Online Instructor’s Manual with Testbank for
Investigating Difference: Human and Cultural Relations in Criminal Justice Third Edition Sarah Prior Editor
Lynn Jones Editor
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ISBN-13: 978-0-13-300908-8 ISBN-10: 0-13-300908-4
Forward – Karen Pugliesi 1. Introduction: Investigating Difference – Sarah Prior and Lynn Jones
a. Chapter Overview: This chapter provides a brief overview of the third edition of the book and an overview for how difference continues to matter in how people experience the criminal justice system. The first chapter provides a road map to changes and additions to the third edition and emphasizes the need to understand experiences with the criminal justice system through an intersectional lens. b. Chapter Objectives: ● Familiarize the reader with changes and additions to the third edition ● Explain how difference continues to matter in terms of how individuals experience their interactions with the criminal justice system as victims, offenders or professionals. Part One: Framing Difference Part One provides readers with an overview of how difference matters in the criminal justice system. Rather than focusing on specific identity categories, as is done elsewhere in the text, these chapters look at the structural and institutional components of difference and examine how difference is constructed, criminalized, celebrated, and contested with the criminal justice system. These chapters are meant to provide a broad understanding of how difference matters in terms of academic theories, overall societal interaction, and in terms of the criminal justice system. They provide the framework for the later discussions of specific categories of difference. 2. Conceptualizing Difference – Nancy Wonders a. Chapter Overview: In her update to the chapter ―Conceptualizing Difference,‖ Wonders provides additional clarification to her chapter in previous editions. She discusses the power of ordinary people to construct difference differently through politics, social movements, daily life, and, importantly, in their work as justice professionals. She has provided additional context and elaboration on some of the contemporary global justice challenges that are linked to difference and provides additional attention to strategies of social change. Her updated chapter also provides important new concepts such as cultural capital in her discussion of social class and social stratification in her discussion of structured social inequality. In her discussion on the socially constructed and blurred nature of gender, she provides additional discussion of concepts like gender identity and gender expression. Additionally, Wonders introduces the concept of microaggressions, which is discussed throughout the text in order to highlight the destructive impact of these kinds of devaluations. Overall, this chapter has additional references to historical circumstances, and provides broad discussion on issues such as the micropolitics of everyday life, color-blind and genderneutral ideologies, additional challenges facing a globalized world, and a discussion of how human rights can be an important framing device. b. Chapter Objectives: ● Explore how and why difference is socially constructed. ● Analyze the relationship between power, privilege, and difference. ● Explain how soft and hard social control, categorization, prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, and law help to create and maintain difference. ● Explore how the concept of intersectionality informs consideration of difference. ● Discuss the consequences of the social construction of difference for justice professionals. ● Consider the challenges and opportunities globalization poses for investigating difference and attaining greater justice for all.
c. Lecture Outline: i. Objectives ii. Overview iii. Difference is Socially Constructed iv. Difference Matters v. Law Plays a Critical Role in Creating and Maintaining Difference; It Can Also be used to Ameliorate the Negative Consequences of Difference vi. Differences Overlap and Intersect with one another vii. Differences and Their Consequences can be Changed viii. Difference and the Pursuit of Justice in a Globalized World ix. Questions for Review d. Media Suggestions: i. ―Prejudice vs. Discrimination: Crash Course Psychology #39‖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYSQzq_wOTU ii. ―Gender as a spectrum and not a divide‖ (PBS) http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/videos/gender-as-a-spectrum-not-adivide/ iii. Crash (2004) iv. Prom Night in Mississippi (2009)
3. Conceptualizing Difference through an Intersectional Lens – Sarah Prior and Lynn Jones a. Chapter Overview: Building on Wonders’ incredibly strong introduction, Prior and Jones’ newly added chapter provides readers with additional theoretical discussion on some of the important concepts that are emphasized throughout the book. First, Prior and Jones provide a much more thorough discussion of the theoretical concept intersectionality. They build on Wonders’ brief discussion and elaborate on the historical nature of the concept and how it has been used. Kimberle Crenshaw (1989) originally coined intersectionality when she attempted to discuss the experiences of women of color, specifically black women, in the legal sphere. Similar to Wonders, Prior and Jones expand on the point that understanding the experience of blacks and then analyzing the experience of women is by no means the same as understanding the experience of black women. The fact that multiple identity categories can be compounded to further disadvantage and oppress certain groups of people further emphasizes the need to understand difference from an intersectional framework. While intersectionality can be an important framing tool, some scholars have argued that it has been applied in an inconsistent and messy manner and instead urge us to utilize other frameworks such as Ken’s (2007) interlocking oppressions framework. In their discussion of interlocking oppressions, Prior and Jones highlight some of Ken’s key arguments such as the use of social locations as a tool to think theoretically about both social and physical locations because individuals are often relegated to specific social locations that come with a variety of advantages and disadvantages. In using the term interlocking, Ken is pushing scholars and activists to recognize that social identity categories do not merely intersect one another. They are ―completely bound up with one another, incapable of being separated‖ (Ken, 2007, p. 13). Prior and Jones also highlight the fact that the previous discussion of race, class, and gender tended to ignore the experiences of ―unmarked‖ normative groups such as white people, members of the middle
class, and able-bodied individuals. Building on Wonders’ discussion of microaggression, Prior and Jones provide a definition and numerous examples of how microaggressions have become part of the national dialogue. As will be discussed in more detail throughout the text, in contrast to the kinds of blatant overt discrimination that the United States saw during the Jim Crow era, microaggressions emphasize the subtler and covert kinds of discrimination commonly found in everyday language and interactions. These kinds of microaggressive behaviors often come from well-intentioned people, who do not know, understand, or realize how harmful their behavior is. It is what Harvard Professor of Psychiatry Alvin Poussaint calls ―death by a thousand nicks.‖ Prior and Jones additionally add a discussion of racialization in order to demonstrate the complex process of socially constructing and ascribing characteristics and meanings to biological racial categories. Lastly, Prior and Jones discuss the importance of understanding privilege in order to understand difference. In the previous edition of this text, Gould (2009) described the importance of understanding privilege as being earned or unearned. Prior and Jones further this discussion of privilege and describe how most privilege and disadvantage comes from unearned identities. For example, race, gender, and ability are identities that are unearned, so any advantage/privilege or disadvantage/oppression that comes with them is also unearned. Prior and Jones close by providing the example of how difficult it is for some groups to understand privilege when they do not feel like they are experiencing it. b. Chapter Objectives: ● Define and identify the theoretical concept of intersectionality. ● Define and identify the theoretical concept of interlocking oppressions. ● Define and identify the theoretical concept of microaggressions. ● Define and identify the theoretical concept of privilege. ● Explore how identities are socially constructed and the ways these social constructions influence how individuals experience difference in the justice system. ● Identify concepts presented in this chapter and apply them to the other chapters in this text. c. Lecture Outline: i. Overview ii. Intersectionality of Identities iii. Interlocking Oppressions iv. Microaggressions v. Racialization vi. Privilege vii. Reconstructing Intersectionality viii. Questions for Review d. Media Suggestions i. Crash (2004) ii. Prom Night in Mississippi (2009) iii. The Plea (Frontline 2004) iv. http://www.chronicle.com/article/Not-Your-Language-Howa/238239 (Chronicle of Higher Education story about student) v. https://vivatiffany.wordpress.com/2016/10/27/academia-love-meback/ (her blog post)