.Theyheaveasighof relief,knowingthatnooneisbound todotheimpossible,goonasthey havealwaysgoneon,"buying"their labourliketheirrawmaterial,atthe lowestpricetheycan.ThePope, ontheotherhand,takesacompletely differentline.Hisownwordsare: "Ifunderpresentcircumstancesthis (thepayingofafamilylivingwage) isnotalwaysfeasible,socialjusticedemandsthatreformbeintroducedwithoutdelaywhichwillguaranteesucha wagetoeveryadultworking-man." MakeitPossiblebyReformofSociety.

Popesweightheirwordsbefore speakingthem;theyrealisethateven theirmildestexpressionscarryenormousweightascomingfromthe VicarofChrist.Itisworthwhileexaminingthelanguageofthatsingle sentence,whichisPopePiusXI's onlyanswertotheoft-raiseddifficulty, "Butitisimpossibletopayaliving wage."ThePopespeaksof"social justice,"notmerely"prudence"or"expediency"or"wisdom"or"policy," but'justice":andajusticethat weighsonallourconsciences,rich andpoor,priestorlayman,ruleror subject.Hesays"demands,"not "suggests";"withoutdelay,"not "nextyear"nor,"theyearafter'';he says"guarantee,"notmerely"make possible";andhesays'everyadult workingman,"notmerely"aselect few."Itisdifficulttoseehowhe

WHENINDUSTRYCAN'T PAY.

PopePiusXI(1931):

"Ifunderpresentcircumstancesthis(thepaymentofajust familywage)isnotlawaysfeasible,socialjusticedemandsthat reformbein,troducedwithout delay,whichwillguarantee suchawagetoeveryadult working-man."

Bishops'Statement(1941):

`Ifsuchanindustry,despite thefactthatitfindsitimpossibletopaytheFamilyWageto workers,mustbekeptinexistencebyreasonofnationalpolicy,thenthereisobviouslya dutyontheStatetomakeup thedifferencebetweenthe wageswhichindustrycanafford topayandtheFamilyWage whichtheworkersintheindustryareentitledinjustice" couldhaveusedclearerormoreexplicitormoreforciblelanguageto expresshisteaching.Hedoesnot say,"Wemustfoldourhands,wait forbettertimes,andhopeforthe best";hedoessay,"Introducereforms."EventhemostextremeCommunistcanhardlycallthisteaching "opiumforthepeople." DistortionofSocietyandEconomic System.

Thefactthatunderpresentsocial andeconomicconditionsanormal adultman'slabourveryfrequently doesnotsupplyhimwithallthata livingwageincludes,shouldnotblind ustothefactthatitshoulddoso,nor leadus-asitsooftendoesleadustotheconclusionthatitcannot,owing tosomeinexorableeconomiclawor

other.Wearelivinginanartificial, man-madeeconomicandjuridicalsystem-onebuilt,too,aswehaveseen, forthemostpartonfalseprinciples andpresuppositions.Wemustface

IFTHEWAGE-SYSTEMFAILS.

"Thepurposeofthewage-systemis tosecureajustdistributionofgoods producedbymen.Ifitfailstodoso itmustbescrappedinfavourofa systemwhichdoes Itwaspointed outbythelatePiusXIthatthewagesystemwasnotinitselfunjust.But thiswasnottosaythatitwastheonly possiblesystemorbyanymeansthe best.Thereareotheralternativesystemsbywhichbreadwinnerscould begivenapropershareofthenation'swealthforthemaintenanceof theirfamilies,andifthewagesystem provesanobstructiveforceintheway ofsocialjustice,Christianprinciples demandthatitshouldbereplacedby someothersystemwhichismorein accordwiththenecessitiesofjustice."

-Bishops'Statement,4/5/'4l.

thepossibility-andthefact-thathumansocietyhasbecomesomewhat distorted,thatitswholestructurehas becometwisted,andbysheerignorance,error,ormaliceofmen,hasbeen turnedawayfromitstrueendand purpose.Forhumansocietyisa moralorganism,madeandmouldedby theideas,decisions,desiresoffree beings.Ifmenandwomensetbeforethemselvesawrongendasthe endofsociety-say,theamassingof economicpowerintheformofcapital orcreditresources,ortheattainingof politicaldominanceintheworld-then itiscertainthattheconstituentelementsofsociety,suchasprivatepropertyandhumanlabour,willbeequallydistortedandtwisted.Neither willbeabletoplaythepartoraccomplishtheworkitismeantbyGodtf, accomplish.

Inthiscase,itmaybetrue,tosay thatitiseconomicallyimpossibleto payalivingwageortoascertainwhat isajustwage.Butwhatdoesthis mean?Nothingmorethanthis:If wewanttoattainsomeendorpurposewhichGodnevermeantsociety tobeusedtoattain,thenwecannot payalltheworkingclassalivingwage, andwecannotpaymanyofthemany wageatall.Buttheobviousanswer is,whyshouldwebesointentonattainingthiswrongend?Isitnot bettertogobacktotheendmeantby Godtobeachieved,evenifalotof seeminglydesirablethingsmustbe lostorpostponed?Certainitis,as PopePiusXIhaswarnedus,that Natureherselfwillstepinandstop thiscrassandpersistentviolationof herlawsandthwartingofherintentions-"letnobodypersuadehimself thatpublicorderandthepeaceand tranquillityofhumansocietycanbe effectivelydefendedagainsttheforces ofrevolution"("QuadragesimoAnno.")

Afteran,societyismeantforman, notmanforsociety.Thehuman,personalvaluesaregreaterthananysocialmaterialvalues.Ifsocietydoes notfacilitatemanintheattainment ofhispersonalend,thenithaslost allmeaning.Ifman'shumanlabour cannotoperateasitismeantbyGod tooperate,thenwoulditnotseem betterformanthatheabondonsociety-orelsereformsociety?

Man'sLabourIsHisOnlyWeapon. Hislabouris,normally,theonly weapongiventomanbyGodtomeet theslingsandarrowsoffortune.Societyismeanttoenablehimtouse

CONTINUEDINJUSTICE:

totoil-hisonemeansofraisinghimself,hisonehopetomakehimselfand hisdearonessomethingmorethan beasts,beggars,orslaves-canitbe thatGodmeantthisweapontobreak inhishand,toleavehimfightingwith abrokenhilt,togodown''anunpitied sacrificeinaningloriousstruggle?" Ourpunishmentasaracewas,andis, greatenough:menhavenorightto addtheirsentencetoGod's.Weare allinhumansociety,inwhatCatholic philosophycalls"aconspiracy" againstNatureanditsforces;weall haveasacreddutytoseethatsocial justiceismaintainedbetweenthe "conspirators''-thathumanlabour firstachievesitsGod-willedpurpose ofsupportingamanandhisfamily, andonlythenanyotherpurpose.

TwoFurtherPrinciples:TheState oftheBusiness.

thatweaponwithevergreaterefficiency.If,instead,thisweaponbreaks inhishandonaccountofhislivingin society,thensomethingisviolently awry.Weknowthelife-storyofman fromthedawnofhistory-castoutof theGardenofEden-andthenwecan readitintheflint-tools,theaxes,and arrow-headsofourmuseums.There isadeeppathoswithasenseofstern justiceaboutitall.Unarmedagainst ahostileNature,redintoothand claw;theearthbearingthistlesand thornsandbriars;alone,manhasto faceitandconquerit,alonewithhis barehands.Weknowhowhehas wrungfromtheearthitssecrets:thousandsofyearsofsweatandbloodand tears-allthatweowetothegenerationsofmenandwomenwhohave gonebeforeus.Andto-dayhundredsandthousandsofmenfacea notmoregentleworldandanotmore lenientNature-hungerandcoldand disease,andthetormentsoffamily sorrow. CanitbethatGodmeantthisone weaponofman-hispowertolabour,

Havinglaiddownasthefirstrequisiteofajustwagethatit"besufficientforthesupportoftheworkingmanandofhisfamily,"PopePiusXI goesontogivetwootherprinciplesto guideusindeterminingwhatajust wageshouldbe.Thefirstofthese is"thestateofthebusiness."Itis welltonotethatthePopeisnolonger talkingabout,a"livingwage,"but a"justwage."HisHolinesslays downfivepointsconcerning"the stateofthebusiness."

(a)Itisunjustforworkers-assumingthattheyarebeingpaidafamily livingwage-"todemandexcessive wageswhichabusinesscannotpay withoutruinandwithoutconsequent distressamongsttheworkingpeople themselves."

(b)Itisnotajustreason,onthe otherhand,forreducingworkers' wagesthatthebusinesspaysonlya smallerprofit,ifthisshouldbecausedbyeitherwantofenergyorneglect oftechnicalandeconomicprogress. Thereisnodoubtthatthisisnotat alluncommoninactualpractice,and welldeservestheattentionofthose interestedinlabourproblems.

(c)Ifthebusinessisoverwhelmed withunjustburdens,suchastoo heavyratesortaxes,orisexposedto unjustcompetition,thenitsinability topayajustwagefallsbackonthose 'whothusinjureit,"whoare"guilty ofgrievouswrong,foritistheywho (ContinuedonPage6.)

(ContinuedfromPage5.)

WAGESANDPROFITS.

PiusXI:

"Ifthebusinessmakessmallerprofitsonaccountofbad management,wantofenterprise, orout-or-datemethods,thisis notajustreasonforreducing theworkingmen'swages."

Bishops'Statement,1941: "Neitherisitjustforindustrytopassitsresponsibilityto paytheFamilyWageontothe State,unlessitisquiteimpossibleforindustrytobearthis responsibility. Therewillbe noSocialJusticeuntiltheprincipleisrecognisedthattheFamly'Wagecomesbeforedividends. Aftertheemployer hasobtainedaFamilyWagethatisasufficientwagetoensureaproperlivelihoodforhimselfandhisfamily-beforeany profitsaccruetotheemployer."

deprivetheworkersofajustwage andforcethemtoaccepttermswhich areunjust."Strangetosay,inmany countriesitisoftenthepoliticalparty supposed torepresenttheworkers whichimposestheheaviesttaxesand ratesonindustrialandcommercialundertakings,somakingitimpossible orthesetopayajustwage.And thesetaxesandratesareimposedfor thesocialservices,pensions,insurance, unemployment,freemedicalservice, freefood-whichinthemainare meantforthepoorerclasses.The workerswouldbemuchbetteradvised toconsidertheirdignityasintelligent, freenen,andinsistonearningall thesethingsforthemselvesandgettingtheircostintotheirhandsasthe justrewardoftheirlabour.Atpresentinmanycountriesitistheworking-classwhoactuallydopayforthese services,thoughthisisconcealedfrom them,andtheservicesaregivento themasaformofStatebenevolence.

lc1)Thereshouldbe,thePopesays, aspiritofco-operationbetweenworkersandemployerstoseehowbestthe justincomeofeachmaybearranged for.Solongashumanlabouris lookeduponasa"commodity"ora "costofproduction,"thisco-operation isimpossible.

le)Finally,thePopedoesnothesitatetosaythat"inthelastextreme" itmaybenecessarytoclosedowna businessthathasclearlyshownitcan

FALSECHARITY.

PopePiusXI:

-Butcharitywillneverbetruecharityunlessittakesjusticeintoaccount acharitywhichdeprives theworkingmanofthesalarytowhich hehasastricttitleinjusticeisnot charityatall,butonlyitsemptyname andhollowsemblance.Thewageearnerisnottoreceiveasalmswhat ishisdueinjustice.Andletnoone attemptwithtriflingcharitabledonationstoexempthimselffromthegreat dutiesimposedbyjustice."

notpayajustwage.Itis,indeed,a mostdemoralisingandevilinfluencein anysocietytohaveevenonebusiness whichcanonlybekeptinexistence bytheperpetuationofinjusticetothe workers.Thpbadeffectsandthebad exampleofsuchastateofaffairswill, normally,outweighanyadvantages.

TheCommonGood.

ThesecondprinciplewhichPope PiusXIputsforwardasoperativein thismatterofthejustwageisthe economicwelfareofthewholepeople. Andthishasathreefoldpracticalapplication.

(i)Ajustwageshould,generally speaking,besuchastoenablea worker"toattaingraduallytothepossessionofacertainmodestfortune." Oncemore,itisnotaboutaliving wagethatthePopeisspeaking:he takesthatassettledandbeyond question.Buthisdoctrineisthat thepublicwelfare,thecommongood, or,ifyouwish,socialjustice,demandsthatwagesbesuchastoenableproletarianstobecomepropertyowners,eitherofland,asPopeLeo XIIIsuggested,orofsharesintheenterpriseinwhichtheywork.

(ii)Wagesshouldbefixedatsucha levelastooffertoasmanyaspossibleopportunitiesofemployment.

"Tolowerorraisewagesunduly,with aviewtoprivateadvantage,andwith noconsiderationforthecommon good,iscontrarytosocialjustice." Thisisthegreatcurseofourindividualisticeconomicsystem.Thereis nothingwrongwithcapitalisation,despitetheignorantandunthinking abusethatisconstantlydirected againstit;andPopesLeoandPius wentoutoftheirwaynotonlynotto abusecapitalism,buteventodeclare itoughtnottobecondemned. But thiscapitalism,thisperfectlyhunt

ferentandextremelyefficienteconomicsystem,isexploitedbyboth workersandemployersonindividualisticprinciples,eachclasstryingto grabthelargershareoftheproducts, eachindividualinopencompetition withotherindividuals.AsPopePius XIpointsout,thisisruinousbothto socialpeaceandeconomicprosperity. Unlessaco-operative-or,asitiscalledasolidaristic-spiritanimatesthe variousclassesofsociety,conspiring towardasingleend,desiredbyand commontoall,therecanbenolasting peace. Aproperproportionbetween wagesisamatterofimportance.There hastobeacertaininequalitybetween wages,fortheobjectivevalueofthe resultsofhumanlabourisunequal. Butthisinequalityshouldbebasedon arationalhumanscaleofobjective values,notonthemeresubjective whimsandfashionsoftherichor theavariceofmoney-makers. NoDictationinWorkers'Choiceof Recreation.

ThePopesdonotpromise,however,aparadiseonearthastheautomaticresultofthepayingofaliving wage.Theworkerwillhavetobe carefulandthrifty,industriousand temperate,ifheistodischargeallhis duties.Hewillhavenojustification forsquanderinghiswageondrink,in betting,inwasteful,unnecessaryexpenditure.Recreationhehasaright to,andrecreationforhiswifeand children,andofthekindthatpleases himorthemwithinthelimitsofDivineandhumanlaw.Noonehasa righttogrudgethemwhateverlawful pleasurestheyprefer,prtotrytodictatetothemwhatis'wsiodforthem; ortolaydownhowtheyshouldspend thehard-earned)moneywhich,after all,istheirown.Buttheheadofa familyshouldremembertocultivate thosequalitiesandvirtueswhichGod exnectsfromoneinhisstateoflife: asenseofresponsibilityandbalance, prudenceandforesight,temperance andsimplicity,and,aboveall,goodexampleanddevotionashusbandand father.

Abandon"Class-Warfare"Mentality.

NorshouldaCatholicworkerforget hisdutiestotheStateasacitizen. Circumstanceshavetended,inmany countries,togivetheworkersasa wholeahostileattitude,almostarevolutionaryattitudetothecentralauthority,totheState.Theyhaveallowedhemselvestobepersuaded, perhapswithsomereason,thatthesocalledrulingclassesarehostiletothem andtotheirinterests.Andconsequentlythereisoftenfoundanegative,destructivespirit,suspicion,and anunwillingnesstomakepositive, constructivecontributionstothesocial lifeofthecommunity.

Nothingcouldbemoredamagingto socialpeaceandprosperity.Ifonly thisquestionofsocialjusticewithregardtowageswassatisfactorilysolved,theworking-classcouldjoinin wholeheartedlyandunitedlyinfull andfruitfulco-operationtowardsthe commongood.Withoutthatco-operationsocialpeaceisimpossible:the peaceofChristwillonlybefoundin thereignofChrist,whenthewritof Christrunsinallourlives,.,orkersor owners.Butitisontherich,onthe ownersorcontrollersofcapital,that thegreaterweightofresponsibility rests.St.James'swordsareextreme. lybluntandsevere,buttheycarrythe authorityofGod:"Gotonow,yerich men,weepandhowlinyourmiseries, whichshallcomeuponyou.Your richesarecorrupted:andyourgarmentsaremoth-eaten.Yourgold andsilveriscankered:andtherust ofthemshallbeforatestimony againstyou,andshalleatyourflesh likefire.Youhavestoredupto yourselveswrathagainstthelastdays. Beholdthehireofthelabourers"(St. James,c.5,v.4.).

SHOULDWAGESBE EQUAL?

"Wedonotmaintainthat qualityofwagesinactualterms ofmoneyforallmen,whether theybedirectorsofanindustryorworkmen,isanessential ofChristiansocialjustice.The familywagewillvaryaccording tothestationofthedifferent personsconcerned,sincethefinancialrequirementsofmenin onepositionwilldifferfrom thoseofmeninanother.

"Itmustbeemphasised,however,thatthesedifferencesmust bereal,andnotbasedonthe luxurieswhicharegenerallyassociatedwiththestationinlife ofthewealthiersectionsofthe community.Furthermore,marginalwages,varyingwiththe natureanddifficultyofthe workperformedbydifferent men,arejustandnecessary.

-Bishops'Statement,4/51'41.

CrusadeoftheCatholicChurchto ReconstructtheSocialOrder

InHistory: Thedynamic,mysticalbodyof Christwhosenecessityitisthatall itsmembersshouldbenourishedspirituallyandmaterially "Asoftenasyoudidit ."

EachhumanbeingcreatedinGod's likenessshouldbegiventheopportunityoflivingawholelife,intheharmoniousdevelopmentandsatisfaction ofallthosefacultiesandneedsthat pertaintohimasman.

ThephysicalRightsofManarewell known(e,g.,tosustenance,tomarriage),buttherearecertainrightsnot completelymaterial(e.g.,tofreedom, toresponsibilityinhiswork,tohappiness),whichcanonlybesatisfiedin asanesocialorder.Likewiseman's spiritualdevelopmentandthetemporalwelfareoftheChurcharebest

promotedwheresecularaffairsare suchthattheyministeradequatelyto the"commongood"andthereisasocialpeacewhichistheworkofjusticeandthefruitofcharity.

'Astarvingmanneedsbreadnotdoctrine."

Fortheseandforotherobviousconnectionsbetweenmoralandsocial questions,theChurchhasalwaysinterestedherselfintheSocialQuestion. Indeedsociallifeandeconomichistory fromthetimeofChristcanbewritten initsbroadoutlinesalmostsolelyby referencetothefortunesofCatholicism.

Andthewholecentralthemeofthat strugglemaybesummedupbysaying thatallthetimetheChurchhasbeen defendingtheSocialDignityandFreedomofManagainsttheattacksofthe Romans,theBarbarians,theIndustrial CapitalistsandtheCommunists,just asinthemoralsphereithasdefended themagainstthedebaucheriesofPaganism,thedeterminismoftheCalvinists,andthematerialismoftheModernists.

