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2001â€“2005 Five Years of Discovery A Report of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University

Photo / Phil Shockley

The Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Complex, the new home of the American Institute for Goat Research.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Welcome

to the last five years of activities of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research. Many of those familiar with the Institute will notice the change in our official name. The word “American” has been inserted to reflect our position as the United States’ premier institute for goat research, extension, and international activities. Although our name has changed, you can rest assured that our mission and direction remain the same. As you peruse the pages of this report you will read of the major accomplishments achieved by Institute scientists. This is attested by the number and quality of research publications, the scores of individuals assisted by our extension personnel and program, and the depth and care of our international activities. We hope that you will agree that our exciting and forward-looking research programs, dynamic extension and outreach activities, and development-oriented international activities are enhancing goat productivity and improving the lives of goat producers.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

E KIKA DE LA GARZA AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR GOAT RESEARCH

Administrators JoAnn W. Haysbert, Ph.D., President, Langston University Marvin Burns, Ph.D., Dean, School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences Vernon L. Jones, Ph.D., Associate Dean, School of Agriculture and Applied Sciences Tilahun Sahlu, Ph.D., Director, E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

2001–2005, Five Years of Discovery. A Report of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University is produced by the Office of the Director, E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research. For details about research work highlighted in this report or reproduction permission, contact the Director.

Art Direction / Design Mark Pennie, PennieWorks Studio Photography / Phil Shockley Photography

The information released herein does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the research sponsors. Use of trade names implies no endorsement by Langston University. ©2006, Langston University. Langston University in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. This publication, issued by Langston University as authorized by the Office of the Director, E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, was printed by University Printing Services at a cost of $3.47 each, 2,000 copies.

Contents 6

Mission of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Directorâ€™s Message

10 History of the Institute 14 Personnel 22 Student Involvement 26 Research Farm 34 Central Laboratory 40 Research Overview 52 Research Projects 56 Extension Overview 66 International Overview 82 Publications

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / paul mcintire

Photo / Phil Shockley

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Mission

he mission of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research is to develop and transfer enhanced goat production system technologies, with impacts at local, state, regional, national, and international levels. The Institute strives to fulfill this mission through excellence in a results-driven, highly productive research program; an effective, client-oriented extension approach; and dynamic international activities that stress development and human capacity building. Cuttingedge research focuses on providing new information relevant to the goat industry and usable by producers and researchers alike. Enhancing information exchange and producer skill levels through hands-on workshops, field days, and web-based information and interactive components is the goal of an expanding extension program. Care for goat producers worldwide is engendered through international activities that encompass research, human capacity building, and village development. These programs, along with knowledgeable and caring personnel and a dedication to the improvement of the lives of goat producers around the world, have made the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research a recognized leader in the arena of goat production technologies.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Directorâ€™s Message

s of 2005, the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, previously known as the American Institute for Goat Research and the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, is 21 years old. During this short time, U.S. goat raising has evolved from being mainly a backyard hobby into a full-fledged industry encompassing meat, dairy, and fiber production. Along the way, the fledgling industry faced many challenges and periods of uncertainty, but throughout exhibited steady, significant progress and growth. Over the years, the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research has stood by goat producers and strived to provide them with essential and relevant information, through our excellent research and extension programs, vital to the growth and viability of the industry.

Photo / Phil Shockley

To achieve a strong research program, research faculty of the Institute have aggressively sought extramural support that provides funds for equipment,

supplies, and personnel to conduct research. The most important grant program for the Institute in the last five years has been the 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building Grant Program. Funding received through this and other programs has greatly enhanced our present and future research capabilities. Our superb extension program serves as the link between our clients and the Institute in disseminating information and in learning of producer concerns. One constant of our extension program during the last five years has been our annual Goat Field Day, held the last Saturday in April, and to which the reader is cordially invited. Other important extension activities include workshops, our annual Buck Performance Test, and our quarterly Goat Newsletter. In addition to traditional extension methods, the Institute

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The Instituteâ€™s research, extension and international programs have had tremendous achievements during the past five years. The Institute conducts research and extension activities in a wide array of areas and includes all major types of goats raised in the U.S., i.e., meat, milk, and(or) fiber. As the goat industry evolved during the years, so has the Institute. The increasing demand for goat meat, the introduction of the Boer goat, and the decline in the mohair industry in recent years have caused corresponding shifts in research and extension emphases. Through these changes, the Institute has continued to serve its clientele by not only responding to change, but by conducting progressive research that anticipates change and leads to enhancements in the goat industry.

now places a strong emphasis on disseminating information through its website, www2.luresext.edu, which I hope you will visit. Recently, the Institute has not only maintained a renown international program but has even expanded it. International activities range from training of visiting scientists to international research to agricultural development projects. The Institute is proud of its contribution to the development of scientific expertise in other countries and of its projects that directly assist poor farmers in lesser developed nations. Another recent event has been the Instituteâ€™s move into a new building on the Langston University campus. The new Agriculture Research, Extension, and Education Complex provides ample office, laboratory, and meeting space. The move into our new building will allow us to further enhance our research and extension activities.

This report highlights the progress and contributions made by the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research to the industry in the last five years. During that time there have been great achievements, which include new and improved facilities, acquisition of the latest

Published research

research equipment, and productivity as measured by extramural funding, manuscripts published in peerreviewed journals, and most of all high impact research, extension, and international activities. These activities have all focused on enhancing the Instituteâ€™s ability to serve its clientele. As you peruse this report I hope you will be as pleased with the steady progress made at the Institute in the last five years as I am. I also hope that you will be as confident as I am that the Institute is ready to respond to whatever future challenges await us and that the achievements of the next five years will be equally impressive.

Extramural Funding

Photo / Paul Mcintire

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

D i re c to r â€™s M e ss ag e

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

12 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

History of the Institute

he E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, previously known as the American Institute for Goat Research and more recently the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research, was founded at Langston University in 1984 to generate and disseminate technical information on goats, advance the knowledge

of goat production, and enhance the utilization of goat products. The first facilities of the Institute were built in 1985/86 and included many of the buildings at the Main Farm today, such as the lactation and maternity barns, arena, feed mill, and milking rooms. In 1987/88, storage, machinery, dairy processing, metabolism, and surgery facilities were added. During the early period of

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

the Instituteâ€™s history, the foundation animals were acquired, with 70 Alpine kids arriving in 1985 and 60 Angora goats in 1986. These goats were used in the initial research conducted at the Institute in support of dairy goat and mohair industries. Spanish goats for cashmere research were added in 1990, and in 1991 a small number of Tennessee Stiff Leg goats were introduced. As the Institute grew in stature and reputation, and as research supporting the meat goat industry increased, facilities and animals expanded further. In 1995, a group of Boer goat bucks was obtained for use in crossbreeding. In addition to grading up with Boer in the late 1990â€™s, 20 full-blood Boer doelings from Texas were procured in 1999 and 2000. The Institute now hosts a herd of purebred and high percentage Boer goats, which has

Photo / Paul Mcintire

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

History of the Institute

been aided by the use of some of the top-indexing bucks at the annual Buck Performance Test. The South Barn was built in 1995, providing an excellent research venue for more detailed research into meat goat production. Further refinements have been made to the South Barn complex over the years including the installation of a Calan gate feeding system in 1998, employment of an automated feeding system for groups of goats in 2002, inclusion of a large tissue grinder for body composition research in 2004, drilling of a well at the South Farm for irrigation in 2003, a gradual expansion and improvement of pastures surrounding

the facility, and in 2001 the investment into more permanent fencing for increased conduct of controlled grazing experiments. The South Barn is also the site of the Buck Performance Test held annually at the Institute. The performance test began as the Angora Buck Performance Test in 1994 and was shifted to the Meat Goat Buck Performance Test in 1997. In support of the dairy goat industry, the Institute has also made improvements at the Main Farm. In 1992, a creamery was established that allows research of goat dairy products. In 1995, a Dairy Herd Improvement Laboratory was established and received certification. In 1998, a modern 10-stanchion computerized milking parlor was installed. More recent improvements include establishment of permanent, irrigated pastures for grazing dairy does as well as development of the West Pasture area allowing for increased grazing research. In addition, in 1999 a grant was received for an indirect respiration calorimetry system, which was installed in 2000 at the North Barn. There has also been considerable other interior and exterior renovations of the North Barn.

found at http://www2.luresext.edu. The website provides a convenient means of providing access to new technology packages. Recent examples are the manual for conducting fecal egg counts available in 2002, the goat nutrient requirement calculation system that came on-line in 2004, as well as the body condition score guidelines posted in 2005. International activities of the Institute have also grown during the past decade with an increase in the number and scope. Since 1998 the Institute has received funds for 14 international grants involving countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Armenia. International projects have expanded from being strictly research oriented to now include training and agricultural development components and considerations.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The laboratory facilities of the Institute have also grown over the years. The expansion of research at the Institute along with accompanying increases in the amount and sources of extramural support has facilitated enhancements of laboratory facilities through the purchase of equipment and upgrading of current instruments. Concurrent with increased research has been a rise in the number of publications from Institute scientists. One of the most notable events of the last five years has been moving of both laboratory and office facilities to the new Agriculture Research, Extension, and Education Complex, which occurred in the summer of 2005.

The Institute has also broadened methods of disseminating information through its extension program. National symposia were held in 1991, 1992, and 1993 on meat, dairy, and fiber-producing goats, respectively, each with published proceedings. The Instituteâ€™s Goat Field Day has continued to be an annual event with proceedings published and distributed. In the mid-1990â€™s, the Institute established a presence on the Internet with a website, which was redesigned in 2000 and can be

Photo / Phil Shockley

16 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Personnel Research Scientists and Extension Specialists Dr. Tera Auchtung • Ph.D. from University of Illinois • 2004–2005 • Dairy goat physiology and productivity Dr. Lionel J. Dawson • D.V.M. from Madras Veterinary College, India • 1998–present • Animal health management and reproduction

Dr. Terry A. Gipson • Ph.D. from the University of Illinois • 1998–present • Animal breeding and genetics • From 1991 through 1993, Dr. Gipson was a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the Institute. Dr. Gipson’s activities during this time were primarily in breeding for year-round cashmere production. In 1998,

Dr. Arthur L. Goetsch • Ph.D. from New Mexico State University • 1998–present • Ruminant nutrition • Dr. Goetsch joined the Institute in 1998 as a Research Scientist and was later appointed Research Leader. Dr. Goetsch’s research has primarily concerned nutrient requirements and utilization by goats. Dr. Steven P. Hart • Ph.D. from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • 1991–present • Animal management and nutrition • In 1991, Dr. Hart joined the Institute as an Assistant Research Professor. From 1995 to 1997 Dr. Hart served as Interim Director for the Institute. Dr. Hart’s current appointment is for both research and extension.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

• Dr. Dawson is a veterinarian with Oklahoma State University. In July of 1998, Dr. Dawson’s participation in research and extension activities of the Institute became official, through contracting of his time. Dr. Dawson is responsible for general herd health management, and he participates in both research and extension activities.

Dr. Gipson joined the Institute as an Associate Research Professor with a split extension-research appointment. Currently, Dr. Gipson is the Interim Goat Extension Leader and coordinates the goat component of the outreach program. Some of Dr. Gipson’s responsibilities include coordination of the annual Goat Field Day, editing of the Goat Newsletter, organization of producer workshops, and supervising the buck performance test.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Personnel

Dr. Hart is currently conducting research with grazing-based dairy production systems and control of internal parasites in goats. A research/extension activity now underway is a project with vegetation control by goats at six sites in Oklahoma. Dr. Hart was very involved in the Mohair Producers of Oklahoma organization and has served as Director of the Oklahoma Meat Goat Association. Dr. Roger C. Merkel • Ph.D. from North Carolina State University • 2000–present • Animal nutrition and use of livestock in developing countries

• Dr. Merkel joined the Institute in 1997 as a Postdoctoral Research Associate. Dr. Merkel’s principal project involved browse utilization by goats. In 2000, Dr. Merkel became an Assistant Professor. Current duties entail both research and extension. Moreover, Dr. Merkel is the Principal Investigator or Coordinator for most international activities of the Institute. Dr. Ryszard Puchala • Ph.D. from Warsaw Agricultural University, Poland • 1995–present • Ruminant nutrition and physiology • Dr. Puchala was on sabbatical with the Institute in 1992–1995, working in the area of amino acid requirements for fiber growth. In 1995, Dr. Puchala was appointed as an Assistant Research Professor. Dr. Puchala’s current research includes hormonal and nutritional regulation of fiber growth, as well as use of respi-

ration calorimetry to determine energy requirements of goats. Dr. Tilahun Sahlu • Ph.D. from South Dakota State University • 1984–present • Ruminant nutrition • Dr. Sahlu was appointed Assistant Professor at the Institute in 1986, and in 1991 was promoted to Associate Professor and appointed Research Leader. He was promoted to Professor in 1994, and in 1998 became Director. Dr. Sahlu’s research program has dealt with nutrient requirements of dairy, meat, and fiberproducing goats, control of fiber growth, and energy metabolism. He has placed a strong emphasis on research/extension activities in developing areas of the world to improve livestock productivity for enhanced food security. Dr. Sahlu has made numerous invited international presentations, conducted many collaborative projects with international institutions, and directed research programs of a large number of international visitors. He served for more than 5 years as Associate Editor of Nutrition for the scientific journal Small Ruminant Research. Dr. Grant Tomita • Ph.D. from The Ohio State University • 2000–2003 • Mastitis in livestock • In July of 2000, Dr. Tomita joined the Institute as an Assistant Research Professor, working in the area of lactation physiology and detection and control of mastitis in dairy goats.

