Issuu

April 2012

Blue Line Magazine

April 2012 Volume 24 Number 4

Features 6 The long arm of political control A legal process robs police of discretion, transparency, time and money

11 Handcuffs An historical overview of police constraints

14 Questioning the assumptions

A critique of the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System

16 Fake-a-wreck Getting the upper hand on staged collisions

20 Police Service of Northern Ireland 27 Four decades later, family still searching 29 Blue Line Trade Show & Training Guide 42 Managing major events Valued expertise earned through experience

Departments

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Advertisers Index Deep Blue – The forgotten victims of crime 17, 22, 43, 51 Dispatches 52, 53 Market Place 5 Publisher’s Commentary – Justice denied is justice - in some places 46 Technology – The anonymous collective

Case Law

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Cover photo courtesy of

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Arrestee must express desire to consult counsel Trial judge not to re-try search warrant

April 2012

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Publisher’s Commentary by Morley Lymburner

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PRINTED IN CANADA ISSN# 08478538 Blue Line Magazine was established in 1988 as an independent publication to inform, entertain, connect and educate those involved in the law enforcement profession. With no direct control from an enforcement agency, its opinions do not necessarily reflect those of any government or law enforcement agency. The authors, advisors, and publisher accept no liability whatsoever for any injuries to person(s) or property resulting from application of adoption of anything presented in this magazine. Readers are cautioned and advised that articles presented herein are edited and supplied for your personal awerness and should not be used for further actions until appropriate guidance is received from a supervisor, Crown Attorney or other persons in authority. All material submitted for publication becomes property of Blue Line Magazine Inc. unless arrangements have been made with the publisher prior to publishing. © 2011 All articles are protected by copyright. No part of this publication may be repoduced or transmitted in any form or means, electronic or mechanical, (including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system), without prior permission. Permission to reprint may be obtained in advance from Access Copyright 1-800-893-5777.

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Justice denied is justice – in some places The ability to control the police makes politicians salivate. Political life would be ever so much easier if they could only tell cops who they can charge, which would in turn control how many people go to trial and (oh joy, oh bliss) to jail. This power might even extend to granting a few close buddies a “get out of jail” free card. Who’s to know? The only thing better would be to do all this while withholding the names of those arrested from the media, all with the blessing of provincial police chiefs. Well folks... welcome to British Columbia, Quebec and New Brunswick - the promised land for those who think all it takes to control crime on a tight budget is to hood-wink police to believe they can’t lay a charge after an arrest. This deficient decades-old policy is explained perfectly beginning on the next page but it’s high time to ask some tough questions. How easy is it to suddenly begin dumping cases across the province when the legal beagles in the legislature want to save money on the criminal justice system. A subtle word to a Crown Counsel office would simply mean a careful review and “suggestion” to ditch the following cases: • Weak, marginalized victims – prostitutes, drug addicts or those not mentally stable; • Sexual offences against juveniles too young to give succinct evidence; • “Victimless” crimes – officer initiated arrests such as impaired driving or drug possession; • Officer victim – assault and obstruct police; • Justice as victim – obstruct justice, perjury and failure to appear in court or for fingerprinting; • Fraud – anything involving insurable property with paid out victims, stocks and bonds or international victims; and • Cases consisting completely or primarily of circumstantial evidence. This “police can’t lay charges” policy only encourages officers to feel inadequate without a lawyer to tell them what to do. Cops working under this Draconian system must be paperwork engineers and submit voluminous reports on every arrest, in the hope a Crown counsel will bless them by actually charging someone. Statistically they say up to 17 percent of arrested people are never charged. Crown counsel triaging crime can cause valid charges to go south, mainly because they may tend to look at the wide array of arrests brought to them as a sort of top ten list. They might turf anything that doesn’t look as spectacular as the previous case they reviewed, for example. The amount of officer time spent producing the volumes of documents, taking them away from street patrol, is not a relevant factor. The message sent to the arrested person is not relevant either. 5

Who could blame officers if they began looking the other way for many offences, becoming attuned to pleasing Crown counsel by not reducing petty crimes? These same petty crimes, which many studies have shown help perpetuate a form of lawlessness, could – for example – encourage riots after something as petty as a lost hockey game? Hey... I’m only saying B.C. seems to have a corner on this activity. You need another scenario? How about the recent riots in Montreal. There is a scoundrel level of criminals in society who simply love humiliating police. In BC and Quebec we have a situation where officers arrest wrong-doers and in a reported 17 per cent of those cases the arrested people walk. This only reinforces the impotence of the police. Like a child who is always threatened for wrongdoing but with no follow-through from the parent. This crippling of police initiative shines new light on many scenarios – the Pickton affair, for starters. Police arrested him many years ago but the Crown did not bring charges and he was released back into the public... and the public was never told because he was not charged. Now police are being mercilessly scrutinized and criticized for inaction. Once again... I’m only saying it happens nowhere else. Police in the rest of Canada lay charges and Crowns look over paperwork supplied sufficient for a guilty plea. That means people police charge are known to the public at an early stage and the Crown, not police, must explain their decision to withdraw charges which police feel are warranted. The tragedy of all this is an unknowing public and crippled policing services; the former due to lack of transparency and the latter thanks to top level police and government managers trying too hard to please politicians. Police in these three provinces must understand that, just like the rest of Canada, they are independent agents of the Crown. Politicians in other provinces have quietly approached some police chiefs about emulating this policy under the guise of cost-saving. Once you take in the big picture it is a form of unloading provincial costs onto municipal budgets and stretches police resources beyond the breaking point. The federal law is clear. Cops lay the charges and bring them to the door of the courthouse. Any explanations beyond those doors are up to those who work behind them.

April 2012

by Doug Stead A stark lesson in both justice and democracy attached my focus on a serious defect in British Columbia’s justice system. I have been tilting hard at this windmill for the last ten years, even running twice as an independent candidate in the provincial election – not to win but to use the public platform to systematically detail the damage caused by BC’s corruption of the Criminal Code of Canada. A pediatrician and serial child rapist abused a six-year old niece in the mid 90s. Our family sadly discovered that her case wasn’t adjudicated because of systemic failures between the New Westminster police and Crown counsel office. Seeing firsthand this alarming failure to protect a child, I began working to fix the problems. BC’s Charge Approval (CA) legislation perverted the course of justice in the Tashie case on Vancouver Island in early 2002. Police wanted to charge an Internet sexual predator but the Crown would not approve them. The point here is that the laying of the charge is also the point when the public has the right to know. I spoke about the investigation on a radio talk show and it became a public issue; suddenly charges were approved and the predator was convicted. The point is, the crime must be seen for justice to be done. BC’s CA system hides it. From a political perspective, the BC Crown Counsel Act has the advantage of allowing the attorney general, using unelected and unaccountable bureaucrats, to quietly control the cost of providing justice. It simply sets the number of courts and judges (closed court rooms) and Crowns have to triage crime to fit April 2012

the restricted resources. Justice is a core service. There is no underpinning legislation that allows a province to modify federal legislation, such as what BC has done with the Criminal Code. An egregious example of how this unique BC legislation gerrymanders the Canadian justice system is the wrongful death of native Frank Paul. I believe charges were not approved in his 1998 death because the Crown of the day deemed it “NOT in the public’s best interest.” There is clear video proof of officers dragging Paul out of the building while he was incapacitated and leaving him in an alley to freeze. Despite this, the case did not go to court so the officers involved were not charged and the public was never notified of what had happened. In the rest of Canada the only test applied – and only by police as provided in the Criminal Code – is the “reasonable likelihood of conviction by a jury of peers.” BC has changed “reasonable” to “substantial.” My main concern is the tens of thousands of child sexual exploitation cases where the Crown has secretly allowed predators to avoid accountability. This is a really big issue – protecting children from sexual abuse and bringing sexual predators to justice. The Crown Approval system The Criminal Code is federal legislation which clearly gives police the authority and mandate to investigate crime and lay charges. This is how it works everywhere in Canada except BC and New Brunswick, both of which have enacted regulating policies that interfere with police authority. Interestingly enough both provinces brought in this gerrymandering soon after police did their jobs and laid charges 6

against sitting provincial MLAs. There is no underpinning legislative authority allowing provincial legislators to effectively bar police from swearing charges unless they are pre-approved by a provincial Crown. The effect is to use appointed civil servants to circumvent the Criminal Code, keeping the public from seeing justice being done – because the public only has a right to know after a charge has been sworn. In all other jurisdictions Crowns can stay charges but only after they are laid and made public. In BC the Crown intervenes before charges are laid. This circumvents the public’s right to know and see what is happening. It also allows politicians to effectively manipulate the justice system by not proceeding with charges because it’s “not in the public’s best interest.” This can mean anything but usually indicates the Crown doesn’t have proper funding to proceed with expensive cases such as child exploitation, let alone a government employee who embarrasses the sitting government. Brief history Lawyers employed by BC municipalities at one time carried out prosecutions. The government established a Crown counsel system in 1974 and put the prosecution of criminal charges under the auspices of the Ministry of the Attorney General. In the late 1970s in New Westminster and Burnaby the practice arose of Crown counsel approving charges. Vancouver began doing this in April 1982. Prior to this the standard for charge approval was the existence of some evidence upon which a reasonable jury, properly instructed, could convict. This standard was changed in September 1983 to the current twoBlue Line Magazine

pronged one: Is there a substantial likelihood of conviction and, if so, is it in the public interest to proceed with the prosecution? There does not appear to be any record of public discussion before the CA process and standard were adopted. There was some examination of the practices. In December 1988, then deputy attorney general Mr. Justice Hughes concluded that charge approval ought to remain with Crown counsel (Access to Justice: The Report of the Justice Reform Committee). In order to address the system’s many reported difficulties, the Hughes Report recommended an appeal procedure making the deputy attorney general the final arbiter for CA. That procedure remains largely unchanged. The CA process was again the subject of inquiry in 1990 when then ombudsman Steven Owen, Q.C. (later deputy attorney general) conducted the Discretion to Prosecute Inquiry. It canvassed the various positions advocating for and against the charge approval process. The report concluded, in the absence of critical examination, that the process ought to continue but be based on a modified charge approval standard. The recommended standard would change the first fork of the test to the existence of a ‘reasonable likelihood of conviction.’ It was never adopted. The BC Association of Chiefs of Police (BCACP) provided written briefs to both inquiries strongly arguing in favour of abandoning the CA process. The police position To maintain consistency, the Owen Report will also be used to articulate the positions advanced by police in 1990. It has been the consistent position of all BCACP members that the Crown Approval process ought to be abandoned and that BC ought not be the sole jurisdiction in the English speaking world burdened by the ‘substantial likelihood of conviction’ test for charge approval. The five positions put forth were: 1. Erosion of police independence The basis of this argument lies in the development of English common law. As the modern representatives of the public, police have both the right and duty to lay a charge where there are reasonable and probable grounds to believe an offence has been committed by identifiable person(s). This expressly recognizes the concurrent right and duty of Crown counsel to independently determine whether a charge should be prosecuted. The traditional and usual system ensures that police are accountable to the public for the quality of their investigations and the objectivity of their decisions to lay charges. Information is a public document that assures those outcomes. The CA process does not allow that accountability. By moving CA consideration off the public stage, both police and Crown are tainted by a non-transparent process opened to questions of bias and impropriety. In reality, entire classes of offences are not being prosecuted. This shows up in at least two places. First, criminals know that the likelihood of Blue Line Magazine

prosecution for breach of probation and failure to appear offences is so remote that they flout the law with impunity. These are by no means the only offences so affected. Secondly, police don’t expend resources investigating what the Crown won’t prosecute – and the public has learned not to report crimes that police won’t investigate. The police independence argument is rooted in the position accepted by the vast majority of jurisdictions in Canada and around the world. The duties and prerogatives of the Crown are only engaged once a charge has been laid and not before. Recognition of the legitimacy of this position is found in case law (Campbell v. Attorney General of Ontario (1987), 31 CCC (3d) 289). The Marshall Commission of Inquiry has 7

endorsed this position by recommending that: Police officers be informed in general instructions from the solicitor general that they have the ultimate right and duty to determine the form and content of charges to be laid in any particular case according to their best judgment, subject to the Crown’s right to withdraw or stay the charges after they have been laid. Since the Marshall Inquiry was examining one of the worst examples of a system gone wrong, this is a very strong, informed and compelling endorsement for police to retain charge approval. Additionally, the position of police is mandated by legislation; as noted above, both the Criminal Code of Canada and the Crown Counsel Act of B.C. set out the basis. Conversely, the April 2012

advocates for a CA process can cite no case law, inquiry, legislation or public discussion and acceptance of their position. 2. Minor offences The basis of this argument cannot be put more succinctly or aptly than in the words of the Owen Report: The frequency with which minor offences are not prosecuted has three negative consequences. First, the victim and the public generally experience disenchantment with the criminal justice system. The public most frequently comes into contact with the criminal justice system through “minor” community crimes and they often have to retreat from their lawful enjoyment of public facilities such as beaches and parks because of the rowdiness and illegalities of others. Second, this selective enforcement of the law fosters a disrespect for the law: citizens who are in other respects law-abiding question why they should obey the law if others who do not suffer no consequences for their illegal conduct. Third, this attitude actually promotes crime; minor criminal offenders who see that the law is not enforced will recommit such offences and progress to more serious criminal activity... The policy of refusing to prosecute minor or nuisance crimes is shortsighted. The New York Police Department’s successes in reducing crime stand in stark contrast to Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside. 3. Potential for abuse This argument reiterates points made above in relation to the essentially private nature of the CA process. In the absence of an information there is no public accountability and the decision making and propriety of police and Crown action is open to question. Indeed, the very need for the Decision to Prosecute Inquiry was a belated and expensive response to the public demand for accountability. 4. Usurping the role of the judiciary There are two prongs to this argument in the Owen Report, while a third is found in the Criminal Code of Canada. First, the initial test in the CA standard, the ‘substantial likelihood of conviction,’ requires Crown counsel to determine matters of law, usurping the judiciary role to the extent they may not be settled or rely on the weight to be placed on particular elements of evidence. Secondly, the various factors going into consideration of the public interest are precisely those normally encountered in discussions of sentencing principles. That consideration should be at the end of the criminal justice process, not at its invocation. Thirdly, the Criminal Code provides for the preliminary hearing of many indictable offences. The standard of certainty demanded by the code and to be determined by a judge is decidedly less than a ‘substantial likelihood of conviction.’ 5. Bureaucratic efficiency This argument is founded on a CA process which requires police to prepare the full Report to Crown counsel (RTCC), forward it through some form of supervision process and then, after approval, back to police to swear the information. This system results in significant April 2012

delays prior to a charge being laid and process issuing. This concern has been heightened, since the Owen Report, in the developing case law around unreasonable delay. This process gives rise to an interesting illustration of Crown counsel picking and choosing what it does. The approving Crown is in precisely the same position as the court liaison officer when it comes to laying a charge – having access to precisely the same information. Crown determined the form and content of the charge, the sufficiency of the evidence and approved the charge. Why don’t they lay the information? Analysis and examples • Statistical analysis As observed above, a number of the putative benefits of the CA process are amenable to statistical proof. The statistics are uniquely available to the attorney general. Some relevant statistical data is also available from Statistics Canada. However mining that information is costly in both time and money. The statistics presented above provide prima facie support for the police position. Since the CA process and its corollary, the ‘substantial likelihood of conviction,’ are uniquely the creation of the BC Ministry of the Attorney General and since BC now has a 30-year history of that process, a call for the ministry to statistically validate its claims is entirely reasonable. • Cost analysis The CA process is initiated by a police officer putting together a full report to Crown counsel – in other jurisdictions this is commonly referred to as a court brief. This is extensive and includes all evidence, statements, records and other relevant items. In contrast, a simple prosecutor’s information sheet, or similar form, is used when police lay charges. It includes all relevant information sufficient to enable a judge to sentence an accused if they plead guilty. It is only if an accused pleads not guilty that an officer would submit the full court brief. Since the majority of matters are disposed of by a guilty plea, considerable savings in police resource costs are realized when a full court brief is not required for all instances where police contemplate a charge. In the CA process, Crown counsel are required to review 100 per cent of proposed charges. In the police-based process, Crown only have to consider charges where not guilty pleas are entered. Again, the police-based process represents savings, this time to the Crown counsel office. • Other considerations In addition to the points of view and arguments considered above, a number of issues have arisen in the recent past. Their impact and importance in relation to the CA process do not seem to have been examined elsewhere in any cohesive fashion. Police accountability regimes Since Owen examined this issue, there has been considerable development of regimes which insure the public accountability of police services. While this hasn’t always 8

been smooth, all BCACP members welcome the opportunity to demonstrate, by transparent and open processes, how their services are fully accountable to the public they serve. Both the RCMP Act and Police Act of British Columbia contain effective provisions for accountability. Perhaps more importantly, the courts have taken on a highly active role under the auspices of the Charter in assuring the probity of police actions. That the product of police service – the decision to lay a criminal charge – has been completely removed from police frustrates accountability regimes. That the actual decision is taken in private, absent any public discussion or record, runs entirely counter to public expectations. Jane Doe implications In the well-known Ontario case Jane Doe v. Board of Commissioners of Police for the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto et al., 39 O.R. (3d) 487 police were held liable to a sexual assault victim where they ought to reasonably have notified the public of a suspect’s pattern of behaviour. Two consequences flow from that decision in respect to charge approval. Where the Crown declines to approve a charge that police have advanced, the duty to warn arises, triggered by a standard of belief well below that of reasonable and probable grounds. Police are then obligated to make a public warning about a person that the Crown declines to prosecute, serving neither Crown nor police well. That this situation hasn’t yet arisen is most likely because police are not generally aware that the duty to warn is not extinguished by the Crown’s decision not to lay charges. The second implication revolves around the liability aspect of Jane Doe. Should a person be harmed by an individual who police have not warned the public about and the Crown has declined to charge, it is probable that the courts would find the police liable. Given the clear police duty to exercise their discretion in laying a charge, the likely finding would be that police unnecessarily fettered its discretion, notwithstanding the CA process. Also unconsidered by the courts to this point is the liability of the Crown in that situation. Having exercised a discretion that they do not have by law, do they then assume the liability? The convenience argument It has been argued that changing back to a police-based process would cause great inconvenience. This is founded on the fact that BC now has a 30-year history with the CA process and any return to police having charge approval would disrupt the business practices that have been developed. Two arguments are available to refute that position. First, in no way can a case be made that the effective functioning of the criminal justice system should be predicated on either convenience or inertia. Secondly, it is in no way certain that reverting to the police-based system will do anything other than enable police to do more work, enabling the Crown to do more prosecuting – and more fully inform the public about what is really going on. Blue Line Magazine

Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

24 Hour JP centre Court services unilaterally imposed this centre on both Crown and police in 2001. The chief judge of the provincial court has mandated the centre deal with search warrant, remand and related matters formerly dealt with by court registry and stipendiary JPs. Existing sitting JPs and provincial court judges are prohibited from dealing with those matters absent exceptional circumstances. All dealings are by fax and/or phone. Crown counsel have taken the position that their offices will not support matters the centre deals with. Consequently police have been forced into greater roles in more complex areas than the decision to lay a charge. Neither the courts nor Crown are troubled by that development. Police are deeply troubled by any number

of systemic concerns with the new regime, including their ability to deal adequately with the new responsibilities. A court recently arrived at its usual adjournment time with many matters still on the docket. The judge’s interesting solution was to simply close court and leave the lone police officer in attendance to deal with the remaining matters, by way of the telephone and JP centre. Court closures With the closing of 24 of BC’s existing 69 courthouses, fewer communities have Crown counsel. The ability to make ‘public interest’ distinctions on charge approval for communities Crowns are not familiar with will further exacerbate the existing difficulties with those decisions.

