THE HISTORY OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE

THE HISTORY OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE ARC4010 ANANYA JAIN S18147442

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INDEX 1.PRE RAPHAELITE 2.BAUHAUS 3.LE CORBUSIER 4.ITALIAN MODERNISM 5.AVANT GARDE 6.HOT MODERNISM CRITICAL REGIONALISM 7.OLD BIRMINGHAM LIBRARY 8.FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT 9.TRANSCULTURAL SPACES 10.REFERENCES

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PRE RAPHAELITE Pre- Raphaelite movement was started by a group of British painters, artists, poets and critics in opposition to the British Royal Academy. The academy was highly influenced by the strict ideas of beauty from the Renaissance and classical art period. In contrary, the Pre -Raphaelites drew their influences from the years before the Italian High Renaissance. They believed that the nature and the human body was portraited realistically and not idealistically before the Renaissance. They started rejecting the Victorian style and also the teaching principles of the British Academy. (The Art Story, n.d.). This week I visited the St. Philips Church and took pictures of the Edward Jones stained glass paintings. He played an important role in later stage of the movement with William Morris. He was the one behind the reinvention of stained glass art in Britain. Along with the windows in St. Philips Church he painted many others like the St. Martin, Holy Trinity Church and so on. He also designed ceramic tiles, jewellery, tapestries and mosaics (En.wikipedia.org, 2018).

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BAUHAUS FURNITURE

1.DESIGNER Peter Keler 2.NAME OF THE PIECE The Bauhaus Cradle 3.WHY I LIKE THIS PIECE The cradle seems to me very minimalistic in design but is very attractive with its colour schemes and rope weaving.Peter has used circles, squares and triangles to give this cradle its unique appearance. 4.HOW DOES IT MANIFEST THE BAUHAUS ETHOS It was designed in the German design school and the forms and colours used are very simple which adds to playfulness of the design.It is a classic example of Bauhaus because of the colourful geometrical shapes.It is a three dimension interpretation of colour and form.Both the colours and artistic form are seen as one (Widewalls, 2016).

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BUILDING

1.DESIGNER Walter Gropius 2.NAME OF THE PIECE The Bauhaus building 3.WHY I LIKE THIS PIECE I like the building because of its design.It has different areas for teaching purpose.residential area for the students and staff,offices and auditorium which are well designed in a revolutionary pinwheel design.The building is very advanced in terms of technology and structure (ArchDaily, 2010). 4.HOW DOES IT MANIFEST THE BAUHAUS ETHOS The Bauhaus school had an important philosophy to treat both the visual art and design disciplines as one.Modern type characters can be seen in the building that symbolizes the equality between architecture and typography (Nast, 2016).

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DRAWING

1.DESIGNER Paul Klee 2.NAME OF THE PIECE Senecio 3.WHY I LIKE THIS PIECE I like this painting as with the use of few colours the artist has managed to put a great depth in the painting of a human face .The depiction of the face with simple geometric shapes looks very minimal yet has managed to have a great impact on the viewer. 4.HOW DOES IT MANIFEST THE BAUHAUS ETHOS The design completely follows the Bauhaus manifesto because of the use of the primary colours combined with basic geometrical shapes (Architectweekly.com, 2017).Thee is strong link between drama,theatre and painting which is common to the Bauhaus (Paulklee.org, n.d.).

CONTEMPORARY PIECES THAT HAVE THE ETHOS AS BAUHAUS These buildings have basic geometrical shape and unusual angles as the start of the design process and later on more details were added. The second building has a bold exterior shape .The wood lines continue with the glass to the inside.If the walls would have been rendered and painted white there would not be the beautiful effect (Architectweekly.com, 2017).

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LE CORBUSIER

Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) was a great modern architect and as considered to be the leader of International Style. He was a well accomplished painter and writer as well. Some of the most iconic works of Le Corbusier include the Villa Savoye, Notre Dame du Haut, Unite d’Habitation. In the 1950s he designed the city of Chandigarh in India. The famous LC2 chair and LC5 chaise longue designed by him are produced today as well (Architectural Digest, n.d.). He used to work for Mies Van Der Rohe and Walter Gropius and later he was one of the originator of the International Style with them.He played a major role in the history of modern architecture(The Art Story, n.d.). He mostly designed according to his famous “five points of architecture ’’.The principles were as follows: 1)The walls should be free from structural function and the building should be raised on ‘pilotis’ 2)A free plan should be employed 3)Façade should be freely designed 4) Rooms should be lit evenly by long horizontal ribbon windows 5)Roof should be flat to design a roof garden,replacing the ground space occupied by the structure(ArchDaily, 2018). In this week’s tasks we were divided in groups and had to make a presentation on one famous building designed by Le Corbusier.My group got Unite d’Habitation and the presentation slides follow.