Photo / Phil Shockley

Dr. Zaisen Wang • Ph.D. from University of Western Australia • 2004–present

• In June of 2004, Dr. Wang joined the Institute as an Assistant Research Professor, working in the area of internal parasitism in goats. Dr. Steve Zeng • Ph.D. from Clemson University • 1992–1999; 2001–present • Food technology • Dr. Zeng worked as a Dairy Extension Specialist/Food Technologist at the Institute

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

• Ruminant nutrition and human cancer research

from 1992 to 1999. Thereafter, for two years Dr. Zeng worked as a Food Scientist/Research and Development Manager for Galaxy Nutritional Foods in Orlando, Florida. In 2001, Dr. Zeng rejoined the Institute as an Associate Professor/Dairy Product Specialist. Dr. Zeng’s current appointment is for both research and extension. Presently, a project dealing with factors influencing cheese yield is underway. Extension activities include workshops on cheese-making.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Personnel

Graduate Students, Postdoctoral Research Associates, Visiting Trainees, and Scientists on Sabbatical Dr. Girma Abebe • 1999 and 2003 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical • Use of broiler litter in goat diets • Flushing of meat goats Dr. Getachew Animut • 1999 and 2001–2005 • Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee, Ph.D. Graduate Student, Postdoctoral Research Associate • Use of broiler litter in goat diets

Photo / Phil Shockley

Dr. Asefa Asmare • 2004 and 2006–present • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical • Various aspects of goat production and research Dr. Fekadu Beyene • 2003–2004 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical • Goat milk cheese characteristics Mr. Sean Chen • 2005-present • Native of China • Sabbatical • Shelf-life of goat milk products Ms. Rowena Joemat

• Grazing behavior by sheep and goats

• 1999–2002

• Forage tannins and methane emission

• M.S. Graduate Student

• Native of South Africa • Supplementation of low quality forages

Dr. Jamus Joseph

Dr. Ignatius V. Nsahlai

• 2002–2004

• 2001–2002

• Native of Sudan • Postdoctoral Research Associate

• Native of Cameroon, Faculty in South Africa

• Sustainable vegetation management with goats

• Goat nutrient requirements

Dr. Jun Luo

• Sabbatical

Dr. Amlan Patra

• 1997–1998 and 2000–2003

• 2004–present

• Native of China

• Native of India

• Sabbaticals

• Postdoctoral Research Associate

• Factors affecting growth of meat goats

• Grazing behavior of tethered goats

• Nutrient requirements of goats Ms. Anne Manach • 2003 • Native of France • Intern • Sustainable vegetation management with goats Mr. Yoseph Mekasha

Dr. Cesar Pinares • 2001 • Native of Peru • Use of a respiration calorimetry system Dr. William E. Pomroy • 2001 • Native of Australia, Faculty in New Zealand

• 2001–2002

• Sabbatical

• Native of Ethiopia

• Internal parasite control in goats

• Visiting Trainee • Broiler litter feeding methods Dr. Aberra Melesse

Dr. Eric Ponnampalam • 2000–2001 • Native of Sri Lanka

• 2003–2004

• Postdoctoral Research Associate

• Native of Ethiopia

• Ruminally protected betaine for goats

• Sabbatical

Dr. Byeng-Ryel Min • 2000–2003 • Native of South Korea • Postdoctoral Research Associate • Grazing-based dairy goat production systems Dr. Thomas Ngwa • 2004–2005 • Native of Cameroon • Sabbatical • Body composition of goats

Dr. Maristela Rovai • 2005-present • Native of Brazil • Postdoctoral Research Associate • Physiology of goats in extended lactations Mr. Teshome Shenkoru • 1995 and 1998–2001 • Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee and Ph.D. Graduate Student • Effects of one-carbon metabolites

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

• Flushing of meat goats

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Personnel

Dr. Kamal Soryal • 2001–2003 • Native of Egypt • Sabbatical • Factors affecting goat cheese production Dr. Sergio A. Soto-Navarro • 1999–2002 • Native of Mexico • Postdoctoral Research Associate • Protein and amino acid needs of meat goats Dr. Berhan Tamir • 2002–2003 • Native of Ethiopia • Sabbatical • Grazing activity energy cost of goats Dr. Ignacio Tovar-Luna • 2001–2004 • Native of Mexico • Sabbatical • Energy requirements of goats Mr. Mengistu Urge • 2000–2001

• Native of Ethiopia • Visiting Trainee • Interactions of diet and goat breed Dr. Mario Villaquiran • 2002–2005

Dr. Maria Yiakoulaki • 2004 • Native of Greece • Sabbatical • Creep grazing of goats CENTRAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL Ping Lee (Technician): 1988–2001 Kesete Tesfai (Laboratory Coordinator): 1990–present

• Sabbatical

Cleovis Watson III (Technician): 1997–present

• Goat production system simulation model

Susan Walker (Technician): 2002–present

• Native of Colombia

Dr. Tumen Wuliji • 1998–2001

RESEARCH FARM PERSONNEL

• Native of Mongolia, Scientist in New Zealand

Blaise Tohou Bah (Technician): 1997–present

• Sabbatical

Sabrina Case (Technician): 1995–2001

• Out of season breeding with goats

Photo / Phil Shockley

Glenn Detweiler (Research Farm Manager): 1991–1996; (Technician): 1997–present Jerry Hayes (Technician, Acting Farm Manager, Assistant Farm Manager): 1990–present Mary Lewis-Mack (Technician): 1989–1996 and 1998–2005

Henry Stevenson, Jr. (Technician): 1990–present Leslie Taylor (Animal Technician): 1998–present Eva Vasquez (Technician): 1998–present OTHER PERSONNEL Denise Loveless (Executive Secretary): 1981–present

Scott Schaefer (Technician): 2002–2003

Tim McKinney (Extension): 1990–2005

Ronald Starks (Technician): 1990–present Jay Stevens (Technician): 2004–2005 Henry Stevenson, Sr. (Technician): 1990–present

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Erick Loetz (Farm Manager): 2001–present

Billy Snelling (Technician): 1997–present

Photo / Phil Shockley

24 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Student Involvement

t has been a tradition of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research to involve undergraduate students in all phases of the research and extension program. In the past 5 years, numerous undergraduate students have been employed part-time in the laboratory, dairy creamery, and research farm. Most of these students major in agriculture.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Besides working with staff of the laboratory and farm, many assist scientists in sample and data collection and analysis with great interest and enthusiasm. Some actively participate in extension activities as well. During the period of employment, laboratory safety, good laboratory practices (GLP), good manufacturing practices (GMP), etc. are always top priorities. Advanced technologies and methodologies in animal Students acquire valuable research have been applied animal husbandry and laboraby the students under guidetory skills while learning about research methodology. lines of the research scientists. Some students have even been assigned to independently carry out aspects of experimentation. The laboratory and other research techniques they acquire will help in future pursuit of advanced degrees in animal science or other areas of agriculture. Experiences in the research and extension activities not only enhance knowledge in animal husbandry, but also increase interest in future careers in the animal industry. In addition, the involvement of students in research and extension provides means of financial assistance for their educational endeavors as well as development in responsibility and the ability to effectively work with others that will be important for futures in animal and agricultural industries.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Student Involvement

The long-term association between the Institute and the College of Veterinary Medicine at Oklahoma State University has yielded considerable mutual benefits.

Through collaboration with Oklahoma State University, particularly the Animal Science Department, the Institute provides training to graduate students. The academic portion of programs is at Oklahoma State, with research training at the Institute. In the last 5 years, one Ph.D. and one M.S. student have participated in the program. The Institute has also provided short-term training in specific areas to students, both undergraduate and graduate, from other universities, often via internships for official college credit.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

28 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Farm

he Research Farm of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research provides the livestock, facilities, and support personnel that are used in Institute research and extension activities. The Farm currently has approximately 320 fenced acres of land, most of which is used for grazing or harvested forage production.

Physically, the Farm can be divided into four components. The 120-acre Main Farm is located on the west side of the Langston University campus and is home to the Alpine dairy herd. The 160acre South Farm, located 3/4 of a mile south of campus, houses most of the Spanish, Boer, Boer crossbred, and Angora goats. The North Farm area consists of about 30 acres and is situated just north of the Main Farm. The West Pasture area encompasses roughly 30 acres used primarily for grazing studies.

Alpine herd at the Main Farm, at the South Farm for cool season grass evaluation, and at the West Pasture area for grazing management studies. A creamery, for dairy goat milk research and technology transfer, is housed at the Main Farm. Another important unit at the Main Farm until 2005 was the Dairy Herd Improvement Laboratory, where milk samples from goat dairies all over the country are received and analyzed. In

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

While the Instituteâ€™s goats are largely raised on pasture, there are numerous research trials that employ the excellent pen facilities of the Research Farm. There are individual â€˜Calan Gateâ€™ feeders at both the Main and South Farms and an automated feeding system at the South Farm that allows housing in groups while still gathering needed individual intake data. The pen facilities at the Main Farm are employed mostly for lactation studies, and those at the South Farm for the annual Buck Performance Test and for meat goat research at other times. There is also metabolism crate facilities for nutrition/physiology research at both the South Farm and North Farm areas. In recent years, there has been much crossfencing of farm pastures allowing for greater conduct of grazing research, such as for the

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Farm

2005, the Dairy Herd Improvement Laboratory moved to new facilities located in the newly-constructed Agriculture Research, Extension and Education Complex. The Main Farm also has feed mixing facilities.

Livestock The number of livestock fluctuates from year to year and within years depending on needs for research and extension activities. Generally, numbers vary from 1,000 to 1,800, being lowest before kidding and Photo / Phil Shockley

The Research Farm consists of a variety of facilities applicable to many goat production settings in the US. greater thereafter. The different types of goats at the Research Farm have increased in the last five years. Presently, there are sizable herds of Alpine, Spanish, Angora, and Boer goats. In 2005, because of specific project needs and to improve genetic merit, a large group of Alpines, does, doelings, and bucks, was purchased to augment the existing herd. In 1995, Boer bucks were purchased

for crossbreeding, primarily with Spanish does. Through purchase of a small number of purebred does and grading up, the Institute now hosts a herd of purebred and high percentage Boer goats, which has been aided by the purchase of some of the top-indexing bucks at the annual Buck Performance Test. There is a small herd of Tennessee Stiff Leg goats as well. Lastly, Great Pyrenees and Anatolian guard dogs are kept. Breeding of goats has in most cases been natural, although use of artificial insemination has been increasingly used with the dairy herd in the last five years. While most of

the Farm’s does follow their natural breeding cycle, out of season breeding of some meat goats occurs each year to provide animals for the ‘livestock birthing center’ at the State Fair in Tulsa

Facility Enhancements As the Goat Institute has grown during the past decade, the Research Farm has incorporated a number of important facility enhancements that have increased the research and extension capabilities of the Institute.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Farm

Main Farm

In 1998, a 10-goat side by side dairy goat milking parlor was installed. This number of animals was chosen since the attached ‘Lactation Barn’ has 8 pens, each fitted with 10 Calan Gate feeders. Now an entire pen can be milked at once, which has decreased labor required for milking and increased efficiency of data collection. Milk production and the time it takes to milk each animal are recorded automatically by a computerized milk recording system that allows for other additional management information to be digitized as well. The milk system is also equipped with a sampling system for monitoring of milk composition. As noted above, fences have been installed and pastures constructed near the Lactation Barn and Milking Parlor. These new pastures have been seeded with a variety of forages for forage-based dairy goat production systems research, in addition to studies conducted in the barn. In the last few years, there has been a continual upgrading of the animal movement facilities near the Lactation Barn. Now it is quite convenient for animals to be moved to and from the Lactation Barn area

and pastures. In 2003, a large feed mixer with an elevator for roughage addition and a wet molasses delivery system were added to the feed mill. This has improved the capability for mixing ‘total mixed rations’ and decreased time devoted to feed mixing. South Farm The ‘South Barn’ was originally constructed in 1995 with 12 indoor pens, each with 150 square feet inside and 160 square feet of outside area. Six of these pens were used in the first few years for an Angora Buck Performance Test that, in 1997,

An automated feeding system is now used along with Calan Gate feeders in our Buck Performance Test. became a Meat Goat Performance Test. In 1999, these six pens were fitted with 53 Calan Gate feeders, so that individual feed intake could be measured on buck performance tests. The other six pens were used for research and normal management practices of the Farm. In 2002, an automated feeding system for groups of goats was installed in four

Photo / Phil Shockley

The North Barn has undergone many small improvements over the years in animal pens, watering systems, and animal management areas. Recently, major renovations in room design and structure have taken place to accommodate a state of the art, 4animal head-box respiration calorimetry system used in energy expenditure studies. Barn waste management and feed storage systems have also been upgraded along with outside landscaping to beautify the area.

Machinery There have been a small number of additions/replacements to the pool of machinery and equipment that is so necessary for research and extension functions of the Institute. Examples include a 1-ton lift skid loader, trailer for machinery transport, â€˜4-wheeler,â€™ and farm utility vehicles. Creamery In 1992, in response to the increased popularity of goat milk and goat milk products, a pilot goat milk processing facility was established on the Main Farm. The creamery was equipped with a milk processing line that handled milk from receiving and cool storage through pasteurization, cool down, and milk container filling. The creamery also was equipped with a walk-in freezer and refrigerator for product storage and laboratory facilities that allow scientists to test

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Initially, the South Farm had a small number of very large pastures. Now, however, it hosts many smallsized pastures for grazing experiments. There are 16 1-acre pastures with various cool season grass pastures, and a number of other small pastures with warm season forages. Besides increasing grazing research capacity, this has facilitated enhanced animal management by allowing grouping of animals in accordance with their production stage and nutritional requirements. To further enhance capacity for forage research and production, a well was drilled for irrigation inÂ 2002.

North Barn

Photo / Phil Shockley

of these six pens. After appropriate experimentation, some or all of these pens are now being used in the Buck Performance Test, as well as for research at other times. More recently, a large tissue grinder was installed in 2004 for body composition research. The South Barn also has an area for nutrition research with metabolism crates in which goats are placed for short periods of time. There is a 250-square foot, environmentally controlled meeting room for extension and teaching activities, such as associated with the Buck Tests, the annual Goat Field Day, and producer workshops such as the artificial insemination workshops. In 2001, as a part of the annual Goat Field Day, an outside area was constructed in which many different types of possible fencing systems used for goats are displayed.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

Research Farm

raw milk and processed products. Tests on pH, acidity, and presence or absence of antibiotic residues or microbial contamination were added later. In 1993, the production line was tested and goat milk was pasteurized, homogenized, and packaged. Cheese production began the same year. In 1994, the creamery was certified and granted a processing permit from the State of Oklahoma. A state of the art cheese vat was added to the creamery in 1995 and a cheese press in 1996. The addition of these items allowed Institute scientists to conduct research on a variety of goat milk cheeses in a controlled environment. In 1997, a vacuum packaging machine was added to the creamery to package cheese products for an extended shelf life. A second walk-in refrigerator was added in 2001 for aging and storingÂ cheese.

New goat milk products have been added to the standard favorites.

In addition to research and product development, the creamery is used in many extension and teaching activities throughout the year. Tours are a frequent occurrence at the creamery and remain an effective method of publicizing the advantages of dairy goats and their products, as visitors get the chance to taste goat milk ice cream and cheese. For many Photo / Phil Shockley

Through the years the creamery has developed and tested a variety of goat milk products, from soft cheeses, washed curd cheeses and hard cheeses to ice cream, yogurt, and smoothies (a mixture of ice cream and yogurt). On the shelves of the creamery cheese room, one can find Cheddar, smoked Cheddar, Jalapeno Cheddar, Colby, Feta, Mozzarella, Gouda, and several

herb-flavored soft cheeses that have expanded the spectrum of goat milk cheeses. Goat milk has also been used to product various frozen deserts, such as ice cream, both soft serve and hard, sherbets, and smoothies. Vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry are favorite flavors for ice cream and smoothies. An ice cream for people suffering from diabetes was recently developed utilizing the health advantages of goat milk. Goat milk yogurt remains a favorite dairy product for most goat producers. All of these products achieve the main goal of dairy processing of adding value to goat milk.

visitors, this is their first experience with consuming goat milk products. In its last five years, the creamery has distributed dairy product samples to approximately 2,000 visitors.

ruminant production. Typically, the Research Farm employs four to six students at any given time.