Abandoning the CA process alleviates this condition as police do remain in those communities. Crown counsel cut Announced with the court closures was a reduction in both ad hoc and staff Crown counsel. The delays currently experienced in charge approval will worsen. The daily experience of Crown counsel being unfamiliar with the file they are prosecuting will worsen. Abandoning the CA process alleviates both of these conditions. Support for restorative justice initiatives There is growing appreciation for the effectiveness of using restorative justice concepts in place of or to support the current criminal justice system. This development is similar to the acceptance of alternate resolution mechanisms in business disputes and mediation in family law matters. The inability to determine with certainty that a charge will be laid acts as an obstacle to police more widely implementing restorative justice practices. Function creep A number of experienced police officers have noted this problem. In some cases, Crown counsel are attempting to exercise a role more consistent with that of a US District Attorney in trying to direct and supervise active police investigations. This is an almost inevitable progression from a Crown-based CA system. When police are not required to ultimately decide on the adequacy of their investigation to support a charge it is inevitable they will shy away from being responsible for decisions during the investigation and allow the Crown to occupy that field. Conclusion and recommendations The CA process contravenes: • Existing case law; • The principle of police independence; • The requirements of the Criminal Code; and • The principles of public accountability. The Crown Approval process has no legislative validity, adds costs and no benefits to the criminal justice system. Additionally it acts as an active impediment to dealing effectively with the reality of scarce resources and adopting innovative and effective community policing and restorative justice measures. British Columbia must immediately abandon the CA process... and the rest of the country must take heed. Doug Stead’s organization designs and manufactures hostile environment embedded computer systems for the military, space, heavy industry and law enforcement markets. He has been a keynote speaker and presenter regarding emerging technology and its use by child pornography and pedophile organizations. He has also presented to Canada’s Parliamentary Justice Committee. He may be contacted by email to dstead@Tri-M.com.

April 2012

Blue Line Magazine

An historical overview of police restraints by Morley Lymburner It has been 100 years since the “Peerless Swingthrough” handcuff was invented. This handcuff is amazingly similar to those in general use today. However the story of handcuffs goes back considerably further than this innovative 1912 design. In his 1894 treatise, simply called Handcuffs, Insp. Maurice Moser of Scotland Yard told of a French police officer who arrested a thief but found himself without handcuffs to secure him. Displaying some ingenuity, he cut off all the buttons on the man’s suspenders. Modesty made for the best handcuffs, as the suspect held tight to his trousers while escorted through crowded Paris streets. When researching the history of handcuffs, one is initially struck by the huge volume but shallow content that exists on the subject. Moser was looked upon as an expert in ‘modern’ handcuffs in 1894 and his brief overview of the technology at that time describes some fascinating antiques. Even in Moser’s day, ‘copper’ was a common slang expression for police officers and originally meant thief catcher. It came from ‘cop,’ an ancient Anglo-Saxon term which meant to catch (cop) something. Handcop, a natural extension, described a mechanical device that “catches the hands” and was the original name for handcuffs. The idea of restraints dates back to Greek mythology and the prophet Proteus, who could foretell the future but wouldn’t unless forced to. He eluded those who tried by transforming himself into other forms, including wild beasts, fire and water, frightening them into letting him go. Aristaeus “fixed the fetters on him” after being told Proteus would eventually change back to his original form and prophesy if he held on long enough. References to cuff-like devices date back to Fourth Century BC, when conquering Greek soldiers found vast numbers of them in wagons pulled by Carthaginian armies. They were primarily used to control and enslave prisoners of war. Over the centuries, handcuffs have been variously described as swivel manacles, manacles, shackbolds, shackles, fetters, irons, bracelets and cuffs. The first big manufacturer was the Hiatt Handcuff company, founded in 1780. The number of styles and usage of handcuffs began to take off around 1850 as the western world became more mobile and Blue Line Magazine

urbanized. Crime increased inordinately with the population explosion, as did apprehensions of criminals. Transporting prisoners from police stations to jails and courthouses and back again could only be accomplished with handcuffs, which essentially placed the offender in a secure, lockup situation faster and with fewer escapes. With handcuffs Bango being used more frequently, there was a need to find an easier way to engage them. Until 1850, there were just two types in general use in England. The most common were similar to Bango handcuffs and didn’t allow prisoners any movement. Their adjustability made them popular for general use and they were particularly effective on violent prisoners. The ‘Flexible’ handcuff offered prisoners some flexibility, allowing them to eat and perform other personal necessities. They were initially limited to lockup and transport situations because they took longer to size and apply and came in many sizes to fit different wrist thicknesses. Darby

Unfortunately the Flexible, also called the ‘Darby’ or ‘English’ handcuffs, became popular for street use because they were so easily concealed. Weight was another matter; at almost half a kilo (one pound), they were almost impossible to place on a violent prisoner, even if the officer was fortunate enough to have the correct size with him – and that was crucial. Too large or small and the suspect had

a heavy steel weapon which would make short work of a wooden nightstick. After 1850 there was a move to invent a more universal handcuff which could be used both on the street and in prisons. They needed to be secure, flexible and adjustable, which led to a wide array of contrivances with such names as the ‘Snap,’ ‘Nippers’ and the ‘Twister.’ The Snap, branded Blakely Blakely, was the most popular in mid to late 19th Century Europe and America. It consisted of two loops, the smaller of which would literally snap over the suspects wrists; the large loop was held by the officer. The Twister was also quite popular because it was compact and could easily be carried by both uniformed officers and detectives. It consisted of a chain connected to matching hand grips at both ends and was simply wrapped around a suspects wrist, Twister with the officer holding the handles. Any struggling, of course, meant excruciating pain and the risk of breaking a wrist or arm. Widely viewed as contributing to police brutality, it was eventually banned in Britain. Both cuffs could be generically described as ‘come-along’ devices and were adequate for an era when an officer walked the beat. When a prisoner was ‘copped,’ it was a simple matter to hold the other end of the cuffs and walk them to the station, take them for a ride in a horse drawn paddy wagon or commandeer a hapless citizen out for a ride in their fancy buggy. In each case, an officer had to hold the other half. Struggling meant risking a broken wrist; if this happened, the nipper was simply placed

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on the other wrist. Officers also risked broken bones; a skillful arrestee with strong wrists could break the wrist of an over confident officer. It took the ingenuity of the Americans to overcome the obvious shortcomings of these devices. The first popular adjustable handcuffs were produced by Tower and remained popular for more than 80 years. Many say they set a standard of precision, craftsmanship and security that has never been matched. Tower

The history of adjustable handcuffs is very murky. The story begins with W. V. Adams, who patented the adjustable ratchet principle for handcuffs in 1862 – up to then, all American handcuffs were of fixed size. The Adams cuff was an adaptation of the English Darby – a square bow with notches on the outside which were engaged by a very simple, tear shaped lock mechanism which allowed their size to be adjusted. The design was quite successful and Adams Handcuffs were manufactured in great quantity. The second part of the story takes place in 1866 when Orson C. Phelps invented and patented his version, which put the notches for the ratchet on the inside of the square bow and featured a heavier and more secure lock case. Phelps handcuffs were also very well made; although the lock wasn’t very secure, it was a vast improvement over any earlier design. It’s unknown if Phelps paid a royalty to Adams, who held the original ratchet patent. John J. Tower enters the picture in 1865 when he established a company. He introduced a series of handcuffs initially built under license– it’s unknown precisely when since at least three distinct models were released bearing only the Adams and Phelps patent dates. The first Towers weren’t much different from Phelps, with similarly shaped lock cases, ratchet notches on the inside of the bow and a

April 2012

three link connecting chain. Tower applied for his first patent in 1871 to cover the round or oval bow he invented, an improvement over the previous square bow. It took three years for this patent to be issued; O. C. Phelps died during this period and Tower evidently bought the Phelps patent, which was reissued to him in 1877. Tower immediately realized that single lock models had a major weakness – they could be shimmed by a determined prisoner with a proper bit of metal. He solved the problem with the ‘double lock’ handcuff, which had a much more sophisticated lock mechanism. Patented in 1879, it was opened the same way as a single lock model, by inserting a key and rotating it one half turn counter-clockwise. However, turning the key a full turn clockwise froze the catch or bolt, preventing it from being opened or further closed and stopping the wearer from shimming it open. To remove the double lock, the key had to be reinserted and turned a full turn to the left, counter-clockwise. Another half turn would open the cuff completely. The earliest Tower double lock handcuffs are marvels of engineering and were manufactured to very high tolerances. Unfortunately standards dropped over the 50 years they were produced. Much of the double lock cuffs security was due to their heavy weight. Tower patented a new light weight handcuff in 1887 “made for lessening the expense of the construction of the hasp and case of the lock, for lessening the weight of the handcuff...” The very simple design was essentially a return to the original Adams handcuff.

Tower Detective Like the original Adams, the new lightweight Tower model had a rectangular bow with the notches and lock case on the outside.

The lock mechanism was very simple; there was no double lock and the cuffs could be shimmed more easily than any prior Tower handcuff. Essentially security was sacrificed for low cost and weight. They were marketed as Tower detective handcuffs, “designed to meet the demand for a very light weight shackle for those officers, detectives, and others who require to have their implements with them, and find a few ounces saved in the weight a matter of convenience and comfort.” Despite their low security, Tower advertised that “we do not hesitate to guarantee them as next to our patent double lock handcuffs, the best shackle ever offered.” Handcuff collector’s sometimes refer to this model as the Pinkerton model, since the Pinkerton Detective agency supposedly used it. The Carney, Peerless 1912

The classic swing through design of the original Peerless handcuff continues to be the industry standard, 100 years after it was first invented by George Carney. The Peerless Handcuff Company was established in 1914 in Springfield, Massachusetts by James Milton Gill, a businessman and city police commissioner. He was approached by inventor Carney, who invented the swing through design two years earlier that would eventually revolutionize the industry. Relatively light weight and easy to carry, it could be quickly applied with one hand, unlike other restraint devices of the time. Recognizing the advantages, Milton bought the rights and began selling the product under the Peerless name. It quickly became popular, rendering other types of handcuffs obsolete. Over time, after the patent expired, the design was copied by almost every handcuff manufacturer. The Carney design, however, established Peerless as a leading supplier of high quality restraints, a reputation it still carries today.

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Great Santini Modern handcuffs haven’t changed much since the Carney design. Most have adopted a universal key, seen as a necessity so officers could unlock cuffs on anothers prisoner. The down side, of course, is a greater chance a prisoner has a key. Steve Santini, a 13-year-old Toronto youth, made headlines in the ‘70s by demonstrating his ability to break out of an antique police jail cell. One year later, he wowed everyone with his ability to break free of standard police issue handcuffs. He has since gone on to become one of Canada’s top escape artists, compared to the famous Houdini, and has defeated more jail cells than any other Canadian escapologist. Santini has also helped improve handcuffs and isn’t impressed by the security of most modern restraints and their ‘universal’ key – but unlike others with the same opinion, he’s come up with two approaches to help fix the vulnerability. • Keeping the universal key but redesigning the restraint so it’s difficult for a prisoner to open it even if they have a key. • Using a high security padlock, either alone or as a supplement to the universal key

The Titan Perhaps the most famous of Santini’s inventions, this massive handcuff, cut out of sheet steel and held together with stainless steel rivets, is designed for use with an external lock. Each cuff has a separate latch mechanism that protrudes from the bottom; in the absence of a lock, this pair of levers may be pinched together to open the bows of the handcuff. However, with an external, high security lock in place, they’re held in the locked position and are one of the most secure handcuffs ever made... and there are only 11 in existence. For a demonstration go to www.youtube. com/watch?v=XVRxHQDOTME.

Peerless Pivot

The Smith & Wesson Model 100 is one of the most popular cuffs in North America

Pickproof Smith & Wesson

and, of course, opens with a universal key. Santini enlarged the double lock holes so they accommodate a pair of high security Abloy padlocks, making it impossible to remove the double lock; they still function normally without the locks in place. These cuffs are a brute force solution to security – a modern version of classic shackles, which also required external padlocks – but are very solid and quite secure when fitted with proper locks. Modern, finely tuned, light and flexible handcuffs have come a long way from the old Nippers. Today’s restraint systems include full body wrap devices, glue guns and net shooting shotguns. Devices of tomorrow could include short term paralyzing devices, with antidotes administered at the police station. “History teaches us that men and nations behave wisely once they have exhausted all other alternatives,” Israeli politician Abba Eban once observed. It’s a good thing to keep in mind when taking a person into custody. There can be no benefit of the doubt when an arrest is made – cuff ‘em all! For more interesting reading about handcuffs, go to www. handcuffs.org -- other sites of interest include: • www.peerless.net • www.smith-wesson.com • www.h-tmfg.com • S t e v e S a n t i n i – w w w. t h e d a r k m a s t e r. c o m or 1-800-867-3281.

One of the neatest Santini inventions is the Peerless Pivot. He welded a bar to each cuff to replace the chain coupling on a standard pair of Peerless handcuffs. The bars are riveted together by a swivel joint which exposes the key hole only when the cuffs are partially folded, making access much more difficult. An external padlock can be fitted over the swivel, locking it in the extended position and blocking access to the key hole, for even more security. Hiatt spring loaded key cover

What’s better than a handcuff requiring a universal key? One that requires two of them. This Santini invention is a modification of a standard Hiatt hinged cuff; the key hole is covered by a sliding, spring loaded metal shield. The cover must be held open with the double lock plunger end of a second key before another key can be inserted in the lock. A prisoner would require considerable dexterity to open this cuff. Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

Questioning the assumptions A critique of the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) by Brent Snook, Craig Bennell, Paul J. Taylor, John C. House, Sarah MacDonald and Kirk Luther Most readers will be familiar with the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS), a computerised system designed to help identify serial offenders by crossreferencing information from one crime to information from others (e.g., current offence to past offences) to identify potential crime series. ViCLAS is just one of several linkage systems used around the world (e.g., the Homicide Investigation Tracking System in Washington State). In this article, we take a critical look at ViCLAS because of its familiarity. Bear in mind that our observations are applicable to all linkage systems. We argue that, despite its widespread use, ViCLAS hasn’t undergone sufficient scientific testing and consequently may not do what it is supposed to. We scrutinise four assumptions fundamental to ensuring its effectiveness (see Bennell et al., in press, for a more detailed discussion of the issues raised below). Assumption #1 Data entered into the system are reliable ViCLAS relies on investigators recording crime behaviour in a reliable way. A test of reliability involves determining how often investigators agree on what actually occurred during a crime when completing a ViCLAS coding booklet (or the degree to which two data entry personnel agree when entering coding booklet data). In scientific research, this is known as inter-rater reliability. To have confidence in ViCLAS two investigators reading through the same case material will each enter the same information in a coding booklet. For example, ViCLAS requires a judgement about how a victim was approached or whether he/she was targeted. If two inves-

tigators examining the same case come to different conclusions, this information cannot be depended upon to make valid decisions. It would be equivalent to one eyewitness identifying an assailant as having black hair and a second saying the same assailant had blonde hair. In scientific research, a minimum level of 80 per cent agreement is typically required to trust the data used to make decisions. Arguably, a similar high-level of agreement should be demanded from crime linkage systems because the decisions being made are consequential. Surprisingly, given the importance of this issue, only two studies have examined the reliability of ViCLAS. Martineau and Corey (2008) provided 237 police officers with a two-page summary of a sexual assault or homicide and asked them to complete a ViCLAS booklet. They calculated occurrence agreement values and reported 38 per cent agreement for the homicide case and 25 per cent agreement for the sexual assault

case. Across the two vignettes, the accuracy for specific types of variables in the ViCLAS booklet ranged from 88 per cent for weapon variables down to three per cent for crime scene information. In the second study, Snook, Luther, House, Bennell and Taylor (in press) presented police officers genuine case materials. They reported 31 per cent occurrence agreement across the 106 variables their sample of police officers coded. Agreement ranged from two per cent for weapon variables to 63 per cent for administration variables. Only 10 per cent of the variables reached an acceptable level of agreement (more than 80 per cent). The low reported agreement in the two studies demonstrates that officers often disagree about what is present in case material. If such agreement levels are representative of the reliability of ViCLAS data, the ability to use this system to make accurate linkage decisions is severely compromised. Clearly, more research should be conducted to examine this issue. Ideally, with the participation of police organizations, future research in this area will be more realistic than the previous research that has been conducted (e.g., simulating the pressures found in actual investigations). Assumption #2 Data are entered accurately into the system A second assumption is that the data entered into ViCLAS reflect what actually occurred at the crime. In scientific terms, this is an assumption about the validity of the data; that it represents what it is supposed to represent. This assumption is important because the quality of the links generated will