Yetitismostunfortunatethatthe worldto-daynotonlyisutterlyignorantofbutfurtherdeliberatelymisrepresentstheChurch'sattitudetothe SocialQuestion.

Farfromreligionbeingtheopium ofthepeople,asLeninsaid,thereis enoughdynamicpowerinChristianity evenwhenwhittleddowntoboilall modernsocietytorags(Chesterton).

WeshallseehowtheChurchhasre. fashionegl.thesocialfabricinitscourse throughtheages.

TheSlaveRomanEmpirewasbroken bytheChurchfoundedbythecarpenter'ssonfromNazareth.

Thatisatonceafactandanexplanation.Afact-becauseitwasthe Church,thoughassistedbyeconomic andsocialfactors,whichplayedthe mainroleinthedisintegrationofslavery.Anexplanation-becauseitdid itnotsuchmuchbydirectaction-exceptinsuchcaseswherewealthyChristianladiesspenttheirfortunesinpurchasingthefreedomofnumerous, slaves-asbyinsistingontheDignity ofManandtheDignityofWork.

"Ifhewillnotworkneitherlethim eat."-St.Paul.

"ThereisneitherJewnorGreek; thereisneitherslavenorfree-foryou areoneinChristJesus."-St.Paul.

"Hewhohasimmoralrelationswith thewifeofaslaveisasculpableashe whohaslikerelationswiththewife ofaprince.Bothareadulterers,for itisnottheconditionoftheparties whichmakesthecrime:'-St.John Chrysostom.

"Whenwedistributetothepoor whattheyneedwemerelypayback theirown.Wearepayingadebtof justiceratherthanfulfillingaworkof mercy.'-St.Gregory.

FRUITANDVEGETABLES

JOHNTYLER-Tel.B1295

MetropolitanMarkets,WestPerth.

BestQualityFruitandVegetables

CarefullyPackedandForwardedto

AnyPartoftheState.

"Asamatteroffact,therevoltsofthe slavesfailedmiserably,yetinafew centuriestheChurchhadalmostsucceededintheconversionofherworld andinthedisintegrationofslavery.

"Shefacesanidenticaltaskto-day, andthoughexternallysheseemsbetterequippedthetaskitselfisfar moredifficult.

"YetIsayalmost,becausetheDescentoftheBarbariansoccurredbeforeshehadquitefinishedthejob.

"Itisimpossibletodoubtthatone ofthemainretardingfactors,oneof thehandicapswhichdoggedthe Church'sefforts,weretheevilswhich prevailedduringthefourthandfifth centuriesevenamongprofessingCatholics.Humannaturehasprobably alteredverylittle,andto-daythere aremanyCatholicswho,whilepaying lipservicetotheprinciplesoftheSocialEncyclicals,continuecheerfullyto committheverysamesinsofinjustice condemnedinthoseencyclicals.There isnoreasontobelievethatthesame typeofCatholicdidnotexistinthose earlycenturies-thetypeofCatholic who,whileverycarefullyguarding againstliesandsinsofunchastity, forgetscompletelythatthedenialto theworkerofhisjustwageisoneof thesinscryingtoheavenforvengeance."(-B.A.Santamaria,"What theChurchhasDonefortheWorker.")

EvolutionofFreePeasantry.

TheChurchconvertedtheBarbarians tothepeacefulsocialartsofhusbandry,largelythroughthespreadof theMonasteries.Theoldslave-state retainedbythebarbariansandlargely perpetuatedbytherudenessandmilitarynecessityofthetimes,progressed intothefeudalismoftheearlyMiddle Ages,whereinatlasttheslavebecame theserf.ThuscameaboutthedemocracyoftheChurchandclassconsciousnesswasbrokendownbeforethe spectacleofcommonersbecomingbishopsandabbots.

TheChurch,however,wasnotsatisfiedwithturningtheslaveintoaserf; itwishedtomakehimafreeman.

ThusarosethepeasantStatesofthe lateMiddleAges.

"Serfdomhadpracticallybeenreplacedbyasocietyoffreepeasants bythe16th.centuryinEngland.Exceptforcertainfeudalrents,ithaddisappearedfromFrancebythe14th.In ItalyandthatportionoftheSpanish Peninsulawhichhadbeenreconquered fromtheMoors,serfdomwasabolished bythebeginningofthe15th.century. YetincountriesaffectedbytheProtestantrevoltitdiedhard.InProtestantBadenitremaineduntil1783,in Denmarkuntil1804,inPrussiauntil 1809,inSaxonyandotherProtestant partsofGermanyuntil1832."

TheChurchInspirestheGuilds.

TheMerchantGuildsweredeveloped underitspatronage.Theirimproved successors,theCraftGuilds,werelargelydefendedandpromotedbythe WanderingFriars,whilethegreatsocial doctrinesoftheMiddleAgesarebest

enunciatedinAquinas(e.g.,theJust Price,theSocialAspectofWealth,the CondemnationofUsury,etc.).Uptill quiterecentlyithasbeenthefashion tosneerattheseasold-fashioned,but thisisnotthecaseto-day.J.M. Keynes,theeminentBritisheconomist,inhislatestbook,"TheGeneral Theory,"tellsofhowhehimselfhas progressedfromascoffertoasympatheticadmireroftheChurch'smediaevalattitudetousury.

TheChurchinspirestheArts,the SciencesandtheUniversities.

"Thefifteenthcenturyandthefirst quarterofthe16th.werethegolden ageoftheEnglishlabourer,"claimed ProfessorThoroldRogers.Thelate MiddleAgeswerecharacterisedbythe peasantinthecountry,thecraftsman andindependentmerchantinthetown, withco-operativelocalgovernment functioningthroughtheguilds,overheadthehighestauthorityvestedin theMonarchy,whichwastoowealthy tobebribed,withtheunionofChristendomthedominantnoteinforeign affairs.

Itissomethingonthelinesofthat societythatwemustendeavourtorestoreto-day,butbecauseoftechnical progressandincreasedpopulationwe shouldbeabletodoitataneven higherstandardofmaterialcomfort.

ButagaintheChurchwasthwarted.

Justasthesocietyithadnurtured fromitsslave-infancywasenteringon itsfinaldevelopment,theProtestant revoltmadepossibleanewkindof slavery.

TheRiseofIndustrialCapitalism.

ItisnotonlysignificantthatCapitalandProtestantismdevelopedhand inhand,andthatbothcametotheir headduringthe18th.century,butis alogicalexpressionoftheirsynthesis.

Thecapitalisterahasbeen characterisedinreligionbyProtestant. ism;insecularaffairsbyLiberalism. Itwasagainsttheseevilsassociated withcapitalistexploitationthatthe Churchhasbeenfightingforthelast 100years,whileatthesametimeit hasbeenfightingarear-guardaction againstCommunism.Butallthreeof thesehavelostground,andthoughit isdimlypossiblethattheremaybe somerejuvenationofCapitalismand Liberalism,unitedbysomeformof Humanism,itismoreprobablethat wearedriftingintoaPaganismwhich willexpress eitherunderthe formoftheServileStateorofCommunism.

Theprogressivedeteriorationofthe lowerclassesaftertheProtestantrevolt,hiseffectivedeprivationofpropertyandofdemocraticgovernment (e.g.,inEnglandbythespoliationof theguildsandthemonasteries,bythe StatuteofFrauds(17th.century),by theEnclosureActs,bytheintroductionofcapitalistmethodsinbusiness, bythecreationofaParliamentaryoligarchy),thecreationofalandlessproletariatistoowellknowntoneedrepetitionhere.

Sufficeittosaythatafter250years bythebeginningofthe19th.century, thewage-slavesofthenewproletariat hadsunktosuchaconditionthat,besidestheirseventhelotoftheslave ofAncientRomelookedprosperous.

TheChurchallthistimehadbeen slowlyrecoveringfromtheblowsdealt herinthe16th.17th.,and18th.centuries,thoughatthesametimeshe wasbeginingaperiodofintensemissionaryendeavour.Butnowshewas regroupingtheforcesforattack.Once againshewastosetoutonaquestfor aNewOrder,socialandspiritual.Iso-

Lino-cutfromtheNewYork"Catholic Worker.") latedprophetssprangupinvarious countries,KettelerinGermany,De MuttinFrance,Manning,the"Dockers' Cardinal,"inEngland.ThePopesof Romebegantounsheaththeirspears. PiusVIIwroteoftheneedfortherestorationofagriculturalcommunities onsoundlines;PiusIXtiltedatLiberalism,andfinallythegreatEncyclicalsofLeoXIIIsettheofficialseal oftheChurchonthenewCatholicSocialCrusade.Andnow,thankstothe principlesenunciatedbyLeoXIII, addedtobyPiusXI,andsupplementedbyvariousauthoritativestatements, theChurchhasnotonlyadesirefor action,shehasaplan.

Insomecountriesslightfruithas alreadyappeared,inPortugal,inSpain, inFrench,inBelgium,inItaly,inEire, inCanada.

ThePopeshaverealisedthefutility ofattemptingtore-converttheworld initspresentstatebyspiritualmeans only.

"Gototheworkingman,"saidPius XI,"especiallywhereheispoor."

Letourparishpriests,therefore, whileprovidingforthenormalneedsof thefaithful,dedicatethebetterpart oftheirendeavoursandtheirzealto winningbackthelabouringmassesto ChristandtoHisChurch."-"Divini Redemptoris."

"Inadditiontotheindividualapostolate CatholicActionmustorganisepropagandaonalargescaletodisseminateknowledgeofthefundamentalprinciplesonwhichaChristianSocialOrdermustbuild."-DiviniRedemptoris."

AgainsttheoldRomanEmpire,the ChurchlaunchedtheLanceofFaith; to-dayagainsttheNewPaganismshe wieldsadouble-edgedsword.

TheSocialPrinciplesoftheChurch

Theymainlyareconcernedwith threequestions,firstly,theformofa man'swork,secondly,therewardfor hiswork,andthirdly,theorganisation oftheStateandofindustry.

(Briefly,however,theymightbeexpressedinasingleslogan:Property andPurchasingPowerfortheproletariat.)

FormofWork.

Itisanintellectual,amoral,anda materialnecessityforamantoown property.Itisintellectualbecause manhasarighttoberesponsibleinhis work.Hehastherighttobeanartist inhiswork."Artisintelligentmaking ithasnonecessaryconnection withbeauty,"statesEricGill,in "WorkandLeisure."

Everyresponsiblebeinghasaright tofreedomandinitiativeinhiswork. Ifhehasnotheissub-human;hehas degeneratedintoacog-heisaptly calleda"hand."

Themoralnecessityforproperty arisesbecauseoftheexistenceoffree(ContinuedonPage8) THELATEERICGILL

willandthejustrightofamantoown CHRISTIANCRUSADER. whathehasproduced.'Heleaveson itasitwere,theimpressofhisown personality,"wroteLeoXIIIin''RerumNovarum."Andheisindependentonlyinsofarashepossessessome formofproperty.

Ownershipofpropertyisamaterial necessityformanbecauseonly throughproperty,orthelackofit (slavery)doesamanpossesssecurity oflivelihood.Itisalsothemainincentivetotheaccumulationofwealth, andfinallyeveryothersystemspells eitherdependenceandinsecurityor slavery.

Hencearedistributionofproperty isthefirstplankintheCatholicsocial platform.

Twoobviousstepstowardsthisideal aretherestorationoftheindependent farmerandtheindependentsmall craftsman.ThePopesadvocatethe small-unitinproductionandingovernment.

"Itisaninjustice,agraveevil,and adisturbanceofrightorderforalarger andhigherorganisationtoarrogateto itselffunctionswhichcanbeperformedefficientlybysmallerandlower bodies."Thesearetheclearwords ofPiusXIin"QuadragesimoAnno."

Thereforeallmonopolies,combines, chainstoresandlargefirmsmusteventuallybebrokenupiftheirfunctions canbeefficientlycarriedoutbysmallerconcerns.Anindustryisnotnecessarilyeconomicinproportiontoits size."Theybegan,"asChesterton remarked."bysayingthattherecould notbeTrustsinthiscountry.They haveendedbysayingthattherecannotbeanythingelseexceptTrustsin thisage."Indeedtheprocessofdisintegrationcangomuchfurtherthan iscommonlysupposed.Forexample, adiversificationofcheapelectricpower wouldrendertheefficientestablishmentofnumeroussmallfirmswhere onenowreignssupreme.Legaland monetaryfactorsfavouringoctopus growthofindustrymustberemoved.

Especiallymustthebankingmonopolybebroken.

"Inthefirstplace,then,itispatent thatinourdaysnotaloneiswealth accumulated,butimmensepowerand despoticeconomicdominationisconcentratedinthehandsofafew,and thatthosefewarefrequentlynotthe 'owners,butonlythetrusteesanddirectorsofinvestedfunds,whoadministerthemattheirgoodpleasure.

Thispowerbecomesparticularlyirresistiblewhenexercisedbythosewho, becausetheyholdandcontrolmoney, areablealsotogoverncreditanddetermineitsallotment,forthatreason supplying,sotospeak,thelife-bloodto theentireeconomicbodyandgrasping,asitwere,intheirhandsthevery soulofproduction,sothatnoonedare breatheagainsttheirwill. ."

Regardingtheinternationaleffects ofthiscontrol,Piuswrote: " Ontheonehand,economic Nationalism,oreveneconomicImperialism;ontheother,anotlessnoxiousanddetestableInternationalism,or internationalImperialisminfinancial affairs,whichholdsthatwhereaman's fortuneis,thereishiscountry."--QuadragesimoAno."

Inferentiallyfromtheteachingof PiusXI,that"certainformsofpropertymustbereservedtotheState, sincetheycarrywiththemanopportunityofdominationtoogreattobe lefttoprivateindividualswithoutinjurytothecommunityatlarge,"the claimthatcreditshouldbeunderNationalcontrolorunderCo-Operative Bankingsystem,isirresistible. Thisisalsothecaseforotherindustrieswhichheconsiderstooimportant tobeunderprivatedomination,and whichcannotconvenientlybedivided intosmallerunits.TheStateshould eitherassumedirectcontrolofthese, orshouldformindustrialguildsforthe purnose. Wheredirectownershipcannotbeassumedbytheworkers,orwhereitis desirabletobeleduptogradually, PiusXIadvocatedco-operativesharingbytheworkersinthemanagement andprofitsofindustry."Wedeemit advisablethatthewage-contract shouldwhenpossiblebemodifiedsomewhatbyacontractofpartnership."

Besidesthese'greaterindustrial -guildsandthesmallerco-operativeenterprises,theChurchadvocatesthe formingoftheindependentproducers intoguildsforthecontrolofproductionandtheregulationoftheconditionsofwork,and,incidentally,the protectionofitsownsmallestmembers.ThesePiusXIhascalledVocationalGroups.

Incountrieswhereanattempthas beenmadetoputtheEncyclicalsinto practice(e.g..Portugal),ithasbeen foundthathigherbodiesformedfrom theseguildsandvocationalgroupscan playanimportantpartintheeconomicplanningofindustryfortheState asawhole.

HowFarDoesAustralia MeasureuptothePapal Standards?

Wemayuseasstandardsofreference:

(1)TheDegreeofEconomicFreedom:

(a)NumberofIndependentOwners.

(b)TheCo-OperativeVoiceof GuildsandUnionsinNationalEconomicAffairs.

(c)TheDegreeofIndustrialand FinancialMonopolyintheCommunity.

2.TheWorkers'StandardofLiving:

(a)IstheFamily\VagePaid?

(b)AreThereAnyUnemployed?

(c)AreThereAnyProfiteersor DoestheJustPriceRule?

(3)CulturallyandSocially:

(a)IstheAustralianFamilyina flourishingCondition?

THELATEG.K.CHESTERTON.

Aftertheirdesiretoseepropertyand economicfreedomrestoredtothemasses,thePopesarenextconcernedwith thematerialstandardofwelfareofthe workingman'sfamily.Theyhave thereforeputforwardtheirdoctrineof theFamily\Vage.

"Butsocialjusticecannotbesaidto besatisfiedaslongasworkmenare deniedasalarythatwillenablethem tosecurepropersustenanceforthemselvesandfortheirfamilies;aslong astheyaredeniedtheopportunityof acquiringamodestfortuneandforestallingtheplagueofuniversalpauperism;aslongastheycannotmakesuitableprovisionthroughpublicorprivateinsuranceforoldage,forperiods ofillnessandunemployment."-"Divini Redemptoris."

"Intolerableandtobeopposedwith allourstrength,istheabusewhereby mothersoffamilies,becauseoftheinsufficiencyofthefather'ssalary,are forcedtoengageingainfuloccupations outsidethedomesticwalls,tot,IP neglectoftheirownpropercaresand duties,particularlytheeducationof theirchildren."-"QuadragesimoAnno."

"Awomanisbynaturefittedfor homework."-"RerumNovarum."

TherearemanyothersocialdoctrinesoftheChurch,as,forinstance, theJustPrice,theSocialUseo; Wealth(ifitisdoubtfulwhetheraman canmorallybecomeamilionaireunder presentcircumstances,itiscertainhe cannotremainone);buttheyallcentreontheprovisionofadequatepurchasingpowerforthepeople.

Intheinterimthe:earecertain otherrightswhichtheChurchclaims fortheworkingman,notablytheright toorganiseandtobargain,theright tostrike,therighttosuitablehours andconditionsofwork.PiusXIespeciallyadjuredCatholicemployeesto formtheirowntradeunions,orwhere thatwasimpossible,tostrengthenthe alreadynon-sectarianbodiesexisting bytheirmembership.HewarnsCatholicindustrialists:"Itis,unfortunately,truethatthemannerofacting incertainCatholiccircleshasdone muchtoshakethefaithoftheworkingclassesinthereligionofJesus Christ. Whatistobethought ofthoseCatholicindustrialistswho eventothisdayhaveshownthemselveshostiletoalabourmovementthat Weourselvesrecommended."-"Divini Redemptoris."

HeurgesthepromotionofSocial StudyClubs,theuseoftheCatholic Press,etc.HereespeciallymustCatholicActionplayitspart,hewrites.

Therearealsoothermoralproblems whicharisedirectlyorindirectlyout oftheSocialQuestion.Negatively, thesemaybeenumeratedasDivorce, BirthControl,FilmandPresslaxity, refusaltoembracesimplerandmore Christianformsofentertainment,etc, allofwhichareexplicitlycondemned. Forsinlesswithsocialbetterment,the moraltoneofthe...oinmunityislifted, therewillnotbeachieved"thathigher levelofprosperityandculturewhich, erovideditbeusedwithprudence,is notonlynohindrance,butisofsingularhelptovirtue"-"Quadragesimo Anno."

Asfarasrelationsbetweennations go,PiusXII,ofcourse,hasstated theprincipleof"PeacethroughJustice."Eachnationhasalsotheright topreserveitsownidentityandcultureandnationalautonomy,whileat thesametimesubmittingtointernationalauthorityincertainmatters (provided,ofcourse,thatinthemidst ofstrifeandcapitalist'deceit,asuitableinternationalbodycouldbeformed).FinancialandeconomicImperialismaredenounced.-"DiviniRedemptoris."