Personnel

In recent years, the threat of foreign animal diseases entering the US and impacting the US livestock industry has increased. Due to these threats, and to safeguard the Instituteâ€™s animals, in 2001 Langston University formed an Internal Biosecurity Committee. As a result of committee recommendations, Langston University adopted and implemented biosecurity measures suggested by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

Research Farm personnel both care for livestock and serve as support personnel for research conducted by Institute scientists. The number of permanent employees of the Research Farm has varied over the years, with a Manager, Assistant Manager, and 6-8 support technicians. In addition, students are an important part of the Farm personnel, working part-time to both support their schooling and to gain valuable experience in small

Biosecurity

Photo / Phil Shockley

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

36 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Central Laboratory

he Laboratory of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research fulfills an important role in the Institute’s overall research program. The centralized laboratory receives samples from Institute staff and Visiting Scholars and has the responsibility of returning to researchers accurate results from many different types

of assays. To perform this function takes a wide variety of laboratory equipment, well-ordered and organized laboratory facilities and procedures and, most importantly, dedicated personnel. Throughout the past five years and before, the Institute’s laboratory has strived to keep pace with scientific advancements and the growth and complexity of the Institute’s research program.

While many past laboratory procedures are still conducted, numerous new assays have been introduced. PHOTO / PHIL SHOCKLEY

Many of the changes in laboratory facilities and instruments that have occurred in the Laboratory have been driven by the increasingly focused research conducted by Institute staff. Examples of this are a high pressure liquid chromatograph for primary use in amino acid analysis put in place in 1993; syringe infusion pumps obtained in 1994 and 2005 that allow for the conduct of new types of infusion experiments; a hemoximeter unit, purchased in 1995, for

Refinements in analytical procedures and improvements in technical equipment have also necessitated changes in instruments. Illustrative examples include the Optical Fiber Density Analyzer, installed in 1996, to replace the Fiber Diameter Analyzer, which greatly decreased labor and cost and increased speed of the measure; an Ankom in vitro rumen incubation system and a fi lter bag system for neutral and acid detergent fiber assays, introduced in 1998 to replace the previous individual refluxing and fi ltering system; and a recently purchased inductively

E KIKA DE LA GARZA AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR GOAT RESEARCH

Instruments

determination of hemoglobin concentration as well as oxygen saturation of hemoglobin; and a supercritical fluid extraction system, added in 1998 for determination of total lipids.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Central Laboratory

coupled plasma emission spectrometer for mineral analyses that replaced an old directly coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer. A third cause for change in the Instituteâ€™s laboratory equipment is the increased number of samples submitted for analysis. As the Institute has grown and its research focus expanded, the number of research trials, and therefore the number of collected samples, has risen. In order to efficiently complete analyses of a larger number of samples, larger sized equipment, instrument enhancements as well as increased automation was required. In 1998, a gas chromatograph with an

To maintain effective functioning of the laboratory, there must be continual attention paid to available technology advancements. automated sampler was introduced to facilitate analyses of long-chain fatty acids and blood volatile fatty acids, while at the same time determining concentrations of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid. Another gas chromatograph was added in 2002. The incorporation in 1999 of a video monitor with the microscope in the fiber/histology unit used for follicle assays has increased speed of

Photo / Phil Shockley

In 2001, a larger muffle furnace with a timer was installed and a microplate reader system became a part of the lab to decrease chemical and labor costs. To more effectively determine mineral concentrations, in 2003 an inductively coupled plasma

emission spectrometer replaced the old atomic absorption unit. A highcapacity digestion block was introduced in 2004 for greater throughput in the analysis of nitrogen. Very recently, in 2005, a whole blood glucose/lactate analyzer, a fourchannel autoanalyzer system with an autosampler, two centrifuges, and bomb calorimeter were obtained. Other pieces of equipment acquired in conjunction with the move to the new Agriculture Research, Extension, and Education Complex in 2005 include a stainless steel refrigerator, water purification system, perchloric acid hood, deionized water system, acid neutralization system, and

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

measuring fiber follicle activity as well as decreasing user fatigue. To decrease labor required for operation of the Technicon autoanalyzer system, an automated sampler was procured in 2000. Other equipment obtained before 2001 include the stable isotope analyzer (15N and 13C), automated absorption spectrophotomer, and electronic balances linked to personal computers.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Central Laboratory

humidifier for animal fiber analyses. The modern laboratory equipment found today at the Institute is much more computerized, automated, and complex than that of a decade ago. These instruments have benefitted the Laboratory in reducing turnaround time for sample analysis and in enhancing data accuracy.

Assays The varied research conducted at the Institute means that the Laboratory receives samples of many different types, i.e., feedstuffs, forage, digesta, tissues (typically meat), blood, animal fiber, fecal material, urine, skin biopsies, and milk. Furthermore, current research trials often call for

analyses outside of routine laboratory procedures. For example, while most assays for feedstuffs, digesta, feces, etc., are basic analyses such as dry matter, ash, nitrogen, energy, fiber and so on, increasingly, specialized assays such as purification and determination of condensed tannin content, estimation of bacterial flows through purine determination, individual amino acid concentrations, mineral analyses, or determination of indigestible feed components are conducted. Tissue samples, in addition to some common analyses, are routinely analyzed for total lipids and fatty acid content. Ruminal fluid is sampled in many experiments and concentrations of ammonia, volatile fatty acids, and purines can provide indicators of diet digestibility and

Personnel

quality. Blood samples are analyzed by a wide range of assays from urea, glucose, and fatty acids to hormone and amino acid levels to hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation. Fiber yield, diameter, and length are frequently assayed from mohair produced by Angora goats and cashmere from Spanish goats. Hair follicle activity determined from skin biopsies provides data on seasonal fiber growth patterns. The stable isotope of carbon has been used in many experiments to measure energy use in activity via the carbon dioxide entry rate technique. Finally, in the Institute’s mastitis detection and research program, microbiological assays are conducted on aseptic milk samples.

Skilled, trained personnel are required to perform the range of assays conducted in the Laboratory and to run and maintain the instruments. The number of permanent personnel in the Laboratory has been three in the past five years. Besides the routine work in the Laboratory, its personnel sometimes become closely

In addition to staff of the Central Laboratory, other personnel use the facilities, including Visiting Scholars, graduate and undergraduate students, and faculty. involved in particular experiments when possessing unique needed skills. Moreover, periodically laboratory personnel receive training, either at the Institute or elsewhere, in operation of specific pieces of equipment or in conduct of new assays.

Photo / Phil Shockley

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

In addition to the permanent laboratory staff, undergraduate students, typically two to four, work in the lab part-time. Also, Visiting Scholars, graduate students, and research faculty participate in laboratory analyses. With the appreciable amount of research and laboratory assays conducted, as well as the large number of people working in the Laboratory, protocols developed for specific experiments and a ‘Laboratory Request Form’ are important tools for maintaining organization and achieving accurate and fast results.

42 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Overview

he last 5 years of research activities of the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research have been considerable and are the product of many factors. The most important is the people involved. Even with many personnel changes, there has been continual excellence demonstrated by a dedicated team of individuals.

Productive Personnel

Photo / Phil Shockley

Though efforts of permanent faculty and Visiting Scholars are integral, it is important to recognize the equally essential contribu-

To achieve a strong research program, research faculty aggressively seek extramural support. labor demands, researchers participate in many laboratory and farm activities. Relatedly, with so many people involved in specific experiments, often from different parts of the world with various previous experiences and training in research, procedures to maintain organization such as detailed research protocols are employed.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The number of permanent faculty in the Institute involved in research is not large in comparison with animal science departments in many other Land Grant universities. Hence, to achieve a strong research program, research faculty of the Institute aggressively seek extramural support to provide funds for research equipment and supplies, and very importantly support for Graduate Students (with programs in collaboration with the Animal Science Department of Oklahoma State University), Postdoctoral Research Associates, and established scientists on sabbaticals, who all are often termed â€œVisiting Scholars.â€? In an earlier section of this report, names and countries of origin of Visiting Scholars over the last 5 years are listed. These Visiting Scholars have made a large contribution to the high-quality research that has been realized and hopefully will also be achieved in the future.

tions of other research personnel of the Institute, notably those of the Research Farm and Laboratory. Only with the hard work of these dedicated people can a highly productive research program be realized. Farm and laboratory personnel work closely with the researchers. In fact, for the purpose of proper training of Visiting Scholars and most appropriate research conduct, as well as because of periodic high

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Overview

Goats for Research and Extension The Institute currently has herds of Alpine, Angora, Spanish, and Boer goats, along with a small number of Tennessee Stiff Leg. Sometimes we are asked why other breeds are not used. In part this is because of the considerable resources required for maintaining adequate numbers of the different types of goats necessary for planned experiments. There is great care taken to have enough animals for the large number and wide array of experiments conducted, but yet not to expend limited resources on animals not being used in research. Another consideration is the types of animals within the different breeds or breed types. The intent is to have animals typical of those of clientele so that research findings are relevant and of value to the majority of farms, rather than to have the most elite herds.

The 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building Grant Program has been of immense importance in enhancing the research capacity of the Institute. 44

And, in fact, in the future there might very well be different sub-herds, since production potential can interact with specific management practices.

Projects with Purpose As noted before, a unique aspect of the Institute’s research program is that a large proportion is made possible by grants, many of which are through various USDA programs. Hence, although the broad or general direction of the research program is known, specific topics of investigation in 2- to 4-year periods partially depend on the faculty’s ability to obtain grant funds for novel and

unique ideas. Researchers are strongly encouraged to seek extramural support funds, but there is care taken to ensure that proposed activities fit with the general direction of the program. In the subsequent section, research projects are listed. Although dissemination of information generated from all of these projects occurs, some entail strong extension components, examples being “Use of goats for sustainable vegetation management in US grazing lands,” “Enhanced goat production systems for the southern United States,” and “International collaboration in goat research and production web-based decision support aids.” Likewise, there are projects listed in our international section that entail significant research components. Most of the collaborative projects with Ethiopian universities have included training of their faculty members at the Institute, a large part derived via conduct of experiments. There are currently two research projects with collaborating institutions in Egypt (“Effects of acclimatization on energy requirements of goats”) and Israel (“Energy expenditure for activity in freeranging ruminants: A nutritional frontier”). The first listed research project is of the USDA CSREES type. Through such projects the Institute receives “hard” federal funds, most used for personnel and infrastructure support. Other projects can be viewed as providing “soft” funds for specific projects. These projects arise from submission of proposals to competitive grant programs. Reviewers or review panels deemed the topics and research activities proposed to be of high merit, with resultant information of considerable potential value. Many extramurally funded projects have been in the 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building Grant

Photo / Phil Shockley

Program. This program has been of immense importance to the Institute in enhancing research capacity in the past 5 years. In addition to this key grant program, proposals are submitted to others with purposes matching objectives of specific studies we would like to conduct. The number of different programs from which extramural funds are received has been steadily increasing in recent years.

There has been a wide array of research areas addressed in the last 5 years, evidenced by the list of projects subsequent to this overview, and also in the publication section. All major types of goats produced in the US are considered, i.e., ones raised for meat, milk, and(or) fiber, both cashmere and mohair. The increasing demand for goat meat and decline in the mohair industry in recent years have resulted in an expansion of research topics, but because the future is unknown, all goat industries will continue to receive attention. The Institute has and will in the future conduct research to increase levels and efficiencies of goat production, enhance utilization of goat products, and improve use of goats for specific purposes such as vegetation management. There is intent to increase economic returns to those raising goats or processing their products, as well as providing other benefits such as enhanced sustainability of livestock production systems.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The great majority of research conducted at the Institute is collaborative. All 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building projects entail involvement of at least one USDA Agricultural Research Service location. Likewise, many projects have cooperators at other 1890 institutions as well as 1862 Land Grant universities. Such collaboration benefits all institutions and researchers involved by expanding the scope of measurements to increase the depth and breadth of knowledge gained. In addition to other institutions collaborating in Institute projects, our researchers participate in many projects of other organizations with similar benefits.

High Impact Topics

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Overview

One of the factors influencing specific research topics is obviously the expertise and knowledge of permanent research faculty of the Institute. A major focal point is nutrition and feeding practices, although certainly the research program has not been limited to this area. Numerous physiology, reproduction, management, breeding, parasitology, milk and milk product quality, udder health or mastitis, and fiber quality studies have been performed, facilitated by broad fields of knowledge of the permanent faculty. In this regard, frequently grant proposals are submitted which, if approved, include funds to support a Visiting Scholar with unique expertise required for completion of the project. For research in the foreseeable future, it will continue to pertain to areas of importance to the various goat industries in the US. The close link and coordinated, complementary research and extension programs of the Institute allow identification of researchable areas of potential practical importance to present and future goat producers and product users. Most research conducted at the Institute is applied in nature, which is felt most appropriate considering the needs and states of the various goat industries in the US. However, for most rapid long-term progress, underlying physiological mechanisms or processes must be thoroughly understood, rather than merely noting whether or not a production response to a particular treatment occurs. Therefore, our research by design in most cases entails many somewhat basic or fundamental measures. Another research consideration to be mentioned is that some activities yield findings of immediate potential use by clientele. On the other hand, other topics are quite complex and not presently well

understood, requiring much study before field application. If important enough, then a stepwise approach is taken to address such issues.

Critical Investigations with Cutting Edge Methodologies There have been numerous different research methodologies employed and experiments conducted in the last 5 years. State-of-the-art techniques are adopted or developed whenever they hold promise to yield information needed for particular topics. Performance studies

Because most goats are raised on pasture, there has been considerable cross-fencing to increase research on goats while grazing. energy requirement for activity by grazing ruminants,” and “Energy expenditure for activity in freeranging ruminants: A nutritional frontier.” The project “Sustainable dairy goat milk production from forages” compared performance and product quality of Alpine goats grazing without or with different levels of supplemental concentrate to

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Paul mcintire

Experiments categorized as “Performance” in nature usually measure live weight gain or milk production, although, often measures designed to help explain the presence or absence of treatment responses are included. Performance experiments are necessary to determine if treatment effects occur under typical field conditions and have been conducted in confinement and grazing settings. Confinement environments have been with individual housing, group feeding, or group housing with individual feeding through use of Calan gate feeders or an automated feeding system. Calan gates are situated at the Main Farm Lactation Barn and the South Barn Meat Goat Buck Performance Test area, allowing goats to reside in groups but facilitating collection of individual animal feed intake data. These facilities have been heavily used in production experiments over the years. The South Barn now includes automated feeding system units in four pens. This system has benefits compared with Calan gates of less labor and greater information concerning the feeding behavior of goats.