April 2012

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only be as good as the accuracy of the data contained in the database. For example, an investigator may incorrectly indicate that an axe was used to kill the victim when in fact the murder weapon was a knife. Alternatively, an investigator may code the presence of a knife correctly but the information may accidentally be entered as an axe. As far as we are aware, there has been no evaluation of the extent to which data stored in the ViCLAS system, or any other linkage system, are valid. Each question in a coding booklet provides an opportunity for errors to creep into the system. For example, lengthy, repetitive coding tasks (like the ViCLAS coding task) have been shown to increase the number of coding errors in other domains (cf. Reynolds-Haertle & McBride, 1992). Such errors influence the reliability of coded data and ultimately the accuracy of the data in ViCLAS. Crimes will be recorded as happening in a way that they did not. Of course, quality assurance mechanisms may help improve the data’s accuracy (and its reliability) through the identification of errors and various police organizations use them. However, their effectiveness needs to be evaluated and compliance rates monitored. Assumption #3 Criminal behaviours are consistent and distinct A third assumption is that offenders commit their crimes in a way that is distinct from other offenders and consistent enough over time to allow their series to be recognised. This is important because analysts linking crimes appear to use modus operandi behaviours and/ or behavioural signatures in addition to information about the offender and victim (Santtila, Pakkanen, Zappalà, Bosco, Valkama, & Mokros, 2008). Assuming an offender’s crimes series can be identified by consistent, distinct MOs appears to originate from the view that behaviour is determined by a person’s predispositions (i.e., traits). However, situational factors have a huge impact on how people behave. Although a few studies have found high levels of occurrence of distinctive MO behaviours across crime series, the majority of research finds only moderate levels. Even then, moderate levels of consistency and distinctiveness tend to be reported when the analysis focuses on behaviours that are largely under the offender’s control (e.g., where and when they decide to commit the crime), but not when the analysis focuses on behaviours more likely influenced by the situation (e.g., the degree of an offender’s hostility, which can be influenced by the victim’s resistance). Thus, most research suggests an offender’s MO is determined by both person-dependent behavioural tendencies and crime-dependent situational factors. Any attempt to link crimes must be sensitive to the interaction of these two factors. In contrast to MO, the perceived usefulness of signature behaviours for linking purposes seems to be based on the belief Blue Line Magazine

signatures instantiate offenders’ ‘scripts’ that are rehearsed, deeply engrained and rooted in personal fantasies. As far as we are aware, no empirical research has been published that examines the potential value of these behaviours (as traditionally defined) for linking purposes, although many case studies have been presented to support their use (e.g. Keppel, 2000). Aside from the behavioural issues, it is also unclear how analysts use these kinds of behaviours. For example, we do not know which MOs analysts use to link crimes (we have been informed that different analysts will often use different behaviours) and whether these behaviours are likely to be exhibited in a consistent and/or distinct fashion. Similarly, with respect to signature behaviours, we do not know whether linkage analysts can even identify behavioural signatures reliably across a series of crimes, if they are in fact exhibited, or the extent to which these signatures are actually useful for establishing crime linkages (or how their usefulness varies across crime type). Assumption #4 It is possible to identify linked crimes The fourth assumption is that people who have received specialized training to link crimes are able to accurately identify serial crimes. This is important because misidentifying serial crimes may alter an investigation or spark the search for a non existant serial

offender. Unfortunately, we are not aware of any researchexaming the impact of linkage training on linkage decision accuracy. Nor do we know of any research that has examined performance in the types of linking tasks analysts actually face in reality. The only available research examines how law enforcement personnel (and members of the public) who have not received formal training in linkage analysis perform on simulated linking tasks. For example, in one of the most recent studies in this area, Bennell and his colleagues (2010) examined how university students, police professionals and a statistical model performed on a linking task where the goal was to determine whether the same offender, using a range of crime scene behaviours, committed pairs of burglaries. Half of the study participants in each group were provided with a brief training session, which informed them that the likelihood of two offences being committed by the same offender increases as the distance between the offences decreases (as commonly found in studies of crime linkage; e.g., Bennell & Canter, 2002). Interestingly, the results indicated three things: (a) within each condition (trained and untrained) students outperformed police professionals with respect to linking accuracy, (b) providing information about appropriate linking cues increased linking accuracy for both students and professionals and (c) the statistical model, which relied solely on intercrime distance, outperformed human judges by

April 2012

a large margin, even when the participants were trained. The major problem for even trained participants was an over-reliance on ineffective linking cues, which seemed to result from inaccurate beliefs about what MO features are consistent and/or distinct in cases of burglary. Notwithstanding issues of realism, the main message to take from research in this area is that no evidence exists various types of police professionals, including experienced investigators, can accurately link serial crimes. If these studies had reported positive results it would be reasonable to assume trained linkage analysts would do as well as the tested participants, if not better, because they have been trained in the linkage task. Unfortunately, we simply do not know

whether trained analysts possess the ability to link serial crimes, either in laboratory-based studies or in naturalistic settings where linkage systems are actually used. What we do know is that human decision-making in other domains can be fallible (e.g., Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982) and this does little to ease our concerns about the ability of crime analysts to do their task well. Beyond the assumptions Little is also known about the success rates (e.g., number of actual links established) for ViCLAS, or from other linkage systems police use. Although we are aware of some anecdotes of successful police investigations that have drawn on ViCLAS and we have

some indication of the number of potential links included in certain systems, we are not aware of any data from wide-scale studies of linkage accuracy in actual investigations. Clearly, such studies need to be conducted before any conclusions are drawn about the value of the systems. Final thoughts It is important for professions responsible for public safety and security to critically review the assumptions on which current techniques and practices are based to ensure they are contributing as intended. The use of ViCLAS and crime linkage systems in general is a case in point. We know police agencies will decide for themselves how much weight to put on our arguments and what conclusions to draw about the potential value of ViCLAS. However, at the very least, we believe all linkage systems ought to be evaluated as a matter of urgency to ensure current linking efforts are achieving optimal results and that officer effort to complete ViCLAS booklets is not being wasted. Such an evaluation cannot be achieved overnight but carrying out a program of research to examine the assumptions described above should allow crime linkage systems, and the analysts who operate them, to reach their full potential. There are plenty of university research teams that would be interested in assisting with this research so it does not have to be too expensive or even time consuming. References

Bennell, C., Snook, B., MacDonald, S., House, J. C., & Taylor, P. J. (in press). Computerized crime linkage systems: A critical review and research agenda. Criminal Justice and Behavior. Bennell, C., & Canter, D. (2002). Linking commercial burglaries by modus operandi: Tests using regression and ROC analysis. Science and Justice, 42, 153-164. doi:10.1016/S1355-0306(02)71820-0 Canter, D. V., Heritage, R., Wilson, M., Davies, A., Kirby, S., Holden, R., et al. (1991). A facet approach to offender profiling. London, UK: Home Office. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Keppel, R. D. (2000). Signature murders: A report of the 1984 Cranbrook, British Columbia Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 500-503. Martineau, M., & Corey, S. (2008). Investigating the reliability of the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) crime report. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 23, 51-60. doi:10.1007/ s11896-008-9028-5 Reynolds-Haertle, R. A., & McBride, R. (1992). Single vs. double data entry in CAST. Controlled Clinical Trials, 13, 487-494. Snook, B., Luther, K., House, J., Bennell, C., & Taylor, P. (in press). The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System: A Test of Inter-Rater Reliability. Criminal Justice and Behavior Santtila, P., Fritzon, K., & Tamelander, A. L. (2005). Linking arson incidents on the basis of crime scene behaviour. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 19(1), 1-16. doi:10.1007/ BF02802570 Santtila, P., Pakkanen, T., Zapallà, A., Bosco, D., Valkama, M., & Mokros, A. (2008). Behavioural crime linking in serial homicide. Psychology, Crime & Law, 14, 245-265. doi:10.1080/10683160701739679 Brent Snook (bsnook@mun.ca) is an associate professor and Sarah MacDonald and Kirk Luther are graduate students at Memorial University of Newfoundland’s Department of Psychology. Craig Bennell is an associate professor in Carleton University’s Department of Psychology. Paul J. Taylor is a senior lecturer in Forensic Psychology, Lancaster University, UK. John C. House is a superintendent with the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary.

April 2012

Blue Line Magazine

Report says transit police

not worth cost An independent report on Metro Vancouver’s Transit Police has concluded that the force is not worth the $27 million it costs to operate every year. The 2011 report was produced in Edmonton, which was considering creating a similar police force before studying the B.C. model. The Edmonton officer who authored the report, acting Supt. Garry Meads, wrote that, “The inefficiencies of this model are quite obvious. It had been mentioned to me that this type of police service designation will not likely be repeated in the province.” The report points out that every part of the SkyTrain policed by transit officers is within another department’s turf, meaning that the forces sometimes double up their resources to deal with a single crime. “This type of arrangement has resulted in much confusion and inefficiencies,” Meads wrote. The report was unearthed by the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, which says the study should spell the end for the transit police force. “TransLink needs to take another hard look at the model before investing any more money in it and probably scrap it to save money,” Jordan Bateman of the CTF told CTV News. But TransLink says the force is keeping

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crime down and has a shorter response time than municipal police departments. “We have seen our safety confidence in the public go up, we’ve seen our customer satisfaction ratings go up. I think there’s a good value to the public here,” TransLink COO Doug Kelsey said. And Transportation Minister Blair Lekstrom agrees. “I think people feel safer today on the SkyTrain system. I think that people are looking for that,” he said. The Edmonton report says that the force has another problem: Bored officers trying to chase crimes outside the SkyTrain system, causing friction with other police departments. “When you put fully trained police officers in a transit environment, and restrict their work area to transit properties, they realize fairly quickly that transit crime and disorder work is not that interesting,” Meads wrote. Transit Police Chief Neil Dubord says the job is not boring and his officers welcome the chance to stop crime, even when it happens off TransLink property. “If we see a victim being victimized within a parking lot, we’re going to take the necessary action to prevent that victimization,” he said.

(CTV News) Excerpt from Blue Line News Week

April 2012

by Christine Jackson A partnership between York Regional Police, Insurance Bureau of Canada and the Canadian Police Knowledge Network is improving the ability of frontline officers to identify and investigate suspected cases of staged collisions. Until recently, auto insurance fraud has been flying under the radar of most Canadians, but the success of recent investigations like Project Whiplash and Project 92 have garnered a lot of media attention and are shedding light on the true scope and cost of these crimes. Staged collisions, where accidents are orchestrated to collect hefty insurance pay outs, are becoming increasingly common in Canada’s urban centres. These activities not only put public safety at risk by often targeting innocent drivers, but also contribute

April 2012

to higher insurance premiums for all Canadians. In Ontario alone, industry estimates have previously indicated that $1.3 billion of the annual claims paid out by insurers are fraudulent. These scams are not limited to the individuals who engineer the collisions; they can often involve a larger network of service providers including towing companies, medical clinics, body shops, paralegals and rehabilitation facilities. Furthermore, they are linked to organized crime, the proceeds of which are believed to fund other illegal activities within and beyond Canadian borders. To get a better handle on the true impact and costs of auto insurance fraud in Ontario, a new study by a major accounting firm is currently underway; the results will be shared with the Ontario Anti-Fraud Task Force. While auto insurance fraud occurs throughout North America, Ontario (and the

Greater Toronto Area in particular) is the Canadian hotspot. As a result, the Ontario insurance industry has been taking greater countermeasures against highly sophisticated auto fraud rings and associated service suppliers. In addition to tightening auto insurance rules, including reductions to minimum basic medical and rehab coverage and higher deductibles for basic insurance, various initiatives with police services are hitting their mark. Most recently, Project Whiplash, a joint investigation between the Toronto Police Service (TPS) traffic and financial crimes units, Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC), insurance companies and the Financial Services Commission of Ontario culminated in 37 arrests and 130 charges, linking back to 77 alleged collision incidents. An earlier investigation, dubbed Project 92, resulted in some 300 charges against 42 individuals – 30 have been convicted to date with more pending. These are impressive outcomes, but in reality, address only a fraction of the problem. At present, there are approximately 40 to 50 active multi-claim projects under investigation by IBC in Ontario. At the outset, the catalyst for the Project 92 investigation was a TPS officer’s suspicions at a collision scene. That suspicion arose from the officer’s specialized training in accident investigation and eventually led to the dismantlement of one of the province’s largest staged collision fraud rings. Though IBC offers a range of training programs and resources to better inform officers about various elements of auto insurance fraud, as the problem of staged collisions continues to Blue Line Magazine

grow there’s a clear need to get more information out to more officers. “Auto insurance fraud is on the rise in Canada,” says Rick Dubin, Vice-President of Investigative Services at IBC. “The more informed police officers are on this issue, the more we can disrupt and disable these types of criminal operations.” In one instance, compelled by an increase in suspect claims in York region, IBC began to work with York Regional Police to enhance officer awareness about staged collisions. At first, IBC provided a simple list of indicators that officers could refer to while at the scene of an accident. However, by 2011, there was a push to develop a more comprehensive

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approach and YRP and IBC collaborated to create a full online training resource. That partnership, which included an IBC subject matter expert and YRP’s Training and Education Bureau, Community Resource Centre and Major Fraud Unit, resulted in the Identifying Staged Collisions e-learning course. The 45 minute course uses videos to illustrate common types of staged collision scenarios and describes the various signs, indicators and behaviours that may characterize a staged collision. However, knowing the issue of staged collisions reaches far beyond its own jurisdiction, YRP has now made the course available to a national police audience via the Canadian Police Knowledge Network.

In turn, CPKN and IBC have partnered to sponsor a year-long free access period to the course for all Canadian police officers. The merger of IBC, YRP and CPKN expertise speaks volumes on the value of collaborative training within the Canadian police sector. While IBC and YRP have developed and packaged expert content for a high quality learning experience, CPKN provides a point of access for a national police audience. Christine Jackson is with the Canadian Police Knowledge Network. Identifying staged collisions will be offered to all Canadian sworn police officers at no charge until Dec. 31, 2012. Visit www.cpkn.ca for more information or to register.

April 2012

A service to be proud of by Gavin Robinson When a leader in an organization makes the call, the conversation typically begins with an admission that something is no longer working and change is needed. It is usually a people issue or, more accurately, a culture issue. Regardless of the problem, it generally stems from poor leadership, lack of accountability, inappropriate use of authority or some other form of ineffective corporate culture. As the conversation delves deeper into the cause, the substance of ‘values’ and ‘vision’ is explored. It becomes evident that behaviours are out of step with what the organization claims to stand for. The success of a five-year engagement with the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) happened because there was a fundamental shift from structure and process towards new behaviour. This article profiles that successful change from a command and control to a community based policing organization aligned to its vision, mission and values. April 2012

Background The history of conflict in Northern Ireland created a lasting culture of division, where police found themselves in the cross hairs of civilian anger. Prior to our organization’s engagement, one consistent message heard was, “Don’t tell anyone you are working with the police; the only thing people agree on, is everyone hates the Peelers.” At the time, PSNI consisted of 13,000 police and civilian members policing a population of 1.6 million people. The long-standing Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) became the Police Service of Northern Ireland in November 2001. The Independent Commission on Policing (the Patten Commission), originating from the ‘Good Friday’ Peace Agreement, spelled out a ‘new beginning for policing.’ Its 165 recommendations called for a change program unprecedented in scope for any police service in the world. Some describe it as the most significant culture change initiative ever undertaken. A major challenge was the transition from anti-terrorism and public order policing 20

to one of community-centered problem solving. A further complication was the onerous level of oversight and governance, involving a bureaucracy of seven government and nongovernmental agencies. Not surprising, two years into implementing the Patton recommendations, culture had deteriorated, evident by unprecedented levels of low morale, indifference and ongoing grievances. The idea of a police service that had historically policed from behind barricades and armoured vehicles now being seen as a community policing service wasn’t easily accepted. Further compounding the organizational challenges, 1,500 senior officers exited and were packaged out, replaced by rookie officers and civilians. A problem solving approach that worked The Patton Commission report called for major culture transformation. As its recommendations were put in place, change occurred but not for the better. This once proud Blue Line Magazine

organization suffered from extensive oversight and an abundance of edicts coupled with poor communication and unclear direction. During the transition period, James Drennan, a Canadian serving as director of the Police College of Northern Ireland, chose Canadian-based Robinson Organizational Consulting Inc. to deliver the Blake and Mouton “Leadership Grid” as a training behavioural platform for change. According to Drennan: Real behaviour change had to occur for both police and community members alike. Everyone’s problem solving ability, expressions of candour without being offensive, increasing team effectiveness, the quality of the decisions made, integration of everyone’s thoughts and contributions, abandoning personal prejudices and increasing understanding and application of ethical decision making and human rights needed attention. I had worked with the Grid for a number of years and believed there was no other model that could deliver the behavioural problem solving foundation we required. Robinson began a five-year project of culture change in 2003. The program’s success lies in incorporating the PSNI’s existing vision, purpose and values 1 into the proven Leadership Grid model of behavioural learning. Ultimately, the organization learned how to ‘behave their values’ of “honesty and openness, fairness and courtesy, partnerships, performance, professionalism and respect for the rights of all.”2 One core belief in shifting organizational culture is the notion of “What’s right – not who’s right.” When organizations like the PSNI place core values on a pedestal, shine a spotlight on them and pay daily homage, it is possible to align behaviours around the notion of ‘what’s right.’ This is true, regardless of an organization’s age, size, type or location. In a nutshell, aligning an organization’s vision, mission and values towards desired behaviour outcomes that everyone can own is the goal from start to finish. Joe Stewart, PSNI’s human resources director, came to refer to the outcome as ‘our behavioural operating platform.’ Significant to the broader national culture Blue Line Magazine

change that had to occur was including all community members in the development sessions. In addition to ensuring openness and transparency, a common mindset and appreciation for new possibilities emerged. Regardless of background, no one could disagree with PSNI’s stated purpose – (Making Northern Ireland a safer place through professional, progressive policing) – or its values. Instilling a code of conduct to live those words was a welcomed route to becoming a problem solving service versus a combative police force. In one case a civilian confided that “our relatives have police blood on their hands and my parents would be rolling in their graves to know I spent time, voluntarily, with the police.” It should also be noted that members of An Garda Siochana of the Irish Republic, RCMP, Swedish Police Service, Latvian National Police and Bramshill Police College participated in and supported the initiative. Early on, a consistent message heard from

participants was the need for the chief constable and his team to complete this program. This occurred in June 2004, following which Sir Hugh Orde announced the Grid “would be the change model for leadership development through problem-solving and decision-making improvements for the future.” To think of the Grid as simply training would be incorrect. The key to the program is attitudinal change and learned skills. The overwhelming sentiment from members is the training “would forever change the way they approach decision making and problem solving in their daily work and home lives. It hasn’t only been the best learning they have ever undertaken, but it has really changed their lives.” A sergeant in Coleraine described how he used what he learned to help his 16-year-old daughter confront and overcome the sectarian bullying she faced. “The program offers so many valuable lessons for all levels of the police service, both police and civilian alike,” said Drennan.