IndividualOwnershipinAgriculture.

ThedebtpositionoftheAustralian farmerisshocking.Evenbackin 1934-35theGeppRoyalCommission showedthatwheatfarmersaloneowed £156,000,000,whiletheirassetsamount edto£136,000,000. Inthatyear91 outofevery100farmerswereindebt.

InW.A.one-thirdoftheagricultural communityfounditnecessarytoapply fordebtadjustmentfrom1936-1940, andsincethentheyhaveaccumulated newdebts.

Theaveragemortgageonanormal sizedwheatfarminthisStateis0,000£3,000.

Thishasforcedeveryfarmerto growcropsdesperatelyforprofitfrom exportinordertokeephisownhead abovewaterandpaytheintereston Australia'sNationalDebt.Nearly everyfarmerto-dayisdeterminedthat hischildrenshallnotfollowinhisfootsteps,butshallhaveasoft-collarjob inthecity.This,coupledwitharefusaltoundertakesubsistencefarming inthoseareassuitedforit,andadded tobytheGovernment'snegligencein supplyingsocialamenities,etc.,tothe countryisthemainexplanationofthe drifttothecity.

IndustrialOwnership.

Wage-slaveryisthepredominant noteinindustrialsociety.According totheStateYearBook,in1938there were1,963industrialestablishmentsin W.A.,employing22,352"hands,"and only1,160workingproprietors.That isinthisStateonlyoneinevery21 factoryworkersisevenanominal workingproprietor.

Theiraveragesalariesin1938were: Men,£225perannum;women,£93per annum.Sowhiletheaveragefarmer isexpectedtoraisehisfamilyonan overdraft,theaveragemalefactory workerhastosupporthimselfand familyon£4perweek. TheBalance.

Besidesthoseworkingonfarmsorin factories,thoseemployedelsewhere haveaslittleeconomicfreedom.

Wheredowefindtheindependent smallbrewer,flour-miller,publican. EventhesmallchemistisonlyaretailerforaTrust.

Besidesthiswehavetheoverwhelmingnumberofthoseintheemployment oftheGovernment,whoconstitute17 percent.oftheentireworkingpopulation.

ThedominantnoteinAustraliansociallifeis,therefore,proletarianism.

MonopolyinFinance.

Neithernationalcreditcontrolnor co-operativebanksasadvocatedbythe Catholicsareinevidence.

Insteadthereare11TradingBanks (threeofthemwiththeirheadoffice inBritain,otherswithEnglishdirectors),whoacttogetherasamonopoly underthenameoftheAssociated Banks.TheBankofN.S.W.istne guardianangelofthisbody.Forexample,itholdsasmanyfarmmortgagesasalltheothertradingbanks puttogether.Itisinapositionto initiatechangesinAustralia'seconomicpolicyas,forexample,itdid whenitdepreciatedtheexchangein 1931,againstthepolicyoftheCommonwealthBank.Thesebanksalso resolutelystandinthewayofmoratoriumonfarmers'debts.

Theypayonanaverage7percent. interesttotheirshareholders(wereit notforbonusissuesitwouldbe higher),andchargeatleast5percent. onmortgages.Highinterestratesare prejudicialtoeconomicdevelopment.

IndustrialMonopoly.

Thefinancialandindustrialmonopoliesarecloselyinterlocked.Tosetout justafewofthemainmonopoliesand toshowhowtheyareobtained:

SupposeapersonQ.owns51percent. ofthesharesincompanyA.Hethen forcescompanyA.tobuy51percent. ofthesharesincompanyB.Heuses hisindirectcontrolofcompanyB.to

obtaincontrolofcompanyC.,andso on.FinallyQ.willcontrolanindefinitelylargenumberofsmallshareholderstowhomheisinnowayresporteiblq.

Itraustbenotedthatthelegalsys- teminAustraliadoesnotforbidmonopolygrowth,asitshouldinanypro- prietarystate.Thesmallman,too,cannotobtainbankloansaseasilyas thebigman.

Thuscompanylawandbankingpro- cedurearebadlyinneedofanoverhaul.

TomentiononlyafewAustralian monopolies,thereisthe:

CoalMonopoly, TheSugarMonopoly, ThePressMonopoly, TheChemicalGoodsMonopoly, TheTobaccoMonopoly, ThePastoralMonopoly, ThePetrolMonopoly, TheSteelMonopoly.

Manyoftheseare,ofcourse,interlocked,asmostofthemarewiththe bankingring,tosuchanextentthatit hasbeensaidthat70familiescontrol theentireindustrialsikalhofAustralia.

Thepositionhasbecomeworsesince thebeginningofthewar,andtheconnectionbetweentheCommonwealth Governmentandthesemonopolieshas becomecloser. Profits.

Herearesomefiguresshowingthe rateofprofitspaidbyafewofthese hugeAustralianccombines:Carreras,Ltd.(Tobacco)paidadividendof331-3percent.in1939;521per cent.in1940.

GeneralMotors-Holden's,fromtheir Australiantrade,madeanettprofitof £1,000,000in1937,andpaidanordinary dividendequalto65percent.

B.H.P.,in1940,madeaprofitof £1,500,000,andhasissuedmanybonus sharestoitsshareholders.Lastyear is"watered"itscapitaltotheextent of£2,500,000.

AustralianConsolidatedIndustries, in1939,issued£2,500,000infreeshares. Its1940recordprofitreckonedonits capitalpriortothebonusissuewould be231percent.Itisnowonly8.6 percent.

Breweries: Thefollowingfigurestellatale: Year.No.of No.of Valueof Breweries.WorkingProduction. Proprietors.

1908 134 96 £1,600,000 193-78 35 4 £5,055,000 SwanBrewery,n1940,madeanett profitof£119,971,andpaidadividend of25percent.

Itisnoteworthythattheseprofits areifanythingbeingincreaftel.'during thewar. Anothersourceofgreatwar-time profitisinvestmentinCommonwealth WarLoans(gilt-edgedsecurities)by thecommercialbanksandinsurance companies,whichtogethersubscribeby farthegreatestpartoftheloans.

Theflotationofthelatestwarloan of£35,000,000meansthatAustralia

"Calluponthewheels,master, calluponthewheels. Weareonlymen,master,have youheardofmen?" -G.K.('hesterton.

"Thechoiceliesbetweenpropertyontheonehandandslavery,publicorprivate,onthe other.Thereisnothirdissue." -H.Belloc.

NM.4111.0.1M10Mly willbepaying£1,000,000perannumin --rpetuityasinteresttotheaboveinstitutions.

Letalonegivingitaway,therichare notevenhavingtheirsurplusincome taxedawayfromthem.

Forexample,theKnoxfamilyown 13percent.ofthesharesinC.S.R. Thisrepresentsanincomeof£124,000 perannum.Onthisincome,afterall taxeshavebeenpaid,therewouldbe leftabout£1,000perweek.

Legalandaccountancytricks(e.g., "bonus"shares,accumulationofreserves)alsoenablemuchtaxevasion tobeperformed.

Australia'spublicdebtatthemomentis£1,400million,i.e.,f1976sper headofpopulation.Theannualinterestpayableis£49million.

InW.A.thedebtis£96,000,000,on whichtheinterestamountstoalmost £4,000,000perannum,i.e.,about£8per headofpopulation.Halfofthedebt isowinginLondonandNewYork,half inAustralia,soeachpersoninthis State,man,wymanandchildcontributes£4tez.J:UndonandNewYork financiersand£4toAustraliancapitalists.

In1929ourindebtednessinW.A. wasonly£162perhead.Nowitis £202.

Topayoffthecapitalwehavethe hugeaccruedsinkingfundof£307,211. In1933wehad£1,346,549forthesame purpose. Wepaytheoverseasinterestbyour exporttrade,outofwhichthebottom nowappearstohavefallen.

Anexceptionaldependenceona seastradeissuicidal,too,fromade fencepointofview.

Conclusions.

Wemightnowbesaidtohavereachedmainconclusions:

(1)ThedominantnoteofAustralian societyisProletarianismorWageSlavery.

(2)Thereisagreatconcentrationof industrialpowerandwealth.

13)Australia'spublicfinancesarein aparlousstate.

LivingWage:CanIndustryPay?

Asfarasthefamilywagegoes,no moreneedbesaidthantherecentArbitrationCourtfinding.

"TheCourthasalwaysconceded thatthe'needs'ofanaveragefamily shouldbekeptinmindinfixingabasic wage.Butithasnever,byitsown inquiry,specificallydeclaredwhatis anaveragefamilyorwhatisthecost ofaregimenoffood,clothing,shelter andmiscellaneousitemsnecessaryto maintainitinfrugalcomfort,orthat abasicwageshouldgiveeffecttoany suchfirupig.Intheend,economic possibilitieshavealwaysbeenthedeterminingfactor..it(thebasicwage) offersonlyameagreexistencefora familyunitoffour.Whenaunitgets beyondfourhardshipisoftenexperienced."-(SirGeorgeBeeby,Chief Judge.)

Itwashelduntilrecentlythatindustrycouldnotpayalivingwage. Thehighnrofitscitedalreadyand1, factthatapay-rolltaxhasbeenadoptedasthefinancialmodusoperandiof oftheChildEndowmentScheme, seemstodisprovethat.Itisbetter tocutdividendsthantocutwages.

Inanycaseevenifindustrycould notpayafamilywageunderpresent conditions,adeterminedeffortshould hemadetoachievethebynomea-'s impossibletaskofre-orientingthe nationaleconomysothatitcould.

Further,pointmaybeaddedtoa discussionontheFamilyWagebysavingthatthelatesttaxationreturns showthatover80percent.ofthose Australianswhoreceiveincomesreceivelessthan£300perannum-afigurewhichcouldscarcelybesaidto equalthePope'sconceptofaJust FamilyWage. Further,therearecasesinPerth whereemployeessignforbutdonotreceivethebasicwage.

Unemployment. Tradeunionfiguresshowedthat8 percent.ofitsmemberswere ployedduring1940. Itisprobablethatthereareupwardsof200,000peopleunemployedin Australia.Inthedepressiontheunemploymentfigurewasover30per cent.Thereisnouncertaintybut thatanotherdepressionwillloomina fewmoreyears. Besidesthis"direct"unemployment, however,thereismuch"disguised"un-

employmentlike,forexample,thewanderingprospectors,thestreetsweepers, etc.

Addtothesethethousandsupon thousandsofunorganisedfarmlabourers,livingontheirkeepplustobacco moneyinadistressingsocialenvironment.

1O'ntopofallthistherecomethe figuresofthosewhoare"casually"employed.

l'orexample,in1938-39,inAustralia, therewere29,217part-timereliefworkers,ofwhichV.A.had2,496.

"Casual"employeesintheagricultural,pastoralanddairyingindustries aloneinthesameyeartotalled82,840 inAustralia,andinW.A.6,239.

"Casual"labourinfactoriesandretailstoresisalsoparticularlyhigh.On anaverageinAustraliaemploymentin retailstoresexpandsby11.8percent. atbusyperiods.

Thusthereisalsogreatuncertainty astoemploymentexistinginAustralia. Ithasbeensaidthat80percent.of Australiansearnlessthanadecent familywage(considerationsoffemale andyouthlabourmayreducethisfiguresomewhat,butpossiblynotby much.Onemightreasonablydoubt whether20percent.canbesaidto beholdingdownaregularjobatall.

ThentherearepracticallyuntouchedthevitalquestionsofYouth Unemploymentand"Dead-End"Jobs. Moreoverthereisagreatlackoftechnicaltrainingforyouths.Untilthis isremediedtheyhavenochanceof becomingindependentcraftsmen.

Wehaveaddedafourthconclusion tothethreestatedpreviously.Itis this:ThebulkoftheAustralianpopulationissubsistingonawagewhich makesitjustpossibleforasmallfamilytokeepitsheadabovewater;and theinsecurityoftheirlivelihoodis addedtobytheconsiderableextent ofunemployment,directandseasonal BirthRate.

Thebirthrateis17per1,000ofthe population.In1937therewere2,000 lessbirthsinW.A.thanin1928,though inthesametimethepopulationhad goneupby40,000.In1933thebirth ratewas15perthousand.

TheJapanesebirthrate,bynomeans excessive,is34perthousand.In Quebec,asettledCatholicState,itis over40perthousand.

Conclusion.

That"highlevelofprosperityand cultureforall,"ofwhichPiusXI spoke,cannotbesaidtohavebeenachievedinAustralia.SocialJustice willnothavebeenachieveduntila desireforproductivepropertyisarousedinthepeople.Heretheydonot ownthehousestheylivein,letalone aretheyindependentfarmers,tradesmen,etc.Thistask,Bellocsays(of England)is"almost"impossibleofachievement,sosomethingwillhaveto bedoneaboutitquicklyunlessRevolution(videtheEncyclicals),orthe ServileState(videBelloc)istobe stavedoff.

Untildecentlivingstandardsare broughtabout,thespectreofunemploymentbanished,andconditions favouringasoundfamilylifeandculturalprogressensured,SocialJustice willnothavereigned.

"TheSoulofSavageryisSlavery. Underallitsmaskofmachineryand instruction,theGermanregimentation ofthepoorwastherelapseofbarbariansintoslavery.Icanseenoescapefromitforourselvesintheruts ofourpresentreforms,butonlyby doingwhatthemediaevalsdidafter theotherbarbariandefeat;beginnig, byguildsandsmallindependent groups,graduallytorestorethepersonalpropertyofthepoorandthe persinalfreedomofthefamily.If theEnglishreallyattemptthat,the Englishreallyhaveatleastshownin thewar,toanyonewhodoubtedit,that theyhavenotlostthecourageand capacityoftheirfathers,andcancarry itthroughiftheywill.Iftheydonot doso,iftheycontinuetomoveonly withthedeadmomentumofthesocial disciplinewhichwelearntfromGermans,thereisnothingbeforeusbut whatMr.Belloc,thedicovererofthis greatsociologicaldrift,hascalledthe ServileState.Andtherearemoodsin whichaman,consideringthatconclu sionofourstory,ishalfinclinedto wishthatthewaveofTeutonicbarbar ismhadwashedoutusandourarmies together;andthattheworldshould neverknowanythingmoreofthelast oftheEnglishexceptthattheydied forliberty."--(Chesterton-lastpassage inhis"ShortHistoryofEngland."

I11IHIVIDIMINIUMIWIH111111111111I11IIIIHIMIIIIM1111011111

SUPERFLUOUSHAIRS.

RemovedPermanentlybyElectrolysis. TheOnlyMethodwhichhasproved Successful.ConsultationFree.

MISSR.DUGGAN, ROOM33,3rd.FLOOR, GLEDDENBUILDINGS. B7455. Imiummemeimeninguloinemonlimulummeuem.

450

TELEPHONE:B9141. PERTH,THURSDAY,MAY15,1941.

FiftyYearsCAfter-

Theopinionofhiscontemporaries,attestedandmagnifiedby posterity,wasunanimousinrecognisingthatPopeLeoXIIIwas aremarkableman.HiscelebratedLettersontheoriginofcivil power,onhumanliberty,andonSocialismelectrifiedhisageand alonewouldhavemadehisnameandhisworkimperishable. Butitisnotontheseprimarilythathistitletohistoricgreatness rests.Leo'sfullstatureisseenintheperspectiveofhistory throughthepagesof"RerumNovarum."Throughthissplendid manifestoonthe"ConditionsoftheWorkingClasses,"theUniversalFatherspoketothewholeworldontheuniversalquestion. Byitheenteredintothepooresthomesoftheoppressedworkers ofeverynation,andintheStygiandarknessoftheindustrialchaos ofthosetimes,theyatlastknewthattheyhadforfatherand friendthehighestmoralauthorityonearth.Leo'sfigurealso bestrodelikeacolossusthefactorieswheremengrewfatonthe miseriesofthedefencelesspoor.Hecame,through"Rerum Novarum,"intotheirpalatialhomesalso,buthishandwasnot upraisedinblessingoverthem.Ratheritcarriedthewhipof cordswherewithhisMasterbeforehimhadfloggedthehucksters fortheirdesecrationofholythings. * * *

Noristhismetaphorexaggerated.Foritisthedegradation byindustrialcapitalism,communismandtotalitarianismofman's dignity-man,madebyGodinHisownlikeness-thatgivesthe Churchtitletoenter"thecognatesphereofeconomics."Yetit isdepressing,fiftyyearsafter"RerumNovarum,"stilltofindpeople,evenCatholics.whoquestiontheChurch'srightinthematter.TenyearsagoPopePiusXIfounditnecessarytoestablish thebasisoftheauthorityoftheChurchinsocialandeconomic spheres.Hence,afterreviewingtheuniversaleffectsofLeo's Encyclicalduringfortyyears,he-laiddowntheprinciple,long sinceclearlyestablishedbyLeoXIII,thatitisOurrightandour dutytodealauthoritativelywithsocialandeconomicproblems." Ifitwerepossibletoholdthatpaganconceptionoflifewherein itsvariousactivitiesaresetinseparatewater-tightcompartments, itwouldgreatlysimplifymatters.Wecouldclaimquiteclearly thatwhateverisofasacredcharacter,whateverbelongsofitsown nature,orbyreasonoftheendtowhichitisreferred,tothesalvationofsoulsandtheworshipofGod,issubjecttothepowerand judgmentoftheChurch.Ontheotherhand,whateverisranged underthecivilandpoliticalordershouldbesubjectsolelytocivil authority.Butunhappilylifeisnotlikethat.Thingsoverlap. Sothatsocialandeconomicproblemsmustinevitablyinvolve moralissues,questionsofjusticeandcharity.Practicallyno phaseoftheirdevelopmentcanhewithoutethicalconnotations. Indeeditisthisunrealpretencethattheordinaryissuesoflife aredivorcedfromreligionthathaspromotedatoncethegrowth ofmaterialismandtheadvanceofsocialinjustice.

* *

TheprincipleswhichPopeLeoenunciatedweredirectedto thebridgingofthisunnaturalchasmwhichinpointoffactnever hadanysubstance,butwasarationalisationonhepartoftriumphantCapitalism.Nonetheless,whiletherewassomeimprovementinsocialconditions,thisbreachwidened,sothatforty yearslaterPiusXIselectedasthechiefdisorderofthemodern world,theruinofsouls;further,heindicatedthattheeconomic environmentwaschieflyresponsible.Duringthelastgeneration wehaveseenthecare-free,confidentCapitalismofVictoriandays shatteredinitsserenity,largelybytheGreatWarandsubsequent economic"depressions."Butitsverydecaybroughtforthnew dangers.Therewerevultureswaitingtoswoopdownontheenfeebledeconomicbody.Communismandthenewer"powerpolitics"ofEuropeemergedcausingthePapacysuchconcernthat twoEncyclicalsweredevotedtothemduringthePontificateof PiusXI.ButeveninthedecadentreignofCapitalismafinal efforthasandisbeingmadetosavethesituation,largelybya turnovertoStateCapitalism.Thedemocracieshaveinvolved themselvesinnewdomesticproblemswhereinthemoralissues,it ishoped,willbecloudedbythedifficultyofthetechniqueemployed.Inthisconnectionmusthementionedthevastexpansionof thecreditsystemwherebycontrolisassumedbyimpersonal, anonymousforcesdifficulttotraceandtosaddlewiththeappropriateresponsibilities.Againthereisthe.unexampledtechnologicaldevelopmentwherebymachinepowerisprogressivelydisplacingmanpower.Butthemorallawyetabidesandbindsmen intheirmosttortuousdevices.Andthefirstclearenunciationof thatlawwasmadebythegreatPopewhosememorywecelebrateto-day-LeoXIII.