Because most goats are raised on pasture, there has been considerable cross-fencing in order to increase research on goats while grazing. Examples are 16 cool season grass pastures at the South Farm, 12 mixed vegetation paddocks at the West Pasture area, some with the tree legume mimosa, and a number of plots with different monocultures or mixed swards for nearly year-round rotational grazing of dairy goats at the Main Farm. In these trials vegetation conditions are thoroughly characterized, examples of which are herbage mass and chemical and botanical composition. Relatedly, in 2001 the project “Use of goats for sustainable vegetation management in US grazing lands” was initiated, which included installation of pastures at six off-campus sites, in collaboration with Caddo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Greater Seminole, Osage, and Sac and Fox Native American Nations. Other topics addressed in grazing experiments can be seen in sections of this report pertaining to projects and publications. Other grazing projects recently completed or currently underway are “Diet selection and performance by sheep and goats grazing mixed pastures,” “Characterization of the

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Overview

conventional confinement production with a total mixed ration. The project “Evaluation and modeling extended lactations in dairy goats” is evaluating the economics of production and mammary gland physiology of dairy goats being subjected to different types of extended lactations contrasted with a typical annual dry period. Digestion studies Feed intake is a key determinant of animal performance and, thus, is measured in most Performance trials and in essentially all experiments termed as “Digestibility” in nature. Digestibility indicates the amount or concentration of a feed or feed constituent that enters the animal and is available for metabolism. Hence, it too has been quantified in a variety of ways. In vitro determinations are performed outside the animal, typically with the first step of incubating with ruminal fluid (i.e., fluid from the largest stomach compartment containing symbiotic microorganisms), allowing inexpensive and rapid assessment of digestibility of a large number of feedstuffs. In situ methods

There are few other institutions in the world with such capabilities for detailed study of animal fiber production. commonly employed at the Institute involve incubation in the digestive tract of goats of feedstuffs or diets in bags that allow normal actions of microbial and(or) animal enzymes. In some trials feces and(or) urine are collected to assess digestibility and(or) metabolizability (nutrients or energy actually metabolized) as truly occurs in the animal (i.e., in vivo). A number of Digestibility experiments have even gone a step further, assessing where in the digestive tract

digestion occurs, along with specific nutrients disappearing in the various segments of the gut. These trials require surgical fitting of cannulas in the rumen, duodenum (i.e., first part of the small intestine), and(or) ileum (i.e., last part of the small intestine) for sampling of digesta. All research protocols are reviewed and approved by the Langston University Animal Care Committee, with surgery conducted or supervised by a veterinarian. The Institute has facilities for common surgical preparations in small ruminant research. Site of digestion experiments have recently been performed for the project “Postruminal nitrogen supply for fast growing meat goats,” with objectives of determining protein and amino acid requirements of crossbred Boer goats. Metabolism studies Meat goat production is the most rapidly growing livestock industry in the US, in part because of the increasing demand for goat meat. It follows then that some Institute experiments have focused on harvest or slaughter characteristics. In some cases, harvest measures are obtained in cooperation with the Oklahoma State University Food and Agricultural Products Research and Technology Center. Carcass measures include dressing percentage, fat thickness, loineye area, weights of different primal meat cuts, and concentrations of constituents such as fat and protein. Relatedly, on the project “Nutrient requirements of goats: composition of tissue loss and gain,” a large tissue grinder, presently situated in the South Barn, was obtained to assess body composition. Because slaughter measures are terminal and somewhat costly, there is also research in this project on use of urea dilution to indirectly determine whole body composition of goats.

Photo / Phil Shockley

Fiber studies For the numerous trials concerning animal fiber production, both mohair and cashmere, the Institute Laboratory has state-of-the-art “Fiber” and “Histology” sections.

Assays conducted in the Fiber Lab include length, diameter, and yield. In the Histology Lab, activity of fiberproducing follicles and other follicle characteristics are determined, which in many cases has answered questions not adequately addressed by measures only of the Fiber Lab. There are few other institutions in the world with such capabilities for detailed study of animal fiber production. Another novel research technique used at the Institute, actually developed here, is a surgical preparation for “Skin Perfusion” experiments. Small arteries and veins supplying and draining blood for defined areas of skin are fitted with catheters for infusion of nutrients or hormones and sampling of blood. This allows skin metabolism and fiber growth to be studied without the complication of altered metabolism in the rest of the body and with each animal serving as his/her own “control.” This method-

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Mass and composition of noncarcass tissues and organs have also received attention, since some are very metabolically active and thereby have substantial impact on efficiency of metabolism. In this regard, the gastrointestinal tract and liver account for about half of whole body heat production. Therefore, studies to determine how the metabolism of these tissues is affected by dietary and animal characteristics have been performed with catheters placed in vessels supplying or draining blood for these tissues to determine energy use by and nutrient flux across the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The project “The ability of goats to withstand harsh nutritional environments” includes such measures.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Overview

ology has yielded immense information about regulation and control of mohair fiber growth in Angora goats. Energy use studies Goats display unique herbaging behaviors that likely impact efficiency of energy use but that have not been well characterized. Hence, the Institute has been involved in cutting edge research concerning energy expenditure and efficiency of energy metabolism in typical production environments. In 1999, an equipment grant was received for

a 4-animal indirect, open-circuit respiration calorimetry system, which was used for detailed study of caprine energy needs and efficiency of use in the project “Energy for the productive caprine.” This system is also being employed to quantify methane production in the project “Decreased methane emission by ruminants consuming condensed tannins.” In addition to direct study of energy metabolism, this equipment is being coupled with heart rate monitoring for use of heart rate to indirectly measure energy use by goats while

herbaging in field grazing scenarios. This measure, along with use of GPS collars and an activity monitor to fully characterize grazing behaviors like grazing time and horizontal and vertical distances traveled, are being used in the projects “Energy expenditure for activity in free-ranging ruminants: A nutritional frontier”

… the Institute is involved in cutting edge research concerning energy expenditure and efficiency of energy metabolism…

and “Characterization of the energy requirement for activity by grazing ruminants.” Reproduction and mastitis High reproductive performance is imperative for profitable goat enterprises. Hence, reproductive measures have been addressed in many studies. Similarly, internal parasite control and management has been specifically studied and become a standard component of most experiments of the Institute. Mastitis is a significant problem in dairy goat production

Photo / Phil Shockley

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Overview

units; thus, the Institute has increased emphasis in this area. Influences of different management practices on mastitis, as well as prevention and early detection, have been studied. Dairy goat product studies Although the Institute has been heavily involved in production and management research, there is a strong research effort on the use of goat milk and its products. A stateof-the-art dairy products laboratory

…there is a strong research effort on the use of goat milk and products.

exists for both research and extension activities. The consumer of goat milk deserves the highest quality and the longest shelf-life of products purchased. The most recent dairy goat product project is designed to investigate the quality, safety, and shelf-life of goat milk and dairy products on the market and to establish a database for uniform quality standards for the dairy goat industry. This project will provide much-needed information to the consumer, the regulator, and the goat milk producers and processors. Objectives will be achieved through collaboration between Langston University, Oklahoma State University, and USDA Agricultural Research Service. Successful completion of this project will fulfill part of the Institution’s long term goal to provide basic and applied knowledge to the dairy goat industry and to increase the profitability of goat milk and its products to the dairy goat farmer. Different liquid goat milks on the market in Oklahoma City and Washington, DC have been analyzed for chemical composition, free fatty acids, amino acids, sensory quality, and microbiological quality. Goat cheese samples are being evaluated

for texture profiles in addition to the above parameters. Studies on goat milk powder, condensed milk, and yogurt occur as well. Findings from these studies will be disseminated to goat milk producers, researchers, regulatory personnel, as well as the general public. Laboratory assays In the majority of experiments to which these preceding paragraphs pertain, samples of feedstuffs, digesta, excreta, and(or) blood are collected and subjected to various laboratory analyses. The Institute has equipment and trained personnel for conducting numerous assays to fully describe chemical composition of feedstuffs, digesta, and excreta and metabolites and hormones in blood. These measures are integral in the quest to fully understand underlying physiological bases for observed production responses and to project future impacts with other experimental or field conditions. Database studies and simulation activities The Institute has been a leader in generating information of immediate or future utility to goat producers, extension personnel, and scientists all over the world. However, there has also been a thrust to compile this information with findings of others for study of topics that cannot be well addressed by experimentation at any one particular location. For example, in 1998 the project “Nutrient requirements of goats: An update and reevaluation” was initiated to construct a large database from available publications on goat feeding and nutrition, for use to evaluate current nutrient requirement recommendations and to develop new ones where appropriate. Subsequently, a joint research/extension effort was made to develop a web-based goat nutrient requirement

calculation system based on findings of this project, which is available on the Institute’s website (www2.luresext.edu). Similarly, in 2001 the multidisciplinary and -institutional project “Enhanced goat production systems for the southern United States” was started, in which a goat production simulation model is being fitted for use as a decision support tool for goat production systems in the southern US. This model and the aforementioned web-based goat nutrient requirement calculation system are the focal points of the project “International collaboration in goat research and production web-based decision support aids.” In this project, these tools are being translated into Arabic, Chinese, French, and Spanish and adapted for use in countries such as Jordan, China, France, and Mexico.

Priority Publications

In addition to publication of research findings in journals and presentations at scientific meetings, Institute researchers participate in professional scientific activities. Notable examples are service as Associate Editors for the journals “Small Ruminant Research” and “Journal of Animal Science,” as well as ad hoc review for many research papers and service on Editorial Boards for these and other journals. And, we routinely provide reviews for grant programs considering funding of research proposals. Likewise, our scientists have been members and chairmen of committees organizing regional, national, and international scientific meetings. Recognition of these and other achievements of Institute researchers include awards such as the 2001Bouffault International American Society of Animal Science Animal Agriculture Award.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Information obtained through research is of value only if transferred to people who can derive benefit from it. In the publication section, it should be apparent that a key mode of disseminating research findings of the Institute is in peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals. Journals felt most appropriate for the studies are chosen. It follows then that since goats are important in many countries throughout the world, the official journal of the International Goat Association, “Small Ruminant Research,” has been heavily relied upon. Presentations are made at scientific meetings, such as of the American Society of Animal Science, with accompanying abstracts. Also, our research findings are transferred in numerous other ways, such as fact sheets, the Goat Newsletter, Proceedings of the Annual Goat Field Day, meetings of producer groups, farm visits, phone calls, emails, etc.

Significant Professional Service and Recognition

Photo / Phil Shockley

54 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Projects CSREES (Evans-Allen) Goat nutrient requirements, management practices, and production systems

Decreased methane emission by ruminants consuming condensed tannins

Nutrient requirements of goats: composition of tissue loss and gain

• Project number OKLXPUCHALA

• Project number OKLX2003-03779

• Accession number 0200781

• Accession number 0197101

• Accession number 0188701

• 2004–2007

• 2003–2006

• 2001–2006

• $300,000

• T. Sahlu, A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, and S. P. Hart

• R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, C. R. Krehbiel, and V. H. Varel

• T. Sahlu, A. L. Goetsch, C. L. Ferrell, and C. R. Krehbiel

• Project number OKLX-SAHLU

USDA 1890 Institution Research Capacity Building Grant Program Characterization of the energy requirement for activity by grazing ruminants • Project number OKLXSAHLU05 • Accession number 0204827 • 2005–2008 • $300,000

The ability of goats to withstand harsh nutritional environments • Project number OKLXGOETSCHA • Accession number 0204826 • 2005–2008 • $300,000 • A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and H. C. Freetly

• Project number OKLXZENG • Accession number 0200780 • 2004–2007 • $285,196 • S. Zeng, M. Perdue, and S. E. Gilliland Evaluation and modeling extended lactations in dairy goats • Project number OKLXGIPSONT • Accession number 0200780 • 2004–2007 • $299,617 • T. A. Gipson, A. Capuco, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and S. Ellis

Energy for the productive caprine • Project number OKLX0003833 • Accession number 0188176 • 2000–2004 • $257,684 • T. Sahlu, A. L. Goetsch, H. C. Freetly, and G. E. Carstens Diet selection and performance by sheep and goats grazing mixed pastures

• Project number OKLX-0003832 • Accession number 0188175 • 2000–2004 • $220,878 • A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, T. Sahlu, and M. Powell

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

• T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, T. A. Gipson, K. E. Turner, and B. Kouakou

Quality, safety, and shelf-life of dairy goat products in the U.S. market

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Research Projects

Metabolic changes affecting utilization of poor quality diets by goats

Postruminal nitrogen supply for fast growing meat goats • Project number OKLX-9803144

• Project number OKLX-1999-04159 • Accession number 0183179 • 1999–2003 • $141,000 • R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, S. W. Coleman, and T. Sahlu Quality characteristics and yield predictive models of goat milk cheeses

• 1998–2002

• 1997–2001

• $257,788

• $294,336

• M. R. Cameron, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, S. W. Coleman, and L. J. Dawson

• T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, D. Ivey, and S. W. Coleman

• Project number OKLX-9703206

• Accession number 0183177

• Accession number 0175600

• 1999–2003

• 1997–2001

• $269,114

• $292,831

• S. S. Zeng, E. N. Escobar, D. L. Van Hekken, and S. E. Gilliland

• A. Litherland, T. Sahlu, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch Enhancing browse utilization by goats • Project number OKLX-9703145 • Accession number 0175477

• Accession number 0183177 • 1999–2003 • $268,247 • S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, and L. D. Satter Nutrient requirements of goats: an update and reevaluation • Project number OKLX-9803092 • Accession number 0180597 • 1998–2003 • $270,000 • A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, M. L. Galyean, C. L. Ferrell, F. N. Owens, and Z. B. Johnson Photo / Paul mcintire

• Accession number 0175599

Seasonal manipulations to improve cashmere and meat returns in goats

• Project number OKLX-1999-04146

• Project number OKLX-9702820

• Accession number 0180598

• Project number OKLX-1999-04114

Sustainable dairy goat milk production from forages

Exogenous hormone and nutritional manipulation to increase fiber production

Betaine and choline supplementation to enhance mohair and milk production • Project number OKLX-9602752 • Accession number 0172678 • 1996–2001 • $272,087 • R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and S. W. Coleman USDA International Science and Education Competitive Grants Program International collaboration in goat research and production web-based decision support aids

• 1997–2001

• Grant number 2005-51160-02281

• $255,921

• 2005–2008

• N. Silanikove, T. Sahlu, E. N. Escobar, and A. L. Goetsch

• $99,959 • A. L. Goetsch, and T. A. Gipson

United States — Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Energy expenditure for activity in free-ranging ruminants: a nutritional frontier

A calorimetry system for study of small ruminant pastoral energetics • Project number OKLX-1999-03653 • Accession number 0184909

Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology — Oklahoma Applied Research Support Program The detection of mastitis in dairy goats

• Reference number US-3694-05 R

• 1999–2001

• Project number AR01.1-110

• 2005–2008

• $100,000 (USDA — 50%; Match — 50%)