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“I have been in policing and education for 32 years and I have never seen a more beneficial and pragmatic approach to real change management.” Ultimately, the behaviour-based learning implemented in Northern Ireland directly impacted all facets of the community and was viewed a success by government, management, police and community members alike. The PSNI story shows that when an organization’s leaders hold themselves and others accountable to what’s right, positive culture growth is a natural outcome.

1. PSNI vision statement: http://www.psni.police.uk/index/ about-us.htm 2. PSNI core values: http://www.psni.police.uk/index/ about-us.htm Gavin Robinson is the founder and president of Robinson Organizational Consulting, which focuses on helping top organizations achieve healthy cultures and great results. He has also worked with An Garda Siochana and the RCMP. Visit www.robinsonleadership.com for more or email him at gavin@robinsonleadership.com.

Looking outside to fix the inside Policing with the community is a holistic philosophy involving all police officers and staff. Successful implementation is impossible without transformation from a “command and control” operating system to a “values driven behavioural” model. External and internal management systems are complementary; people react to others outside the organization in much the same way they are treated within the organization. If the same operating principles are not applied within as without, management is seen as duplicitous and the effort is prone to failure. In the difficult process of implementing the peace agreement of 1998 the Police Service of Northern Ireland was plunged into a crucible of transforming itself from a security driven force to a

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community-oriented civil police service. While the operational expectations were documented and measured in outcomes, the behavioral change process was the responsibility of police management. Reaching outside the service for the tools to effect change was a wise choice. In the years following the police service made enormous progress in adjusting both external and internal operational practises. The leadership and staff may take pride in these achievements, as may those who contributed the methods for influencing internal change. Robert Lunney: Former member, Oversight Commissioner’s consulting team for Police Reform in Northern Ireland.

Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

Surviving corporate travel by Angelo M. Marino Corporate travellers need to understand that being prepared may save their life. Having spent a significant amount of my 24 year career protecting clients traveling to under-developed countries, I am no longer surprised to hear of yet another missing, kidnapped or dead North American and/or European. Contrary to popular belief, I am not referring only to war-torn countries. Friendly touristic nations such as Mexico, the Caribbean and most any country in Latin America and highly attractive Northern Africa seem to consume more North American and European travelers than areas like Iraq, Afghanistan and other hostile regions combined. In almost every crisis situation I have encountered the problem stemmed from a traveler’s lack of situational and/or geographical awareness. People either become overwhelmed by their new surroundings or so concerned with the possibility of becoming a victim that they lose their ability to think rationally. This being said, I cannot over stress the importance of logistical, physical and mental preparation prior to departure on a crucial business trip. Those wishing to make you a target await your arrival and are rarely unprepared. Preparation Beginning your intelligence gathering at home is key to travel survival. It is not difficult to identify the problem and/or high crime areas of a city or country on the Internet. This helps you understand the local cultures, traditions and laws and develop an emergency action plan should things go wrong. Most corporate travelers are clueless to the critical details concerning the country they are in, often placing

April 2012

them in harms way. Pre-mission education on the region being visited should include subjects such as history of problems, political stability, religious beliefs and tolerance or intolerance to foreigners in the area. The seasoned traveller will organize logistics and itinerary planning, including factors such as required documents, airport pick-up and dropoff, hotel, friendly guides, language barriers, etc. Important considerations include knowing your personal profile (medical information, clothing sizes, etc.), emergency resources and action plans (embassy/consulate locations, friendly alternate embassies, security/law enforcement availability and dependability, hospitals, etc.) and itinerary sharing. Ensure that someone in the office knows where you will be, with whom and how to contact you at all times. In transit Airport and airline familiarity is crucial.

Following procedures to avoid unnecessary attention, being aware of your surroundings and constantly looking for abnormal activities are excellent habits to develop. It is important to remember that although you may be travelling solo, you are rarely alone. Whether in an airport lounge, restaurant/bar or on the aircraft itself, it is your duty to control the information that the people around you receive. People profiling and developing a safe prospecting protocol will help you avoid unnecessary danger. Pay attention to the airline flight attendants when they give their safety demonstration; although they often lack excitement in their delivery, the information will be valuable in an emergency. Having been on planes during crash landings and on a flight evacuated due to a potential bomb in the luggage compartment, I can tell you the situation becomes chaotic rather quickly during an emergency. Knowing where to go and what to do becomes extremely important to your survival. Take charge of your own baggage after clearing customs. If you believe this to be a given, you obviously have not traveled to many developing countries. When faced with possibly overwhelming and often overpowering luggage hawks, find a way to politely convince them that you will carry your luggage. Prepare yourself mentally for this eventuality before you land. Secure reputable transportation and move away from the airport as soon as possible. Crowds and tourist frequented areas attract terrorists as well as the common criminal. At the destination Many security professionals advise to avoid looking like a tourist but the truth is that, no matter how much you dress and try to act like a local, in most cases seasoned hunters always knows how to recognize their prey. Only proper habits and safety oriented routines will keep the enemy away. In addition to comfort and convenience, security should be among the criteria considered when selecting a hotel. Show only the credit card needed to register when checking in and never expose the contents of your wallet or briefcase to the clerk. Do not use credit cards that have your corporate name and refrain from paying in advance. Remember that businessmen/women are high-value kidnap targets in most developing countries and hotel databases are usually compromised. Observe the hotel surroundings. Map out the escape routes from your room and orient yourself, learning the location of all entrances and exits. Before lying down to sleep, pack all your documents and valuables so you can immediately grab them in case you have to leave in a hurry. I usually prefer the second floor of a hotel because it gives some protection against immediate street accessibility but also allows you to escape through a window if need be. Become a regular but not predictable, keeping your guard up at all times and remembering that you may become a victim both ON and OFF the job. Never leave any document or information Blue Line Magazine

that may reveal who you work for or why you are in the country at the hotel. Avoid dealing with street money exchangers; instead use banks or certified money exchange businesses. When possible, keep your wallet in a front pants pocket to decrease your chances of falling prey to pickpockets. Carrying cash separately from your wallet is usually a good idea and when buying something, use this money rather than exposing your wallet. Replenish it later in a private location. Some people suggest securing your passport in the hotel safe and walking around with a copy. This may avoid the hassle of having to replace it if stolen, but although a traumatizing event, the country per say is not unraveling and the passport could be replaced with relative ease with the help of an embassy or consulate. However, should a national emergency occur while you are away from the hotel – and they are not uncommon in the hot zones of the world – you can proceed directly to the embassy or appointed safe haven without having to prolong your journey and increase danger by returning to the hotel. Whether in a bus, taxi or personal vehicle, ground transportation can sometimes be nothing short of dangerous in many developing countries. Couple that with inexperienced drivers and poor infrastructure and you have a recipe for disaster. Most kidnappings occur while the victim is in transport mode. Therefore always keep a map with you and know where you are, alternative routes and how to get to police stations, hospitals, military posts or other safe havens. Vary your departure times and routes and watch for anyone watching or following you. Use vehicles that don’t attract attention, store

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all valuables in the trunk and immediately lock all the doors upon entering. When using drivers, tell them your destination only when you get in and never give them, or anyone else, your ground itinerary unless there is a good reason to do so. Should an emergency arise, use the KISS system (Keep It Survival Simple). When faced with a confirmed threat, the options, in order of priority, are; 1) Avoid 2) Evacuate 3) Confront In preparing your action plan, ask these five questions. WHAT do I need?, WHO can I trust?, WHERE can I go?, HOW do I get there? and WHEN do I make my move? Returning home Corporate travelers are often targeted on their return journey because they tend to drop their guard the minute they leave the hotel. Remember, the job may be done but the danger is far from over. If you succeeded in signing that lucrative contract, the risk of you becoming a target may actually have increased!! Angelo M. Marino is one of Canada’s most renowned specialists and master instructors in executive protection, armoured and non-armoured high risk transport and tactical operations. He has trained almost 4,300 security, police and military personnel both locally and internationally, worked in more than 40 countries and has personally trained the presidential security details of two West African countries.

April 2012

Deep Blue by Dorothy Cotton

The forgotten victims of crime There is nothing like a long drawn out sensationalized murder trial to get one’s adrenaline flowing. I have to confess that, like most people, I have some level of interest in the unusual and high profile cases that often find their way to the front page of newspapers. This is especially true when the trial in question is taking place a kilometre from my house. I refer here to the Shafia et al murder trial – the kindly parents and brother who unfathomably decided to kill three of their children/sisters and an extra wife. I cannot even begin to get my head around how they were able to reason out that particular decision. However, throughout the several year long legal process, one extraneous thought repeatedly passed through my mind: how on earth are the family’s other children dealing with this? Speaking of unfathomable... No one tends to pay much attention to the issue of children of incarcerated parents. They have been variously referred to as “forgotten victims of crime,” “orphans of justice” and “unseen victims of the prison boom.”1 For all the hoopla about Bill C-10, I don’t think I have seen a single comment about the effects that parental incarceration has on them. Yeah, I can hear some of you saying that perhaps the parents might have thought about that before they committed the crime – point taken – but apparently they didn’t, so here we are with a bunch of children whose parents are in jail. It is interesting – and sobering – to think about them. The article I footnoted above paints an interesting and complex picture of the effect of parental incarceration. Taking it from the top, you have the trauma of watching mom or dad get hauled off by... er ...you guys. Many people are, of course, apprehended at home since that is often when you can find them – but that’s also where you often find the kids. One study suggested that only a very small minority of police officers attempt to handcuff the parent outside of their children’s view and very few made any attempt to explain to them why mom or dad were being hauled off, where they were going or what was going to happen (and yeah, obviously sometimes this is really not feasible given the circumstances). Children have reported post-traumatic symptoms from witnessing police breaking down doors and charging into their house and doing whatever it is that one does after breaking down doors. Then you have the whole court thing; often children don’t get a straight story about what’s going on. People may not tell them why their parent has suddenly vanished; they may be misled into thinking they will be back momentarily when actually it will be 3-5 years April 2012

(or never). They may be teased or hassled on the playground by their peers who saw dad’s picture on the news. Teachers may treat them differently (“What can you expect with a father who....”). Then there are all the side-effects of the incarceration itself – separation, unstable child care arrangements, financial woes, more stigma, loss of the family home – and, of course, the ever-fun visit to see the parent in prison – or conversely, the inability to see the parent in prison. Sometimes the parent is released after years away – and the whole family dynamic gets stood on its ear yet again. What are the effects of parental incarceration? Are children at high risk for all sorts of things compared to others? This is not easily answered. Some who are incarcerated were not the greatest parents to start with. If they were abusive or violent or unpredictable, then their departure may not be such a bad thing. Maybe they were largely absent or not in touch anyhow. It might depend on the age or gender, circumstances before incarceration or which parent was in prison. In any case, the review by Murray et al arrived at one conclusion that frankly I thought was pretty amazing. While these kids are at greater risk for future criminal and antisocial behaviour, they actually were NOT at greater risk for mental health problems, drug use or trouble in school. That’s not to say that some don’t have these problems but overall, compared to other groups, there is not a higher incidence. This is an impressive finding – almost hard to believe. There are apparently some VERY resilient kids out there. 26

These kids ARE at higher risk for antisocial behaviour – not only criminal behaviour but also general “acting out,” lying, bulling etc. It is easy to surmise that “the apple does not fall far from the tree,” but there are several possible explanations of why this might occur. It might be a social modelling effect. They are stressed; if they see their parents cope with stress by committing antisocial acts, they may learn the same techniques. It may be a sideeffect of stigma. If children are rejected and alienated from their normal supports (friends, school, the community), then they may be less likely to want to play by the rules of the people who have rejected them. It also may just be a random thing; who knows? Whatever the reasons, the relationship seems to hold. Perhaps we ought to be paying more attention to this group. For all of the 50+ studies that this review looked at, not a one was done in Canada. Zip. Nada. Lots from the US, a smattering from England, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand. It looks like these kids may be our future clients – which is not a good thing. Perhaps we should pay attention. 1. These terms are all lifted from the article this column is based on (“Children’s antisocial behaviour, mental health, drug use and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis,”) by Joseph Murray, David Farrington and Ivana Sekol, published in Psychological Bulletin (March, 2012 issue).

Dr. Dorothy Cotton is Blue Line’s psychology columnist, she can be reached at deepblue@blueline.ca

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Four decades later,

family still searching by Diana Trepkov The little girl was happily playing in the sand while her father Bernard fished and her mother and siblings hunted for frogs on the lakeshore. Bernard glanced over to check on his daughter; she was gone and the family’s long nightmare began. The Prevost family was spending the 1966 Labour Day weekend camping at Grundy Provincial Park, west of North Bay, Ontario. Thinking that Diane, who was only two and a half years old, had wandered off, the family searched for about an hour before calling the OPP. Officers found nothing. The gates to the park were left open and Diane’s father and grandfather drove around all night looking for her, yelling and shouting her name. They wouldn’t give up looking for her – and the family has refused to give up to this day. The OPP brought in divers and dragged the lake but no body was found. Officers searched for four weeks, using two police dogs. Diane’s scent stopped at the road. An aircraft and the military were called in. This was the first missing child case in the Sudbury district and residents from the surrounding area helped in the massive search. The Prevost family was well known and very well liked in the town of Noelville (about 50 kms. from the park), where they were born and raised. Prevost age progression 1) Straightened, blunt hair (split hairstyle) 2) Natural wavy hair (split hairstyle) 3) Shadow to show depth in the eyes 4) Nose becomes larger and droopier with age 5) Philtrum becomes more apparent with increased dip 6) Oromental groove may begin 7) Mentolabial groove is deeper and more apparent 8) Lines in the neck become more noticeable in the 40s 9) Estimated average body weight compared to birth family 10) Eyebrows move up and get larger and hairier with age 11) Jaw line is not as firm at it once was 12) Long brown hair 13) Nasolabial furrow becomes more apparent, with increased dip 14) High cheekbones 15) Highlights in hair for a different look (fashion in today’s hairstyle) 16) Brown eyes 17) Vertical glabellar lines 18) Soft tissue under eyes becomes more apparent with aging 19) Crow’s feet may appear in people who often smile or laugh 20) A light colour blouse 21) Body bone structure comparable to siblings

for facial aging. The hairline recedes, ears get droopier, the nose starts to get bigger and droopier at the tip and the eyebrows move up and also enlarge. Since I was going from a toddler to adult (mid-forties), the size of the cranial mass and facial mass changed dramatically. There was a significant change in the proportions and cranial mass of the skull. Several factors contribute to a person’s physical changes over time, including diet, sun exposure, drinking, smoking, drugs and health.

In completing the age progression, I try to keep alive the spirit of the missing person and believe the eyes are the mirror of the soul. Someone knows what happened. Timing is everything and I hope Diane can soon be reunited with her family. Diana can be reached at dianatrepkov@rogers.com and www.forensicsbydiana.com. Stop by Forensics by Diana at the Blue Line Trade Show, booth 607.

Aging is genetics, chemistry, physiology and behaviour The face changes as as individual ages. There are many different techniques and rules Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

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12 Proud 20 rs o s n Spo

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• Stoeger Canada • Streamlight • Subaru Canada • Sugar’s Mascot Costumes • Tactical Products Canada • Tec-Garde Mobile Solutions • The Shooting Edge • TLC Laser Eye Centres • Turning Technologies Can. • Vancouver Island University • Whelen Canada

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Exhibitors label shop produces and supplies customers with consumables (labels, tags, cards, ribbons) for their printing and complete badging systems.

3M Window Film Solutions – E3 3M invented window film in 1966 and continues to provide the broadest range of technologies in the market. The 3M warranty, which in most cases covers film, removal and replacement labour, provides peace of mind and is second to none in the industry. Films include Sun Control (solar), Safety & Security, Architectural and Graphic. Our highly trained sales reps will provide solutions that will help you save energy, increase comfort, protect people/property, mitigate blast, enhance your image, or create privacy. Our national network of certified 3M dealer/ applicators allows us to provide central billing and co-ordinate true multi location installations. ABLE – 601 ABLE is a non-profit organization founded in 1992 by a group of law enforcement professionals who wanted to make a difference in the community. Our primary objectives: • To build bridges between law enforcement agencies and the community; upport post secondary education and provide •S scholarship opportunities to deserving youth; • Actively participate in community programs working with young people; • Increase awareness of the justice system and; • To be an advocate for black and other visible minorities within our Canadian mosaic. Our future is our youth and we must strive to provide them with an equitable opportunity to attain safety and success.