ARCHBISHOP'SENGAGEMENTS.

May16:AdministertheSacramentof Confirmationtochildrenattending ReligiousHolidaySchool,Pinjarra.

May21:PresideatSolemnOfficeand celebratePontificalRequiemMasson theoccasionofthesixthanniversaryofthedeathofthelateArchbishopClune.

May25:BlessnewPresbyteryat Kondinin.

May31:PresideatProfessionCeremonyatSt.JohnofGodConvent, Subiaco.

June1(PentecostSunday)11a.m.:CelebratesPontificalHigh MassintheCathedral.

3p.m.:AdministertheSacramentof ConfirmationtoadultsinSt.Mary's Cathedral.

June4:PresidesatannualgeneralmeetingofC.W.L.

June13,14,15:FortyHours'Prayer,in theCathedral. AdministertheSacramentofConfirmationtoadultsinSt.Mary'sCathedral.

REQUIEMFORTHELATEARCHBISHOPCLUNE.

SolemnOfficeandRequiemMasswill becelebratedinSt.Mary'sCathedral onWednesday,May21,at9.30a.m.,for thereposeofthesoulofthelateArchbishopClune.HisGracetheArchbis-

0

hopwillbethecelebrant.Thefunctionwillmarkthesixthanniversaryof thelateArchbishop'sdeath.

NOVENATOTHEHOLYGHOST.

ObservanceThroughouttheArchdiocese.

InaccordancewithDecree539ofthe FourthPlenaryCouncil,aNovenato theHolyGhostwillbeconductedin allparishchurches,commencingon May23.

ASCENSIONTHURSDAY-MAY22.

HOLYDAYOFOBLIGATION.

LUNCHHOURMASS.

Thursday,May22,theFeastofthe Ascension,willbeaHolyDayof'Obligation.Masseswillbecelebratedin St.Mary'sCathedralat6,7,8.15,9,10 a.m.,andaspeciallunchhourMassat 12.10p.m.Confessionsinpreparation forthefeastwillbeheardonWednesdayfrom2p.m.to4p.m.,andfrom 7.30p.m.onwards.

'CONFIRMATION9FADULTS. HisGracetheArchliehopwilladministertheSacramentofConfirmacion toadultsinSt.Mary'sCathedralon PentecostSunday(June1),at3p.m.

PRIESTS'CONFERENCE.

ThequarterlyConferenceofthe Priestsofthemetropolitanareawillbe heldintheChapterHall,Victoria Square,onFriday,June6,at10a.m.

PIUSXIIONTHESOCIAL QUESTION

PEACETHROUGHCORPORATIVE ORGANISATION.

"Peaceisnotmerelythesecurityof peoplesintheirrelationswitheach other;itisalsothetranquillityoforder withineachcountry,andforthisthere mustbe"organisationprofessionelle," "organisationcorporative."Theclass struggle,thatseriousdisorderwhich isruiningsociety,mustbeended,and thiscanonlybedoneby vocational groups.Therevivaloftheancient corporativeorderneednotfollowa singleandrigidformula.Ratherit shouldbeadaptedtothecharacter, traditions,andspecialneedsofeach country."

-LettertotheSemaineSociale,Paris, 1935.

X00-OPERATION.

"ThesocialapealoftheChurchto contemporarysocietywillfindnoecho ifitdoesnotcallupapowerfulphalanx ofemployerssadworkerspermeated withCatholicthought. ."

-AddressatDortmund,1927.

GAINANDLOSS.

"Agiganticeconomicorganisationhas astonishedtheworldbyitsphenomenal increaseofproduction,andimmense multitudesdieofwantinthefaceof producerswhooftensufferfromequal distress,forlackofthepossibilityofdisposingofthevast surprusoftheirproducts.An abletechnicalorganisationseemedto makemandefinitelymasterofthe

forcesofnature,andmandiesof fatigueandthefearoflife;andhewho givestomachinesalmosttheappearanceoflifeisafraidtotransmithislife toothers,sothattheever-growingexpanseofcemeteriesthreatenswithan invasionofgravesallthegroundleft emptybytheabsenceofcradles."

-SermoninNotreDame,Paris,1937.

"Thereisnopointofvantageinthe world'sbroadfieldofbattlecomparable tothatoftheVatican."-W.T.Stead, "AmericanReviewofReviews,"August,1903.

Owingtopressureofspace,allparish andsocietynoteshavebeenheldover untilnextissue.

* *

TheSt.VincentdePaulSociety wishestoacknowledgeananonymous donationof£5.

* * *

Mrs.E.J.Paxton,oftheHotelEsplanade,recentlyreturnedfromaholidaytriptotheEasternStates,where shespentseveralweeksvisitingrelativesandfriends.Mrs.Paxtonspent sometimewithherniece,Rev.Mother Christina,atSt.Catherine'sOrphanage, Geelong,Victoria.

QUARANTORE

MAY,

Sunday.

3rd.EastVictoriaPark:One DayofExposition.

4th.ClaremontFortyHours' Prayer(23rd.-2.5th.).

AtCarpineto,131yearsago(onMarch .2,1810),intheshadowoftheVolscian Mountains,asonwasborntoAnna, wifeofCountLouisPecci.

CarpinetowasatowninAnagni,in thePapalStates,andheresincethe 15th.century,whentheyLadcome fromSienna,thePeccifamilyhadits seat.

ThislatestsonofthePecciwasborn inaroomonthesecondfloorofthe familypalace.Theroomwassolidly furnishedbutwithoutextravagance ofluxury.TherewasPrylittleeven ofwhatmodernfamilywouldconsideressemialforcomfort.Thestone flo,,rLednocarpet,thebedsteadwas ofironandaplainsilvercrucifixwas almostthewholeornamentationcfthe place.

Leadingoffthisroomwasthefamily chapel.HerethePeccichildwasbaptisedVincentJoachim,herelaterhe andoneofhisbrothersweretobring greatjoytothefamilybythefrequent celebrationofMass.LaterVincent Joachimwastochangehisnameto Leo,andinthissamechapelhewould celebratetheHolySacrificeasChrist's ownVicaronearth.

Insuchcircumstanceswasbornthe greatPope,whosewatchwordwasto beJustice-justiceforall-justiceespeciallyforthosewhowerepowerless tonrotecttheirowninterests.

Ofnoblebirth,LeoXIIIexhibited allthevirtuesofthetruenoblemanhewasamanwhosepassionwasforthe deliveranceoftheweakfromthegoad oftheexploiter.Twoearlyincidents givepointtothistraitinhischaracter.

SentascivilgovernortothePapal districtofliemtventi,hefoundbrigandageandsmiigglingrife,thepeoplepowerlesstoresisttheirinroads,andmany afamilyofproudlineagelivingonthe proceedsoftheevilpractices.

Previousgovernorshadbeensevere intheircriticismofthebrigandnobles, buthadachievednothingtowards stampingthemout.MonsignorPecci hethenwas)wasnotseverein criticism,forhedidnotwaittocriticise -hetookaction,andhisactioncame asanunpleasantsurprisetothenobles, whohadwelcomedhimasapleasant andscholarlycharacter,who,theyimaginedwouldburyhimselfinhisbooks andletothersattendtotheirownwelfareinwhatmannertheywould.

BeneventowasintheKingdomof NaplesbutsubjecttothePapalauthority.ItsindependenceoftheKingof Naplesanditsdistancefromitsown sovereignhadenabledtheexploitersto gotheirownwayandtolaughatthe delegatessetoverthem.

MonsignorPecciwenttoworkina practicalmanner.Heenlistedtheaid oftheKingofNaplesinreorganising thepublicforces,andthen,without warning,launchedavigorousattack againstthestrongholdofthebrigands andarrestedallwhowereknowntoharbourorassistthem.

TheUnder-WeightBread. Thesecondincidenttookplaceat Perugia,inUmbria,wherehewasthen delegate.Hereitcametohisnotice thatcertainbakersweredefraudingthe poorpeoplebysellingthemloavesof breadwhichwereunderweight.Accompapicsibytheproperofficials,the Monsignorwentoutonemorningand inspectedthebakeries.Whereverhe foundloavesofinferiorweighthecon. fiscatedthem,andhadthebreaddis tributedinthemarket-placetothe poor.Thatwasthewholeofhissimpleplan,butitseffectwaswholesome andrapid.

Imaginetheeffectofsuchaplanon someofourArmycontractors!

ThechildhoodofthefuturePopewas distinguishedbysweetnessoftemper, readinesstoserveandoblige,anda quietandseriousbehaviour.

HewassenttotheRomanCollege, conductedbytheJesuits,attheappropriateageandmadehisfinalstudiesat theAcademyofNobles.

Fromthefirsthehadgivenproofof hispietyandofhistalents,andhis tasteandaptitudeforlearningbrought himtothenoticeofPopeGregoryXVI atanearlyage.Assoonashewasordainedhewasappointedadomestic prelate.Hewasthenonly26.

Itwassoonafterthisthathewas senttoBenevento,wherehisachievementsgainedthegratitudeofthepeopleofBenevento,thefurthergoodwillofPopeGregory,andtheesteemof theKingofNaples,FerdinandII,who spokepubliclyontheexcellentresults oftheMonsignor'slabours.

Itwasin1841thathewasappointed delegatetoPerugia,aplaceof20,000 inhabitants,whichpresentedmanydifficultiesofgovernment.Givenafree handbythePope,hesettoworkashe hadatBenevento.Theprisonswere fullofcriminals.MonsignorPecci simplyemptiedthemandgavethe criminalsachanceofenteringintoan honestwayofliving.Thosethatdid notaccepttheopportunityhedrove fromthedistrict.

PopeLeoXIII

HisEarlyLifeandHis GreatestWork

WhenPopeGregorywasinformed oftheMonsignor'ssuccessatPerugia hemadealongjourneytotenderhis thankspersonally,

In1843thePopeappointedMonsignorPeccititularArchbishopofDamiettaanddespatchedhimasApostolicNunciototheCourtofBrussels. Thereheremainedthreeyearsand gainedtheaffectionoftheKing,the courtandthepeople.

WhenArchbishopPecciwasleaving Brussels-whichwasthenunderaProtestant-theKing,Leopold,said."I amsorryIcannotsuffermyselftobe convertedbyyou,butyouaresowinningatheologianthatIshallaskthe PopetogiveyouaCardinal'shat."

''Ahundredtimesmorewelcomethan thehatwoulditbetometomakesome impressiononyourheart,"repliedthe Nuncio.

SometimepreviouslytheKinghad said:"IfIwerenotaGerman,I shouldcertainlyfindmyselfsomeday convertedbythecharmofhisdiction aswellasbythelogicofhisreasoning."

KingLeopolddidforwardadespatch tothePopewhichwasbelievedtobe arecommendationforArchbishop Pecci'selevationtotheCardinalate. ButwhiletheNunciowasonhisway homethePopedied.Itwaslearned thenthathehadalreadycreatedthe Archbishopacardinal,inpetto. InterestinScience.

OnJuly20,1846,thefuturePope againreaurnedtoPerugia,thistimeas itsArchbishop.Hepresidedoverthe seeofPerugiafor32years,distinguish. inghimselfalwaysbyhiszealforjustice,forthecauseofeducationandtrue science. Inoneofhispastoralshedemonstrateshisadmirationfortheworksof scienceinthesewords:"Whatisthere thattheChurchcandesiremoreardentlythanthegloryofGod,andthe moreintimateacquaintancewiththe DivineWorkmanwhichisacquiredby thestudyofHisworks? WhatreasoncantherebethattheChurchshould bejealousofthemarvellousprogress ouragehasmadebyitsstudiesanddiscoveries? TheChurchhasfullconfidenceinthosewhoapplythemselves seriouslyandprofoundlytothestudyof nature;forsheknowsthatatthebottomoftheirresearchestheywillfind God,who,inallHisworks,displays Himselfwiththeinfiniteattributesof Hispower,Hiswisdom,andHisgoodness.Howsplendiddoesmanseem whenhereachesafterthethunderbolt, andletsitfallharmlessathisfeet; whenhesummonstheelectricspark, andsendsit,themessengerofhiswill, throughtheabyssesofocean,overthe precipitousmountain,acrosstheinterminableplains!Howgloriouswhenhe bidssteamfastenpinionstohisshoulders,andbearhimwiththerapidity oflightningoverlandandsea. Tell meifthereisnotthesemblanceofa sparkoftheCreator,whenheinvokes lightandbidsitscattertheshadesof darkness!"

PopePiusIX,successorofGregory XVI,calledCardinalPeccitoRomein 1877,andmadehimCamerlengo.For theshorttimethatheheldtheofficehe dischargedhisarduousdutieswiththe energythatcharacterisedallhisactivities,buthewasCamerlengoforjust sevenmonths,forinFebruary,1878,his finaltaskasCamerlengowastodirect thefuneralservicesofPiusIX,who diedontheseventhofthatmonth. WhenhetooktheFisherman'sring fromthedeadPope'sfingerheprobably hadlittleideathathewouldshortly bewearingithimself,foritwasrare foraCamerlengotobeelectedPope. Anotherinstanceoccurredinlater timeswhenCardinalPacelli,theCamerlengo,becamePiusXII.)

ButonFebruary20theseniordeacon oftheSacredCollegehadthedutyof cryingtothewaitingmultitude:"I announcetoyougreatjoy!Wehaveas PopeHisEminencetheMostReverend LordJoachimPecci,whotakesthe nameofLeoXIII."

ScarcelyhadthenewPontifftaken hisseat.beforeheaddressedanEncyclicaltoallthepatriarchs,primates, archbishopsandbishopsincommunion withtheHolySee,inwhich,afterdealingwithothermattersofmoment,he attackedtheprevalentevilsofthe worldofthattime,evilswhichhavenot vetdisappeared,buthaveratherbeen fosteredandencouraged-theinsatiable

"Wemustgotothepeople,conquer theheartsofthepeople,"werethe wordsspokenbyLeotoM.deVogue. "Wemustseektheallianceofallhonestfolk,whatsoevertheiroriginoropinion wemustnotloseheart....We willtriumphoverprejudice,injustice anderror."

Suchwashisloveofthemasses.Such washismagnificentoptimism,with whichhestruggledonwardtowardhis goalofthetrueliberationofmankind fromtheoppressionofsocialinjustice aswellasfromthestillmoreappalling darknessofspiritualerror.

greedformoney,thethriftlessnessof administration,andthesquanderingof publicfunds,andthedeadlypoisonof errorwhichworksitselfintothevery vitalsofsociety,neverallowsittobe quiet,butconstantlygoadsittothe commissionofnewcrimes.

AgaininthefirstyearofhisPontificatecameanEncyclicalattackingSocialism,Communism,Nihilism.

ManyotherEncyclicalsandutterancesofthegreatestimportanceconcerningtheCatholicPress,Catholic education,andoneagainstsecretsocietiesfollowed.

TheGreatEncyclical.

WhenatSt.Peter's,onMay15,1891, inthe14th.yearofhisPontificate,he signedhismemorableEncyclicalonthe conditionoflabour,RerumNovarum, hegavetotheworldadocumentwhose socialsignificancecannotbeexaggerated.Theyearsthathaveelapsedsince thenhavemerelyservedtoconfirmits wisdom.Theyearstocomewillleave itsvalueunimpaired.Itmuststill remainwhat,40yearsafteritswriting, PiusXIsohappilytermedit:"The MagnaChartaoftheSocialOrder."

Insubstanceitisanofficialstatement fromthehighestreligiousauthorityon therightsaswellasthedutiesofthe workingclasses.

InitsownsphereofsocialandreligiousthoughttheEncyclicalstandsunequalledbyanyotherdocumenthithertoproduced.Whenthousandsofpretentiousvolumes,nowissuingfromthe press,willhaveservedtheirbrief,ephemeralpurpose,theLeonineEncyclicalwillstillcommandthesamerespectthatitreceivesto-day.

Toindicatethepositionheldbythe illustriousauthorandthesignificance attachedtohisEncyclical,wegivethe estimateofanon-Catholic,ajournalist, amanofletters,aneditoraccustomed toreviewingwithcriticaleyethecurrenteventsoftheday. "WhenthePopedied,"wroteW.T. Stead,intheAmerican"MonthlyReviewofReviews,"forAugust,1903,"the greatestamonguspassedaway.Greatestinstation,greatestinfame,greatest inthewisdomofthestatesman.Leo XIIIwastheNestorofthehumanrace. Hehadnofellowwhilehelived,andin hisdeathhehadnopeer."

Realisingtothefullthesocial,no lessthanthereligious,benefitsconferreduponmankindbythisSupreme Pontiff,andhisconstantsolicitudefor theoppressedanddisinheritedthroughouttheworld,thefamousAmericanreviewerlookeduponhimwithblended feelingsofadmiration,reverence,and genuineaffectionas"one,"hetellsus, "whospenthislife-thewhole93years ofit-inanhonest,wearilessattemptto bringheavendownfromtheskies,so thatevenhereandnowthetoil-worn childrenofmenshouldrealisesomethingofthepeaceandjoyofParadise."

ThatthePapacywastheidealvantagegroundforthesolutionofthesocialquestion,asofsomanyotherproblemsconcerningthetemporalandthe spiritualwelfareofmankind,thewriter hadtheinsighttoclearlycomprehend Evenfromapurelyworldlypointof viewhecouldrecognisewhathedescribesas"theimmensepossibilitiesfor goodthatlielatentinwhathedescribesas"theimmensepossibilitiesfor goodthatlielatentinwhatmightbe termedthecentralheadquartersofthe IntelligenceDepartmentofthemoral senseofmankind."

HisWordsLiveOn.

Thus,too,attheobsequiesofthe greatPontiff,hesays:'Protestant, FreethinkerandCatholicsorrowedas brotheratthetomboftheircommon father."Inthesamemanner,menofall creedsornonestilllistenwitheager eartohiswordsofsocialwisdom,utteredlongago,butwhichremain,living, penetrating,andproductiveto-day,no lessthanbefore"thefrailandfragile anatomy,whichhadservedasalantern revealingthesoulthatglowedwithin, waslaidtorestinthetombofwhite carraramarble."

WhatOzanamattemptedforFrance, whatBishopvonKettelersoughtto accomplishfortheworkingmenofGermany,thatLeoXIIIwishedtodofor allmankind.Hewasinfullesttruth theworld'sgreatLiberator,andhis mightyworkcontinuestothepresent dayasitwilllastonthroughtheages.

OfRerumNovarumW.T.Stead wrote:"Stringtogethersomeofitssonorouspassagesanditreadslikeanew declarationoftheRightsofMan."