• 2001–2003 • $55,353

• T. Sahlu

• G. Tomita

• $310,000 • A. L. Goetsch, Y. Aharoni, A. Brosh, R. Puchala, T. A. Gipson, Z. Henkin, and E. Ungar United States — Egypt Joint Science and Technology Fund Program Effects of acclimatization on energy requirements of goats

USDA Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Grant Program Enhanced goat production systems for the southern United States • Project agreement number: 2011-52101-11430

• 2005–2007

• Proposal number: 2001-04350

• $58,500

• 2001–2006

• Project number BIO9-017

• $400,000

• A. L. Goetsch and H. El Shaer

• T. A. Gipson, A. L. Goetsch, S. P. Hart, L. J. Dawson, H. Blackburn, S. Wildeus, J. Tritschler, J. M. Luginbuhl, M. Poore, M. Fernandez, W. Getz, T. Terrill, M. C. Nelson, and K. Turner

USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Tethering for detailed study of grazing ruminants • Project number OKLXGOETSCH • Accession number 0198127 • $75,000 • A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and C. R. Krehbiel

Use of goats for sustainable vegetation management in US grazing lands • Project number LS01-119 • 2001–2004 • $172,210 • A. L. Goetsch, S. P. Hart, T. A. Gipson, and R. C. Merkel

Anthelmintic plants for internal parasite control in goats • 1999–2002 • $30,000 • T. Sahlu, and G. Abebe USDA/SANPAD Project Collaboration on alternative goat feeds • 1999–2002 • $22,500 • T. Sahlu, and M. Smuts Oklahoma State Regents Matching Support • 2001–2005

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

• 2004–2006

USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Grant Program

USDA Scientific Cooperation Program

58 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Extension Overview

he first five years of the new millennium have been busy for the Langston Goat Extension program. Major activities during this time period include the annual Goat Field Day, Langston Goat Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) Program, grazing demonstrations, the annual meat buck performance test and various goat work-

shops on artificial insemination, cheesemaking, soapmaking, and internal parasite control. The Goat Extension program also has published a quarterly newsletter and updated the Goat Program web site. In addition to these activities, the goat extension specialists have answered innumerable producer requests for goat production and product information via the telephone, letters and e-mail, and have given numerous presentations at state, regional, national and international goat conferences for potential, novice, and veteran goat producers. Goat Field Day

Effective dissemination of information to producers is the goal of the Extension program. invited to present on the theme in the morning plenary session. Themes for the Goat Field Days have been Goats in the Twenty-First Century in 2001; Creating Your Own Market in 2002; Export Potential, Market Outlook, and Value-Added Processing in 2003; Controlling Unwanted Vegetation

Interest in the Goat Field Day has increased every year as evidenced by the growth in attendance. In addition to the morning plenary session, there are small-group training sessions led by invited speakers in the afternoon. Institute scientists and staff also lead small group training sessions. Over the years these sessions have included basic goat husbandry, body condition scoring for improved management, cheesemaking, dairy products overview, dewormer resistance, Dairy Herd Improvement overview and tester training, forage-based dairy goat management, goat production and quality assurance, goat production budgets, goat production record keeping, inbreeding in dairy

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The goal of the annual Goat Field Day is to inform and educate potential, novice, and veteran goat producers on goat management practices. Each year the Goat Field Day is organized around a theme and speakers are

Using Goats in 2004; and Quality Assurance: Delivering a Wholesome Product to Market in 2005.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Extension Overview

goats, injection sites and drug availability, international goat activities, Oklahoma milk regulations, pedigree analysis, nutrient requirement web calculators, nutrition for meat goat production, predator control measures, scrapie control information, simulation goat production modeling, soapmaking, sustainable parasite control, tanning goat hides, types of fencing for goats, and USDA government programs. In addition to the morning plenary session and afternoon small group sessions, activities were held for youth. A full day of activities for youth ages 5-12 included activities of goat education (i.e., goat petting area, goat bingo), pony and horseback riding, fishing, PYOP (pot your own plant), and many other activities. Other youth and interested adults were able to participate in full-day clipping, fitting, and showing workshops conducted by the Oklahoma Meat Goat Association. Participants had the opportunity to have hands-on practice of clipping and fitting a goat and then showing it before a judge in the show ring.

Goat DHI Laboratory The Langston University Goat Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) Program operates under the umbrella of the Texas DHIA. In February 1998, the Langston DHI program became the first DHI program to introduce forms and reports in goat terminology to dairy goat producers in the United States. The Langston DHI program has been popular with dairy goat producers and has grown since its establishment in 1996. Langston University is one of the smallest certified DHIA laboratories but over the last few years has recorded the largest increase in herds and numbers of animals on test of the six certified DHIA processing centers that process goat records. Langston University continues to serve the very smallscale dairy goat producer. The average herd size on test with Langston University is 10 animals, significantly smaller than the herd size average for the five other processing centers. In 2005, the Langston University DHI Program upgraded facilities through a move into a larger laboratory and the installation of equipment for the combined analysis of milk components and somatic cell count. For those interested in becoming a Langston goat DHI tester, training is available either in a formal classroom

Our Dairy Herd Improvement Laboratory plays an important role for the small-scale dairy goat producer. setting or through a 35-minute video tape. Every tester is required to attend the DHI training session or view the tape and take a test. Upon completion of the DHI training, the milk tester can start performing monthly herd Â tests. Goat Newsletter The Goat Extension program continues to publish a free quarterly newsletter, which highlights research, extension, and international activities of the goat institute. The Institute currently has over 3,400 subscribers to the Goat Newsletter and the subscription list continues to increase every year. The Goat Newsletter is mailed to every state in the nation and to 10 foreign countries. Grazing Demonstrations

Artificial Insemination Workshops In 1996, Langston University instituted an annual practical workshop for instruction in artificial insemination in goats. Producers were instructed in the anatomy and physiology of the female goat, estrus detection, and handling and storage of semen. Producers participate in a hands-on insemination exercise. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology enable the producer to devise seasonal breeding plans and to troubleshoot problem breeders. An understanding of estrus detection enables the producer to effectively time inseminations for favorable conditions for conception and to effectively utilize semen. An understanding of semen handling and storage enables the producer to safeguard semen supplies, which can be scarce and costly. The experience of actually inseminating a female goat enables the producer to practice the knowledge that they have gained. The acquisition of these inseminating skills allow producers the use of genetically superior sires in their herds to which normally they would have not access. It also allows producers to save money by conducting the inseminations themselves instead of hiring someone. From 2001 through 2005, AI workshops were held in September at the Langston University campus and in October at the county fairgrounds in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

In 2001, Langston University was awarded an USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education grant to study the efficacy of using goats to eliminate invasive vegetation on tribal lands over a two-year period. The Caddo, Cherokee, Choctaw, Osage, Sac & Fox, and Seminole Nations were collaborators on this project and demonstration sites were established on lands affiliated with the tribes. Though 2 years is a relatively short period of time to track vegetation, Institute scientists observed the beginnings of changes in site plant composition. Goats successfully defoliated most of the woody species and forbs. Poison ivy was controlled, as was greenbriar. Goats killed many honey and black locust trees at several sites. At some sites, they killed red cedar trees in the short amount of time. Winged

sumac was readily consumed and killed at several sites. Plant vigor was noticeably reduced for blackberries, dogwood, and sand plum. Problems with excess accumulation of leaf litter were solved. One revelation was that the same plant species had different palatabilities at different sites. At one site there were different palatabilities within different areas of the field.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Extension Overview

Controlling Internal Parasites Workshops Controlling internal parasites is the number two cost of production for goat producers. In 1999, Langston University established a hands-on workshop on controlling internal parasites. Every year, one workshop is held at Langston University and one or two workshops are held at various locations in-state. In the workshops, goat producers learn about the life cycles of the most common and the most pathogenic parasites, various families of anthelmintics, correct dosage and dosing procedures, and how to collect fecal samples, conduct fecal egg counts, and read a FAMACHA速 chart. 62

Value-added processing is accomplished through our cheesemaking and soapmaking workshops. The FAMACHA速 chart is a tool used by farmers to determine the level of anemia in a goat. Anemia occurs when parasites remove more blood from the animal than it can replace. By matching the color of the lower eyelid to a corresponding the color on the FAMACHA速 chart, a producer is able to determine the level of anemia and can make management decisions about worm control.

An understanding of life cycles enables the goat producer to devise seasonal control strategies. An understanding of anthelmintics enables the goat producer to rotate anthelmintics for more efficacious control and to follow withdrawal times. An understanding of correct dosage and dosing procedures enables the goat producer to administer anthelmintics to achieve optimal efficacy. The ability to conduct fecal egg counts allows producers to deworm their goats on an as-needed basis. Cheesemaking/Soapmaking Workshops The pilot creamery on campus has been used mainly for goat extension activities to reach resource-limited goat producers and disseminate information to our clientele. Each year, there were two to four cheese manufacturing workshops conducted in the creamery as well as off campus. The principles of dairy processing and the regulatory guidelines of sanitation and the quality standards of dairy products such as cheeses, ice cream, yogurt, and liquid milk were demonstrated to the participants. During the workshops, practical skills, standard operations, and cheese manufacturing procedure were instructed in detail. Opportunity was also provided for some attendees to make their own batches of cheese on site. Most of the attendees had

never made cheese before and were able to start making cheese as traditional home-made products. Meanwhile, new products such as quick-method Mozzarella cheese, goat milk Parmesan cheese, goat milk cream cheese, and flavored goat milk smoothies have been developed per requests from goat producers. During the last five years, the Institute has also conducted demonstration tours to goat producers, school students, and the general public. Our Dairy Product Specialist has assisted several goat milk cheesemaking facilities in Oklahoma and Kansas to evolve from home-based cheesemaking to certified commercial operations. In addition, goat milk soapmaking workshops have been introduced in the last two years to help utilize surplus goat milk and create another avenue to add value to goat milk and

to enhance household income for goat producers. Processing methods for different scented and textured goat milk soaps were demonstrated in a hands-on fashion. Some participants have started home goat milk soapmaking operations. Nutrient Requirements of Goats In 2003, a web-based goat nutrient requirement calculation system was developed based on findings of a recent research project. There are calculations for requirements of metabolizable energy (ME) and metabolizable protein (MP) for suckling, growing, mature, lactating, gestating, and Angora goats. In 2005, a complete mixed ration balancer was added to the nutrient calculator web site. A user is able to select from a variety of feed ingredients in a feed

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Photo / Phil Shockley

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Extension Overview

library or can add a new feed ingredient. The user can enter the percentages and cost of each feed ingredient in the ration and change nutrient composition of an ingredient. The complete mixed ration balancer will evaluate the ration and determine if the ration is adequate for the ME and MP requirements of a given class of goat. An added benefit is that the complete mixed ration balancer will conduct a least-cost analysis using the feed ingredients chosen to yield a least-cost ration that satisfies nutrient requirements. Producers, county extension agents, extension specialists, and scientists will be able to determine precise nutrient requirements for every conceivable production scenario and, thus, will be able to optimize nutrition to meet production goals. These determinations can be made in real time without the use of cumbersome printed tables or complicated equations. The webbased goat nutrient requirement calculation system and complete mixed ration balancer (www2.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutreqgoats. html) should reach a large audience and should enjoy widespread usage with an end result of enhancing feeding practices.

Collaborating 足institutions/organizations included Alcorn State University, American Boer Goat Association, American Kiko Goat Association, American Meat Goat Association, Florida A&M University, Fort Valley State University, Kentucky State University, Langston University, Prairie View A&M University, Southern University, Tennessee Goat Producers Association, Tennessee State University, Tuskegee University, United States Boer Goat Association, University of Arkansas Pine Bluff, and Virginia State University.

Web-based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers

Capabilities of the new web site include a document library with the complete proceedings of the annual Goat Field Day and quarterly newsletter for the past eight years. Both the proceedings and newsletters are also available in portable document

In 2004, Langston University received a grant from the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service to develop a Web-based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers (http://www2.luresext. edu/goats/training/qa.html). The goal of this project was to develop educational materials (modules) that would best serve meat goat producers in assisting them to produce a safe, wholesome, healthy product. Curriculum and training modules were developed in collaboration.

In 2005, Langston University received a follow-up grant to convert the web modules into a handbook and a companion CD for individuals interested in obtaining a certification in meat goat production technologies but who do not have access to the Internet. Internet Website http://www2.luresext.edu In 2000, the Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension program of Langston University unveiled a new and improved Internet web site. The Internet address (URL) of the new web site is http://www2.luresext. edu.

format (pdf), which allows for the viewing and printing of documents across platform and printer without loss of formatting. Information, recent abstracts, and scientific articles of completed and current research activities in dairy, fiber, and meat production are available for online viewing and reading.

Producers acquire knowledge, skills, and abilities through our diverse workshops. Visitors can take a Virtual Tour of the research farm and laboratories, complete with digital photos and narrative. Visitors also can browse a digital photo album. Visitors may subscribe to our free quarterly newsletter online. Visitors can test their knowledge of goats with an interactive goat quiz that covers many aspects of dairy, fiber, and meat goat production. For those questions that are lacking in the interactive quiz database, visitors may submit a question to be included in the database. Visitors can read about research interests of faculty and contact faculty and staff via email. Other items

on the website include the on-line nutrient calculator and web-based certification program discussed in previous sections. Oklahoma and Tulsa State Fairs From 2001 through 2005, Langston University participated in the Tulsa State Fair by providing pregnant does for the Birthing Center program. Dr. Carey Floyd of the Oklahoma Department of Agriculture has coordinated the birthing center and has stated that the goats are the highlight of the center each year. From 2002 through 2005, Langston University participated in the Oklahoma State Fair by providing goats for the Agropolis Center. In addition, since 2002 Langston University has provided personnel to be the superintendent of the meat goat show at the Oklahoma State Fair. Oklahoma Black Historical Association In 2001, Langston University signed a memorandum of understanding with the Oklahoma Black Historical Association to conduct a goat grazing demonstration and hold workshops 65

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Extension Overview

in meat goat management. From 2001 through 2004, collaborative work continued at the Oklahoma Black Historical Association site near Nobletown, OK, with the conduct of workshops on basic goat management, including vaccinations, castration, deworming, and hoof trimming. Summer Institute African-American and Native American small farmers struggle to remain in agriculture. Many socially disadvantaged farmers have expressed a desire to investigate alternative agricultural enterprises, especially meat goat production. However, these farmers need to update their knowledge and skill levels in order to succeed in this alternative enterprise. In 2002, Langston University was awarded an USDA Risk Management Education grant entitled â€œEstablishment of a Summer Institute Promoting Farm Security

Our Buck Performance Test is unique in its use of state-ofthe-art feeding systems. 66

and Diversification among AfricanAmerican & Native American Small Farmersâ€? to train minority farmers in meat goat production. The Summer Institute was an all-day workshop held approximately every other week over the course of the summer (24 workshops total). The topics of the Summer Institutes were 1) fencing and housing, which provided handson fencing training on electrified and non-electrified fencing, shelter construction, and other considerations; 2) acquisition and selection of stock, which provided sources of stock and described the judging of animals on structural soundness and conformation, and other considerations; 3) herd health and general management concerns, which

provided hands-on training in vaccinations, dewomers, drug use, drug residue avoidance, injections sites, and other health considerations; 4) feeding and nutrition, which provided hands-on training in forages and grass identification, hay making, feed tag ingredients, ration balancing, and other nutritional considerations; 5) breeding and kidding management, which provided hands-on training in breeding soundness examination, selection of breeding stock, allocation of breeding groups, heat detection, ear tagging, navel dipping, record maintenance, and other considerations; 6) marketing and record keeping, which provided financial and herd record keeping tips, spreadsheets, understanding of the demand for product, marketing channels, broker intervention, consumer preference, and other marketing considerations; and 7) internal parasite control, which provided a biological understanding of the host-parasite relationship, use of anthelmintics, and alternative management options. A total of 135 individuals attended a majority (4 of 7) of the workshops and received a Certificate of Participation. Of that number, 16 individuals took and passed a certifying exam and received a Certificate of Achievement. Meat Buck Performance Test Meat goat production represents the most rapidly growing animal industry in the US today, and is becoming a mainstream livestock enterprise. To further genetic progress through the identification of superior sires in the industry, Langston University and the Oklahoma Meat Goat Association established a meat goat performance test in 1997. The test is open to purebred and crossbred bucks born between December 1 of the previous year and March 31 of the current year. Prior to 2004, the capacity of the meat buck performance test was

Photo / Phil Shockley

53 due to the number of Calan gate feeders installed in the testing facility. In 2004, a new automated feeding system, Feed Intake Recording Equipment (FIRE), was installed in the testing facility to supplement the existing feeding system. With the combined FIRE system and Calan gate feeders, the Oklahoma Buck Performance Test Buck now has a capacity of 100 bucks.

