Solution Manual For Chemistry Sixth Edition Thomas R. Gilbert Rein V. Kirss Stacey Lowery Bretz Natalie Foster
Chapter 1-22 CHAPTER 1 | 1.1. Collect and Organize In Figure P1.1(a) we are shown ―molecules‖ each consisting of one red sphere and one blue sphere and in Figure P1.1(b) we have separate blue spheres and red spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substance(s) depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements or compounds. Analyze A pure substance is composed of all the same type of element or compound, not a mixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom and a compound is composed of two or more types of atoms. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart from each other. Solve (a) Because the particles each consist of one red sphere and one blue sphere, all the particles are the same—this is a pure compound. The particles fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in the gas phase. (b) Because Figure P1.1(b) shows a mixture of red and blue spheres, this is depicting a mixture of blue element atoms and red element atoms. The blue spheres fill the container and are disordered, so these particles are in the gas phase. The red spheres have a definite volume and are slightly disordered, so these particles are in the liquid phase. Think About It Remember that both elements and compounds may be either pure or present in a mixture. 1.2. Collect and Organize In Figure P1.2(a) we are shown ―atoms‖ of only red spheres and in Figure P1.2(b) we have ―molecules‖ consisting of two red spheres or two blue spheres. In each figure we are to identify whether the substance(s) depicted is a solid, liquid, or gas and if the figures show pure elements or compounds. Analyze A pure substance (whether element or compound) is composed of all the same type of molecule or atom, not a mixture of two kinds. An element is composed of all the same type of atom and a compound is composed of two or more types of atoms. Solids have a definite volume and a highly ordered arrangement where the particles are close together, liquids also have a definite volume but have a disordered arrangement of particles that are close together, and gases have disordered particles that fill the volume of the container and are far apart from each other. Solve (a) Because all the atoms are of the same type, Figure P1.2(a) depicts a pure element. The particles take up a definite volume and are ordered, so this element is in the solid phase. (b) Because there is a mixture of blue diatomic molecules and red diatomic molecules, Figure P1.2(b) depicts a mixture of two elements. Both the blue and red diatomic particles fill the container’s volume and are highly disordered; the mixture depicted is in the gas phase. Think About It Elements do not need to be present as single atoms. They may be diatomic, as in H 2 or Br2, or even more highly associated, as in S8 or P4.
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