Ahearn and Soper – 605 Ahearn & Soper Inc. is a systems integrator with over 130 years experience in the deployment of data collection systems and large scale projects. We are a value-added partner, reseller and service provider of auto I.D. technologies encompassing card printers, photo ID, plus much more. We are actively involved in various technologies, particularly in the field of security, access control, video surveillance and PinPoint Alert. PinPoint provides WiFi panic alert systems for healthcare, education and hospitality workers. Ahearn has over 15 years experience implementing and servicing wireless networks from 400/900 MHz systems to the current 802.11a/b/g/n wireless specifications. Our in-house Blue Line Magazine

Airstar Canada – 506 Airstar lighting is used throughout the world with a variety of compact, portable models that light crime scenes indoors and outdoors. Airstar portable lights produce a non-glare shadow free light ideal for search and photography. These rugged lights deploy within a couple of minutes. Lights can be mounted on tripod stands or trailer hitch for mobility. Airstar lights are typically placed in the centre of a work area for 360 degree coverage requiring 30% less light than conventional flood lights. Airstar safety lights were used extensively at the Vancouver Olympics and has many lights currently in use with security and police services across Canada. Alcootech Canada Inc – 508 Alcootech Canada Inc. is Canada’s leading supplier of breathalyzers to the consumer, commercial and institutional markets. Recently we have expanded our product lines to include highly accurate fuel cell-based breath alcohol testers, Infrared technology commercial units and single use disposable breathalysers with custom available packaging for promotional and corporate applications. These products are used by law enforcement, probations, clinics, hospitals, businesses, and other professional organizations for screening applications. We offer a variety of best of breed products through many retail and wholesale channels. Our BACTRACK line provides an affordable, easy to use breathalyser powered by professional technology. Visit us at www.alcootechcanada.com American Military University – 402 Serve. Learn. Lead. American Military University – the online learning experience of choice for Canadian law enforcement personnel! With more than 100 Associate, Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees, AMU has a program for you in emergency management, intelligence, homeland security, criminal justice, business, public administration and management. Convenient, affordable, flexible, relevant, accessible and leading edge, American Military University has welcomed more than 60,000 students worldwide. Most students can transfer credits from previous studies. To find out what hundreds of Canadians have already discovered at AMU visit www.PublicSafetyatAMU.com/canada. 31

ASB Manufacturing Inc – 406 The Cone Caddy developed and patented by ASB Manufacturing Inc. is designed to improve the efficiency and safety of placing cones at an emergency site. The Cone Caddy uses approved standards 18” reflective cones to protect your perimeter. It works with a simple trigger mechanism to drop cones without having to take your eyes off the road and passing traffic. Picking up the cones is even faster and easier!! Visit our booth to see a live demonstration of how the Cone Caddy can save officers time and improve safety. Blackline GPS – 608 Blackline GPS designs and manufactures industry-leading covert tracking devices, built from the ground up specifically for surveillance professionals. Unlike many competitive solutions that require an external weather-proof case, Javelin is a selfcontained, weatherproof covert tracker with 240 lb magnetic mounting force and silent mounting system. Flat Track is an ultra-slim covert tracker that opens new possibilities for surveillance. Its unique form-factor enables creative concealment within cardboard corrugations, inside hidden compartments, and more. Both solutions feature removal detection and service plan options with 10-second and 1-minute track-on-motion updates. Blackline solutions Protect. Share. Connect. Visit www.blacklinegps.com for more information. Blue Knights – 507 The Blue Knights International Law Enforcement Motorcycle Club is a non-profit fraternal organization consisting of active and retired law enforcement men and women who enjoy riding motorcycles. In the Spring of 1974, several law enforcement officers from the Bangor, Maine (USA) area met and formed a small, local motorcycle club. As of 2012, we have grown to more than 635 chapters and 20,000 members in 24 countries. The Blue Knights is a family club. Spouses and children often attend various rides and functions. Among the Blue Knight members, “There are no strangers, only friends you haven’t met.” Cdn. Tactical Training Academy – E2 The Canadian Tactical Training Academy (CTTA) is an organization devoted to the training of law enforcement, security, investigation, protection officers and all those who dedicate themselves to maintaining peace. The Academy also provides tailored security and safety-oriented civilian training at both the individual and/or corporate levels. CTTA offers specialized programs such as: executive protection, investigation and surveillance, Rapid Integrated Survival Kombat (RISK) System, tactical firearms, handcuffing, airport and airline security (IATA and ICAO standards), ports April 2012

GUIDE facilities and maritime security (ISPS Code), basic SWAT Techniques, corporate safety awareness, and much more. CanCom Radio Accessories – 302 We are your single source supplier for all of your safety, communications and radio accessory product requirements. Our vast offering of products includes two-way radios, speaker microphones, earpieces, headsets, helmet kits, vehicle intercom systems, wireless solutions, cables, adapters and batteries. Our offering of personal protective equipment includes eye, ear, head, face and hand protection, as well as specialty clothing. By representing and distributing a wide range of the world’s leading brands we are able to specialize in offering product solutions to a wide range of professionals and distinct clients including military, law enforcement, surveillance/security, SWAT, fire departments, HAZMAT, aviation, motorsports, hospitality, entertainment, construction and industrial.

Chrysler Canada – 208, 308 Canada’s high-performance police vehicle – the 2012 Dodge Charger Enforcer – has arrived, providing law-enforcement the best combination of tactical technology, safety and an iconic design that makes any suspect stop in a panic. Dodge Charger Enforcer’s performance suspension tuning, heavy-duty anti-lock vented-disc brakes (ABS), 18-inch performance tires make it pursuit ready. It also features a rear-wheel drive design to deliver a smooth comfortable ride for Canadian law enforcement officers. Dodge Charger Enforcer surrounds the heroic men and women who protect us with uncompromising safety and security equipment, including standard advanced multistage driver and front-passenger air bags and more. Built at the Brampton Assembly Plant in Brampton, Ontario, the Dodge Charger Enforcer is available now through Chrysler Canada’s Fleet Operations. For more information, visit www.fleetchrysler.ca Colt Canada – 305 Colt Canada is the strategic source of supply for small arms to the Canadian Government, and supplies small arms systems to roughly half of our NATO allies, including Netherlands, Denmark and the UK. Colt Canada now offers military specification equipment and services directly to Canadian law enforcement agencies. Products and services includes sniper systems, tactical weapons, patrol rifles, 40 mm launchers, pistols, less lethal solutions, optics, accessories, armourer’s tools, engineering, April 2012

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service and repair, armourer and tactical rifle training, safety equipment and technical publications. Colt Canada’s catalogue and course schedule can be found on the web at www.coltcanada.com . Danner/Lacrosse – 408 Danner is proud to serve the men and women who serve our country with premium, hand-crafted footwear to support and protect them in the field. We work extensively with uniformed professionals to continually innovate and perfect the functional designs of our boots to exceed their needs.

DAVTECH Analytical Services – 306, 307 DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Inc. is a leader in the supply of product solutions for law enforcement and public safety. Based in Ottawa, ON, we have sales and service locations across Canada. Primary product offerings include speed management devices (radar, lidar, RDD), digital in-car / personal video systems, traffic calming / analyzing devices, alcohol breath testing products (screening devices, evidentiary instruments, wetbath simulators, solution, dry gas, mouthpieces), protective cases, flashlights and remote lighting units, forensics products, presumptive drug testing products, waterproof cases, and more. DAVTECH provides complete parts, service and technical support for all product lines. DAVTECH is an authorized dealer for Decatur Electronics, Laser Atlanta, Intoximeters, Guth, Pelican, MetroCount, MedTox, Aquapac and more. Descotes Canada – 604 With a 30 year expertise on duty firearms, duty ammunitions and terminal ballistics, DESCOTES Canada is entirely dedicated to offer the police community and security agencies an unbiased consulting, expertise and certified gunsmithing service. No sale of firearms or ammunition: only expertise and gunsmithing. We can train your officers to do preventive maintenance on their firearms as well as how to handle, proof safe and positively identify any type of seized firearm, old or new. We can find or help you find the right firearms or ammunitions to acquire, according to your needs and applications. Custom trainings available. DriveWise Canada – W1 Drivewise develops and delivers blended learning programs incorporating state of the art learning products such as virtual reality simulation. Programs are continually “industry first” breaking new ground in innovative training. Our exceptional 32

growth is driven by our driver training services, utilizing state of the art virtual reality driving simulators, and serving over 15,000 professional and private drivers. DriveWise services 15 occupation specific professional programs, including law enforcement and security, and training can be delivered onsite at any location with our Mobile Training Unit. Our solutions are available on a pay per usage basis or capital acquisition. Joining DriveWise for future growth is our recent expansion into incident command training for Fire, Police and EMS organizations. Fisher Space Pen – 404 The secret behind the Fisher Space Pen lies in the unique design characteristics of the ink and the high precision manufacturing tolerances of the ball point and socket. The ink is fed to the ball point by gas pressure permitting the pen to write in any position. An additional benefit of the closed design is that it keeps the pen from drying out giving the Fisher Space Pen an estimated 100 year shelf life. Due to its unique design and reputation for writing in extreme conditions the Space Pen has become the pen of choice for law enforcement, military, astronauts, tradesmen, fire-fighters, coast guard and more. Ford Fleet – W4, W5, W6 Ford of Canada is a leading OEM manufacturer of motor vehicles including police, special service and fleet vehicles. Ford is making strides in technology, setting records in quality, and continuing to find new ways to become greener— all while remaining a leader in safety. We are very pleased to announce that the new 2013 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan and Utility will be on display at the 2012 Blue Line Trade Show. Take this unique opportunity to come and see the new Police Interceptor and ask whatever questions you may have. These next-generation products offer increased capabilities including offering the first and only pursuit-rated all-wheeldrive police vehicles in North America. Now police departments and other law enforcement agencies can get an all-new vehicle with the same durability of the popular Crown Victoria. Forensics by Diana – 607 Trepkov has been involved in 136 law enforcement cases throughout Canada and the USA. Specializing in 2D and 3D Facial Reconstructions, Postmortems, Composites, Age Progressions, Disguise Drawings and Surveillance Video Sketching. She is certified in forensic art by the International Association for Identification and sits on the board of the I.A.I.’s forensic art sub-committee. She is the author of two books, a Forensic Art/True Crime book called Faceless, Voiceless and a new children’s safety book called I’m Daisy the Safety Chihuahua. Blue Line Magazine

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Exhibitors Good Technology – 206 Good for Enterprise enables enterprises and government agencies to securely and easily move between business and personal productivity on today’s most popular mobile devices, including iOS and Android. The solution delivers secure email, collaboration, device and application management across a wide range of devices. Only Good offers a secure container approach to prevent data loss, along with military-grade encryption, both over the air and on device. Good also offers Good Dynamics, a secure mobile application development platform; as well as Good for You, a secure white-label solution for creating custom social-media environments. Discover more at www.good.com. Henry’s Photo-Video-Digital – 504 Henry’s has long been known in the Canadian photographic industry as the source for the latest products coupled with the most knowledgeable staff, superior customer service and competitive pricing. Henry’s is a family owned and operated business that opened its doors in 1909 and has evolved into Canada’s largest independent photographic and digital retailer. Our commercial sales department offers convenient payment by purchase order, credit card and direct billing. Take advantage of fast, convenient shipping anywhere in Canada. Use www. henrys.com as your online catalogue and call us for preferred pricing on select items at 1-800-461-7960. Impulse Group – 407 Impulse Group Inc. is committed to providing you with high performance, dependable electric vehicles that are designed to operate in a real-world harsh environment. With the introduction of our new line of e-bikes, the days of slow, unreliable, limited range electric bikes are over. Our high density battery packs, proprietary on-board battery management system and a unique frame design allow our vehicles to endure the physical punishment of

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extreme usage, achieve the range and reach the speeds that other products only can dream of. All our products come with high performance charging/maintenance system, are highly customizable and can be tailored to meet specific needs of each client. www.impulsegroup.ca .

ING Engineering – 103, 104 ING Engineering, is Canada’s leading robotic aircraft systems solution provider. With over 30,000 hours of persistent unmanned systems flight time, ING Engineering can meet intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance requirements more accurately and cost-effectively than traditional methods. ING Engineering’s ability to meet the specific needs of the customer with one of our UAS systems and platforms is what makes ING Engineering stand out from the crowd. From Law Enforcement and Search and Rescue to Forest Fire Detection, Environmental Monitoring and Exploration. ING Engineering has the solution. Discover how an unmanned system delivered by ING Engineering can meet your organizations needs. Phone: 1-855-ING-UAVS. International Police Association – Lobby The International Police Association (IPA) is one of the most unique and interesting social organizations in the world. This fraternal organization is dedicated “to unite in service and friendship all active and retired members of the law enforcement service throughout the world.” The IPA strives to enhance the image of the police in its member countries, and to facilitate international co-operation through friendly contacts between police officers of all continents. Membership now exceeds 300,000

officers in over 58 countries and is steadily rising. Membership is open to any serving or former police officer meeting the requirements as set out in the Canadian Section Constitution. KCS Supply – 501 KCS Supply is owned by Keith Kidd and Leanne Tomlinson, a husband and wife team who also happen to be ex-police officers. Our inexpensive protective coveralls are used by many Ident and Drug Investigation units, and virtually eliminate cross-contamination at scenes. They also offer protection from blood, body fluids, chemicals and insects. Prisoner Management is our other market. By providing inexpensive disposable coveralls, socks and blankets for prisoners in police custody, it becomes virtually impossible for prisoners to smuggle weapons and contraband into holding cells, bail court and jails. Disposable items also provide for a sanitary custody environment. Ken Jackson Art – E6 The 50th Anniversary Commemorative Print of the Ontario Police College debuts this year at the Blue Line Trade Show, April 24 and 25! Artist Ken Jackson will be in attendance, displaying his new print at booth E6, along the back wall of the show. Don’t miss this opportunity to visit Ken’s booth to see this beautifully rendered painting of the Police College. You can also request your own badge number. Ken has been painting full time for more than 34 years....Producing stunning images of Canadian landscapes and its people. To preview Mr. Jackson’s paintings and the OPC print, please go to his website www.kenjacksonart.com. Magnum Boots – 503 Distributed in over 100 countries; Magnum attacks the marketplace with unmatched comfort, technology and value in uniform and work/safety footwear used by law enforcement, military, fire/ rescue, emergency medical, and service agencies

April 2012

GUIDE around the world. From our humble beginnings to our continued growth, this leads us to where we are today. Magnum is Essential Equipment. MD Charlton – 301 M D Charlton has been providing a wide range of top quality equipment to Canadian law enforcement agencies and security companies for the past 32 years. Featured will be MDC tactical apparel, Streamlight flashlights, Original SWAT boots, ASP batons and tactical handcuffs, Hatch gloves and Gould & Goodrich nylon belt accessories. We will be featuring Blackhawk Warrior Wear apparel, Serpa Holsters and Tactical Gear. Nikon – 207 Nikon imaging and sport optics products have been the choice of law enforcement professionals, not only in Canada, but across the world. Nikon cameras, lenses, flashes and binoculars are used by forensic identification specialists, scene of crime officers, surveillance personnel, as well as traffic services across the country. Nikon cameras are also the brand of choice at the Ontario and Canadian Police Colleges. We are dedicated to providing our law enforcement agencies with the best products as well as best service, with three service depots in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. Come see us at booth 105 for a look at the latest products. Palestra Group – 610 Palestra Group International is a New York based law enforcement training group addressing the current trends in criminality. We provide advanced training in the field of organized street gangs and narcotics trafficking organizations investigations. Our training focuses on the current methodology used by these criminal organizations specific to the transportation and concealment of narcotics, firearms and bulk currency. Each team member provides their own experience and knowledge specific to the subject matter as well as office safety issues. We provide a level of training which is extremely accurate, based on experience, established results, wide spread knowledge and dedication that far exceeds industry standards. Panasonic – 401 Panasonic Canada Inc. manufacturers a full line of rugged and semi-rugged notebook computers. The TOUGHBOOKTM series is designed to withstand the demanding conditions of mobile professionals in fields that include law enforcement, military, utility, oil and gas, healthcare and first response markets. Ruggedized features include a full or partial magnesium case, a shock-absorbing polymer gel mounted hard drive, and a sealed and spill resistant keyboard and LCD that resist the hazards of dirt, dust and spills. Toughbook notebooks undergo rigorous testing and come April 2012

Exhibitors

with a three-year limited international warranty. To learn more, visit our web site at www.panasonic.ca. Police Ordnance – 609 Police Ordnance Company Inc., headquartered in Markham, Ontario is a premier Law Enforcement distributor and manufacturer serving Law Enforcement throughout Canada. We maintain our position as the primary dealer of GLOCK with an extensive inventory of pistols and parts available for immediate shipping, with full service and support within Canada. We also provide numerous other products including Trijicon, DOCTER and EOTech as well as being the sole owner and manufacturer of the ARWEN Less Lethal System. ARWEN offers a wide variety of less lethal tactical and crowd control solutions and is used world-wide by Law Enforcement professionals. Please consult our web site for further details. Provix Inc – 505 PROVIX Tactical Camera Systems: Now I can see! PROVIX is Professional Vision Enhancement for law enforcement; the ability to see where once you could not, through the strategic deployment of technologically advanced camera systems. Ranging from handheld FLIR thermal cameras to Command Center PTZ Video Systems with remote viewing capability, wireless recording, programmed and triggered event monitoring, night vision, covert surveillance, grow-op detection and escort vehicle monitoring, PROVIX specializes in law enforcement camera systems. Representing FLIR, Cobham, RVision and other fine manufacturers of high end video equipment. Visit our booth or see us online at www.PROVIX.net . Rampart International – 204 Rampart International Corp is a Canadian based operational equipment supplier to military, Special Forces, law enforcement, corrections and first responder operators. Rampart’s mission is “Advancing the Operator” we help achieve this by providing only the finest equipment with unmatched customer service and support. Rampart offers a wide variety of equipment including: PPE (personal protection equipment); ballistic shields, modular armour wall systems; ruck sacks, medical packs; tactical vests, carriers, chest rigs, pouches; medical and survival products; hydration and water filtration systems; optics, night vision, electro-optics and laser aiming systems; firearms; firearm components and accessories; combat clothing and fire resistant clothing. Rocky Canada – 405 Rocky Canada manufactures and markets a full line of duty footwear for police, tactical, military, fire, paramedic/ambulance attendant and security guards. The product assortment consists 34

of shoes, 6” and 8” boots in men’s, ladies or unisex sizing from size 3 to 15 in multiple widths. CSA approved safety styles are also manufactured by Rocky Brands. For more information, please contact Rocky Canada at 519-883-8226 or www. rockyboots.com . Savage Range Systems – 109 Savage Range Systems offers total range solutions for the finest, safest, and cleanest, lowest-maintenance shooting ranges, bullet traps, and 360-degree shoothouses. Bullet traps utilizing Wet Snail(r) technology combined with low angle ramps and 360-degree deceleration chambers safely capture bullets while virtually eliminating splatter, ricochet and airborne lead. Specialize in custom systems including fully-automatic 50cal BMG, design and construction of live-fire shoothouses for realistic training, and reactive and non-reactive steel targetry and turning target systems. Savage is the choice for military and law enforcement agencies nationwide, commercial and private shooting ranges, and for virtually every firearms and ammunition manufacturer. Visit www. SavageRangeSystems.com. Soldier Gear Enterprises – 603 Soldier Gear Enterprises, Inc. provides, military personnel, fire / EMS, security professionals, law enforcement and the general public with quality products at superior prices. We are certified dealers and master distributors, for most of the brands you see on our web site( www.soldier-gear.ca) which include such industry leaders as Blackhawk, Otis, Rocky, Swatt, Magnum, Danner, Leatherman, CRKT, and many others. Please check our booth at the Blue Line Show or browse our website and don’t hesitate to contact us if you have any questions or needs. At Soldier Gear, we pride ourselves on extremely fast shipping, low prices, and outstanding service.