Because the FIRE system had not previously been used with goats, Langston University conducted experiments to determine the appropriate stocking density per FIRE feeder. As many as 10 young goats can share a FIRE feeder without adverse effects. Langston University also compared the FIRE system with the Calan feeders. No differences were found in average daily gain or feed intake of growing goats on the FIRE system and the wellestablished Calan feeders. In early 2000, the Oklahoma performance test was designated by the American Boer Goat Association Board of Directors as an ABGA Approved Performance Test. In 2003, the Oklahoma buck performance test was sanctioned by the International Boer Goat Association, Inc.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The FIRE system is a completely automated electronic feeding system, which was developed for swine but has been adapted to goats by the Institute. Animals wear an electronic eartag, which is read by an antenna in the feeder, and feed intake and body weight are automatically recorded every time a buck enters into the FIRE system to eat. For the Calan feeders, each buck wears a collar with an electronic â€œkeyâ€? encased in hard plastic. The key unlocks the door to only one Calan feeder, thus enabling the buck to eat out of his individual feeder. Each morning, remaining feed in the Calan feeder is weighed and removed and fresh feed weighed and placed into the feeder. The difference in weights between the fresh feed placed in the Calan feeder one morning and the remaining feed the next morning is the amount

consumed. Because only one goat is capable of opening the Calan door and eating, it is possible to calculate the feed intake of individual bucks. In 2004 and 2005, half of the bucks were in the FIRE system and half were in the Calan gate feeders. For producers who enrolled more than one buck in the Buck Performance Test, the test supervisor randomly assigned half of their bucks to the FIRE system and half to the Calan feeders.

68 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Overview

f the 767 million goats in the world, less than 0.2% reside in the United States, while over 90% can be found in countries of Asia and Africa. Goats and goat products are part of the livelihood of a majority of the world’s population and are an important resource for poor farmers in many countries of the world. Part

of the mission of the American Institute for Goat Research is to effect positive change in goat production throughout the world. To fulfill this aspect, the Institute has developed and maintains many strong ties with research and academic institutions around the world. Collaborative research projects, along with academic and research training, have been the traditional modes of collaboration. However, in the past five years the Institute has increased its activities in the area of agricultural development with the goal of enhancing food security and income generation for many of the world’s poor.

International research and training, hosting foreign scientists, and teaching those who will teach others are internationally-focused activities that give the Institute unique opportunities to not only increase knowledge of foreign production systems and constraints, but also to positively impact agricultural development in foreign

countries and help alleviate poverty and hunger. General objectives of the Institute’s international program are to: 1) increase our knowledge of goat production systems worldwide and current constraints to increased production; 2) build human capacity through training foreign scientists and agricultural workers in goat production thereby allowing them to more effectively carry out their missions of teaching, research, and extension; 3) increase Langston University and the Institute’s involvement in agricultural development and impact on human welfare; and 4) enhance the Institute’s knowledge of development and development issues.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

In addition to collaborative work with foreign institutions, the Institute has hosted visiting scientists from over 20 foreign countries for conduct of research. Training for foreign livestock workers and scientists as well as for U.S.-based persons who will travel and work overseas are other ways in which the Institute is active in the international arena.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Overview

International Research During the last five years, the American Institute for Goat Research has expanded its international research activities to include countries in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. While most international projects conducted by the Institute have aspects of research, training, and extension, some are more research oriented. Many of these types of grants are typified by a number of recent projects begun with countries in the Middle East. Middle East Activities The grant “Multinational Approaches to Enhance Goat Production in the Middle East” promotes collaborative research, training, and extension activities among Langston University, the Desert Research Center of Egypt, the Volcani Center in Israel, Al-Quds University in East Jerusalem working in the West Bank, and the Jordan University of Science and Technology. The objective of this grant is to revitalize and develop the Middle East goat industry via research and technology transfer to increase income and improve the standard of living.

International research projects yield results relevant to producers in the US and around the world. Specific goals of the grant include the characterization of current goat production systems, distribution of improved goat genotypes, development of new technologies for production of milk products, and the transfer of appropriate technologies to Middle Eastern households. One of the activities underway at each Middle Eastern location is the characterization of chemical and bacteriological status of goat milk. Israeli scientists are focusing on

effects of subclinical intramammary infection on milk production and quality. Goat production practices have been evaluated through use of a questionnaire in the West Bank, Jordan, and Egypt, including the identification of major constraints to high levels and efficiencies of production. Technology transfer is a major part of the project, particularly in Egypt, Jordan, and the West Bank. Training areas include use of byproduct feedstuffs and crop residues, goat herd health, manufacture of traditional and alternative cheeses, milk product hygiene, and use of improved genotypes. Within the past year, three additional grants have been awarded to the American Institute for Goat Research for research collaboration in the Middle East. The first of these establishes collaboration with the Newe Ya’ar Research Center of the Agricultural Research

Organization in Israel on a grant entitled “Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free-Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier.” The second grant continues the collaborative research relationship between the Institute and the Desert Research Center of Egypt through researching “Effects of Acclimatization on Energy Requirements of Goats.” Both of these research grants deal with important aspects of energy expenditure by goats.

China Activities The American Institute for Goat Research has worked with institutes in China to evaluate the potential for further development of the cow and goat cheese industries. Because of China’s large population, economic growth, and increasing importance in the global economy, further

African Activities The Institute has collaborated with African institutions on many grants. While many of these will be discussed in a later section, two grants in particular illustrate research collaboration among the American Institute for Goat Research, other U.S. institutes, and universities in Africa. The first of these was a partnership with Debub University, Ethiopia, researching the use of traditional herbal remedies for treating internal parasites in goats. The Institute has also collaborated with other U.S. and African institutions in a research grant entitled “Combating Micronutrient Malnutrition: Assessment of Constraints to Including Animal

Source Foods in Children’s Diets in Rural Ethiopia and Kenya.” Oklahoma State University led this grant that also included the UCLA School of Public Health, Debub University in Awassa, Ethiopia, and the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Through this grant, reasons for low consumption of animal source foods such as meat and milk were investigated. The use of goats appears promising as one way to provide a source of these foods and fight child malnutrition.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

A third grant involving a Middle Eastern institute also includes institutions in three other regions of the world. The grant “International Collaboration in Goat Research and Production Web-based Support Aids” partners the American Institute for Goat Research with Jordan University of Science and Technology, Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry in China, Département des Sciences Animales of Institut National Agronomique in France, and University of Chapingo in Mexico. This grant expands usage of the interactive, web-based nutrient calculator for goats and the goat production simulation program developed by Institute scientists through translation into Arabic, Chinese, French, and Spanish. Having the web-based nutrient calculator in these languages will increase the number of producers and scientists who will be able to utilize the unique features of the calculator and enhance its usefulness.

evelopment of the cheese industry d in the country could have a major beneficial impact.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Overview

Training and Program Support Armenia From 2001–2003, the American Institute for Goat Research conducted grants providing training and technical assistance to the USDA International Program’s Marketing Assistance Project in Armenia.

Technical assistance in support of the fledgling Armenian dairy goat industry was provided in the areas of reproduction, herd health, dairy products, management, nutrition, and general production. Much of this assistance was provided via training visits to Armenia. However, technical information was also provided via electronic means, i.e., email and fax, and through training at the Institute’s research farm. In 2001, five Armenian scientists and one USDA employee spent three weeks at the Institute research farm receiving training in topics ranging from semen collection and freezing to farm management. The Institute also trained a livestock specialist in goat production prior to his traveling to Armenia to administer the dairy goat project. Iraq More recently, the American Institute for Goat Research collaborated in a University of Oklahoma-led project with Oklahoma State University and Cameron University, all located

in Oklahoma, and Salahaddin University, Basrah University, AlAnbar University, University of Technology, and Babylon University in Iraq. This grant, “Al-Sharaka Program for Higher Education in Iraq,” supported the United States Agency for International Development activities to upgrade and revitalize the higher education system in Iraq. The role of the Institute and Langston University was to provide training in small ruminant production to Iraqi scientists and to establish a ruminant nutrition laboratory at Salahaddin University. To accomplish the former goal, a three-week training program was held in Cairo, Egypt in September 2004. This training, “Updating and Enhancing the Skills of Iraqi Scientists in Small Ruminant Production,” provided information on computer technology, herd health and reproduction, statistical analysis, nutrition, and manuscript preparation to seven Iraqi scientists. The first week of the training led the attendees

Training Iraqi scientists will assist in revitalizing Iraq’s higher education system through an Arabic language small ruminant record-keeping software program. This portion of the training was conducted by Egyptian scientists as part of the grant “Multinational Approaches to Enhance Goat Production in the Middle East.” Also attending this week of the training were scientists from Jordan and the Palestinian Authority. During this time, the Iraqi scientists had the opportunity to make contacts and interact with other scientists in the region. The remaining two weeks of the training program consisted of sessions led by Institute personnel. During the final three days of the

training, the Iraqi scientists traveled to the north Sinai to visit goat farms and speak with producers. To accomplish the establishment of a ruminant nutrition laboratory, analytical equipment and associated chemicals and supplies were purchased for Salahaddin University. Textbooks on various topics in animal science as well as laboratory procedure manuals were purchased. The equipment, supplies, and books were sent to Salahaddin University in the summer of 2005. Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea In addition to providing program support to government-funded programs, the American Institute for Goat Research has also conducted training and support activities for

projects funded by non-government organizations. In November 2004, the Institute conducted an eight-day training program for five persons from the Democratic Peopleâ€™s Republic of Korea (DPRK). This training was supported by Global Resources Services, Inc., an organization that has a history of working in the DPRK and that has established a goat dairy in the southern region of the country. The Korean personnel received training in animal management, artificial insemination, semen collection and freezing, nutrition, herd health, milking procedures and mastitis prevention, and cheese making.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Overview

As an extension of this work, In June 2005, Dr. Roger Merkel of the Institute traveled to the DPRK with representatives of Global Resources Services, Inc. to provide training and technical assistance to the dairy in the areas of nutrition, forages, and internal parasite control. Other Training Activities The American Institute for Goat Research has hosted persons from various countries on visits and for short-term training. Recently, persons from Mali and Rwanda have spent time at the Institute learning research techniques and special aspects of small ruminant production.

Agricultural Development The Institute is proud of its activities in the area of agricultural development. Partnerships with foreign institutions have led to the opportunity to impact the lives of poor farmers. While many of Instituteâ€™s international grants have aspects of direct development, the succession of grants with Ethiopian institutions have had the most direct development activities. Ethiopian Connection Langston University and the Institute have had a long and fruitful relationship with universities in Ethiopia. This relationship began with research grants awarded in the 1990â€™s and expanded to include more aspects of

In 2000, Langston University was awarded a sustainability grant entitled “Enhanced Education and Computer Capabilities: The Foundation for Sustained Collaboration” for further activities with Debub University and a new institution, Oklahoma State University was added to the partnership. Further, Langston University was awarded a companion Technology Enhancement grant to establish a student computer labora-

The Institute provides training to foreign scientists both at Langston University and abroad. tory on the Debub University campus, an activity that was completed in November, 2001. Two additional grants were awarded in 2002 for continued work with these two Ethiopian universities. A new partner, Fort Valley State University, became the lead institution in a grant furthering activities with Debub University while the Institute and Oklahoma State University continued activities with Alemaya University. These grants had a similar focus to the original projects with the addition of training and research in reproduction, artificial insemination, and herd health.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

training, research, and development through university partnerships and other grants that have been awarded in the last five to seven years. In 1998, a three-year grant was awarded to Langston University for an institutional partnership with Awassa College of Agriculture of the newlyformed Debub University in Awassa, Ethiopia entitled “Enhanced Food Security and Income Generating Potential of Families in Southern Ethiopia Through Improved Goat Production and Extension.” The following year a three-year grant was awarded for a partnership with Alemaya University, called “Enhancing Institutional Research and Extension Capabilities for Increased Food Security Through Improved Goat Production.” Both grants were designed to improve the research, teaching, and extension capabilities of all institutions involved through a program of collaborative research, training of Ethiopian scientists at LU, and the establishment of village development projects designed to enhance household food security, income generating potential, and family health status through increased goat productivity. Increased goat production was accomplished via the provision of goats and appropriate technology to women’s groups for goat production in villages near both universities.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Overview

Some of the successes of the American Institute for Goat Research’s Ethiopian projects include: • 11 scientists from Debub and Alemaya Universities received training in the U.S. in topics such as ruminant nutrition, goat reproduction, statistical analysis, adult education, internal parasites, and extension methodologies. Additionally, Ethiopian personnel learned new laboratory and research techniques and presented information on Ethiopia to U.S. university staff and students. Most recently, in late 2005 the American Institute for Goat Research of Langston University and Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX were awarded a $7 million grant from the USAID Mission in Ethiopia for a project entitled “Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program.” This 5-year program entails collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Government of Ethiopia. The overall goal of the program is to conduct research and extension activities in the areas of production and marketing that will result in a sustainable increase in small ruminant productivity in Ethiopia to improve food and economic securities. The project will work in five regions of Ethiopia (Tigray, Amhara, Oromia, Southern States, and Somali), and address a number of factors including human and institutional capacity building, research and technology transfer, introduction of improved animal genetics, and determining appropriate utilization of indigenous breeds.