Tomakegoodhisstatementandto enablethereadertojudgeforhimself, Steadmarshalledpassageafterpassage fromtheEncyclical,fillinghiscolumns withthePope'sdefenceoftherightsof thetoilingmassesandofthejusticedue tothem,aswellaswithhisboldand undauntedexpositionofthelegitimate meansfortheirprogressandself-development.Noonereadingthoseparagraphs,groupedtogetherbytheAmericanreviewer,couldfailtoagree withhiminhisultimateconclusion:

"ThereisnodoubtthatthePopedid throwthewholeforceofhisenormous influenceinfavourofusingtheChurch asaninstrumentforimprovingthe conditionofthepeople."

APRIZEOF£20.

AssociatedwiththeNo.94Charities Consultationtherewillbeadrawing nextSaturday,May17,atnoon,for£100 prizemoney,whichincludesafirst prizeof£20.Thedrawingwillbe donebyMr.J.H.Glowrey,proprietor ofthePalaceHotel.Allticketsin Saturday'sdrawingwilllatertakepart inthebigdrawingfor£6,000,firstprize intheNo.94Consultation.

LOST.

GoldDiamondBirdBrooch,inCathedral,GoodFriday.Finderplease leaveatChurchOffice,VictoriaAvenue, Reward.

LATEMR.P.J.HART.

Weregrettolearnofthedeathon Wednesday,May7(his66th.birthday) ofMr.P.J.(Paddy)Hart,whosuccumbedafteralongperiodofill-health. Mr.Hartservedhisapprenticeshipat `TheRecord"andafterwardsjourneyedtoGeraldton,wherehewasemployed onthestaffofthe"GeraldtonExpress." ReturningtoPerthsometwoyears laterheobtainedapositionattheGovernmentPrintingOffice,whereheremaineduntilhisretirementsomefive yearsago.Mr.Harttookakeeninterestinunionaffairsandforatime filledthepositionofFatherofthe G.P.O.ComposingRoomChapel.He alsoshowedalivelyinterestinfriendlysocieties'workandrepresentedhis lodgeonthemanagingcommitteeofthe FriendlySocieties'Dispensary.For aperiodoftwoyearsMr.Hartwas associatedwithmunicipalworkatSubiacoandwascouncillorfortheCentralWardontheSubiacoMunicipal Council.Hehadalargecircleof friendswhowillregrettohearofhis demise.AnumberofPaddy'sold workmatesattendedthefuneralonthe Thursdaymorningtopayafinaltributetotheirlatecomrade.

"TheRecord"extendsdeepestsympathytohiswidowandfamily.

DEATH.

HART.-OnMay7(hisbirthday),at Glendalough,PatrickJoseph(Paddy), dearlybelovedhusbandofCharlotte Rose,of80Tate-street,WestLeederville;devotedfatherofMaryVeronica(deceased),Clarrie(A.A.C.,Home Defence),Dollie(Mrs.J.Chegwidden, BambooCreek),Eileen(Mrs.H.Chegwidden,OraBanda),Pat(A.I.F., abroad),Stan(R.A.A.F.,PointCook), May(Mrs.R.G.Pusey);fondbrother-in-lawofNellieSwitsur,fond father-in-lawofEdna,Joe,Babe,and Dick,lovedgrandfatherofeleven grandchildren;aged66years.R.I.P. AddInMemoriam. Mgos:

INMEMORIAM.

MGCONNELLe-Edward;James,Who departedfromthislifeonOctober14, 1940. MostSacredHeartofJesushave mercyonhissoul.

-Insertedbyhislovingdaughterand son-in-law,KittyandPatCanalli; grandchildrenPatricia,Veronicaand John.

RYAN-Inlovingmemoryofour dearhusbandandfather,John Thomas,whopassedawayMay20, 1938,atPerth. SacredHeartofJesus,havemercy onhissoul. -Insertedbyhislovingwifeand family.

PiusXISurveysWorldEffects ofLeo'sEncyclical

ThebestsurveyoftheeffectsofPopeLeo's"immortalEncyclical" wasmadebyPopePiusXI,when,incommemorationofitsfortiethanniversary,heissuedhisowndistinguishedEncyclical,"QuadragesimoAnno." Pius,inhisEncyclical,setoutto"vindicatethesocialandeconomicdoctrineofsogreataMasteragainstcertaindoubtswhichhavearisen,and todevelopmorefullysomeofitspoints."

WEcannotrefrainfrompayingto AlmightyGodthetributeof Ourearnestgratitudeforthe benefitswhichhavecomefromtheEncyclicalofLeoXIII.ForWerememberthecounselofSt.Ambrose:"No dutyismoreurgentthanthatofreturningthanks."WereWetoenumerate thesebenefitseveninacursoryway,it wouldbenecessarytorecallalmostthe wholesocialhistoryofthepastforty years.Wemaysummarisethemcon,enientlyunderthreeheads,corres)ondingtothethreeformsofinterventionforwhichOurPredecessorpleaded inordertobringabouthisgreatwork ofreconstruction.

WhatWasDonebytheChurch.

Inthefirstplace,Leohimselfclearly statedwhatcouldbeexpectedfromthe Church:"TheChurchinsists,onthe authorityoftheGospel,uponthose teachingswherebytheconflictcanbe broughttoanend,orrenderedatleast farlessbitter;theChurchusesher effortsnotonlytoenlightenthemind, buttodirectbyherpreceptsthelife andconductofeachandall;the Churchimprovesandbetterstheconditionoftheworking-manbymeansof numerousorganisations." InDoctrinalMatters.

Thismightypowerforgood,the Churchdidnotsuffertoremainunprofitablystoredaway,butdrewupon itfreelyinthecauseofapeacethat wassouniversallydesired.Timeand againthesocialandeconomicdoctrine oftheEncyclical,''RerumNovarum," wasproclaimedandemphasisedin spokenandwrittenwordbyLeoXIII. himselfandbyhisSuccessors,Who wereevercarefultoadaptittothe changingconditionsofthetimesand Whoneverrelaxedtheirpaternalsolicitudeandpastoralconstancy,particularlyindefenceofthepoorandofthe weak.Withlikezealanderuditiondid numerousBishopsoftheCatholicworld interpretandcommentuponthisdoctrine,andapplyit,accordingtothe mindandinstructionsoftheHolySee, tothespecialcircumstancesofthe variousnations.

Itisnotsurprising,therefore,that undertheteachingandguidanceofthe Churchmanylearnedpriestsandlaymenearnestlydevotedthemselvesto theproblemofelaboratingsocialand economicscienceinaccordancewith theconditionsofourage,forthechief

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purposeofadaptingtomodernneeds theunchangingandunchangeabledoctrineoftheChurch.

Undertheguidanceandinthelight ofLeo'sEncyclicalwasthusevolveda trulyChristiansocialscience,Which continuestobefosteredandenriched dailybythetirelesslaboursofthose pickedmenwhomWehavenamedthe auxiliariesoftheChurch.Theydonot allowittoremainhiddeninlearned obscurity,butbringitforthintothe fullviewofpubliclife,asisclearly shownbythevaluableandwell-frequentedcoursesfoundedinCatholic universities,academies,andseminaries; bysocialcongresses,and"weeks"held atfrequentintervals,andwithgratifyingsuccess;bystudycircles;bysound andtimelypublicationsspreadfarand wide.

Norwerethesetheonlyblessings whichfollowedfromtheEncyclical. Thedoctrineof'RerumNovarum"beganlittlebylittletopenetrateamong thosealsowho,beingoutsideCatholic unity,donotrecognisetheauthorityof theChurch;andthusCatholicprinciplesofsociologygraduallybecame partoftheintellectualheritageofthe wholehumanrace.Thus,too,WerejoicethattheCatholictruthsproclaimedsovigorouslybyOurillustriousPredecessorareadvancedandadvocated, notmerelyinnon-Catholicbooksand journals,butfrequentlyalsoinlegislativeassembliesandincourtsofjustice.

Moreover,when,aftertheGreatWar, therulersoftheleadingnationswished torestorepeacebyanentirereform ofsocialconditions,andamongother measures,drewupprinciplestoregulatethejustrightsofLabour,manyot theirconclusionsagreedsoperfectly withtheprinciplesandwarningsof LeoXIIIastoseemexpresslydeduced fromthem.TheEncyclical"Rerum Novarum"hasbecomeintruthamemorabledocumenttowhichmaywillbe appliedthewordsofIsaias"Astandardsetupuntothenations!"

InPracticalApplication. Inthemeantime,studyr,.ndinvestigationcausedPopeLeo'steachinc,to becomewidelyknownthroughoutthe world,andstepsweretakentoapplyit topracticaluse.Inthefirstplace, inaspiritofactivebeneficence,every effortwasmadetoliftupaclassof menwho,owingtotheexpansionof modernindustry,hadenormouslyincreasedinnumbers,butwhoserightful positioninsocietyhadnotvet1-een determined,andwho,inconsequence, weretheobjectsofmuchneglectand contempt.Theseweretheworkingmen.Inaddition,therefore,totheir otherheavypastoralduties,thesecularandregularclergy,undertheguidanceoftheBishops,beganatoncethe workofpopulareducationandculture, totheimmenseadvantageofsouls.This constantendeavourtoimbuetheminds oftheworkingmenwiththeChristian spiritdidmuchtoawakeninthemat thesametimeasenseoftheirtruedignity.Bykeepingclearlybeforetheir mindstherightsanddutiesoftheir position,itrenderedthemcapableof legitimateandgenuineprogress,and ofbecomingleadersoftheirfellows.

Fromthattimeonward,theresourcesoflifewereprovidedforinlarger measureandmoresecurely.Inanswer totheappealofthePontiff,worksof beneficenceandcharitybegantomultiply.Underthedirectionofthe Church,andfrequentlyundertheguidanceofherpriests,sprangupfurther aneverincreasingnunjberofnewinstitutions,bywhichworkingmen,craftsmen,husbandmen,wage-earnersof everyclass,couldgiveandreceivemutualassistanceandsupport.

WhatWasDonebyCivilAuthority.

Withregardtothecivilpower,Leo XIIIboldlypassedbeyondtherestrictionsimposedbyLiberalism,andfearlesslyproclaimedthedoctrinethatthe civilpowerismorethanthemereguardianoflawandorder,andthatitmust strivewithallzeal"tomakesurethat thelawsandinstitutions,thegeneral characterandadministrationofthe commonwealth,shouldbesuchasof themselvestorealisepublicwell-being andprivateprosperity."Itistrueindeed,thatajustfreedomofaction shouldbelefttoindividualcitizensand families;butthisprincipleisonlyvalid aslongasthecommongoodissecure andnoinjusticeisentailed.Theduty ofrulersistoprotectthecommunity

WHOISPROGRESSIVE?

Itwentsofarandsounexpectedlyinadvanceofits timethattheslowofheart ridiculedthestudyofthenew socialphilosophy,andthetimid fearedtoscaleitsloftyheights. Norweretherewantingthose who,whileprofessingtheiradmirationforthismessageof light,regardeditasautopian ideal,desirableratherthanattainableinpractice."

anditsvariouselements;andinpro- tectingtherightsofindividuals,they musthavespecialregardfortheinfirm andneedy."Forthericherclasshave manywaysofshieldingthemselves,and standlessinneedofhelpfromthe State;whereasthemassofthepoor havenoresourcesoftheirowntofall backupon,andmustchieflydepend upontheassistanceoftheState.And forthisreasonwage-earners,sincethey mostiybelongtothatclass,shouldbe speciallycaredforandprotectedbythe Government." Wedonot,ofcourse,denythateven beforetheEncyclicalofLeo,some rulershadprovidedforthemoreurgent needsoftheworkingclasses,andhad checkedthemoreflagrantactsofinjusticeperpetratedagainstthem.But attertheApostolicvoice-lfadsounded fromtheChairofPeterthroughoutthe world,theleadersofthenationsbecameatlastmorefullyconsciousof theirobligations,andsettoworkseriouslytopromoteabroadersocialpolicy. Infact,theEncyclical"RerumNovarum"completelyoverthrewthosetotteringtenetsofLiberalismwhichhad longhamperedeffectiveinterferenceby theGovernment.Itprevailedupon thepeoplethemselvestodeveloptheir socialpolicymoreintenselyandon truerlines,andencouragedtheelite amongCatholiostogivesuchefficacioushelpandassistancetorulersofthe State,thatinlegislativeassemblies theywerenotinfrequentlytheforemostadvocatesofthenewpolicy.Fur- thermore,notafewrecentlawsdealing withsocialquestionswereoriginally proposedtothesuffragesofthepeo- ple'srepresentativesbyecclesiastics thoroughlyimbuedwithLeo'steaching, whoafterwardswithwatchfulcarepro-motedandfosteredtheirexecution.

Asaresultofthesesteadyandtirelessefforts,therehasarisenanew branchofjurisprudenceunknownto earliertimes,whoseaimistheenergetic defenceofthosesacredrightsofthe workingmanwhichproceedfromhis dignityasamanandasaChristian. Theselawsconcernthesoul,thehealth, thestrength,thehousing,workshops, wages,dangerousemployments:ina word,allthatconcernsthewage-earners,withparticularregardtowomen andchildren.Eventhoughtheseregulationsdonotagreealwazs,pndin everydetailwiththerecormiffelidations ofPopeLeo,itisnonethelesscertain thatmuchwhichtheycontainis stronglysuggestiveof"RerumNovarum,"towhichinlargemeasuremust beattributedtheimprovedcondition oftheworkingmen.

WhatWasDonebythePartiesConcerned.

"Inthelastplace,"thewisePontiff pointedout,employersandworkmen mayofthemselveseffectmuchinthe matterwearetreating,bymeansof suchorganisationsasaffordopportune aidtothosewhoareindistress,and whichdrawthetwoclassesmorecloselytogether."Amongthese,heattributedprimeimportancetosocieties consistingeitherofworkmenaloneor ofworkingmenandemployerstogether. Hedevotesmuchspacetodescribing andcommendingthesesocieties,and expoundswithremarkableprudence theirnature,reason,andopportunities, theirrights,duties,andlaws.

Thelessonwaswelltimed.Forat thatperiodrulersofnotafewnations weredeeplyinfectedwithLiberalism, andregardedsuchunionsofworkingmenwithdisfavour,ifnotwithopen hostility.Whilereadilyrecognising andpatronisingsimilarcorporations amongstotherclasses,withcriminalinjusticetheydeniedtheinnaterightof formingassociationstothosewhoneededthemmostforself-protectionagainst oppressionbythemorepowerful.There wereevenCatholicswhoviewedwith suspiciontheeffortsofthelabouring classestoformsuchunions,asifthey reflectedthespiritofsocialisticorrevolutionaryagitators.

Workingmen'Unions.

Worthyofallpraise,therefore,are thedirectionsauthoritativelypromulgatedbyLeoXIII,whichservedto

breakdownthisonpositionanddispel thesesuspicions.Theyhaveastill higherdistinction,however:thatofencouragingChristianworkingmento formunionsaccordingtotheirseveral trades,andofteachingthemhowto doit.Manywerethusconfirmedin thepathofduty,inspiteofthevehementattractionsofSocialistorganisations,whichclaimedtobethesole defendersandchampionsofthelowly andoppressed.

TheEncyclical"RerumNovarum" declaredmostappropriatelythatthese workingmen'sassociationsshouldbeso organisedandgovernedastofurnish thebestandmostsuitablemeansfor attainingwhatisaimedat-thatisto say,forhelpingeachmembertobetter hisconditiontotheutmostinbody, soulandproperty;"yetthatitisclear "thattheymustpayspecialandchief attentiontothedutiesofreligionand morality,andthatsocialbetterment shouldhavethischieflyinview."For "thefoundationofsociallawsbeing thuslaidinreligion,itisnothardto establishtherelationsofmembersone toanother,inorderthattheymaylive togetherinconcordandachieveprosperity."

Eagertocarryouttothefullthe programmeofLeoXIII,theclergyand manyofthelaitydevotedthemselves everywherewithadmirablezealtothe creationofsuchunions,whichinturn becameinstrumentalinbuildingupa bodyoftrulyChristianworkingmen. Thesehappilycombinedthesuccessful plyingoftheirtradewithdeepreligiousconvictions;theylearnedtodefend theirtemporalrightsandinterestsenergeticallyand(efficiently,retainingat thesametisneduerespectforjustice andasinceredesiretocollaboratewith otherclasses.Thustheypreparedthe wayforaChristianrenewalofthe wholesociallife.

ThesecounselsofLeoXIIIwerereducedtopracticedifferentlyindifferentplaces.Insomecountries,oneand thesameassociationincludedwithin itsscopealltheendsandpurposesproposedbyhim.Inothers,according ascircumstancesseemedtocounselor demand,adivisionoffunctiondeveloped,andvariousassociationswerefounded.Ofthesesomeundertooktheprotectionoftherightsandlegitimateinterestsoftheirmembersinthehiringof theirlabour;othershadastheirobjecttheprovisionofmutualhelpin economicmatters;whileothers,still, wereexclusivelyconcernedwithreligiousandmoraldutiesandpursuitsofa similarkind.

Thelattermethodwaschieflyused whereverthelawsofthecountry,or peculiareconomicconditions,orthe lamentabledissensionofmindsand heartssoprevalentinmodernsociety, orthenecessityofunitingforcesto combatthegrowingranksofrevolutionaries,madeitimpossibleforCatholicstoformCatholicunions.Under suchcircumstances,theyseemtohave nochoicebuttoenrolthemselvesin neutraltradeunions.These,however, shouldalwaysrespectjusticeand equity,andleavetotheirCatholic membersfullfreedomtofollow'thedictatesoftheirconscience,andtoobey thepreceptsoftheChurch.Itbe-

songstotheBishopstopermitCatholic workingmentojointheseunions,where theyjudgethatcircumstancesrender .tnecessaryandthereappearsnodangerforreligion,observing,however,the rulesandprecautionsrecommendedby OurPredecessorofsaintlymemory, PiusX.Amongtheseprecautionsthe firstandmostimportantisthatside bysidewiththesetradeunions,there mustalwaysbeassociationswhichaim atgivingtheirmembersathorough religiousandmoraltraining,thatthese inturnmayimparttothelabourunions towhichtheybelongtheuprightspirit whichshoulddirecttheirentireconduct.Thuswilltheseunionsexerta beneficentinfluencefarbeyondthe ranksoftheirownmembers.

Itmustbesettothecreditofthe Encyclicalthattheseunionsofworkingmenhaveeverywheresoflourished thatinourdays,thoughunfortunately stillinferiorinnumbertotheorganisationsofSocialistsandCommunists, theyalreadymusteranimnosingbody

THEWORKERKNEWHIS DEFENDER.

"Withparticularenthusiasmwas thePontificalLetterRerum Novarum)welcomedbyChristtianworkingmen,whofeltthemselvesvindicatedanddefended bythehighestauthorityon earth,andbyallthosedevoted menwhoseconcernithadlong beentobettertheconditionof Labour,andwho,heretofore, hadfoundnothingbutgeneral indifference,nottosayunfriendlysuspicion,orevenopenhostility."