St John Ambulance – 102 For over 125 years, St. John Ambulance has been training over 140,000 Ontarians annually in first aid and other health care related courses, and remains dedicated to saving lives at work, home and play. As a charitable, humanitarian organization, proceeds from St. John Ambulance’s first aid training and first aid product sales directly support vital community service programs such as; medical first response, disaster response, car seat clinics, health and safety related youth programs and therapy dog services. For more information on St. Blue Line Magazine

GUIDE

Exhibitors John Ambulance training courses and volunteer opportunities, or to contact your local branch, visit www.sja.ca/on. Stoeger Canada – 602 Stoeger canada (a Beretta Group Company) serves as the exclusive importer and distributor of the Beretta law enforcement, military and commercial product lines throughout Canada. Beretta is the oldest firearms manufacturer in the world, dating back to 1526. Beretta offers dedicated solutions able to meet the stringent requirements of today’s armed and police forces worldwide, with a catalogue of products with a reputation for reliability and excellence. The constant efforts in R&D enable the design of reliable products with outstanding performance, which are the ideal defence tools both for military and law enforcement use. Under Beretta defense technologies, companies include: Beretta: pistols, carbines, assault rifles, grenade launchers; Benelli: tactical shotguns; SAKO: precision sniper and tactical rifles; Steiner: binoculars, mil-spec scopes. Streamlight – 405 Heroes Trust Streamlight! Streamlight is a “hands-on” company. We learn by doing, so we understand what our customers need because we’re out there doing what they do, using the same lighting tools in the same ways. We take courses in low-light shooting. Many of our law enforcement sales managers are gun collectors, hunters and competitive shooters. We believe it’s our hands-on, real-world experience that leads to new ideas and innovations that set Streamlight apart. Streamlight warrants its products to be free of defect for a lifetime of use. Subaru Canada – 201 Subaru Canada, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fuji Heavy Industries of Japan, headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario building all-wheel drive vehicles since 1972; most models now feature symmetrical full-time all-wheel drive. Drivetrain components are aligned close to the centre of the vehicle giving heightened stability and excellent weight distribution. Subaru’s Lineartronic CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) has evolved beyond traditional CVTs to become a production-car first: a CVT longitudinally paired with AWD that uses a chain instead of a belt for smooth acceleration, improved fuel efficiency and enhanced performance featured on automatic 4 cylinder models of Outback, Legacy and Impreza. Sugar’s Mascot Costumes – 202 Sugar’s Mascot Costumes has been making exceptional mascots for over 28 years, with loyal clients all over the world. Staffed with only the best,this team of talented artisans has been workBlue Line Magazine

ing together for an average of 12-15 years. Each hand-made mascot is designed and meticulously built with keen attention to detail and always with performer comfort in mind, using top quality, washable materials. Exceptional customer service and years of experience makes long-distance business a breeze. Innovative and on the cutting-edge of new developments in the mascot industry, Sugar’s continues to grow and adapt; known as a leader in the mascot industry. Call us today! Tactical Products Canada – E4, E5 At Tactical Products Canada (TPC) we offer a full line of top quality law enforcement related products from such manufactures as: Aimpoint, ASP, Benchmade, Blackhawk, Franklin, Original Swat, Perfect-fit, Streamlight, Fenix, Zero Tolerance, ESS, Smith & Wesson, Desantis, Galco, Turtleskin, Under Armour Boots, Rocky, Woolrich, Tru-Spec, Condor, Spyderco, Gerber, SOG, ZAK Tools, Smith Optics, Magpul, MaxPro Police, Fastmag, Vortex, Pro Ears, DKX and more. TPC is Canada’s premier Luminox watch dealer and the exclusive distributor of tactical electronics in Canada. At TPC we are all about “Customer Service” “If we don’t have what you need, we will find it for you.” Tec-Garde Mobile Solutions – 203 Tec-Garde (www.tecgarde.com) is a leading North American manufacturer and distributor of handheld and portable data-collection tools and software products, and P.O.S. and payment processing systems. We manufacture The “PUNCH” device for enterprise and government users, which ruggedizes 7” tablets and adds features such as 3” thermal printer, signature capture, card reader, 2D bar code, NFC, and more greatly extending the tablet’s capabilities. We market electronic data collection and reporting systems, e-forms, GPSenabled tracking and patrol tour platforms, and vehicle mounting solutions. We are proud that our products and systems are deployed with several Canadian Police agencies and, private security companies. The Shooting Edge – W2, W3 The Shooting Edge owns Target Sports Centre in Southern Ontario, a premier indoor shooting facility. We have a 25m olympic-class range divided into two bays of 10 lanes each, with dividers and an automatic return target system. Groups can reserve one whole side of the range with exclusive access to the attached classroom. We have a small lounge area and a well stocked pro-shop catering primarily to the tactical shooting community. Our facility recently underwent a $40,000 upgrade in security, lighting and ventilation, and is the envy of shooting clubs province wide. 35

TLC Laser Eye Centres – 304 Laser vision correction has become one of North America’s most frequently performed procedures. But all laser vision correction providers are not created equal. That’s why understanding how to get the best possible results, the safest way, is so important. TLC Laser Eye Centres is a leader in the industry. TLC doctors were among the first to perform the LASIK procedure. When you make the decision to have LASIK, your focus should be on quality care, experienced doctors, the latest technology and a commitment to results. You’ll find all of this at TLC Laser Eye Centres; and when you do, you’ll feel the difference and see the results. Turning Technologies Canada – 303 Redefine learning! Enhance learning environments with engaging and interactive response technology. Easy-to-use ... enabling speakers / trainers to ask questions and instantly receive responses for real-time data collection. Be more than a trainer. Be a leader. Audience response technology from Turning Technologies Canada can create an atmosphere that encourages connection and collaboration instead of passive observation. Instantly connect speakers / trainers to participants using simple, intuitive polling software and response devices for both single and multi-site sessions. Leading edge applications also utilize web-enabled devices (smart phones, laptops, tablets). Training programs and presentations will be literally transformed with the press of a button. Turning Technologies Canada 1.888.522.8689 www.TurningTechnologies.ca .

Vancouver Island University – 108 Vancouver Island University’s Advanced Diploma in Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation (FAFI) is an intensive part–time online program that provides students with essential skills and knowledge to be forensic fraud investigators. This program is endorsed by the Association of Certified Forensic Investigators of Canada, and provides preparation for the examination for ACFI’s professional credentials. For more information, visit www.viu.ca/management/fafi . Whelen Canada – E1 Whelen Engineering is proud to design, manufacture and assemble all of our products in North America. We produce a wide range of emergency warning lights, sirens and controllers to satisfy the needs of all our customers in the fire, EMS, police and public works community. April 2012

2012 Trade Show & Training Blue Line

canada’s premiere law enforcement event April 24 & 25, LeParc Conference Centre, Markham ON RISK Defensive Tactics Intro April 24, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

The RISK System (Rapid Integrated Survival Kombat - Defensive Tactics) was developed by Law Enforcement personnel for Law Enforcement personnel. RISK Defensive Tactics is an easy-to-learn and effective intervention system for police, corrections and security forces, that integrates natural reactions with the most effective defensive tactics and control techniques available today. RISK DT offers a system that is use-of-force compliant and is effective at controlling noncompliant and aggressive suspects quickly and easily.

Tuesday April 24th Training Courses

Instructor: Canadian Tactical Training Academy (CTTA)

Practical Interviewing April 24, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

The art of the investigative interview simplified. Anyone tasked with conducting an investigation in either the public or private sector needs this course. It is a straightforward, no-frills course that gives you the practical know-how to ask questions and get results in any venue. The dynamics of almost any interview remain the same. At its core lies the predictability of human nature and a subject’s reaction to being under stress. Knowing how to ask the right question at the right time and the ability to analyze a subject’s answers are key concepts. This one-day seminar is a must-have for police officers, private investigators, educators and more. Instructor: S/Sgt Gordon MacKinnon (retired)

Revolvers, Pistols & Long Guns April 24, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

This course will focus on explaining first the differences between revolvers and pistols, and then the many variants that there are of pistols, the implications of the caliber and the various barrel lengths. Discussions about long guns will centre on the different types and how to choose the right one for your law enforcement needs.

they were one step ahead

Instructor: Pierre Descotes

DriveWise Law Enforcement & Private Security Certificate Course April 24, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

The DriveWise Law Enforcement and Private Security Certificate Course is six hours of classroom and simulation training.The classroom content includes: the Highway Traffic Act, as it pertains to law enforcement, behavioural factors contributing to collisions, the DriveWise 6 Star Approach to Defensive Driving, driving in adverse conditions, emergency manoeuvres, and driving while on response. The simulation training puts the classroom theory into practice and focuses on defensive driving, emergency manoeuvres, and driving while on response. Participants are evaluated and given immediate feedback for improvement. *Limited to the first 10 registrants

April 2012

Are You ready? 36

Blue Line Magazine

Proudly sponsored by

Exclusive Vehicle Sponsor

ING ENGINEERING UNMANNED SYSTEMS. DELIVERED.

Info & FREE trade show registration online Training registration & details available online Introduction to Concealment April 25, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

This course takes the student through a brief introduction into the methodology and common types of concealment. The course touches on several areas of interest to those conducting the road side interview. The course also highlights the physical indicators and verbal clues used by individuals concealing illicit contraband. The course through the use of lecture, video and hands on inspection of actual compartments in vehicles, furniture and household items allows participants to see the mechanics of these compartments. Designed to familiarize the student with all types of concealment it covers both commercially available items as well as custom manufactured compartments.

Wednesday April 25th Training Courses

Instructor: Palestra Group

Detecting and Defusing Deception April 25, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

This topic is of interest to all police officers as well as private investigators and security people involved in interviewing suspects and/or victims. In this course you will learn: * How deceptive subjects act? * What they say and how they say it? * What they do when faced with certain probing or bait questions? We will also cover some of the latest findings in this field and dispel some of the myths about lying. Instructor: A/Sgt Wayne Vanderlann (retired)

Terrorism: Understand, Investigate and Interdict April 25, 2012 - 9:00am to 4:00pm

Although the ultimate responsibility for terrorism investigation lies without federal partners, all levels and aspects of law enforcement in Canada play a collaborative role in countering this activity. This course will help front line personnel and investigators to understand what this phenomenon is all about and who these people are. It will assist you in identifying what types of activity and incidents are of interest for further investigation and potential sources of information within your community. We will examine the philosophy of the terrorists and some of the associated groups. Past events and investigations will be used to assist in identifying effective and educated methods of gathering information and responding to potential incidents. Attendees will leave with the tools necessary to conduct effective methods of conducting routine investigations and suspicious incidents or activity and become useful members of the counter-terrorism culture in Canada.

They were ready for me

Instructor: Steven Rocke

www.BlueLine.ca/tradeshow

Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

Blue Line

2012

Trade Show & Training Sponsor

ING Engineering is Canada’s leading robotic aircraft systems solution provider and systems integrator. With over 30,000 hours of persistent unmanned systems flight time in Afghanistan with the Canadian Army and now with the Royal Canadian Navy, ING Engineering delivers intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance services more accurately and cost-effectively than traditional methods without risk to life. ING Engineering delivers end-to-end unmanned systems solutions and systems engineering from requirements definition and solution development to ongoing field operations, data exploitation, and comprehensive training. 2011 marks the 10-year anniversary for ING Engineering and we continue to thrive as Canada’s leading robotic aircraft systems solution provider and systems integrator. Over the past decade, ING Engineering has established itself as the Canadian leader in innovation and

April 2012

Robotic aircraft systems at your service

excellence in the field of unmanned systems. Our approach to providing UAV ISR services in Kandahar saved countless Canadian lives over three years of combat operations. We are honoured to extend that capability with the deployed Royal Canadian Navy in 2012. Today we also bring our unprecedented record of 99.3% mission availability in Afghanistan to the civil and commercial market including supporting critical law enforcement operations. ING Engineering’s ability to meet the specific needs of the customer with one of our UAS systems and platforms and our extraordinary delivery team is what makes ING Engineering stand out from the crowd. From

Law Enforcement and Search and Rescue to Forest Fire Detection, Environmental Monitoring and Exploration for Oil, Gas and Mining sectors, ING Engineering has the solution. With offices and team members located across Canada from the Yukon to Atlantic Canada, we are able to provide local support to most operations. ING Engineering can be contacted at 1-855-ING-UAVS, visit www.ingengineering.com. ING Engineering is a major sponsor of the Blue Line Trade Show and Training exposition, April 24th & 25th. Visit ING Engineering at booth 103 & 104 to discover more.

Blue Line Magazine

Putting a human face on police by Danette Dooley Being a police officer is the best job in the world, said Cst. Randy Wood, Halifax Regional Police’s 2011 Police Officer of the Year. “The people that I deal with teach you lessons every day about how to fight through adversity with pride,” he said. Originally from Moncton, New Brunswick, Wood moved to Nova Scotia 24 years ago and worked at the provincial jail for about 10 years before joining HRP more than a decade ago. He spent five years on patrol before moving to his current position as a community response officer in North Dartmouth – an area which faces more than its share of challenges every day. North Dartmouth is riddled with many social problems. Many residents struggle to make it from one day to the next. “They face poverty, hunger, lack of employment, mental health issues and drug and alcohol addictions,” Wood said. While those issues cannot be ignored, North Dartmouth is a wonderful community, he noted – and he’s proud to be stationed there. Community response officers become immersed in the community but the community also gets immersed in the men and women behind the badge. Wood can be found helping out at the food bank, driving a single mother home with her groceries or advising officers in the major crime section responsible for investigating serious crime in the neighbourhood. Community response officers help break down barriers between police and the community, he said. Seeing the same face all the time builds that trust, he said. “The community has really accepted our police family as part of the community. They trust us to help them through some of their really tough days,” he said. Wood’s cell phone is never off. He wants to know and be there if he’s needed. “It’s sort of like being a Newfoundlander who likes to try to help everybody.” While he’s happy to help those who need help, Wood also realizes his job is to make the neighbourhood as safe as possible. When an arrest needs to be made, he has no trouble enforcing the law. Wood said winning the award is a reflection on how officers have been accepted into the community. He’s just like anyone else working in North Dartmouth, he said, only he wears a uniform. “I get to follow up with the citizens to try to explain the process that the police have to enforce. I get to put a human face on the police officer,” he said. Wood goes beyond the call of duty every day, said Supt. Brenda Zima. He’s referred to in the neighbourhood as Randy, she added. He’s also a great role model for young officers. Veteran investigators often seek out Blue Line Magazine

his advice and assistance on major files and projects, Zima said. “Randy really has the ability to wear all the hats at the same time. He can wear the enforcement hat, he can wear the compassion hat, he can wear the advocate hat – he’s a real community police officer in the real sense of the word.” Whether making an arrest or searching for snowsuits and boots for a child, whatever Wood does is for the overall good of the community, Zima said – and that includes using his connections to help solve several homicides.