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ITALIAN MODERNISM Giorgio de Chirico was a painter from Italy and along with Carlo Carra and Giorgio Morandi established the Metaphysical style of painting.He studied art in Athens and Florence.Later in 1906 he went to Germany and got into the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.At an early stage his works were inspired by Arnold Bocklin’s and Max Klinger’s paintings which provided an excellent contrast between the extraordinary and the commonplaces.In the early 20th century de Chirico settled in Florence and he started to paint very distinct landscapes(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018). De Chirico was famous for his cityscapes that he painted in 1910s.There was a strange artificiality in the cityscapes.In his paintings the cityscapes were shown with different kinds of haunted streets rather than the traditional cities which are full of movement and everyday incidents(The Art Story, n.d.). Some examples of his landscapes include ‘The Enigma of an Autumn Afternoon ’where illogical and long shadows are casted by the hidden objects in the strangely empty cities, ‘The Soothsayer’s Recompense’ and ‘The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street’ also included classical statues, dark arcades and small figures that are overpowered by their shadows and the oppressive architecture(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018). THE ENIGMA OF THE AUTUMN AFTERNOON

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De Chirico loved the classical past.He was highly influenced by the German Romanticism and all this taught him new ways of looking at the Classics and including the themes of tragedy, enigma and melancholy into his paintings.He believed that the Greek and the Roman Classics were very much valid in the modern world. Some of his most quality and powerful work was produced because of the clash between the past and present which produced very strange effects suggesting sorrow, disorientation and nostalgia (The Art Story, n.d.). Through his paintings of metaphysical period he wanted to make images of emptiness and desolate which conveyed the feeling of power and freedom. The towers,walls and plazas in the painting just flash by and we feel the power from seeing these objects that way.We feel them more intimately as compared to the people who live next to them(En.wikipedia.org, 2019).

MYSTERTY AND MELANCHOLY OF A STREET

The Architecture of the City was written by Aldo Rossi based on his notes and lectures and was published in 1966 when Functionalism predominated.It was a prolific book for the architects of that generation because instead of looking at the cities in a functional form it changed the meaning of cities and they started to look at them differently. Aldo’s efforts to understand the city were exceptional as the city doesn’t only contain concrete structures but also it develops on multiple force within the urban artifacts. The book was not a perfect theory rather it will develop as new considerations will be added to the city. The book gives a excellent base to study cities(Architectureandurbanism.blogspot.com, 2012). In the book he says that over the period of time architecture has developed many forms and ideas that move beyond style and trend.Rather than changing everything with individualistic architecture he wanted architects to respect the city’s context and architecture and tap the common types(Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.). 14

AVANT GARDE For this week’s task we had to organize a interview in pairs and discuss how politics shaped arts in the early 20th century , role of arts and architecture in society ,etc and later we had to make a poster on the current politcal situation chosen.We chose the March for our lives movement. The link to video interview is as follows. https://youtu.be/GMYmot5dj5o

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HOT MODERNISM AND CRITICAL REGIONALISM Regional Modernism can be defined as a set of theories that are reluctant to the standard and universal designs that stop and destroy the regional designs.The simple life of the communities develop when people with their place(Anon, 2009). In Critical regionalism,the architecture is made to reject the decoration and individualism of the Postmodern architecture.The architecture provided is based on modern tradition but cultural and geographical context is also looked into(En.wikipedia.org, 2019).