• A conference on small ruminant production was held at Debub University in 2000. His Excellency the Vice Minister for Agriculture Belay Ejigu supplied the Opening Address of the conference. Over 50 participants from Ethiopia and several foreign countries attended the conference, the first of its kind in Ethiopia. The proceedings of the conference can be found at the Institute’s website at http:// www2.luresext.edu/international/ Titlepages.htm. • A networked computer laboratory was established on the Debub University campus for use by staff and students. • Langston University received a special award to purchase laboratory equipment and supplies for Alemaya University to upgrade their ruminant nutrition laboratory. • A workshop on curriculum development was held at Debub University. • Numerous seminars on small ruminant nutrition, herd health, internal parasites, and statistical analysis have been presented to Ethiopian students.

• Special training on web page design, use of computer programs, detection of internal parasites, and evaluation of animal health have been conducted by U.S. scientists on trips to Ethiopia.

Over 450 Ethiopian women have received goats and training • Surgical procedures to insert ruminal cannula and perform an epidymectomy were taught at both universities. • Books and other laboratory supplies have been purchased and sent to the universities • Over 2,500 straws of Boer goat semen were shipped to Ethiopia for use by the universities. This was the first importation of Boer goat semen into Ethiopia.

• Two professionals in goat artificial insemination and semen freezing traveled to Ethiopia and conducted workshops on artificial insemination at both universities and taught goat semen freezing procedures to staff at the National Artificial Insemination Center of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. • Crossbred Boer x local goat kids have been born at both Debub and Alemaya Universities. These crossbred animals are the first of this genotype to be born in Ethiopia. The superior meat production and faster growth rate of the Boer goat has potential to greatly impact the expanding goat meat industry in Ethiopia. This impact goes beyond enhancing the local goat meat supply to increasing the ability of Ethiopia to export quality goat carcasses to Middle East clientele, thereby bringing important

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Overview

external revenue into the country, creating jobs, and improving local and regional economies.

• Development projects were established in areas surrounding Debub and Alemaya Universities where women’s groups for goat production were formed and goats and production training provided. There are currently over 450 women participating in the projects. These projects benefit the rural population by enhancing food security and income generation potential. Proceeds from the sale of goats have been used to improve housing, purchase livestock, pay school fees, begin a small business, and improve family nutrition. The animals provided have also served as a buffer and resource for use in drought conditions, lessening the need for food aid for participating families. The universities have benefitted through increased

interaction with rural producers and staff having more contact with farmers, thereby learning of, and assisting in solving, production constraints.

Through its international activities, the Institute is assisting village parents to better provide for their families. • Project activities have been mentioned on Ethiopian television, in U.S. newspapers, the Goat Institute’s Goat Newsletter, and Ethiopian and U.S. radio. Langston University’s activities in Ethiopia have also appeared in the scrollbar on CNN International.

The End Result The American Institute for Goat Research is proud of its international activities and the impact they have on strengthening human and institutional capacity of foreign institutions, providing important and relevant research results on local issues of importance, and in the assistance provided to small farmers, and particularly women, in enhancing family nutrition and income generation. These are unique activities that support the mission of the Institute and the goals of its personnel. Through these activities, Institute personnel learn about goat production throughout the world and are exposed to foreign cultures and customs. The knowledge gained through these activities is put to use by personnel in their research, extension, and teaching duties.

Most importantly, though, is the satisfaction that through its efforts, the American Institute for Goat Research is having a positive impact on goat production throughout the world and assisting village parents in lesser developed countries of the world to better provide for their families.

Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program • 2005–2010 • Langston University; Prairie View A & M University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Government of Ethiopia • USAID Ethiopia • Funding amount $6,999,998 International Collaboration in Goat Research and Production WebBased Decision Support Aids • 2005–2008 • Langston University; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry, China; Département des Sciences Animales of Institut National Agronomique, France; University of Chapingo in Mexico • USDA International Science and Education Competitive Grants Program • Funding amount $99,959 Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free-Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier • 2005–2008 • Langston University; Newe Ya’ar Research Center of the Agricultural Research Organization, Israel • United States – Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund • Funding amount $310,000

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

The foreign scientists who come to conduct research at the Institute also bring with them a wealth of information that is imparted to Institute scientists. The results of the research conducted by those scientists can be used to improve goat production both here and abroad. Foreign institutes with whom the Institute collaborates gain from the training functions and research trials conducted and become better equipped to perform their missions of teaching, research, and extension.

International Grants conducted by the E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

E KIKA DE LA GARZA AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR GOAT RESEARCH

International Grants

Effects of Acclimatization on Energy Requirements of Goats. • 2005–2007 • Langston University; Desert Research Center, Egypt • U.S.-Egypt Joint Science and Technology Fund • Funding amount $58,500 Al-Sharaka, The Partnership. Revitalizing the Higher Education System in Iraq • 2003–2006 • Langston University, University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Cameron University, Lawton, OK; Al Anbar University, Ramadi City, Iraq; Babylon University, Hilla City, Iraq; Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq; Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq • USAID • Funding amount $4,988,569 Combating Micronutrient Malnutrition: Assessment of Constraints to Including Animal Source Foods in Children’s Diets in Rural Ethiopia and Kenya

• 2003–2004 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; UCLA; Debub University, Ethiopia; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. • Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program • Funding amount $50,000 Improving Ethiopian Household Food Security and Enhancing the Teaching, Research and Extension Ability of Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Ethiopia • 2002–2005 • Langston University; Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA; Debub University, Ethiopia

• United Negro College Fund Special Programs Corporation International Development Partnership Activity; USAID • Funding amount $200,000 Improving Ethiopian Household Food Security and Enhancing the Teaching, Research and Extension Ability of Alemaya University, Alemaya, Ethiopia • 2002–2004 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Alemaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia • Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C.; USAID • Funding amount $100,000 Potential for Development of Goat and Cow Cheeses in China • 2002–2004 • Langston University; Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Zhejiang University; China Agricultural University • USDA Foreign Agricultural Service • Funding amount $10,000 Strengthening Collaboration Between the E (Kika) de la Garza Institute for Goat Research of Langston University and the USDA MAP Project in Armenia • 2002–2003 • Langston University; USDA Marketing Assistance Project, Yerevan, Armenia; Armenian Academy of Agriculture, Yerevan, Armenia • USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service International Programs • Funding amount $274,040

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

International Grants

Fostering Future Collaboration between US Institutions and the Armenian Academy of Agriculture through Training and Information Exchange • 2001 • Langston University; USDA Marketing Assistance Project, Yerevan, Armenia; Armenian Academy of Agriculture, Yerevan, Armenia • USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Innovation Fund • Funding amount $25,000 Enhanced Education and Computer Capabilities: The Foundation for Sustained Collaboration

• 2000–2005 • Langston University; Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt; Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; Al-Quds University in East Jerusalem working in the West Bank; Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan • USAID/Middle East Regional Cooperation Program • Funding amount $1,199,725 Support for an International Conference on Small Ruminant Production

• 2000–2002

• 2000

• Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia

• Langston University, Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Ethiopia

• Education for Development and Democracy Initiative; Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C.; USAID

• Funding amount $3,000

• Funding amount $100,000 82

Multinational Approaches to Enhance Goat Production in the Middle East

Technology Enhancement Grant • 2000–2002 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Awassa College of Agriculture of Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia • Leland Initiative of USAID; Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C.; USAID • Funding amount $50,000

• USAID Ethiopia

Collaboration on Alternative Goat Feeds • 1999–2002 • Langston University; Oklahoma State University; Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Irene, South Africa • USDA/SANPAD Project • Funding amount $22,500 Enhancing Institutional and Research Capabilities for Increased Food Security through Improved Goat Production • 1999–2002 • Langston University; Alemaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia • United Negro College Fund, Washington D.C.; USAID; Education for Development and Democracy Initiative • Funding amount $250,000

Anthelmintic Plants for Internal Parasite Control in Goats • 1999–2002 • Langston University; Awassa College of Agriculture, Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia • USDA Scientific Cooperation Program

• Funding amount $30,000

• 1998–2001 • Langston University; Awassa College of Agriculture of Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia • Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development, Washington D.C.; USAID • Funding amount $100,000

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Enhancing Food Security and Income Generating Potential of Families in Southern Ethiopia through Improved Goat Production and Extension

84 E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Publications Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Tovar-Luna, I., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, G. E. Carstens, H. C. Freetly, and Z. B. Johnson. 2006. Efficiency of energy use for maintenance and gain by growing crossbred Boer and Spanish goats consuming diets differing in forage level. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Min, B. R., S. P. Hart, D. Miller, G. M. Tomita, E. Loetz, and T. Sahlu. 2005. The effect of grazing forage containing condensed tannins on gastro-intestinal parasite infection and milk composition in Angora does. Veterinary Parasitology 130:105–113.

2006

Tovar-Luna, I., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, G. E. Carstens, H. C. Freetly, and Z. B. Johnson. 2006. Effects of feed restriction on energy expenditure by 2 year old crossbred Boer goats. Small Ruminant Research (Accepted).

Puchala, R., B. R. Min, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2005. The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. Journal of Animal Science 83:182–186.

Animut, G., A.L. Goetsch, G.E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C.R. Krehbiel, R.C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L.J. Dawson, Z.B. Johnson, and D. H. Kiesler. 2006. Performance by goats and sheep consuming a concentratebased diet subsequent to grazing of grass/forb pastures at different stocking rates. Small Ruminant Research (In press). Animut, G., A.L. Goetsch, G.E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C.R. Krehbiel, R.C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, and L.J. Dawson. 2006. Effects of pasture inclusion of mimosa on growth by sheep and goats co-grazing grass/forb pastures. Small Ruminant Research (Accepted). Asmare, A., R. Puchala, R. Merkel, T. Sahlu, and A.L. Goetsch. 2006. Change in energy expenditure by meat goats with varying levels of feed intake near maintenance and below. Journal of Applied Animal Research (In press). Berhan, T., R. Puchala, A.L. Goetsch, and R.C. Merkel. 2006. Effects of walking speed and forage consumption on energy expenditure and heart rate by Alpine does. Small Ruminant Research (In press). Gipson, T., A.L. Goetsch, G. Detweiler, R.C. Merkel, and T. Sahlu. 2006. Effects of the number of yearling Boer crossbred wethers per automated feeding system unit on feed intake, feeding behavior and growth performance. Small Ruminant Research (In press). Gipson, T.A., A.L. Goetsch, G. Detweiler, and T. Sahlu. 2006. Effects of feeding method, diet nutritive value, and physical form and phenotype on feed intake, feeding behavior, and growth performance by meat goats. Small Ruminant Research (Accepted). Negesse, T., A.K. Patra, L.J. Dawson, A. Tolera, R.C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, and A.L. Goetsch. 2006. Performance of Spanish and Boer x Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Puchala, R., I. Tovar-Luna, A.L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, G.E. Carstens, and H.C. Freetly. 2006. The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure in Alpine, Angora, Boer, and Spanish goat wethers consuming different quality diets at a level of intake near maintenance or fasting. Small Ruminant Research (In press). Soto‑Navarro, S. A., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 2006. Effects of level and source of supplemental protein in a concentrate-based diet on sites of digestion and small intestinal amino acid disappearance in Boer × Spanish wether goats. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Photo / Phil Shockley

Soto‑Navarro, S. A., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2006. Effects of dietary ratios of fish and blood meals on sites of digestion, small intestinal amino acid disappearance and growth performance of meat goat wethers. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Tovar-Luna, I., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, G. E. Carstens, H. C. Freetly, and Z. B. Johnson. 2006. Efficiency of energy use for pregnancy by meat goats does with different litter size. Small Ruminant Research (Accepted). Wuliji, T., A. Litherland, A.L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, L.J. Dawson, and T. Gipson. 2006. Evaluation of melatonin and bromocryptine administration in Spanish goats. III. Effects on hair follicle activity, density and relationships between follicle characteristics. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Sahlu, T., and A. L. Goetsch. 2005. A foresight on goat research. Small Ruminant Research 60:7–12. Soryal, K., F. A. Beyene, S. Zeng, B. Bah, and K. Tesfai. 2005. Effect of goat breed and milk composition on yield, sensory quality, fatty acid concentration of soft cheese during lactation. Small Ruminant Research 58:275–281.

2004 Abebe, G., R. C. Merkel, G. Animut, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2004. Effects of ammoniation of wheat straw and supplementation with soybean meal or broiler litter on feed intake and digestion in yearling Spanish wether goats. Small Ruminant Research 51:37–46.

Zeng, S.S., K. Soryal, B. Fekadu, B. Bah, and T. Popham 2006. Predictive formulae for goat cheese yield based on milk composition. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, R. E. Estell, R. C. Merkel, L. J. Dawson, T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 2004. Effects of method of exposure to Eastern red cedar foliage on cedar consumption by Boer crossbred wether goats. Small Ruminant Research 54:197–212.

2005

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, J. Hayes, and R. Puchala. 2004. Effects of separate offering of forage and concentrate on feed intake and growth of Alpine doelings. Small Ruminant Research 48:209–216.