“Not only is he a great police officer, he’s an incredible man… To be welcomed into a community with open arms when you are still arresting their brother or son or daughter or mother or sister is a real unique quality for somebody to have.” Other officers honoured at the awards ceremony included S/Sgt. Lindsay Hernden and Jane Leslie, who received chief’s meritorious service awards. Sgt. Ken Burton and civilian employee Tracy Hey received community contribution awards. Wendy Mansfield of the public relations unit was named the civilian employee of the year and Det/Csts Mike Cheeseman, Chris Marinelli and Jason Shannon received the investigator of the year award for their role in investigating a Feb. 2011 attempted murder. Supt. Don Spicer, HRM Public Safety Officer, said the officers and civilians receiving awards weren’t the only winners. “We’re all winners for having such dedicated, caring people working in our community. I, for one, am proud to have the opportunity to work with them,” Spicer said. Danette Dooley is Blue Line’s East Coast correspondent. She can be reached at dooley@blueline.ca

April 2012

Practical interviewing A much needed skill by Gord MacKinnon Two recent cases in the news raise some interesting questions about interviewing skills and the impact they can have on society. The first case involves the first degree murder convictions of three members of the Shafia family in the “honour killings” of their three daughters and the “other” mother. Investigators from the Kingston Police and other agencies did a first-rate job in placing this largely circumstantial case before the courts and securing its subsequent conclusion. The facts have been widely reported to all Canadians and the ghastly details certainly shocked most of us. The press and media, as they tend to do, reported the case from a number of different angles and, once the verdict was in, turned their attention to another aspect of the matter. I call this phase “Let the finger-pointing begin!” Now the questions become: • “What could have been done to prevent this tragedy?” • “What did the official agencies of government (i.e. – police, educators, social agencies) know beforehand?” • “What, if anything, did they do/not do – and why?” It turns out that the Shafia girls did, at some point, complain and express fears about what was going on in the stifling Shafia household. Although certain steps may have been taken to assist the girls, it appears some of the agencies may have “backed off” when either complaints were withdrawn or nullified by the girls for reasons which now have become clear. Did the agencies do so out of a fear of offending “politically correct” viewpoints or, in the case of educators and social workers, because they lacked the tools or training to ask difficult and probing questions? Nobody doubts the dedication of police, teachers and social workers when it comes to wanting to help people but this case sug-

gests there may have been opportunities for an intervention that could have averted the tragedy which eventually unfolded. There is no question that gathering evidence in the emotionally charged atmosphere that was the Shafia household was an extremely difficult task. Unless physical evidence exists, the case must rely wholly on the testimony of the people involved. This is why people who have the opportunity to intervene in these situations – social workers, teachers and others – need the same skills as police officers when it comes to interviewing witnesses. Media reports of the second case indicate that a man named Sansone was recently investigated in Waterloo, Ontario after his four-year old daughter drew a picture on a whiteboard of a “gun.” When asked by her clearly shocked teacher what this signified, she remarked to the effect that her daddy used it to shoot monsters and bad men. The teacher’s reaction was to erase the picture and inform her vice-principal, who contacted Waterloo Regional Police. Sansone was then reportedly arrested by police, taken to a station and strip searched and his home was searched without warrant. His other children were also taken into custody by child and family services and his wife was interviewed. At the end of the investigation, Sansone was released with an apology and his children returned. The entire situation was portrayed in the media as a classic over reaction by overzealous educators, social workers and police officers and it might well have been exactly that. There may also be, as is often the case, much more to the story than what was reported. The point is that the entire situation may have gotten out of control right from the outset based upon the information first received by the kindergarten teacher. What did she ask the child? What did she do to develop the information and confirm the facts? Most importantly, did she have the training to interview a child of this age to get accurate information that could form the basis of an investigation? The initial story told by the child is what drives the entire investigation. Subsequent interviews by social workers and/or police officers may or may not assist

in confirming the initial story as children can be very challenging to interview. Then you are left with a question of whether to assume a worst case scenario and act in the interest of safety or do nothing and hope there is no subsequent tragedy. Waterloo’s police chief has ordered a full review and was quoted as characterizing it as a “child safety” incident. The educators and social workers all circled the wagons, basically stating that they had “fulfilled (their) mandate.” A social worker stated on Sun News that, as far as they were concerned, they had done nothing wrong and would do the same thing if it happened again. All three agencies should have got together to discuss better ways to deal with similar situations in order to prevent similar incidents. This case is another in a long series of situations where social workers, educators and police may have responded differently if they had received reliable, accurate information from the outset of the investigation. The media always examines and comments on the actions of police. More recently, the actions of other groups in the system, including educators and social service workers, are coming under increasing press scrutiny. An example is the recent media interest in school bullying. It seems like every day we read of some truly alarming cases in which teachers, vice-principals and even social workers are accused of ignoring or being willfully blind to complaints of bullying, with sometimes tragic results. The new reality is that vice-principals are now thrust into the role of “investigator,” whether they like it or not, when bullying is brought to their attention. They now have to question the validity of the complaint and, if there is evidence, interview the “suspects” and ultimately make a decision based on their findings. Doing nothing is not an option. When a tragedy occurs, media and others will be asking what they knew and did. There are many unanswered questions in the Shafia and Sansone cases. Both seem to suggest that everyone involved in dealing with social problems, large and small, should be schooled in practical interviewing techniques. They need to learn the right way to ask questions, listen and, most importantly, detect the signs that something is “not right” and further efforts should be undertaken. Proper training in practical interviewing techniques might also prevent tragedies and avoid the embarrassment and media attention of acting on information later found to be wanting. Gord MacKinnon is a lecturer and author in the field of investigative interviewing and will be instructing at the Blue Line Trade Show & Training event being held April 24 and 25. For more details and to register for his course go to www.BlueLine.ca.

April 2012

Blue Line Magazine

Your life may depend

on your gunsmith by Pierre Descotes Finding a good gunsmith may sound like an easy task but trust me, it is not. There is no real requirement to get a “gunsmithing” licence in Canada. There is only one school open to the public. It offers a full time course that runs almost a year. Students must cover all their living costs out of pocket without any government support; not everyone can afford to do that. The Canadian Armed Forces offers training but as you can imagine, it is rather specific to military firearms and is for military personnel. The firearms studied are quite different than what civilians and police use. Other than that, there’s nothing. The only other training available for police or civilian firearms is from the manufacturer and is rather difficult to access. Qualified gunsmiths Ask just about any “gunsmith” if they are trained and just about all will answer “yes” – but if you ask them to show you their certificates; good luck! Most say that they are a “certified gunsmith” but base that on the fact they have a permit or “certificate” issued to them by the province. Sorry to say but knowledge does not come with that permit. Most “gunsmiths” did not receive even one day of training. Many – or most – do not have insurance to protect them and you. In this field, there are two insurances needed: liability and error and omission. Without them, should an incident happen with one of your officer’s firearms, there is not much you can do other than possibly forcing your “gunsmith” into bankruptcy. If you deal with a local gunsmith for repair or even inspection of your firearms, it could be a very good idea to protect yourself by asking to see proof of training and insurance. You can even ask for a copy for your files. If they can’t produce proof of training, ask them where they were trained. Insurance is your call – but insured or not, you have to decide whether you are still comfortable dealing with that person should an incident occur. Most firearm dealers have both types of insurance but it doesn’t hurt to ask. When it comes to inspecting or repairing your firearms, whoever works on them should prove they were trained by the manufacturer(s) involved. Most, if not all, dealers will say that they have trained personnel but again, asking for proof never hurts. I have seen barrels of duty firearms held in place with the help of contact glue because the “gunsmith” broke it but instead of taking responsibility for their error – probably beBlue Line Magazine

cause of no insurance – they glued the barrel back in place and hoped it would hold. I have seen a shotgun “repaired” with a piece of coat hanger instead of tightening back the parts. A department had to withdraw all of their duty revolvers because a modification done by a local “gunsmith” rendered them unsafe as per the manufacturer’s point of view. All had to be replaced because of ONE bad job. Fortunately the modification didn’t cause any incidents but it was a very costly mistake.

Firearms are like your vehicle: your life may depend on them. One bad job can become one too many. Ask for credentials and proof of insurance – and when you get your firearms back from repair and/or inspection, ask for a complete written report for each one, signed by the person who worked on them. Pierre Descotes is the instructor of “Revolvers, Pistols and Long Guns” for Blue Line Training April 24 & 25. For details on this training course, visit blueline.ca/tradeshow.

April 2012

Managing major events Valued expertise earned through experience by Michel Desgagné The Service de police de la Ville de Québec (SPVQ) was created in 2002, following the amalgamation of 13 municipalities and six police services of different sizes, types and organizational cultures. The SPVQ is Québec’s second largest municipal police organization. Its 1,000 employees, including more than 720 police officers, cover an area of 567 Km2. With its rich history, solid reputation and quality workforce, the SPVQ plays a key role in a city that is in the process of change. Like all major police services, Québec City’s police have faced new challenges over the past 20 years from cybercrime, street gangs, the immediacy of information, demands of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the growing expectations of the public they serve. From an operational standpoint, the police service conducts a large number of interventions every day that help keep Québec City one of the safest cities in North America. Professional interventions, preventive outreach with local partners and the commitment of the entire SPVQ workforce are all essential elements in the work of the police organization and in its community service. It’s hardly surprising that 92 per cent of the public affirmed in a 2011 survey that they trusted their police. This April 2012

shows that the concerted efforts of the SPVQ workforce pay off and can contribute to the positive positioning and reputation of the city. A distinctive approach to managing major events As a capital city, Québec hosts its share of international events, as well as many popular festivals and cultural events every year that can attract several tens of thousands of participants. Major events such as the Québec Winter Carnival, the Festival d’été, the recent 400th Anniversary Celebrations and of course, the 2001 Summit of the Americas or the Francophone Summit in 2008 that brought together the heads of state from many countries all represent extraordinary opportunities for the city, but also create safety issues that the police service must manage. This is why it is so important to adopt a proven approach aimed at strengthening intervention capabilities. This approach must maximize the effective use of the organizational structure, available resources and relations with the partners involved. It must also be more flexible and less interventionist. Finally, this approach must give police officers on the ground greater decision-making autonomy, especially in emergency situations, while making sure that they have received the safety net of adequate, ongoing training. 42

The 2002 amalgamation gave Québec City an unprecedented opportunity to review its risk management procedures and emergency measures. This exercise also took into account the realties of police work and of the operating environment. Begun in 2007 and completed in 2009, the SPVQ adopted a highly original three-prong plan: an Emergency Measures Guide (EMG) and training and simulations programs. The EMG is especially innovative – an easy to use, advanced synthesis of existing documents that includes several specific response plans. Since this program, which is updated every year, has been in effect, the SPVQ has completely revised its approach to safety management during festivals and major events and has developed distinctive expertise recognized by a number of police departments in the US; expertise that has also attracted interest from Germany and elsewhere in Canada. Monsieur Michel Desgagné is a 34year policing veteran who rose through the ranks to become chief in Nov. 2011. He headed the patrol and special investigations divisions, coordinating all the administrative and operational activities for the borough stations and investigative departments. The SPVQ developed its new approach to managing risks and major events during his time as deputy chief.

Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

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Policing in the 21st century is complex and complicated, to say the least; never before has the phrase “Knowledge is Power” been more applicable. Knowledge or education is also expensive and with tight government budgets, courses and seminars are harder to access for today’s police officer. The International Police Association (IPA) at both the international and local level, offers scholarships that will assist member officers to increase their occupational learning. Our founder, Sgt. Arthur Troop of Lincolnshire, England, dreamed of police officers banding together globally through friendship. The international governing body perpetuates this ideal and advances the professionalism and knowledge base of policing through the establishment of a number of scholarships in Troop’s name. The Arthur Troop Scholarship Ten are awarded annually, two for each continent where the IPA has member sections Africa, America, Australasia, Asia and Europe. Each scholarship offers a bursary of not more than 3,000 Swiss Francs (about $3,000 CDN) to be used for a seminar at the International Conference Centre IBZ Schloss Gimborn or a comparable institution. Applicants must have been an IPA member for at least one year before applying and the scholarship must be taken between Jan. 1 and Dec. 31 of the year following the grant (extensions are not granted). The study scholarship may be awarded to any IPA member in a police service, but is meant to predominantly target the less experienced officer. Recent winners from Ontario are Mike Hunter of North Bay Police Service and Blair Falkinson of Toronto Police Service. The Gimborn Scholarship Each year, the Ontario Regions of the IPA in partnership with the OACP offer one $1,500 CND scholarship to a serving Ontario police officer. The scholarship includes the return flight from Toronto to Cologne, Germany and the cost of the seminar, accommodations and meals at Gimborn. To qualify an applicant must be an IPA member and the application is forwarded to the OACP through the member’s chief. Past winners are: Sheilah Weber - Sudbury Regional Police Service; James Davis - Six Nations Police; James Wingate - Peel Regional Police Service; and Rose Kucaruk - ChathamKent Police Service. Both the Gimborn and Troop scholar-

April 2012

ships can be applied toward seminars held at IBZ, more commonly known as the Gimborn Castle. Gimborn IBZ More than thirty years ago, in Germany, the IPA founded its own conference centre at the Informations-und-Bildungszentrum Schloss Gimborn (IBZ). Gimborn is a former moated castle built by the Duke of Berg of quarry stone in 1273. Towering at 287m tall, it sits in a remote valley of the upper Leppe River in the North RhineWestphalia region of Germany. It became the residence of the House of Schwarzenberg in 1631 and the property of the Barons von Furstenberg zu Gimborn in 1874. It fell into disrepair in the early 1900s and the IPA took it over in 1969. The IBZ is a conference centre for police officers created by police officers. Through hard work and immense effort from a considerable number of police personnel, the old building was restored and adapted into rooms that satisfied the needs of a modern conference centre. IPA branches and sections sponsor rooms throughout the castle and are responsible for its decor. The castle is a venue where police officers of all ranks meet, exchange experiences and learn together. More than 2,500 participants annually take advantage of the facilities and conferences. Most conferences are week-long IPA seminars, organized in close co-operation with the international and national bodies. The annual programme offers 15 seminars in non-German languages, with and without simultaneous translation. About 35 per cent of participants come from countries other than Germany. 44

Left: Mike Hunter, North Bay P.S.; Right: James Wingate, Peel Regional P.S.

The centre offers accommodation for 68 people, with 16 single bedrooms, 17 two bedroom rooms and five three bedroom rooms, all with telephone and private bath (shower and WC). Other features include four fully equipped conference rooms, a television room, bar and sports facilities. An extensive network of hiking trails leading through a nature reserve is in close proximity to the castle. The IBZ is situated approximately 30 miles east of Cologne, in the centre of West Germany. Past winners “This trip simply exceeded my expectations!” comments James Wingate of the Peel Regional Police Service, the 2010 Gimborn Scholarship winner. “The process of getting there, registering for the course and the very affordable price really makes it an attractive investment for any IPA member. Gimborn is an exceptional facility and a unique policing experience. “I highly recommend this trip to any IPA member who can afford the time to venture over to this historic and gorgeous part of Germany... the lectures were very well structured Blue Line Magazine

The founder of police friendship The IPA was formed because a police sergeant from Lincolnshire, England, Arthur Troop, wanted to create a channel for friendship and international co-operation amongst police officers. Troop was born in 1914, in Lincoln, England and worked as a mechanic before going to college to earn a degree in economics and social sciences. He joined Lincolnshire Police in 1936 and set about the enormous task of founding a World Friendship Organisation for police officers after the war. He had always had a great faith in people talking to each other rather than fighting and always believed in the positive qualities of friendship. At that time, however, he was regarded as an eccentric and experienced considerable opposition from his police chief and the home office. A 1949 article he published in the British Police Review under the pseudonym of ‘Aytee’ received great response and convinced him to found the IPA on Jan 1, 1950. His notion of an association with development of social, cultural and professional links amongst its members, in an environment free from discrimination of rank, sex, colour,

Arthur Troop

language or religion, became a reality. With the help of early pioneers he worked untiringly to encourage the founding of other national sections. From small beginnings the IPA message quickly took hold; soon there were sections in the majority of Western Europe, Africa, America (north and south), Asia and Australasia. In 1955, at the first International Executive Committee meeting in Paris.

Troop was awarded the British Empire Medal for his work and later received many high awards from abroad. On retiring from the police service in 1966, Troop’s desire to help others continued. He took up another career as a home visitor for the blind and achieved national recognition for his charity work in providing guide dogs. Even during his later illness Arthur, with his wife Marjorie, continued to run the Stamford Blind Club. In spite of his serious ill-health Troop prepared himself for the IPA 50th Anniversary World Congress, held in Bournemouth during May 2000. Her Royal Highness, Princess Anne, in the opening ceremony paid tribute to “the man from Lincolnshire, for ruthlessly pursuing the arduous task of establishing the International Police Association by Service through Friendship... Arthur Troop came through much adversity, isolation and disinterest from further up the ladder than we can ever realise.” Troop passed away in his sleep on November 30, 2000. An ordinary British policeman with a dream who achieved his goals by founding the world’s largest police organisation. His fundamental ideas still remain today.

and provided an international perspective on training and the importance of continual education throughout one’s career.” 2010 Arthur Troop Winner Mike Hunter, of the North Bay Police Service, says “my trip to Germany, to sum up in one word, awesome! I have not travelled a lot in my life and career and this was the opportunity of a lifetime. This was such an amazing experience both educationally and personally I am still digesting everything. “I have never learned so much about policing, geography, cultures, customs, language and UN policing in just one week before. It was amazing to see 30 officers bond so quickly within the class. By the second day everyone knew each other’s name and where they were from. The whole experience was very unique. “I would encourage more officers from Canada to get involved in the IPA and attend these types of courses. I will be singing the praises of my experience for years to come. I already have plans to attend Gimborn training centre again in the future.” Let us never be betrayed into saying we have finished our education because that would mean we have stopped growing. To find out what seminars are being offered, the application process for both the Troop and Gimborn scholarships and all of James Wingate’s comments, visit http://www. ipa.ca/home/education.

Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

technology by Tom Rataj

Activism goes virtual Anarchist ideals go hi-tech Activism probably goes back to the days of the Neanderthals and was surely present at any given point in human history. Today’s iteration takes full advantage of all modern technologies including the Internet, potentially making it more dangerous than ever. It is of little surprise then that the Anonymous Collective, an online “virtual” activist network, has been all over the news recently. Its concept goes back to 2003 when a collective of Internet-connected individuals first began sharing thoughts and ideas about conducting anarchy online. In addition to the usual anarchist ideals, they often focus on freedom of speech and information and complete openness on the Internet. Using the anonymity of the Internet, a very loose collection of like-minded individuals with no clear leadership interact through imageboards (online forums for sharing images),

April 2012

Internet discussion forums, wikis (a web site where users can add, delete and modify content) and Internet Relay Chat (IRC) networks (realtime text messaging). Some activities are carried out by individuals but numerous members also co-operate to accomplish an agreed upon action.

Much of their action can be classified as “hacktivism” (hacking + activism) to promote their political agenda. Primary targets are governments, police and intelligence agencies and big corporations. In some cases their activities just cause grief or embarrassment but they have

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also stolen confidential data and caused serious disruptions. Anonymous uses a number of triedand-true methods to accomplish their goals. Methods One of the oldest and most proven hacktivist methods is shutting down a web site by organising and executing a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. Essentially, this overwhelms a web site with constant requests for service that greatly exceeds server capacity. Overwhelmed, they stop working and the site crashes. Once the attack ends, the servers can be restarted without permanent damage. DDoS attacks are usually executed through BotNets – thousands of computers infected with remote controlled software, usually through a virus or compromised web site viewed by an unsuspecting visitor. Some Anonymous members or sympathisers may willingly donate the use of their computer for a particular BotNet target. Another common hacktivist strategy is to use sophisticated hacking tools to break into web sites that don’t have adequate security. As with the UK phone hacking scandal, many victim sites were successfully hacked because security was managed by very weak, easy to guess passwords such as “123456.” For stealing data, many hackers use a technique known as a “Structured Query Language Injection Attack” (SQLIA). SQL is a programming language designed to manage relational databases and is widely used around the world. A poorly designed site can be readily

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compromised through an injection of specially designed computer code, causing the database behind it to produce otherwise inaccessible data for the hackers (such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers and the like). Some Anonymous associates use the name “Lulz” (laughing at the victim of a prank) and LulzSec (Lulz Security). They are believed to be responsible for several high-profile attacks, including compromising user accounts at Sony Entertainment’s web site in 2011. They also claimed responsibility for knocking the CIA web site offline in June 2011 in what was likely a DDoS attack. Some computer experts have commented that while LulzSec attacks have been an annoyance, they have actually done many companies and government web site administrators a favour by highlighting poor security. Anonymous and other hackers often cooperate by using file-sharing and peer-to-peer sites such as The Pirate Bay (TPB), a Swedish web site which also hosts bootlegged computer software, movies and other misappropriated copyrighted materials. Hacked Anonymous has successfully attacked numerous government and police web sites around the world. Threats against the City of Toronto web site were levelled when talk of dismantling the Occupy Toronto encampment intensified, because of the in-common anarchist goals of Anonymous and some of the Occupy protestors. In late 2011, Anonymous hackers ap-

parently managed to intercept and record a conference call between British and American investigators who were, ironically, involved in investigating their activities In late February 2012 the Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police web site was hacked because of its support for Bill C-30 (“Protecting Children from Internet Predators Act”). Portions were apparently hacked by someone associated with Anonymous and allegedly stolen information, including e-mail addresses, passwords and user names, were later posted on another site, along with the taunt “Welcome to a database leak. First I would like to say a quote: Snoop on to them as they snoop on to you…” Also in late February, 25 suspected members of Anonymous were arrested in “Operation Unmask,” an international sweep that included police action in Argentina, Chile, Columbia, Spain, the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. Interpol announced the arrests after its Latin American Working Group on Information Technology (IT) Crime helped break the case. Targets had included the Columbian defence ministry and presidential web sites and Chile’s Endesa electricity utility and national library. Activities included defacing web sites, committing DDoS attacks and posting stolen police data related to security for political leaders and facilities. Hundreds of computers and related equipment were seized. Two servers, located in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria and allegedly used by the group, were blocked.