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I chose the Kanchanjunga Apartments by Charles Correa which is situated in Mumbai and was built in 1983.It includes 32 luxury apartments in the southwest of downtown.The was created in response to the climatic condition, increasing urbanization and the current culture. The buildings have to oriented in the east west direction so that the people can see the best city view and also it helps to catch the prevailing sea breezes.However in some directions the sun is blazing hot and there are heavy rainfalls as well.He tried his absolute best as it can be seen in the interlocking of four different apartments types that differ from three to six bedrooms.The internal elevated volumes and the external earth filled terraces were differentiated by the smaller displacements of levels.Due to this small shift the building was protected from the sun and heavy rains. The deep,garden verandas in the air helped to achieve this (ArchDaily, 2011). For the building from the Western Europe , I chose Unite d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. It was completed in 1952 has 337 apartments an can easily accommodate around 1600 people. Le Corbusier built this building for the people who had lost their homes in the second world war.He fet that high rise buildings with all the amenities in building like parks, shopping centres, boats and so on would give people the same feeling as of living in the streets (Frearson, 2014). Both the buildings were made to house a lot of people.However, Unite d’ Habitation was inspired by the Brutalist style and the Kanchanjunga apartments were made in response to the Hot modernism. Unite d’ Habitation can be looked at as the precedent of the Kanchanjunga but in Mumbai , it was built without all the up and down units(ArchDaily, 2011).

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OLD BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL LIBRARY Birmingham central library was constructed in 1974 and architect of the library is John Madin, but the design process was mostly handled by John Ericsson, Madin’s partner. He was born in 1930 and grew up in King Norton. He completed his architecture in Leicester and Birmingham Schools of architecture. Initially he worked in Birmingham with J Seymour and Partners and later joined the Madin group and did remarkable work on some of Birmingham’s post war landmarks (Brown, 2016). The library was the main public library of Birmingham till 2013 and then the Library of Birmingham replaced it. With the footfall of 1,197,350 visitors, the Central Library was the second most visited library in the Country (En.wikipedia.org, 2018). The building was a great example of brutalist buildings of the time, with roughly finished concrete surfaces, small windows, heavy looking surfaces and unusual forms (Designingbuildings.co.uk, 2016).

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However, the library closed in 2013 and was demolished in 2016 by Agent group under the Paradise Circus redevelopment scheme(En.wikipedia.org, 2018).The redevelopment project will open the city centre area and pave way for a multi-million pound scheme for offices and retail ,thus providing a new cultural landscape to the city(Designingbuildings.co.uk, 2016). A lot of people were unhappy with the decision and protested against it .They suggested that the other old buildings around could be demolished instead of the library to make office spaces.Also some wanted to the change the purpose of library to offices,malls,etc and preserve the building design .The library is famous for the inverted ziggurat design and attracts lots of people all over the world(The Telegraph, 2015). Even after so many petitions and campaigns ,no efforts were made to save the building and it was finally knocked down creating places for cafes, bars, walkways and so on (Expressandstar. com, 2017) .

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FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT “A building should appear to grow easily from its site and be shaped to harmonize with its surroundings if Nature is manifest there.” Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright was a famous architect and he also did interior designing. He designed over a thousand of structures in his life and almost 500 were built as well. In 1991, he was recognized as the greatest American architect of all time. His style was unique and the designs were in harmony with humanity and nature (En.wikipedia.org, 2018). The designs blend into the natural surroundings in the most innovative ways. ‘Organic Architecture’ phrase was coined by him. His architecture designs portray the beauty of the surroundings more as compared to the actual buildings. Falling water house is one of the finest examples of ‘organic architecture form’. He ensured that the building had no definite end or beginning by blending the vertical and horizontal elements (Garden Collage Magazine, 2016). Frank was inspired by the Japanese architecture his entire life and its influence can be traced in the falling house as well. He integrated the waterfall and the house seamlessly making the waterfall a part of the lives of his clients just like how the Japanese architecture is famous for creating the harmony between the nature and man(ArchDaily, 2010) .His idea of the landscape was not of the traditional trees , shrubs and the lawn instead the design was interwoven with the land, it a majestic celebration of the hills, land and the water in a very ground breaking manner. The house was designed with cantilevers and they jutted out into the landscape. The interiors felt as if one was in the lap of nature and could be felt in one’s hearts (the landscape of us, 2014). Along the dramatic waterfall and the sound of the water ,the house beautifully complimented the site. The noise of the falling waters could be heard in the entire house (ArchDaily, 2010).

FALLING WATER 20

The influence of the landscape can also be seen strongly in the Taliesin residence. The house was situated close to some other projects of Frank like the Romeo and Juliet towers, Hillside Home School and the Tan-y-deri house(Flwright.org, n.d.). The landscape scenes were shaped by Wright to be framed by the windows and the buildings were designed to be a part of the landscape. He believes that architecture studied in relation to the surroundings is a clarifier and developer of the beauty of the landscape.He designed the cantilevered terrace during the time he did the Falling Water. In this also the building is situated in the wild. The terrace jutting over the slopes below to the beautiful views over the lake, valleys and the farm(Annewhistonspirn.com, 2000). The house is a series of spaces connected through terraces, garden and pools(ArchDaily, 2011).He wanted the house to be of the hill rather than on the hill. The house was built using limestone and some other native material. The roof appears to follow the natural contours of the landscape.Picturesque views could be seen from the house(Flwright.org, n.d.).