-PiusXI.

ofwage-earnersabletomaintainsuccessfully,bothinnationalandinternationalassemblies,therightsandlegitimatedemandsofCatholiclabourers, andtoassistthesavingprincipleson whichChristiansocietyisbased.

OrganisationsAmongOtherClasses.

Thereisthefurtherfactthatthe doctrineconcerningtheinnaterightof formingunions,whichLeoXIIItreatedsolearnedlyanddefendedsobravely,begantofindreadyapplicationto corporationsotherthanthoseofworkingmen.Itwouldseem,therefore,that theEncyclicalisinnosmallmeasure responsibleforthegratifyingincrease andspreadofassociationsamongst farmersandothersofthehumbler classes.Theseexcellentorganisations, withothersofasimilarkind,happily, combineeconomicadvantageswith mentalculture.

AssociationsofEmployers.

Associationsofemployersandcaptainsofindustry,whichOurPredecessorsoearnestlypleadedfor,didnot meetwiththesamesuccess;theyare, 1Veregrettosay,stillfewinnumber. Thereasonforthismustnotbeentirelyattributedtowantofgood-will,but tootherandfarmoreseriousobstacles, whosenatureandgravityWewell knowandappreciatetothefull.There are,however,well-foundedhopesthat theseobstaclesalsowillshortlyberemoved.Wehailevennowwithdeep joyofsoulcertainexperimentsfar fromnegligiblewhichhavebeenmade inthisregard,andwhichhavealready producedmuchfruit,andgiverichpromiseforthefuture.

Conclusion:"RerumNovarum,"The MagnaChartaoftheSocialOrder.

ThesebeneficentresultsofLeo'sEncyclical,VenerableBrethrenandBelovedChildren,whichWehaveheresuggestedratherthandescribed,areso manyandsogreatastoprovebeyond questionthatthisimmortaldocument exhibitsmorethanabeautifulbut merelyimaginarypictureofhumansociety.WeshouldrathersaythatOur IllustriousPredecessordrewfromthe Gospel,asfromalivingandlifegiving -ource,doctrinescapable,ifnotofsettlingatonce,atleastofconsiderably mitigating,thefatalinternalstrife NViliChrendsthehumanfamily.That thegoodseedsownwithalavishhand fortyyearsagofellinpartongood groundisshownbytherichharvest which,byGod'sfavour,theChurchof Christandthewholehumanracehave reapeduntosalvation.Itwouldnot berashtosaythatduringthelong yearsofitsusefulness,Leo'sEncyclical hasproveditselfthe"MagnaCharta" onwhichallChristianactivitiesinsocialmattersareultimatelybased.

Nevertheless,therearesomewho seemtoattachlittleimportancetothis Encyclicalandtothepresentanniversarycelebration.Thesemeneither slanderadoctrineofwhichtheyare entirelyignorant,or,ifnotunacquaintedwiththisteaching,theybetraytheir failuretounderstandit;orelse,ifthey understandit,theylaythemselvesopen tothechargeofbaseinjusticeandingratitude.

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SAVEMONEY

PioneersoftheCatholic SocialMovement

PrecursorsandContemporaries ofLeoXIII

Thewritingof"RerunsNovarum"bythegreatPopeLeoXIII,waspre- cededbytheteachingandactivityofseveralgreatmeninvariouscountries. Thetremendousimpetusoftheindustrialrevolutionnotonlythrewthe massofworkersintoaconditionlittleremovedfromslaverybutleftthein- tellectualsandotherswhoshouldhavebeentheirleadersinprofoundconfusionofmind.Outofthiswelterofintellectualchaosemergedmany schoolsoffalsesocialteaching.ButthroughtheChurchGodraisedup clear-thinking,courageousmentoleadmenbacktoreligion,andhencealsoto afree,independentsociallife.Thecareersofafewrepresentativefiguresare givenbelow:

"MYGREATPRECURSOR" (LEOXIII).

BISHOPWILHELMVONKETTELER(1811-1877).

ThepioneerofCatholicsocialtheory andactioninGermanywasBishopVon Ketteler.Amanofmarkedability andenergy,andanaturalleaderof men,vonKettelerledacrusadeinindustrialisedbutCatholicprovincesof theRhineagainsttheiniquitiesofthe factorysystem.Hedeclaredin1848 thatthemosturgenttaskofthetime wastobringreligiontobearupon socialconditions,andthattheirsolution laynotprimarilywiththeStatebut withtheChurch.AgainstMarxand Lassalleheenunciatedthetrueprinciplesconcerningproperty,humanresponsibilityandsocialjustice.His greatsuccesslayinthefactthathe wroteandspokeas"menspeakinthe street"beingintimatelyacquainted withthedailylifeoftheworkingman.

From1864hebegantoadvocatethe formationofproducers'co-operatives. "Wedonotknow,"hewrote,"when andhowChristianitywillsavethe workersbytheplanofassociation,but wearesurethatonedayitwillrealise allthatisgood,trueandpracticalin theidea.Whileadvocatingthelegal protectionoflabour,Kettelerlooked forwardtothelargerpolicyoftheindustrialreorganisationofsocietyon thebasisofvocationalorderorguilds. Intheyearhediedhewroteinanunfinishedwork:"Thisisthegreattask tobeaccomplished-toreestablish,on aconstitutionalbasis-naturalgroupings,especiallyofworkers."Hedevelopedfiveconditionsfortheright workingofthisschemewhichcoincide withtheoutlineofcorporationsgiven byPiusXIin"QuadragesimoAnno." Thesolutionoftheproblemsofthecorporativereorganisationofsocietyisthe greatlegacywhichvonKettelerhas lefttotheCatholicsocialmovementof allcountries.

CARDINALGIBBONS(1834-1921).

IntheUnitedStates,CardinalGibbonsmadehimselftheprotectorofthe KnightsofLabour,apowerfultrade p J.NEILSON,Optician S.DANNELL,F.S,M.C.(London), W.A.O.A.

OPTOMETRIST. Tel.:B1616 16PLAZAARCADE,PERTH.

NINIIVON STURMERandSON (LateHallion's), BAKERS. 90JOHNSTREET,NORTH FREMANTLE. (Tel.2739.) PrizeWinnersRoyalShow. DeliveriesThroughoutFremantle.

union.HewasinconstantandintimatetouchwithCardinalManning,and itwaslargelyowingtotheEnglishand AmericandignitariesthatPopeLeo XIIIgavethelongandcarefulattentiontotheconditionoftheworking classeswhichresultedinthepublicationof"RerunsNovarum."

CARDINALMANNING(1808-92).

The'dockers'Cardinal"settledthe greatdockstrikeof1889.OfGladstone hedemandedreform20yearsbefore Leo'sEncyclical:"Whycannotyoudo thesethingsforthelabourer?Prohibit thelabourofchildrenunderacertain age.Compelpaymentofwagesin money.Regulatethenumberofdwellingsaccordingtothepopulationof parishes.Establishtribunalsofarbitrationincountiesforquestionsbetweenlabourandland.Ifourunions wereliketheguilds,whichcreatedthe CityofLondon,Ishouldnotfearthem. Butthesoulisnotthere."Heeven attemptedtosolvetheproblemofunemploymentbyaschemeofEmpiresettlement.Manningearnedforhimself thetitleofFriendofthePoor."The poor,"hesaid,"whopossessneither landnorcapitalhavetherighttolife andtothesustenanceoflife..

"FromHenryVIIItillCharlesII,the possessionoflandhadbeenpassing fromthemanytothefew.Inproportiontothepopulationitwasneverheld insofewhandsasatthisday.Itis agravedangertotreatthenaturalright ofthepoorasapopulardelusion.If therichshouldbetaughttodenythis naturalright,ahabitofmindfullof misconceptionandunnaturalwouldbe formedinthem;andifthepoorwere toknowthatthislastnaturalrightin themselvesandtheirchildrenwasdenied,adangerousresentmentwould Inevitablyarise.

Hewasequallyemphaticinfavourof TradeUnions:"Whatamancandofor himself,theStateshouldnotdofor him,"hewrote."Andtheconverse isgood.Thereforeself-helpiscollective.ThereforeUnion."

Againhewrote:"Idonotbelieve thatthepowetfulrelationsofemployersandemployedwilleverbesafely andsolidlysecureduntilthejustand dueproportionbetweenprofitsand wageshavebeenrecognised,laiddown, andpubliclyknowntogovernallfree contractsbetweencapitalandlabour."

"Alas!weseethedivisionwhichexistsinsocietygrowingdeeperand widereveryday.Itisnotpolitical opinionsthatdividemen;itissomethinglessthanopinions;itistheirintereststhatsunderthem.Hereisthe campoftherich,therethecampof thepoor. Itisawrongtothedignityofhumannaturewhenthemaster looksontheworkernotasanassociate orassistant,butasatooltobeused forthemostprofitattheleastcost."

Alreadyin1838Ozanamwaspreaching theworkers'naturalrighttoaLiving Wageandhisrighttoorganiselabour associations,arighttakenfromthe workersbytheFrenchRevolution,and notthenrestoredbyFrenchlaw.The workers'righttoprotectionbylegislationagainsttheexploitingpowerof capital,wasalsoproclaimedbyOzanam atthistimewhenLaissez-Fairewas thereigningpolicyinFranceaswellas England.

PORTUGAL.

SALAZAR-

ProductofaCatholicActionStudy Group, states:"Thefundamentalcharacterof ourrulecomesfromthecorporativeorganisationcombinedinaStatepossessinganauthoritywhich willdepend aboveallonreason,goodness,thepublicinterest ouronlylimitsarethe superiorprincipleswhichrulelife-justiceandcharity,duetoallmen,and thewell-beingofthenation."

(OhisLast

Decade

GROWTHOFATHEISTICCOMMUNISM

NationsReacttoCatholicPrinciples

"Thespiritofrevolutionarychange"whichLeoXIIInotedatthetime ofwriting"RerumNovarum"ashaving"passedbeyondthesphereofpolitics andmadeitsinfluencefeltinthecognatesphereofpracticaleconomics,"has givenaquitedistinctivecharactertothesocialhistoryofthepasttenyears. ChieflyithasbeenremarkableforthegrowthofwhatPiusXIdescribedas the"satanicscourge"ofCommunism.

SoserioushadthemenacebecomethatPiusXIfeltitnecessarytowarn theworldinanEncyclicalletter,"DiviniRedemptoris":"Thismodernrevolution,"wrotethePope,inMarch,1937,"hasactuallybrokenoutorthreatens everywhere,anditexceedsinamplitudeandviolenceanythingyetexperienced intheprecedingpersecutionslaunchedagainsttheChurch."

ThefactthatCommunismwasblindlyacceptedbythousandsofworkers wasattributedtothe"religiousand moraldestitutioninwhichwage-earners hadbeenleftbyliberaleconomics,in theshrewdandwidespreadpropaganda ofthemovementandtothe"conspiracyofsilence'onthepartofalarge sectionofthenon-Catholicpressofthe world.Actualpersecutionwascarried oninRussia,MexicoandSpain. Yettherewasatwofoldreaction-towardstotalitarianisminNazismand Fascismontheonehand,andtowards Catholicprinciplesofsocialjusticeon theother.TheaccompanyingextractsandtributesoutlinetheinfluenceofCatholicsocialthoughtinvariousnations:AMERICA.

F.D.ROOSEVELT.

PopePiusXII,towardsthecloseof 1939,wroteanEncyclicalLettertothe AmericanNation.Amongother thingshenoted:

"Thewagesofworkers-asisjustaretobesuchthattheyaresufficient tomaintaintheworkersandtheirfamilies.Wecannotbutapprovethatthe workersandthefarmers,aswellas theiremployees,shouldunitetogether insocietiesforthedefenceoftheir rights,accordingtotherulesofjustice andhonesty:thattheworkersshould uniteinaccordancewiththeadmirable directionsindicatedinRerumNovarum,'EncyclicalofLeoXIII,and the'QuadragesimoAnno'Encyclicalof PiusXI,sothatwemayseeatlasta solutiontothisoldanddifficultproblem,tothecreditoftheAmerican people."

"Hereisapolicyforthefirsttime-ifweexcepttheexperimentinPortugal-basedalmostconfessedlyupon thePapelEncyclicals."

-ChristopherHollis.1936.

In1939officialrecognitionbythe UnitedStatesoftheCatholicBishops' ProgrammeofSocialReconstruction wasgivenwhen,bytheunanimous voteoftheSenate,itwasprintedasa Senatedocument.

AUSTRALIA.

ARCHBISHOPSIMONDS(Hobart), saidin1939:"WeAustralianspride ourselvesontheprogresswhichwe havemadeinsocialreform,butwe areonlytinkeringwiththeproblemas longasweallowtheconditionofclass warfaretoreigninindustry.Dowe flatterourselvesthatwehaveextended socialjusticetotheworkingmanwhen weexpectamarriedmantorearhis familyindecentcomfortonabasic wagewhichthesinglemanfindsscarcelyadequateforareasonablycomfortableexistence. Ioftenpraythat GodwillraiseupinAustraliaaninspiredandinspiringleaderwhowill guideourpeoplefreely,notbytheuse oftyrannicalforce,toareconstruction ofoursocialorder;areconstruction whichwillsubstitutetheorganicconceptionofindustriallifefortheclasswarwhichdisgracesitto-day."

AUSTRIA.

LATEDR.DOLLFUSS.

"HeconceivedtheprojectofafundamentalreorganisationoftheAustrianStateonthebasisoftheprinciplesofthePapalEncyclical,"Quad. ragesimoAnno,"aimingtogivethe peoplelibertytotakepartinpublic affairswithintheframeworkoftheCorporativeState."

-Dr.Schuschnigg.

BELGIUM. CANONCARDIJN, FounderoftheJ.O.C.

ThepentecostalsuccessoftheJ.O.C. hasbeensuchthatPiusXIsaidofit: "Thisisthefinishedarticle."Itis thePapalidealofCatholicActionbecoming"asocialapostolatealso,inasmuchasitsobjectistospreadthe KingdomofJesusChristnotonly amongindividualsbutalsoinfamilies andsociety."

CanonCardijn"hadthecourageto saytotheworkers:Thereisonlyone

doctrinethatcansavetheworkers hereandhereafter;itisthedoctrine whichalonetakesintoaccountthedivineoriginandthedivinedestinyof eachworkman.Itisnotadoctrine, reservedtoonenation,tooneclassof humanity,butitisadoctrineforall. 1ouarenotmachines,theslavesofthe rich,beastsofburden;youaresons anddaughtersofGod,youarethecollaboratorsofGod.Everymancan callGodhisfatherandhisheritage eternal.'

CANADA.

CARDINALVILLENEUVE,O.M.I.

CardinalVilleneuve,0.M.1.,stated earlythisyear:"What)isneededtin Canada)isthecorporatism,outlinedby PopePiusXI,whichisbasedupon Christiancharityandsuppleenoughto be,andtocorrect,democracy.We mustrebuild.Butitisnotnecessary inrebuildingthatweshouldrenounce oursystemofconstitutionaldemocracy. Ithasitsfaults,buttothemChristian corporatismcanbringthenecessary corrections."

AmessagefromOttawa,onFebruary 12,1941,announcedthataplanforthe self-governmentandconstructionofindustry,withemployersandemployees takingequalsharesincontrol,had beenadoptedbyemployersinconferencewithLabourrepresentatives.

EIRE.

EAMONDEVALERA.

"Seekingtopromotethecommon good,withdueobservanceofPrudence, JusticeandCharity,sothatthedignity andfreedomoftheindividualmaybe assured,truesocialorderattained,the unityofourcountryrestored,andconcordestablishedwithothernations.... TheStaterecognisestheFamilyasthe naturalprimaryandfundamentalunit groupofSociety,andasamoralinstitutionpossessinginalienableandimprescriptiblerights,antecedentand superiortoallpositivelaw.TheState, therefore,guaranteestoprotectthe family-asindispensabletothewelfare oftheNationandtheState. The StatepledgesitselftoguardwithspecialcaretheinstitutionofMarriage... TheStateacknowledgesthatman,in virtueofhisrationalbeing,hasthe naturalrightantecedenttopf)itivelaw, totheprivateownershipOfexternal goods. TheStateacknowledges thatthehomageofpublicworshipis 'duetoAlmightyGod.Itshallhold HisNameinreverence,andshallrespectandhonourreligion....TheState shall,inparticular,directitspolicytowardssecuringthat,especially,the operationoffreecompetitionshallnot beallowedsotodevelopastoresult intheconcentrationoftheownership orcontrolofessentialcommoditiesin afewindividualstothecommondetriment." -IrishConstitution,1937.

ENGLAND.

CARDINALHINSLEY.

CardinalHinsley,inhisAdventPastoralletter,1937,wrote:"WewellrememberthatthegreatcharterofChristianEconomics,LeoXIII's'Rerum Novarum'(1891),thoughhailedeven bymanynon-Catholiceconomistsasa landmarkinsocialscience,arousedno permanentinterestinEngland,althoughendorsedandelucidatedbythat greatfriendoftheworker,ourpredecessor,CardinalManning.

"Catholiccapitalistsignoredit,and thusCatholicworkerslackedleadersto graspandapplyitsteaching.

"TenyearslaterthePopetried,but invain,toengage'theco-operationof leadingmen,'tellingthemtheywerenot freetochoosewhethertheywouldtake upthecauseofthepoorornot.'Itis,' hesaid,'amatterofsimpleduty.'

"Accordingly,those'leadingmen withwideopportunitiesofeffectualaid,' ofwhomLeoXIIIspoke,willpromote notonlythecauseofreligionbutalso ofsocialwelfareiftheytaketheir standuponwhollyChristianprinciples inallbusinessenterprises."

OURANCESTORS THEAPES

PARTII.

THEORIGINOFSPECIES.

Leavingthisquestionoflife'sorigin unsolvedweturntoanewproblem, whichisreallyaveryoldproblem,one whichhasfascinatedthemindofman forthousandsofyears.

Therewasatimewhenthegreat majorityofpeople-intheabsenceof verymuchevidencewhichmightsuggestanothertheory-believedthat everythingintheworldwascreated moreorlessasitisatpresent.There werevariationsinsidethespecies;but thatdidnotindicatethatthedifferent speciesofplantsandanimalsmight nothavebeencreatedseparately.It wasaveryreasonablebeliefatthe time.

Thenattheendofthe15th.andthe beginningofthe19th.centuriesmen startedstudyingrockformations;and thearrangementoflayersofdifferent materialintherockssuggestedthat theselayershadbeenlaiddownby orderlydepositsoverlongperiods. Theyturnedalsotoascientificstudy ofthefossils(actualremainsofshells, animals,plants,oreventheirimpressions)inthesedifferentlayersof rock.

Ontheassumptionthatthegeologicallayershavcybeengraduallyformed byprocesses-saichasareoperatingat thepresentday,theappearanceof certainfossilsincertainlayerssuggestthatanimalsandplantsappeared graduallyontheearth.