April 2012

Within hours of announcing the arrests, the Interpol web site was apparently forced off-line by a DDoS attack, presumably by Anonymous and its supporters. Dangers The US National Security Agency (NSA) recently issued a warning that within two years, Anonymous might be able to successfully disrupt electric utilities, causing power distribution failures and very serious ramifications in affected areas. Anonymous also threatened to attack the very structure of the Internet on March 31, 2012 by attacking the 13 root DNS servers that keep it running. Some computer and Internet security experts suggested that “Operation Global Blackout” as it was called, would be very difficult for Anonymous to carry out. Good? While most of their activities are bad, Anonymous claimed responsibility in October 2011 for temporarily taking down 40 hidden child pornography sites and posting a list of more than 1,500 of the sites’ user names online. It is not yet known if this helped investigators. During “Operation Darknet” it also used a DDoS attack to disable the “Freedom Hosting” server, home to numerous sites including “Lolita City,” reported to contain more than

April 2012

100GB of child pornography. It demanded that all the child pornography be removed from the sites. Some Internet security experts rightfully pointed out that although their intentions may have been good, taking down the sites could have damaged or otherwise disrupted criminal investigations into them. Risk While much of Anonymous Collective’s mischief is just that, it also poses a serious threat to corporate, government and police web sites. Its threats to disrupt national infrastructure should not be taken lightly. Any corporation, government or police agency operating a web site needs to work diligently to protect systems from any type of attack, whether by Anonymous, industrial or political espionage or countersurveillance. Simple passwords don’t provide anything more than rudimentary security. Computer users should always use top-quality, up-to-date security software and regularly change passwords to avoid becoming an unwitting victim or instrument of the Anonymous Collective. Tom Rataj is Blue Line’s Technology columnist and can be reached at technews@blueline.ca.

Global hackers linked to “ Anonymous” busted NEW YORK - A group of expert hackers who attacked governments and corporations around the globe has been busted after its ringleader - one of the world’s most-wanted computer vandals - turned against his comrades and secretly began working as an informant for the FBI months ago, authorities announced Tuesday. In March five people were charged in court papers unsealed in federal court in New York, and authorities revealed that a sixth person, Hector Xavier Monsegur of New York, has pleaded guilty. Monsegur was portrayed in court papers as the ringleader, a legendary figure known in the hacking underworld as “Sabu.’’ Authorities said he formed an elite hacking organization last May and named it “Lulz Security’’ or “LulzSec.’’ “Lulz” is Internet slang that can be interpreted as “laughs,” “humour” or “amusement.” Despite the organization’s lighthearted name, authorities said Monsegur and his followers embarked on a dastardly stream of deeds against business and government entities in the U.S. and around the world, resulting in the theft of confidential information, the defacing of websites and attacks that temporarily put victims out of business. Their exploits included attacks on cybersecurity firms and the posting of a fake story that slain rapper Tupac Shakur was alive in New Zealand. As their exploits became known, some hackers associated with the group boasted about their prowess. Monsegur was charged with conspiracy to engage in computer hacking, among other offences. Authorities said he pleaded guilty Aug. 15. According to the court papers, he was an “influential member of three hacking organizations - Anonymous, Internet Feds and Lulz Security - that were responsible for multiple cyberattacks on the computer systems of various businesses and governments in the United States and throughout the world.’’ According to the court papers, he acted as a “rooter,’’ a computer hacker who identified vulnerabilities in the computer systems of potential victims. The court papers said he participated in attacks over the past few years on Visa, MasterCard and PayPal; government computers in Tunisia, Algeria, Yemeni and Zimbabwe; Fox Broadcasting Co. and the Tribune Co.; PBS; and the U.S. Senate. LulzSec is a spinoff of the loosely organized hacking collective Anonymous. Some alleged associates of the group are already facing charges elsewhere. An English teenager, Ryan Cleary, was arrested by the British in June. In July, a reputed LulzSec spokesman, Jake Davis, was arrested in Scotland.

Blue Line Magazine

Case Law by Mike Novakowski

Arrestee must express desire to consult counsel Once an accused has been advised of their rights, it is up to them to exercise them. In R. v. MacGregor, 2012 NSCA 18, police stopped the accused at a checkpoint sometime after midnight. The officer smelled alcohol when speaking to MacGregor, who admitted he had a couple of drinks earlier in the evening and also noted he’d used mouthwash before leaving his office, about 15 to 30 minutes before being stopped. The officer believed MacGregor had alcohol in his body and gave the approved screening device (ASD) demand. He failed and the breathalyzer demand followed. MacGregor was then arrested for impaired driving and informed of his right to counsel. He said he understood his rights and, when asked if he would like to speak to counsel, said, “Not right now, thank you.” The officer then said “I’ll let you know that if you change your mind at anytime tonight during this whole process, that you want to talk to a lawyer, just let myself or any other officer know and we will make sure that you get in contact with a lawyer, okay?” “Yeah,” MacGregor responded. When the officer provided information about legal aid MacGregor indicated he understood and the standard police caution was given.MacGregor did not ask to speak to a lawyer at the police station, nor was he asked if he would like to consult one. He was introduced to a breath technician, provided two breath samples and charged with impaired driving and over 80mg%. At trial in Nova Scotia Provincial Court MacGregor testified he didn’t want to speak to a lawyer at the roadside because he didn’t have a cell phone and neither a phone or privacy was offered to him at that point. He said he intended to call a lawyer from the police station, expecting he would be given an opportunity to do so, but didn’t tell police because he was in an unfamiliar setting and merely did what they asked. Had he been offered a telephone, he claimed, he would have phoned a lawyer. The trial judge concluded MacGregor’s

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response “not right now” was equivocal; he had not waived his right to counsel and police were obligated to either provide him with a reasonable opportunity to call a lawyer or obtain a clear and unequivocal waiver. Since police did neither, s. 10(b) of the Charter was breached, the breathalyzer results were excluded under s. 24(2). MacGregor was acquitted and the Crown appealed. The “not right now” response was an adequate waiver of MacGregor’s right to counsel, a Nova Scotia Supreme Court judge found. In his view, even though MacGregor understood his rights and intended to call a lawyer, there was no evidence that anything interfered with his opportunity to ask to do so before he submitted to Breathalyzer testing. He further held that there was no further obligation upon the police to reiterate the offer of contacting counsel at the police station. In the alternative, the appeal judge opined that the breath test results were admissible. He ordered the case be sent back to the trial judge. MacGregor then appealed. S. 10(b) Charter Section 10(b) provides that “Everyone has the right on arrest or detention... (b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right.” This imposes two duties on police: There are two elements to a s. 10(b) right. The first is informational and the second implementational. In other words, a detained person has to be properly informed about his or her rights. The second element requires that the detained person has to be given an opportunity to consult a lawyer if he or she chooses to do so (para. 23). Informational duty Justice Bryson, delivering the appeal court’s decision, agreed with the lower courts that MacGregor’s “not right now” response was equivocal. However, Bryson was of the view that police had properly discharged their duties. “The police certainly had no obligation

to seek and obtain a waiver from Dr. MacGregor,” he said. “Their obligation was to convey to Dr. MacGregor that his right to counsel was ongoing. This is precisely what they did.” The police response to “not right now” was appropriate and could not be clearer: • I t recognized that MacGregor did not want to call a lawyer then and there but may wish to later that evening “during the process;” • I t confirmed that his right to consult counsel was ongoing through the process and not limited to “then and there” in the police cruiser; and • It told him how to implement his right to consult counsel. He need only advise police at any time during the process and they would then ensure he was able to contact a lawyer. Once MacGregor was aware of his rights, he had an obligation to pursue them. There was no evidence to indicate a lack of understanding, failure to adequately inform nor an indication he thought he had lost the right to speak to a lawyer once at the police station. Police had met the duty to inform MacGregor of his s. 10(b) rights. Implementational duty Once police have discharged the informational component of s. 10(b), the implementation component arises only when the accused expresses a desire to exercise those rights. MacGregor never testified that he had no opportunity to express a desire to call a lawyer. There was ample time for him to utter a few words in order to exercise his right to consult counsel. Throughout his time in custody he was in the presence of police officers but said nothing. “The fact that he was in unfamiliar circumstances and probably found the experience novel and intimidating may explain his subjective state of mind,” said Bryson, “but it is not objective evidence that there was no opportunity to call a lawyer.” MacGregor’s right to counsel wasn’t breached, his appeal was dismissed and a new trial ordered.

April 2012

Case Law by Mike Novakowski

Trial judge not to re-try search warrant A trial judge’s role in reviewing a search warrant is not to decide whether they would have issued it but whether the justice who did could have done so. In R. v. Dionisi, 2012 ABCA 20, a police officer obtained information from a colleague who handled a reliable, confidential informant. He had previously provided information which assisted investigations, leading to search warrants and charges being laid. The informant trusted and wanted to help his handler and had been paid for information. The informant told the handler Dionisi sold cocaine for around $1,500 per ounce and gave his height, weight, racial background, hair colour and style, address, phone number and vehicle; all this was independently corroborated. He also said he saw cocaine in Dionisi’s residence. Police records revealed Dionisi was involved in a drug investigation some six years earlier. He had called 911 concerned about possible intruders in the basement. Police responded and found 287 grams of marijuana, scales and bundles of cash. Dionisi had no criminal convictions. A justice of the peace issued a search warrant, which police executed late at night. They

April 2012

found Dionisi asleep in his bed and allowed him to get dressed. He was arrested, given his Charter warnings and handcuffed. He collapsed on the floor and, after paramedics determined he was “fine,” was taken to headquarters. Police seized 691 grams of cocaine sorted into 24 baggies in a bag in a closet, 53.6 grams of cocaine in a bag in the kitchen, three cell phones, $435 cash, two scales, small plastic ‘sandwich’ bags and a large ‘ziplock’ bag containing about 200 grams of marijuana bud and other evidence, including Dionisi’s tenancy agreement. At trial in Alberta Provincial Court the judge concluded that the Information to Obtain (ITO), less redacted material, did not provide reasonable grounds for the search warrant. In her view, it was unclear whether Dionisi’s trafficking activities and observations of drugs in his residence were the informant’s personal knowledge or information obtained from someone else. “They may well be no more than rumour or gossip,” she said. She also found the ITO did not say whether the information was dated or more recent and relevant. Furthermore, none of the independent corroboration related directly to the illegal drug activity. Finally, the previous

drug related investigation involving Dionisi was unhelpful since he wasn’t charged. Without reasonable grounds, the search and seizure breached s. 8 of the Charter. However, the judge admitted the evidence under s. 24(2). Dionisi was convicted of possessing cocaine and less than three kilograms of marijuana for the purpose of trafficking but appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. In Dionisi’s view, the evidence should have been excluded. The Crown submitted that the trial judge was correct in admitting it but should not have found a Charter breach in the first place. S. 8 Charter The appeal court agreed that the trial judge made a mistake in finding a breach. A search warrant is presumed to be valid and a trial judge’s function is not to substitute their opinion for that of the authorizing judge. The test for determining validity is not to decide if they would have necessarily issued the warrant on the basis of the ITO, but whether it could have been authorized by a judge acting judicially. In looking at the test, the court stated: In a voir dire as to a section 8 Charter breach, the onus is not upon the claimant to merely show that there were defects in the ITO; the claimant must establish the breach of section 8 on a balance of probabilities. This can be done only by showing that it is likely that the search warrant would not have issued based upon the content of the ITO. It is not enough to persuade the trial judge that she would not have been inclined to issue the warrant on the grounds thus provided. The trial judge must be satisfied that the warrant is invalid, not that the trial judge would not have authorized it. The trial judge does not re-try the warrant (para 20). A search warrant will issue on the standard of a credibly-based probability, having regard to the whole of the circumstances, not examination of individual circumstances in isolation. Even flaws in the ITO, such as inaccurate information or the non-disclosure of a material fact, will not always render the information inadequate to meet the reasonable grounds standard. Confirmatory information in the ITO related to details other than actual observations of drugs in a house or trafficking still has value on the totality of the circumstances approach. The informant had provided reliable information in the past and had a relationship with the handler. Providing specific details about non-offence particulars was still consistent with the informant providing information on which reliance could be placed. The informant did not have a grudge against Dionisi but wanted to work with the police. As for the recency of the information, “there is no rule as to how recent information has to be in order to be relevant,” the court noted. “In any event, the ITO alleged the information in Blue Line Magazine

the present tense. These averments provided no room for the conjecture that the information provided wasn’t recent enough to be relevant.” Furthermore, the trial judge stated that the ITO was unclear as to whether the informant learned the information or saw it personally – but reading the ITO in a practical, non-technical, common-sense manner, the court found there was no basis to assume the information was second-hand. Even if it were, the informant’s information had been found reliable in the past. Finally, the information was more than mere rumour or gossip. It was more than conclusory in nature; it provided specific detail of the manner and price at which the accused was allegedly selling cocaine.

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24(2) Charter A judge’s decision to admit evidence under s. 24(2) is deferential as long as the proper factors are considered and they have not made any unreasonable findings. In this case, there was no basis to interfere with the trial judge’s admission of the evidence. Dionisi’s appeal was dismissed and his convictions stood. Further details of this case were obtained from 2011 ABPC 63. Visit www.blueline.ca/resources/caselaw for complete cases. You can email Mike Novakowski at caselaw@ blueline.ca

April 2012

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April 2012

Re-learning

a hard lesson No such thing as stopping power

April 2012

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by Matt Kirkpatrick The tragic, yet important, killing of two FBI agents and wounding of five others in the April 1986 ‘Miami Shootout’ led to discarding the flawed Relative Incapacitation Index (RII), used to select police handguns and ammunition. An FBI agent wounded one gunman with a shot aimed directly at the heart but it did not penetrate sufficiently to incapacitate. This was the beginning of the end for the assumption that handgun wounds depend on a temporary cavity – the tissue temporarily disrupted by a passing bullet’s transfer of energy. Since then decades of verified scientific analysis by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and others have resulted in nearly universally accepted standards for evaluating and choosing effective handguns and ammunition – widely distributed and consistently proven in real world situations. The author of “Firearm stopping power varies greatly” (Blue Line March, 2012) makes claims and inferences discredited in 1986. He suggests that “the police duty bullet must deliver enough energy to assailants to make a large temporary cavity, causing a sudden loss of blood pressure and knocking the person down.” This sort of myth, widely propagated as fact in American gun magazines, is dangerous. At worst this article could be a credible source used to support buying the type of handguns or cartridges that led to the FBI deaths and injuries in Miami. Terms like “stopping power” only reinforce the fallacy that people are immediately incapacitated when shot anywhere on the torso. It creates an unrealistic expectation among front line officers that could get them killed. There is no such thing as “knock down power.” Any projectile powerful enough to knock down the target will also knock the shooter down. This is basic high school physics. These illusions create a debate where there is none and can lead to a lack of confidence in our choices and equipment. It is well known that officers in high threat and stress situations will not use training or equipment they have no confidence in. This article shifts the focus away from critical efforts to train and psychologically prepare police officers for the gunfight we all hope never comes. Handgun calibre and cartridge selection is only one component of the effort to properly equip police. “You need three things to survive in armed combat,” points out Lt. Col. David Grossman in his essential book On Combat. “The weapon, the skill and the will to kill.” “Kinetic energy does not wound” (Handgun wounding factors and effectiveness, FBI

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Firearms Training Unit). “Temporary cavity does not wound. The much discussed “shock” of bullet impact is fable and “knock down power” is a myth. The critical element is penetration. The bullet must pass through the large, blood bearing organs and be of sufficient diameter to promote rapid bleeding.” The facts are clear. The key components of ammunition selection are penetration and the size of the permanent cavity. Test methods are clear and the results widely available, repeatable – and statistically valid. Comparing bullets by their relative power is invalid, irrelevant and dangerous. The only method to reliably incapacitate a human is “to decrease the functioning capability of the central nervous system (CNS) and specifically the brain or the cervical spinal chord. There are two ways in which to accomplish this goal: 1. Direct trauma to the CNS tissue resulting in tissue destruction and 2. Lack of oxygen to the brain caused by bleeding and loss of blood pressure” – Ken Newgard, MD, The physiological effects of handgun bullets (Journal of the international Wound Ballistics Association, Vol.1 #3, 1992). There is a wealth of data to support the selection of .40 S & W for police handgun use. Many cartridges have been tested and the data is available through the FBI, NIJ or Canadian agencies. If you require data to support using an untested cartridge, or suspect the data you already have, testing is relatively easy and inexpensive. Rather than waste time on a debate effectively settled 20 years ago, focus on improving the other variables that you can control – marksmanship and other skills that increase police effectiveness and survivability. Matt Kirkpatrick is a technical communication consultant specializing in firearms training and documentation. He has 20 years of military experience, including deployments to Afghanistan and Bosnia and has trained soldiers and police officers across Canada and internationally for more than 10 years.

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Blue Line Magazine

April 2012

Blue Line Magazine