TALIESIN

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TRANSCULTURAL SPACES

People move from places for many reasons thus the cities have people from many different regions.To accommodate their needs spaces like restaurants, cinemas,etc are created to accommodate the need of different cultural community. I chose Connaught Place,New Delhi as a transcultural space. The Connaught circle consists of various restaurants, clubs,cafes, offices spaces, cinema halls ,street markets, museum and gurudwara. Delhi being the capital ,many people from different parts of India migrate here in search for better living conditions.Connaught places has restaurants of different cuisines, markets selling beautiful ethnic pieces, cinema halls from very old times and so on .

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Architectweekly.com. (2017). Why was the Bauhaus Movement so Important for Modern Architecture? ArchitectWeekly. [online] Available at: https://www.architectweekly.com/2012/12/why-was-bauhaus-style-soimportant.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Brown, G. (2016). Tributes to famous library designer. [online] birminghammail. Available at: https://www. birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/tributes-architect-who-designed-central-11318518 [Accessed 31 Dec. 2018]. Designingbuildings.co.uk. (2016). Birmingham Central Library demolition - Designing Buildings Wiki. [online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library_demolition [Accessed 4 Jan. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Birmingham Central Library. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Birmingham_Central_Library [Accessed 31 Dec. 2018]. En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Edward Burne-Jones. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_ Burne-Jones [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Frank Lloyd Wright. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_ Lloyd_Wright#Japanese_art [Accessed 7 Jan. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Critical regionalism. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_ regionalism [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Giorgio de Chirico. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_ de_Chirico [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Giorgio de Chirico | Italian painter. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giorgio-de-Chirico [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019] Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). Aldo Rossi | Italian architect. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica. com/biography/Aldo-Rossi [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019]. Expressandstar.com. (2017). Birmingham Paradise development: Watch a YEAR of demolition at Central Library in just 90 seconds. [online] Available at: https://www.expressandstar.com/business/commercial-property/2017/01/05/birmingham-paradise-development-watch-a-year-of-demolition-at-central-library-in-just90-seconds/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2019]. Flwright.org. (n.d.). Frank Lloyd Wright House, Studio, and Farm, “Taliesin” | Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. [online] Available at: https://flwright.org/researchexplore/wrightbuildings/taliesin [Accessed 7 Jan. 2019]. Frearson, A. (2014). Brutalist buildings: Unité d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Garden Collage Magazine. (2016). When Buildings Blend with Nature: On Frank Lloyd Wright’s Organic Architecture - Garden Collage Magazine. [online] Available at: https://gardencollage.com/change/sustainability/frank-lloyd-wright/ [Accessed 7 Jan. 2019]. Nast, C. (2016). 5 of the Best Bauhaus Buildings in Germany. [online] Architectural Digest. Available at: https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/bauhaus-buildings-germany [Accessed 22 Oct. 2018]. Paul-klee.org. (n.d.). Senecio by Paul Klee. [online] Available at: http://www.paul-klee.org/senecio/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. REFERENCES The Art Story. (n.d.). Giorgio De Chirico Overview and Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.theartstory.org/artist-de-chirico-giorgio.htm [Accessed 13 Jan. 2019]. The Art Story. (n.d.). Le Corbusier Overview and Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.theartstory.org/ artist-le-corbusier.htm [Accessed 8 Jan. 2019]. The Art Story. (n.d.). The Pre-Raphaelite Movement Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.theartstory. org/movement-pre-raphaelites.htm [Accessed 8 Jan. 2019]. the landscape of us. (2014). Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater - the landscape of us. [online] Available at: https://www.landscapeofus.com/garden/visit-frank-lloyd-wrights-fallingwater/ [Accessed 7 Jan. 2019]. The Telegraph. (2015). Last-ditch attempt to save Birmingham Central Library. [online] Available at: https:// www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/birmingham/articles/Last-ditchattempt-to-save-Birmingham-Central-Library/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2019]. Widewalls. (2016). Peter Keler – The Bauhaus Cradle. [online] Available at: https://www.widewalls.ch/bauhaus-design/peter-keler-bauhaus-cradle/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. 25