Firstly,intherockslowestdown, therearenofossils,thencomecarbon deposits,shellfish,laterfishes,then reptiles,birds,andinthenewestrocks themammals.Asimilarprogressis observedinthecaseofplants.

Thereseemstobeagradualrisefrom thesimpletothemorecomplex;and thisgaverisetotheideathatsome sortofevolutionwasatwork,that possiblyallexistingspeciesofplants andanimalshadacommonorigin. Thusthe"theoryofevolution"was born.Nowthetheoryisobviouslydifficulttotestexperimentally.

Chestertonsays,thescientistcan't watchamissinglinkevolvinginhis backyard.Thedegreesofprobability itcanreachinitsconclusionsare thereforelimited.Thescientistclaims thatitisthemostprobableexplanationoftheoriginoforganicspecies.

Thetheorywasfirstelaboratedin thebeginingofthe19th.century,but noonebotheredverymuchaboutit tillDarwin,in1859,wrotehisfamous book,"TheOriginofSpeciesbyMeans ofNaturalSelection."

ThegreatamountofnewdatafavouringthetheorywhichDarwincollectedbroughtevolutionintothe light,butwhatcausedallthestirwas histheorythatevolutioncameabout bymeansof"naturalselection."

TheessenceofDarwin'stheory (andwliraiiwetalkofDarwinismwe refertothistheoryofNaturalSelection)isgivenbyMr.Wellsinchapter iv.

"Nowscientificmenarenotableto explaintouseitherwhyoffspring shouldresemblenorwhytheyshould differfromtheirparents.Butseeing thatoffspringdoatonceresembleand differ,itisamatterratherofcommonsensethanofscientificknowledgethat, iftheconditionsunderwhichaspecieslivearechanged,thespecies shouldundergosome co-related changes.Becauseinanygeneration ofthespeciestheremustbeanumber ofindividualswhoseindividualdifferencesmakethembetteradaptedto thenewconditionsunderwhichthe specieshastoliveandanumber whoseindividualdifferencesmakeit ratherharderforthemtolive.And onthewholetheformersortwilllive longerandreproducethemselvesmore abundantly,thanthelatter,andso generationbygenerationtheaverage ofthespecieswillchangeinthefavourabledirection."Iomithisreflectionsontheintellectualcapacitiesof allwhodisagreewithhim.

Itlookedsosimple."Amindless environmentblindlyselectsbyamechanicalprocessthemindlessorganismsbestfittedtosurvive."IntelligenceandpurposeplaynopartinDarwin'sevolution.NowondertheVictorianscientistwhohadaverydecidedbiasagainstthenotionofapersonal Godjumpedatatheorywhichappearedtoeliminatedesignsfromthe universe.AsA.Lunnsays:"Paley's famousargumentfromdesigntothe Designerappearedunanswerableuntil Darwinofferedawayofescapeby suggestingthatwhatseemedtobedesigninnaturewasmerelyblind chance."

NowthetheoryofNaturalSelection astheprincipalagentintheevolution ofspecieshasbeenabandonedbyall butthemosthardenedDarwinistslikeMr.Wells.

Anatomy.

ProfessorDwight,ofHarvard,writes:

"Wehavenowtheremarkablespec- taclethatjustwhenmanyscientific menareallagreedthatthereisno partoftheDarwiniansystemthatis ofanygreatinfluence,andthat,asa wholethetheoryisnotonlyunproved

M11111401111.1111111111H1111111H1011111111111111M1.1111.1111M1

11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111115

butimpossible,theignoranthalf-educatedmasseshaveacquiredtheidea thatitistobeacceptedasafundamentalfact. ."

ProfessorDriesch,thefamousbiologist,writes:"FormenofclearintellectDarwinismhaslongbeendead." Thirty-nineothers,givenbyBelloc.

Whataretheargumentswhichhave ledmenofclearintellecttoreject Darwinism?

1.NaturalSelectioncanonlyaccountfortheeliminationofwhatcannotsurviveinacertainenvironment. Itgivesnoreasonfortheoccurenceof variations.

ProfessorDrischurgedthispointin alecturetotheAberdeenUniversity: "NaturalSelectioncanexplainonly whycertaintypesoforganicspecificationimaginableaprioridonotactuallyexist,butitneverexplainsatall theexistenceofthespecificationsof animalandvegetableformsthatare actuallyfound."

Wisemanwrites:'Myownexperience,gainedinthecourseofresearch workinmyspecialdepartment,shows naturalselectiontobeindispensibleas asubsidiaryfactor,butonlyafactortheinteriorcausesofevolutionremain alwaysthechiefpointtoconsider,for theyproducethebeneficialmodifications,andsoareofgreaterimportancethanexternalcircumstances,for theseonlyeliminatethemodifications whicharenotbeneficialinthestruggleforexistence."

Secondly,accordingtothetheoryof NaturalSelection,therecanbeno stabletype,nofixityofspecies.Environmentisconstantlychanging;so mustthespecies.Whyispractically alltheevidenceinfavouroffixed types?

4.Darwinismassumesthatevolution takesplacebytheslowgradualaccumulationofsmallvariations.

Yetthereisnoevidenceofthisin thegeologicalrecord.Thereisnot oneuncontestedseriesofchanging formspassinggraduallyoneintothe other.

5.NaturalSelectionfailstoexplain thefirstoriginandperpetuationof variationswhichintheirrudimentary stagearenotadvantageous.

6.Theassumptionthateachstage inmillionsofstages,inmillionsof types,isanadvantageoverthelast towardssurvival,andthatthishappensbymerechance,israther gratuitous.Yetthetheoryassumes thatnewsurvivalvalueswillbeperpetuallyandprogressivelyappearing.

6.Itdoesnotexplaintheupward tendencyinlivingthings,whichisso deartotheevolutionist."Ifmere survivalisthesoledisideration," writesJ.W.N.Sullivan,"therewould seemnoreasonwhyevenarudimentarytypeoforganismshouldappear, sinceitcouldnothopetorivalin longevitytheeverlastingrocks."

7.Howdoesitexplaintheevolution ofahighlycomplexorganismsuchas theeye. Itisinterestingtonotethatthe evolutionistwhengivinganexample choosessimplecharacteristics,and theseoneatatime.

8.Itishardtoseehowthepresence ofinstinctandthepowertorepairinjuredlimbsinanimalscanbeaccountedforontheprinciple.

NowonderProfessorBateson,PresidentoftheBritishAssociation,speakingatMelbournein1914,said:"We (biologistsingeneral)havecometo theconvictionthattheprincipleof NaturalSelectioncannothavebeen thechieffactorindeterminingspecies."

Thenwereadin"TheShortHistory oftheWorld":"Theremaybemany forcesatworkvarying,destroying,and preservingspeciesaboutwhichscience isstillunawareorundecided."

"Theremaybe."!

Nowtherejectionofthemechanical explanationdoesnotmeanthatthe wholetheoryhasbeenabandoned.

changesareduetotheuseanddisuse oforgans,andthestrivingofthe(animal)livingthingtoadaptitselfto changingenvironment.Somebiologistslookwithfavourontheimitationtheory(ofBatesonanddeVries), whichassumesthatorganicevolution hasproceededbyjumps,or,inother words,largemodificationsofstructure orfunctionintheindividual.There isalsoBergson'svitalistictheory, whichattributesthecourseofevolutiontoapurposefulstrivingmanifestingitselfinmatter.(Bytheway, "TheRecord"hadanacountofBergson'sconversiontoCatholicismquite recently.)

Allthesetheorieswehavejustmentioneddemandintheirexplanation someformativedirectiveprinciple; theattempttoeliminatedesignand purposefromnaturehasfailed.

Thetheoryofevolutionmaybetrue oritmaynot.Ifanyonewishesto believethatGodcreateddifferentspeciesofplantsandanimalsatdifferent pointsintime,histheorycannotbe disprovedonthepresentevidence available,andhasthisinitsfavour thatitexplainstheabsenceoftransitionaltypes,afactwhichtheevolutionistfindssodifficult.Ofcourse therearesomewhoactuallypointto "missinglinks"aspositivepiecesof evidence.Astrangesortofargument

Ifweacceptthetheorywemustdecidetowhatlimitswecanpushthe evidence.Theassumptionthatthe wholeanimalkingdomhasevolved fromoneprimaryformhasnoscientificsupportwhatsoever.Thesame appliestothevegetablekingdom.

Thatevolutionhastakenplaceinsidecertainspeciesseemstobefairlywellattested.Thehistoryofthe horseispossiblythebestexample.A seriesoffossilsshowhowheevolved fromasmallmammal,12in.highwith fourtoesandarudimentarytoeon eachforefootandthreetoesanda rudimentarytoeoneachhindfoot. Butevenherestepsintheserieskeep croppingupinthewrongstratainthe mostdisconcertingfashion.(Therock formationshavethentobequicklyreedited.)Butthisevidence,nomatterhowperfect,isstillveryfaraway fromtheevolutionist'sdream.Now ifwehadaseriesoffossilsconnecting aMelbourneCupwinnerwitharacehorse-goanna.

Theevolutioniststhoughttheyhad somethinggoodwhentheydiscovered archaeopteryx-thebirdwithreptilian teethandalizard-liketale.Itisnow consideredbyauthoritiestohavebeen atruebirdfarremovedfromthe reptile.

Toendthissection,Ishallquotethe opinionsofafewpresent-dayCatholic theologians:

1.MonsignorJanssens:"Fromthe firstchapterofGenesiswecannotdisproveascontrarytorevelationthe opinionwhichholdsthatallplants werecontainedpotentiallyinthefirst ferntobeevolvedinthecourseof time.

"Theopinionadmittingthepassage fromoneordertoanother(plantsanimals)isnotbasicallyopposedto scholasticprinciples."

2.VanVonit:"Weseethatthose theologianswhoteachthatthetheory oftheevolutionofplantsandanimals caneasilybeharmonisedwiththe teachingofthefaitharenotfarfrom themindoftheFathers."

3.PereHugon,O.P.:"Norevendoes theChurchcondemntheideaofactiveevolutioninthissensethatGod atthebeginingfoundedspeciessimultaneously,notintheiractualform butvirtuallybycommunicatingtothe primaevalmenerathepowerofevolvingintothevegetablestateandthen tothatofanimals."

Hethinks,however,thattheopinionthatallspecieswereimmediately createdismoreprobable.

(Thislecture,deliveredatarecent meetingoftheNewmanSociety,willbe concludednextweek.)

PINJARRA

MASSTIMETABLE.

Sunday,May18:Serpentine,8.30 a.m.;Jarrandale,10a.m.

Sunday,May25:Dwellingup,8a.m.; Pinjarra,10a.m.

TOODYAYMASSTIM"/ABLE.

May17:Wongamine,8a.m.

May18:Jennacubbine,8.30a.m.; Toodyay,10a.m.

May25:BakersHill,8.30a.m.;Toodyay,10a.m.

HARVEY

MASSTIME-TABLE.

May18:Yarloop,8a.m.;Harvey,10 a.m.

May25:Harvey,8a.m.;Waroona, 10a.m.

.4141.04141.04,00..........414.0.4114.041.#41,414140

SPORTINGQUIZ.

AnswertoLastWeek's Questions.

1.GeorgeHeadley,knownas "TheBlackBradman,"isthe onlycricketerwhohasontwo occasionsmadeacenturyin eachinningsofaTestagainstEngland.Thefirstoccasion wasinthe1929seasonandthe secondin1939.

2.TommyBurns,whowasbeatenfortheworld'schampionship, hadalongerreachthanJack Johnson.

3.PharLapandTrafalgareach startedfavouriteinthreeconsecutiveMelbourneCups.

4.Ifinmakingastroke,agolfer hitstheballtwice,hemust countonestroke,plusapenalty stroke.

5.Ifatennisplayerinadoublesgameservesoutofhisturn, theplayerwhoshouldhaveservedshallserveassoonasthe mistakeisdiscovered,andall pointsscoredshallstand.

ThisWeek'sQuestions.

1.Boxing:Whowastheyoungestchampionoftheworld,in anydivision?

2.Tennis:Aplayerstandingoutsidethecourt,volleystheball sothatitfallsintohisopnonent'scourt.Heclaimsthe pointashemaintaityedtheball waspalpablygoingto,fallout ofcourt.Whatdecision?

3.Cricket:When,andbywhom, mayanewballbedemanded?

4.Racing:AnAustralianjockey oncerodesevenconsecutive winnersonafirst-classAustralianracecourse.Namehim.

5.Boxing:Howmanytimesdid BillSquire,Australianchampion,andTommyBurns,world's champion,meetinthering?

TENNIS

JACKCRAWFORD(Continued).

Atthebeginningofthethirdset, Crawfordrolleduphissleevesanother inchortwo.Itwasasignalthathe meantbusiness,buthemetayielding Vines,whoafterthefirstfewgames, hadobviouslydecidedtothrowthe setandtakeabreather.Inthe fourthsetitwasCrawfordwhoeased up.HeprobablyguessedthatVines wouldresumetheattack,sowhynot lethimwastehisenergieswhilehe himselfkeptsomethinginreservefor thefifthandcrucialset.

Withtheplayersandcrowdkeyed uptoahighpitch,thefifthsetopened inalmostcompletesilence,withthe pingoftheballagainstracquetasthe onlysound.

Applausewasreserveduntiltheend oftherallies.Educatedinfoursets thecrowdnowhelditsbreath,whilst theplayersexpendedit.Mainthe cruxforCrawfordwasthecaptureof aservicefromVines.Thetasklooked evenmoredifficultthanbefore,especiallywhentheAmericanchampionwon thesecondgamewithastreamofbullet-likeserviceswhichbeattheAustralian.Crawford'sfateappeared doubtfulwhenhecamewithinapoint oflosingonhisownservice,thefifth oftheset,buthesavedwithbrilliant play,andthepairwerelevelagain.

Thenextfourgames,takingCrawfordto5-4,weresplendidlycontested. Bothmenwereeagerandalert,and onecouldscarcelybelievethatthey hadbeenplayingfor100minutes. Moreover,theywereusingeverystroke inthegame.Intheninthgamethe backhandofVines,underthegreater pressure,whichCrawfordnowexerted,begantofail.

ThetenthandlastgamesawCrawfordinspiredandVinesbeginningto sensedefeat.Aperfectlyexecuted lowshotonthebaselinepreparedthe wayforthenextpoint.Thesecond wasgainedthroughVinesnettingon hisback-hand,whileforthethird Crawfordexecutedabrilliantpassing shot.Forty-love,onVines'service! TheendcamewhenVinesnettedfor thesecondtime,andthegalleryrose togreetthenewchampion.

Crawfordhadpreviouslywonthe AustralianandtheFrenchtitles,and hisgreatwinagainstVinesatWimbledongainedhimaplaceamongthe immortalsofthegame.Hisfinalscore was4-6,11-9,6.2,2-6,6-4.

SchoolRacquets,Restring,andRepairsobtainableatWimbledonSports Depot,81WilliamStreet(Basement), Perth.

c

TheWorldofSport

LeagueFootballResults.

WestPerth,14.17,defeatedSouth Fremantle,10.17.

EastFremantle,20.30;Perth,7.9.

Subiaco,18.9;SwanDistricts,12.16. EastPerth,11.17;Claremont,6.17.

Subiacov.WestPerth,atSubiaco. EastPerthv.Perth,atPerthOval.

ThoughbgdlybeatenbyOldEasts, Perthhadtheplayerofthematchin Hilsz,whoplayedatcentrehalf-back fortheRedlegs.liewasunbeatable ontheday.

TedTysonwasrightonthetarget againstSouths.Fromeightshotshe kickedsevengoals.

PlayingbetterthaneverinhisLeaguecareerisNorm.McDiarmidof \Vests.OntheballagainstSouthshe wasamatchwinner,andindefence madeveryfewmistakes.

ClaremontwithoutGeorgeMoloney didnotimpress.Thereisnodoubt thattheClaremontskipperisthe brainsoftheforwardbrigade.

ReidwasClaremont'sbestplayer.He wasoneofthefewwhodidnotseem toloseheartwhenEastPerthtookthe lead. ThedefeatofClaremontwassomewhatofasurprise,butwhenonelooks backovertheresults,itisfoundthat "TheTigers"havehadfewtriumphsat PerthOval.

EastPerth'swinattheexpenseof ClaremontwasthefirstsinceMay,1939. Itwasagoodwinandshowsthatthe RoyalBlueshavegoodprospectsfor thepremiership.

DIDYOUKNOWTHAT-

Twice,W.A.teamshavekicked elevengoalsstraightagainstSouth Australia-1921and1934,andatPerth Ovaloneachoccasion.

ThecaptainofthefirstW.A.teamto goEastin1904wasanex-SouthAustralianplayer,BillPlunkett.

ThefilbetcaptainofEastPerthwas alsoanex-SouthAustralian,JackWoolard.

ThefirstwinagainstSouthAustraliabyourStateteamoccurredin1934. WehadbeatenSouthAustraliaasfar backas1904,butnotontheAdelaide Oval.

AplayernamedSidSykes,agreat goal-getterforPrahran(Vic.)before thelastwar,ononeoccasionkicked allofhisteam'stwelvegoalsagainst NorthMelbourne.Thathappenedin 1907.Hehad,inall,seventeenshots, hittheposttwice,andkickedthree points.NorthMelbourne'sgoaltally

DERBY'S

MURRAYSTREET,PERTH.

PhonesB9731(threelines) B7777 B3588 B9101(twolines)

REGISTEREDWATA

ALEXRODOREDA

TurfCommissionAgent 802HAYSTREET. AGENTFORW.A.CHARITIES. RingB5841andB5236.

MOO AllKeenHousewivesMEATat BONNY'S MT.HAWTHORN'SLEADING BUTCHER, PromptDeliveriesDaily. 'PhoneB4333,orcallat 414OXFORDSTREET.

wassix,andittookfiveplayerstoget them.Acontrast!

Intheolddays,twogoalswasthe minimumwinningscoreandassoon aseitherscoredthatmanythegame wasover.

In1897WestPerthwentthroughthe seasonundefeated.PortAdelaidedid similarlyin1914,butnoVictorianLeagueclubhaseverdoneso.

FrankCollins,umpires'coach,did hisfirstjobinaLeague'gameasfield umpireonMay1,1920,whenSubiaco (13.16)defeatedSouthFremantle(2.7) atSubiaco.HistotalinLeaguegames isover150,andwithGoldfieldsand countryfixturesadded,the200mark ispassed.

FrankO'Connorholdstherecord.or umpiringLeaguegames.Intenyears, 1922-1932,heofficiatedin175League fixtures.

ThreeumpireshadchargeofaLeaguegame,Southsv.Subiaco,atFremantle,in1929.Ithappenedthisway: FrankO'Connorinjuredhisknee,and hisplacewastakenbyboundaryumpireGeo.Oakley,whointurngaveway toLesTrotter.

JackMurray,wellknownVictorian Leagueumpire,officiatedinover300 Leaguegames.Healsodidmany interstategames.Heumpiredhisfirst gamein1906,andkeptatitfor30 years,20ofwhichwerewiththeVictorianLeague.

BOXING

JohnL.Sullivan,24yearsofage, PaddyRyan,vergingon30.That'snot oldintheordinarycourseofthings,but itisoldforaboxer.Thispairmet fortheworldstitleinthedaysbefore theMarquisofQueensberryruleswere inforce.

Whenthegonggoestheyleapfrom theircorners,andSullivanlandsaterrificrighttothejawandRyangoes down.Itwasasensationalopening, andinthosedaysaknock-downmeant theendoftheround.

Itwasaroughandtumblematch, andRyaninthesecondroundwrestled JohnL.tothefloor.Itwasanall-in bout,andgraduallytheoldermanwas worndown.Itwasacaseofyouth beingserved,andinthe9th.roundSullivan,withaterrificrighttothepoint, knocksouthisopoonent.

Ryanwasreallyanoldmanofthe ring,andthedaywastocomewhen hisconquerorwastobeinasimilar position.

Thiscameaboutjusttenyearslater, whenthegreatJohnL.wasupagainst acleveryoungoneinJimCorbett.

Abigpursewasputup,andthis fightwasundertheMarquisofQueensberryrules.Sullivanmadethemistakeofunder-estimatinghisopponent: "AllIneedtobeatthatchapisashave andahaircut,"wasoneremarkthat hemade.

Heneglectedhistrainingandpaid thepriceofsuchneglect.Thefight wenttwenty-oneroundsandCorbett, aged26,wasupagainstthechampion, 34yearsofage.Thechallengergave thetitleholderaterrifichiding,but JohnL.wouldnotgiveup,yettheend wasplainforallfolktosee.Once againyouthtriumphed.Andwhenhe wasbeatentoafrazzle,allJohnL. saidwas:"I'mgladthetitlestaysin America."

Now,thoughthetriumphofyouthis moreapparentinboxingthaninany sport,thereisoneremarkableexception.In1897JimCorbettwas31 yearsofage.Hischallenger,Bob Fitzsimmons,was35.Theyfoughtat CarsonCityonSt.Patrick'sDay.

Fitzsimmonswasaphysicalfreak.In thecourseofthatfight,hewassupposedtohaveinventedanewblow. Theycalleditthesolarplexuspunch, andwithitBobwonthetitlefrom Corbettinthe14th.round.Itwas aterrificblowandcompletelyparalysed therecipient. ThewinofFitzsimmonswasabig surprise.Hehadbeenwellpastedby Corbett,wholookedalloverawinner, untilFitz.landedthatpunch.No otherhaswonthetitleattheage thatFitzsimmonsthenwas.

Thenwecometotheyear1899.The challengeronthisoccasionwasJim Jeffries,aged24.Hewasaboilermakerbytrade,andwhenheentered theringagainstBobFitzsimmonshe wasashardasnails.Fitzsimmonswas 37yearsofage,arealold-manofthe ring.Nofightershouldbedefending aworld'stitleatthatage,butBobwas afreak.

Fitz.wasarmostknockedoutinthe secondround.Intheninthablow undertheheartalmostfinishedthe veteran.Althoughhedidnottake

thefullcount,thatblowreallymeant theendofthingsforthechampion.He keptgrowingweakerinthetenth,and intheIlth.twohardleftsalmostfinishedhim.Thesewerefollowedbya tremendousright-handpunch,anda newchampion,at24yearsofage,had triumphedover37-yearold"RubyRobert."

ThenJeffries'daywastocome.Jack Johnsonisthechampion,havingwon thetitlefromTommyBurnsatSydney.

Theyearwas1910.Therewasnone whocouldbepittedagainsttheNegro. TheypersuadedJimJeffries,aged35, tocomeoutofretirementandwin backthetitleforthewhiterace.

Nochampiontookabiggerthrashing thandidoldJimJeffriesonthatoccasion.OnlookersclaimthatJohnson couldhavebeatenhismanveryearly

inthefight,butitwenttothe15th. round,whenJohnsonlandedalefton thejawandJeffrieswentdown,He tooknineseconds,andwhenhegotup Johnsongavehimarepeat.Thecrowd calledtotherefereetostopthefight, andincamethetowelfromJeff'scon ner.Onceagainitprovedthatyouth mustbeservedinthefightgame. ThencameJohnson'sdownfallatthe handsofbigJessWillard,in1915.The championwas37yearsofage,andWillardwas26. Inthe26th.roundWillardwasstill fullofpep,whereasJohnsonwasa verytiredman.Thechallengerlandedpunchafterpunch.Hedrovea heavyrighttothebody,andasJohnsonendeavouredtoprotecthisstomach,twohardpunchestothejawsent himdownandhetookthefullcount.

(ContinuedNextWeek.)

ItCostsNoMoretohaveyourPrescriptionsAccuratelyDispensed, RobertW.Dalby,MPS THEFREEDELIVERYCHEMIST, Of130OXFORDSTREET,LEEDERVILLE. carriesafullsupplyofallAccreditedBr4ndsofToilets,PatentMedicines, FullPhotographicService,Etc.'PhoneB6224andreceiveREALService.

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PhysicalLabourmaybe HonourableandHoly

LGoodorBad?

1.Isphysicallabour goodorbad?

2.Isitathing tobereducedtoaminimum becauseitisinitself abadthing, unworthy ofthemysticalmug calledman," orisitinitself agoodthing andonlybad whenitisdone underbadconditions, conditionsphysically orhygienicallyunhealthy ormorallybad, orwhentheproductisinferior orunsuitable forhumanuse?

ILToSanctifyLabour.

1.Nowaswehaveseen accordingtoChristiandoctrine physicallabour isnotinitselfbad.

2.Butonthecontrary, becauseitisnecessary forthepreservation andcontinuance ofhumanlife itisinitselfgood andmaybe orshouldbe holyandsacred.

3.Wehavetostart withthisdoctrine.

4.Ateveryturn ourobjectmustbe tosanctify ratherthantoexclude physicallabour.

5.Tohonourit ratherthantodegradeit todiscover howtomakeitpleasant ratherthanonerous asourceofpride ratherthanofshame.

III.TheFirstThingtoGrasp.

1.Andwehavetobegin byrealising thatinitself andinaChristiansociety thereisnokindofphysicallabour, nokindwhatsoever,none, whichiseitherderogatory tohumanbeings orincapable tobesanctified andennobled.

2.Thereisnokindofphysicallaboult whichisatone andatthesametime trulynecessarytohuman life andnecessarily eitherundulyonerous orunpleasant.

3.Thisisthefirstthingtograsp anditisperhaps themostdifficultto-day.

IV.AContradiction.

1.Soithascomeabout thatwehavecometobelieve thatphysicallabour isinitselfbad.

2.Weseektoreduceit toaminimum.

3.Welooktoourleisuretime forallenjoyableexercise ofourhumanbodies.

4.Wedonotnotice thecontradiction.

5.Forifphysicallabour isathing rightlytobeeliminated fromwork becauseitisderogatory, thenitshouldrightly beeliminatedfromplayalso, whichisabsurd.

V.SimplyHands.

1.Itshouldbeobvious thatitisnottnephysical labour whichisbed, buttheproletarianism bywhichmenandwomen havebecome simply"hands."

2.Theyaresimply"hands," simplyinstruments forthemakingofmoney bythosewhoown themeansofproduction, distribution andexchange.

3.Andthosewhoargueinfavour ofthestillfurtherelimination ofphysicallabour ontheground thatsomuchwork isofitself sub-humandrudgery areeither playingintothehandsofthose forwhoseprofit themechanicalorganisationof industry hasbeendeveloped, orintothehandsoftheCommunists andothers wholooktotheLeisureState asthesur"mumbonurn.

VI.HonourableaadHoly.

1.Wemustreturnagain tothesimpledoctrinethat physicallabour, manualwork, isnotinitselfbad.

2.Itisthenecessarybasis ofallhumanproduction.

3.Inthemoststrictsenseofthe word, physicallabour directedtotheproductionof things neededforhumanlife isbothhonourableandholy.

4.Andwemustremember thatthereasnoexceptions. (FromaPhilosophyofWork,by EricGill.)

RANDOLPHKNAPP

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Thursday,MayIA1941.

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(ContinuedfromPage2.)

moreandmoreuponhisownefforts andhisownorganisationsforobtaining thebetterconditionshehassolong waitedfor.

Itmustnotbeforgottenthat throughoutthegreaterpartoflast centurytheordinaryworkingmanhad novote,andconsequentlynorecognisedlegalwayofbringinghisgrievances beforeParliament.ThegreatReform Billof1832didlittlemorethanenfranchisethemiddleclasses;indeed,it actuallydisfranchisedmanyofthe workingclasses;itwasonlythelater ReformBillsof1867,1885,and1918 thatgavethevotetoworkingpeoplein reallylargenumbers.Again,until votingwasmadesecretbytheBallot Actof1872,menriskedlossofworkif theyvotedagainstthewishesoftheir employers.Thusuntilacomparativelyrecentdatetheworkingclasses inEnglandwerenotreallyinapositiontodefendtheirowninterestsby politicalmeans.Thecircumstancesof thecasecompelledthemtoseekfresh waysofsecuringtheirrights,andby slowdegreesTradeUnionismcame intoexistence.

Theearliesttradeunionsofwhich wehearcameintoexistenceinthefirst halfoftheeighteenthcentury;but theseearlyunionswereforskilled craftsmenonly,andwereinfactvery exclusiveorganisations.Evenso,the employersviewedtheirdevelopment withgrowingalarm,andthisattitude, fortifiedbytheteachingsofAdam Smith,resultedintheCombination Actsof1799and1800.Bythesehated lawsitwasmadeacriminaloffence, punishablebyimprisonment,forany workersto"combine"togetherforsuch objectsashigherwages,shorterhours, etc.Allstrikesbecameaconspiracy,

AsusualCoganscanoffer youfor1941,thefinest RAINCOAT and OVERCOAT

rangeintheState.Eachand everygarmentofhighclassmake -priced,though,forpopularselling.Itcostsnomoretobesmart whenyoushopat

BeforeRerumNovarum

andmencouldbecompelledtogive evidenceagainstoneanother.For manyyearstheActswereharshlyadministered,anditwasnottill1824that theywererepealed. Therefollowed,after1824,someyears ofgreattradeunionactivity,mostly ill-directed,aimingattheformationof largenationalunions,allofwhichprovedshort-lived. Meanwhilenosuccessfulconstructive workwasaccomplished,andatthebeginningofthereignofQueenVictoria (1837)theevilsofthenewindustrial systemhadreachedtheirworstdevelopment:theworkerswerepoorer,wages lowerandpriceshigherthaneverbefore.Discontentwasnaturallywidespread,andabouttheyear1838there wasalargecombinedmovementamong workingmentodemandacharter,so thatthemenagitatinginfavourofit becameknownasChartists.Theydemandedthevoteandvotingbyballot, andpaymentofMembersofParliament, sothatworkingmencouldaffordto sit.Theseweredemandswhichtous appearquitemoderateandreasonable, butinthosedaystheCharterwasregardedbytheupperclassesasmost dangerousandrevolutionary.Inthe endtheagitation,whichattimeswas violent,effectedverylittle.Butmeanwhilethemoreintelligentworkersin varioustradeswerelearningtoorganisethemselvesquietlyforpurelyindustrialpurposes,andthefoundationswere laidofmanyofthegreatunionsaswe knowthemto-day.

Allthroughthemiddleoflastcenturytradeunionsweresteadilydevelopingasstrongindustrialorganisations,andmanyofthemwiselydevoted muchattentiontotheeducationof theirmembers.

Ithasonlybeenbyslowdegreesthat unskilledwage-earnershavebecomeenrolledinunions.JosephArchaccomplishedsplendidworkfortheagriculturallabourersinNorfolkandin1889 thegreatdockstrikeorganisedbyJohn Burnsledtotheorganisationofthe docklabourers.

Sincethewartherehasbeen,aswe allknow,graveindustrialunrest,and tradeunionismhastendedtobecome moreandmorepoliticalinitsaims. Somegoodhasbeeneffectedbythe institutionbytheGovernmentofJoint IndustrialCouncils(commonlycalled WhitelyCouncils),onwhichrepresentativesofbothemployersandworkers sit,withanimpartialchairman,todiscusstheirdifficultiesinafriendly spirit.Thecoallock-outof1926,which lastednearlysixmonths,andtheabortivegeneralstrikeofoneweekthataccompaniedit,haveleduptotheTrade DisputesActof1927,whichseverely cripplestradeunionactivityandhas producedgreatresentmentinlabour ranks.

FromtheCatholicpointofview, tradeunionsarenotonlyjustifiable,as promotingthematerialwelfareofthe workers,butdesirable.TheChurch hasalwaysbeenstronglyinfavourof therightofvoluntaryassociationfor anylawulobject.Althoughtrade unionsmay,anddo,attimes,offerdifficultiestotheirCatholicmembersaswhentheyhavesoughttopromote seculareducationoreasydivorce-itis heldtobefarwiserinthiscountry thatCatholicsshouldjointhemfreely andseektoinfluencetheminlawful directionsthanmerelykeepoutof themorattempttoformseparateCatholicorganisations.Thispolicyin Englandwouldbequiteunworkable.In Continentalcountries,however,suchas BelgiumandGermany,whereCatholics arefarmorenumerousthanhere,and circumstancesinmanywaysdifferent, theecclesiasticalauthoritieshaveoften recommendedseparateindustrialorganisations("syndicatsprofessionels") forCatholicworkingmenandwomen.

IndustrialEvilsandCatholicAction Abroad.

TheevilsthataroseinEngland throughthesuddenupgrowthofthefactorysystemwerenaturallyreproduced ontheContinentwhereverthesame causeswereatwork.Forvariousreasonsourindustrialprogresswasboth earlierindateandmorerapidthanin WesternEuropegenerally,buttowards themiddleoflastcenturythesame strikingchangeswereinprogress,more especiallyindistrictsrichincoaland

iron.Inallthesecountries,bothCatholicandnon-Catholic,therewason theonesidemuchmiseryandgrowing discontentandbitterness,andonthe otheralamentableindifferencetothe conditionsoflabourandextremereluctanceamongthegoverningclasses toremedyeventhemostcryingevils bylaw.Thus,untilaveryrecentdate, childrenundertwelvecontinuedtosupplycheaplabourformanyfactories, andinBelgium,atleast,womenstill didheavyworkinundergroundmines.

ItwasinGermanythatastrong Christianmovementfirstaroseinprotestagainsttheevilconditionsand

craticmovementinSwitzerland,and withconsiderablesuccess.

InFrancemanydistinguishedwriterswerestudyingandcommendingthe newmovement,whileCountAlbert deMuneloquentlychampionedthe causeoftheworkingmanonpublic platforms,andatVal-des-Bois,near Rheims,LeonHarmelwasbuildingup hisgreatfactoryonstrictlyChristian lines,showinginpracticalfashionhow, rightlyunderstood,theinterestsofemployerandemployedareoneandcan beharmoniouslyworkedout.

ForEnglish-speakingCatholicstwo namesstandoutpre-eminentlyinthis movement.thatofCardinalGibbonsin America,andCardinalManningin England.Bothhadstrongdemocratic sympathies,andbothwerewellfitted tochampionthecauseoftheworkers

THE GREAT SCANDAL

"Thegreatsurplusesof foodwhichhaveaccumulatedinvarious spheresoverthepast fewyearshavegiven risetothegreatscandal offoodwhichhasbeen givenusbyAlmighty Godbeingallowedto rot,whilethereare familieswhodonotobtainenoughtoeat.

"Thedestructionoffood ortherestrictionofproductionintheinterests ofmonopoliesisasin cryingtoheavenforvengeance,andbothpracticesmustbeeliminated inthecauseofthecommongood."

-Bishop,'Statement.

"NOWBURNIT."

falsetheoriesthatprevailedintheindustrialworld,andthemanwholed themovementwasthegreatBishopof Mainz,WilhelmEmmanuelvonKetteler(1811-1877).Fornearlyforty years,bypreaching,bylecturingand bywriting,heguidedmenbacktoa truerconceptionofthesocialstate, andtoaproperunderstandingoflibertyandjusticeforall.Hewasaborn fighter,andallhislifehefoughtthe enemiesoftheChurchbothwithinand without,andencouragedhisprieststo dolikewise.Asaresulthenotonly transformedhisowndiocese,buthe wastherecognisedleaderofagreatreligiousmovementthathaspermanentlymouldedtheCatholiclifeofGermany.

ItmustnotbeassumedthatBishop Ketteler'steachingonsocialquestions wasinanyrealsensenew;itwascloselybasedonthemoraltheologyofSt. ThomasAquinasandwassimplythe applicationtomodernconditionsand modernevilsofCatholicdoctrineata timewhennoonehadseenclearlyjust howtheseprinciplesshouldbeapplied.

HowwideanddeepKetteler'sinfluencewasonthenationallifeofGermanyisshownbythefactthatwhen hediedtheGermanCentreparty(i.e., theCatholicmembersoftheReich stag)possessed,thankstohim,asocialdoctrineandasocialprogramme.

ItislittlewonderthatLeoXIIIreferredtoBishopKetteleras"mygreat precursor."

ItwasnotlongbeforetheBishop's influencemadeitselffeltbeyondthe Germanfrontiers.InSwitzerland, GaspardDecurtins,ayoungCatholic memberoftheNationalCouncil(or Parliament)becameoneofhisenthusiasticdisciples,anddevotedallhis talentstobuildingupaCatholicdemo-

whenevertheystoodinneedofit.In theStatesCardinalGibbonmadehimselftheprotectortheKnightsofLabour,apowerfultradeunion,including manyCatholicswhoseZugwereatone timedenouncedtoRome.InEnglandCardinalManningwilleverberememberedwithgratitudeinEastLondonasthemanwhobyhiswiseand patientinterventionsettledthegreat dockstrikeof1889,whileCardinal Moran,inSydney,championedthe maritimeworkersinthegeneralstrike inSydneyintheveryyearofLeo'sEncyclical.

Itrequiredfarmorecouragethen thanitwouldto-daytobecomethe spokesmanofangrymenonstrike, fightingabitterbattleagainsttheir employersforhigherwages;butat eighty-onethe"people'sCardinal"(Manning)stillpossessedthecourageand statesmanshipthatdistinguishedhis wholecareer,andhegladlylaidboth attheserviceoftheIrishdockers.His actionindeeddidfarmorethanbring toasuccessfulissueaconflictbetween capitalandlabourinwhichnationalinterestswereatstake.Hedemonstratedtotheunorganisedandunderpaid workingpopulationofLondonthata princeoftheChurchcaredaspassionatelyfortheirwelfareastheleaders oftheirownclass.AndforthemomentatleastitbroughttheCatholic ChurchinEngland,inthepersonof itshighestrepresentative,intolink withtheCatholicdemocraticmovementthatwasspreadingthrough WesternEurope.Indeed,itshowed inamoredramaticfashionthanhad beenpossibleelsewhere,thepreponderatinginfluencethattheChurch mightwieldinthegreatlabourdisputesthatwerethreateningtheindustrialpeaceofmanycountries.

Itwasalltheseeventsthatwere pavingthewayfortheEncyclical "RerumNovarum."