Animut, G., A.L. Goetsch, G.E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C.R. Krehbiel, R.C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L.J. Dawson, Z.B. Johnson, and T. A. Gipson. 2005. Grazing behavior and energy expenditure by sheep and goats co-grazing grass/forb pastures at three stocking rates. Small Ruminant Research 59:191–201. Animut, G., A.L. Goetsch, G.E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C.R. Krehbiel, R.C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L.J. Dawson, Z.B. Johnson, and T. A. Gipson. 2005. Performance and forage selectivity of sheep and goats cograzing grass/forb pastures at three stocking rates. Small Ruminant Research 59:203–215. Banskalieva, V., R. Puchala, A.L. Goetsch, J. Luo, and T. Sahlu. 2005. Effects of ruminally protected betaine and choline on net flux of nutrients across the portal-drained viscera and liver of meat goat wethers consuming diets differing in protein concentration. Small Ruminant Research 57:193–202. Berhan, T., R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, R.C. Merkel, and A.L. Goetsch. 2005. Effects of length of pasture access on energy use by growing meat goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research 28:1–7. Fekadu, B., K. Soryal, S. Zeng, D. Van Hekken, B. Bah, and M. Villaquiran. 2005. Changes in goat milk composition during lactation and their effect on yield and quality of hard and semi-hard cheeses. Small Ruminant Research 59:55–63. Gipson, T.A. 2005. Book Review: Biostatistics for Animal Science. Small Ruminant Research 57:287–288. Min, B. R., S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, and L. D. Satter. 2005. The effect of diets on milk production and composition, and on lactation curves in pastured dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science 88:2604–2615.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, R. C. Merkel, and S. Soto‑Navarro. 2004. Effects of diet quality and age of meat goat wethers on early subsequent growth while grazing wheat forage. Small Ruminant Research 51:57–64. Joemat, R., A. L. Goetsch, G. W. Horn, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, B. R. Min, and J. Luo. 2004. Growth of yearling meat goat doelings with changing plane of nutrition. Small Ruminant Research 52:127–135. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, J. E. Moore, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2004. Prediction of endogenous urinary nitrogen of goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:293–308. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, I. V. Nsahlai, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, J. E. Moore, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2004. Maintenance energy needs of goats: predictions based on observations of heat and recovered energy. Small Ruminant Research 53:221–230. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, I. V. Nsahlai, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, F. N. Owens, M. L. Galyean, J. E. Moore, and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Prediction of metabolizable energy and protein requirements for maintenance, gain and fiber growth of Angora goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:339–356. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, I. V. Nsahlai, Z. B. Johnson, J. E. Moore, M. L. Galyean, F. N. Owens, and C. L. Ferrell. 2004. Prediction of metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of preweaning, growing, and mature goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:231–252. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, I. V. Nsahlai, J. E. Moore, M. L. Galyean, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, C. L., and F. N. Owens. 2004. Prediction of voluntary feed intake by

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Olson, D., D. L. Van Hekken, M. H. Tunick, K. A. Soryal, and S. S. Zeng. 2006. Effects of stage of lactation and aging on functional properties of goats’ milk Cheddar-and Colby-like cheeses. Small Ruminant Research (In press).

Tovar-Luna, I., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, G. E. Carstens, H. C. Freetly, and Z. B. Johnson. 2006. Effects of diet quality on energy expenditure by 20–month old Alpine, Angora, Boer, and Spanish wethers. Small Ruminant Research (Accepted).

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Publications

lactating, Angora, growing and mature goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:357–378. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, I. V. Nsahlai, J. E. Moore, M. L. Galyean, C.L. Ferrell, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, and F. N. Owens. 2004. Metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance and gain of growing goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:309–326. Mekasha, Y., R. C. Merkel, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and K. Tesfai. 2004. Effects of method of offering broiler litter and level of prairie hay intake on growth of Boer x Spanish wethers. Small Ruminant Research 55:123–134. Min, B. R., W.E. Pomroy, S.P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 2004. The effect of short-term consumption of a forage containing condensed tannins on gastrointestinal nematode parasite infections in grazing wether goats. Small Ruminant Research 51:279–284. Moore, J. E., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, F. N. Owens, M. L. Galyean, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, and C. L. Ferrell. 2004. Prediction of fecal crude protein excretion of goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:275–292. Nsahlai, I. V., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, J. E. Moore, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2004. Energy requirements for lactation of goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:253–274. Nsahlai, I. V., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, J. E. Moore, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2004. Metabolizable protein requirements of lactating goats. Small Ruminant Research 53:327–328. Sahlu, T., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, I. V. Nsahlai, J. E. Moore, M. L. Galyean, F. N. Owens, C. L. Ferrell, and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Energy and protein requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations, and future research to improve them. Small Ruminant Research 53:191–220. Soryal, K. A., S.S. Zeng, B.R. Min, and S. P. Hart. 2004. Effect of feeding treatments and lactation stages on composition and organoleptic quality of goat milk Domiati cheese. Small Ruminant Research 52:109–116. Soryal, K. A., S.S. Zeng, B.R. Min, S.P. Hart, and F. A. Beyene. 2004. Effect of feeding systems on composition of goat milk and yield of Domiati cheese. Small Ruminant Research 52:109–116. Soto‑Navarro, S., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and M. R. Cameron. 2004. Effects of supplemental protein source and level on growth performance of Boer crossbred wethers. Small Ruminant Research 51:101–106.

Urge, M., R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, G. Animut, and A. L. Goetsch. 2004. Growth performance by Alpine, Angora, Boer and Spanish wether goats consuming 50 or 75% concentrate diets. Small Ruminant Research 55:149–158.

2003 Joemat, R., A.L. Goetsch, T. Wuliji, G.W. Horn, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, R.C. Merkel, and S. Soto‑Navarro. 2003. Effects of frequency of supplementation with soybean meal and litter size on performance of Angora does consuming low quality forage in late gestation and early lactation. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 12:707–722. Min, B.R. and S.P. Hart. 2003. Tannins for suppression of internal parasites. Journal of Animal Science 81(Electronic Supplement 2):E102–E109. Merkel, R. C., A. L. Goetsch, and N. Silanikove. 2003. Effects of supplementing polyethylene glycol to goat kids grazing sericea lespedeza and early post-weaning nutritive plane upon subsequent growth. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 18:8–13. Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, S. A. Soto‑Navarro, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Effects of prolactin administered to a perfused area of skin of Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 81:279–284.

Soryal, K. A., S. S. Zeng, B. R. Min, S. P. Hart, and K. Tesfai. 2003. Fatty acid profiles of goat milk and Domiati cheese as affected by pasture feeding and stage of lactation. Journal of Food Lipids 10:219–236. Soto‑Navarro, S. A., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 2003. Effect of ruminally degraded nitrogen source and level in a high concentrate diet on site of digestion in Boer × Spanish wethers. Small Ruminant Research 50:117–128. Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, R. C. Merkel, G. Detweiler, S. Soto‑Navarro, J. Luo, and T. Shenkoru. 2003. Development of body composition prediction equations based on shrunk body weight and urea space. Journal of Applied Animal Research 23:1–24. Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, S. Soto‑Navarro, R. C. Merkel, G. Detweiler, and T. Gipson. 2003. Effects of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth of young Spanish goats. Small Ruminant Research 50:83–96. Wuliji, T., A. Litherland, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, L. J. Dawson, and T. Gipson. 2003. Effects of melatonin and bromocryptine administration in Spanish goats. I. Effects on the out of season breeding performance, kidding rate and fleece weight of does. Small Ruminant Research 49:31–40. Wuliji, T., A. Litherland, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, L. J. Dawson, and T. Gipson. 2003. Effects of melatonin and bromocryptine administration in Spanish goats. I. Effect on season cashmere growth, yield and fiber characteristics of does. Small Ruminant Research 49:41–49.

2002 Cameron, M. R., S. P. Hart, T. Sahlu, C. Gilchrist, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch. 2002. Effects of gender and age on performance and slaughter and carcass characteristics of Boer × Spanish goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research 20:141–155. Animut, G., R. C. Merkel, G. Abebe, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2002. Effects of level of broiler litter in diets containing wheat straw on performance of Alpine doelings. Small Ruminant Research 44:125–134. Genandoy, H., T. Sahlu, J. Davis, R. J. Wang, S. P. Hart, R. Puchala, and A. L. Goetsch. 2002. Effects of different feeding methods on growth and harvest traits of Alpine kids raised for cabrito. Small Ruminant Research 44:81–87. Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, and T. Sahlu. 2002. Effects of preweaning concentrate supplementation on performance of meat goats. Journal of Applied Animal Research 21:25–34. Puchala, R., T. Wuliji, S. Pierznowski, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and S. Soto‑Navarro. 2002. Effects of skin perfusion with dipeptides or amino acids on mohair fiber growth. Journal of Animal Science 80:1097–1104.

2001 Brown-Crowder, I. E., S. P. Hart, M. Cameron, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Effects of dietary tallow level on performance of Alpine does in early lactation. Small Ruminant Research 39:233–242. Cameron, M. R., J. Luo, T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, S. W. Coleman, and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Growth and slaughter characteristics of Boer × Spanish, Boer × Angora, and Spanish goats consuming a concentrate-based diet. Journal of Animal Science 79:1423–1430.

Hart, S. P. 2001. Recent perspectives in using goats for vegetation management in the USA. Journal of Dairy Science 84(Electronic Supplement):E170–E176. Merkel, R. C., C. Toerien, T. Sahlu, and C. Blanche. 2001. Digestibility, nitrogen balance and blood metabolite levels in Alpine goat wethers fed either water oak or shining sumac leaves. Small Ruminant Research 40:123–127. Puchala, R., I. Prieto, V. Banskalieva, A. L. Goetsch, M. Lachica, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of bST treatment and thyroid status in Angora goats on body weight gain, mohair growth, and hormone status. Journal of Animal Science 79:2913–2919.

Abstracts 2005 Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C. R. Krehbiel, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and Z. B. Johnson. 2005. Grazing behavior and energy expenditure by sheep and goats co-grazing grass/forb pastures at three stocking rates. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):276–277. Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C. R. Krehbiel, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and Z. B. Johnson. 2005. Performance by goats and sheep consuming a 65% concentrate diet subsequent to co– grazing of grass/forb pastures at different stocking rates. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 2):18. Asmare, A., L. J. Dawson, R. Puchala, T. A. Gipson, M. Villaquiran, I. Tovar-Luna, G. Animut, T. Ngwa, R. C. Merkel, and A. L. Goetsch. 2005. Factors influencing urea space estimates in goats. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):152–153. Asmare, A., A. K. Patra, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, T. A. Gipson, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2005. Postweaning performance by crossbred Boer kids consuming pelletized alfalfa subsequent to grazing at different stocking rates. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):277. Asmare, A., R. Puchala, A. K. Patra, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2005. Change in energy expenditure by meat goats with varying levels of feed intake. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):278. Hart, S. P., J. Joseph, A. L. Goetsch, and J. Brokaw. 2005. A comparison of herbicide, goats, and mowing for control of woody vegetation species. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):277. Gipson, T. A., L. J. Dawson, and T. Sahlu. 2005. Residual feed intake in a meat goat performance test. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):152. Ngwa, A. T., L. J. Dawson, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, R. C. Merkel, I. Tovar-Luna, T. Sahlu, and A. L.Goetsch. 2005. Effect of initial body condition of Boer x Spanish yearling wethers and level of nutrient intake on change in mass of internal organs and tissues. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):278. Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2005. Effects of insulin administered to a perfused area of skin on mohair growth in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):153. Puchala, R., I. Tovar-Luna, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2005. The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure in growing crossbred Boer and Spanish wethers. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 2):19.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Dairy goat performance with different dietary concentrate levels in late lactation. Small Ruminant Research 41:117–125.

Tovar-Luna, I., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, S. P. Hart, and Z. B. Johnson. 2005. Energy utilization by lactating Alpine goats: dietary concentrate level and stage of lactation. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 2):18.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Effects of different management practices on preweaning and early postweaning growth of Alpine kids. Small Ruminant Research 41:109–116.

Villaquiran, M., S. Hart, T. A. Gipson, G. Detweiler, R. M. Merkel, A. Patra, and T. Ngwa. 2005. Prediction of meat goat body weight from heartgirth, body condition score, and sex. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):152.

Zeng, S. S., K. Soryal, B. Fekadu, and M. Villaquiran. 2005. Predictive models for goat cheese yield using milk composition. Journal of Animal Science 83(Supplement 1):151.

Gipson, T. A., M. Villaquiran, J. Joseph, and A. L. Goetsch. 2003. Spatial-temporal relationships of grazing goats and sheep and their guardian dog monitored by global positioning system collars. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):326.

2004

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, R. C. Merkel, and S. Soto‑Navarro. 2003. Effects of diet quality and age of meat goat wethers on early subsequent growth while grazing wheat forage. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):326.

Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C. R. Krehbiel, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Effects of pasture inclusion of mimosa on growth by co-grazing goats and sheep. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):358. Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C. R. Krehbiel, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Effects of stocking rate on grazing behavior of sheep and goats co-grazing mixed pastures. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 2):32. Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, G. E. Aiken, R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, C. R. Krehbiel, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, L. J. Dawson, and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Effects of stocking rate on performance of sheep and goats co-grazing mixed pastures. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 2):32. Berhan, T., R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, G. Animut, R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Effects of walking speed and forage consumption on heart rate and energy expenditure by Alpine does. Oklahoma Research Day for Regional Universities. p 56. University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond. Berhan, T., R. Puchala, R. C. Merkel, T. A. Gipson, G. Animut, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2004. Effects of length of pasture access on energy use by growing meat goats. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):358. Goetsch, A. L., T. A. Gipson, G. Detweiler, R. C. Merkel, and T. Sahlu. 2004. Effects of the number of yearling Boer crossbred wethers per automated feeding system on feed intake, feeding behavior, and growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):356–357. Goetsch, A. L., T. A. Gipson, T. Sahlu, and R. C. Merkel. 2004. Nutrient requirements of goats: web-based calculator. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 2):30. Looper, M. L., R. C. Merkel, E. R. Loetz, A. L. Goetsch, L. J. Dawson, J. M. Burke, and R. Flores. 2004. Influence of progesterone on synchronization and pregnancy rate of Alpine does. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):357. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, I. V. Nsahlai, and T. Sahlu. 2004. Metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance and gain of growing goats. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 2):30. Tamir, B., R.C. Merkel, T.A. Gipson and A.L. Goetsch. 2004. Effect of breed and litter size on yield of milk, milk fat, and milk protein in Boer x Spanish and Spanish does. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):357.

Villaquiran, M., L. Nutty, T. A. Gipson, A. L. Goetsch, and H. D. Blackburn. 2004. Evaluation of predictions of body weight and feed intake by growing crossbred Boer goats with a goat simulation model. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):357. Zeng, S. S., K. A. Soryal, B. A. Fekadu, K. Tesfai, and B. Bah. 2004. Effects of goat breed and stage of lactation on yield, sensory quality, and fatty acid concentration of soft cheese. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):392

2003 Animut, G., A. L. Goetsch, R. C. Merkel, G. Detweiler, L. J. Dawson, R. Puchala, T. Sahlu, and R. E. Estell. 2003. Effects of method of exposure of crossbred Boer wether goats to Eastern red cedar foliage on cedar consumption. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):324–325.

Joemat, R., A. L. Goetsch, G. W. Horn, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, B.R. Min, J. Luo, and M. Smuts. 2003. Growth of yearling meat goat doelings with changing plane of nutrition. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 2):25–26. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, gain, and mohair fiber growth by Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):326. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Prediction of metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance, gain, and mohair fiber growth by Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 2):26. Min, B. R., D. Miller, S. P. Hart, G. Tomita, E. Loetz, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Direct effects of condensed tannins on gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 2):23–24. Puchala, R., B. R. Min, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2003. The effect of a condensed tannin-containing forage on methane emission by goats. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 2):18–19. Puchala, R., I. Tovar-Luna, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Effects of genotype, diet, and feed intake on the relationship between energy expenditure and heart rate in goats. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):327. Soryal, K. A., S. S. Zeng, K. Tesfai, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Fatty acid composition of Alpine goat milk and Domiati cheese with pasture feeding during a whole lactation. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 2):28. Tovar-Luna, I. A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 2003. Heat production by Alpine, Angora, Boer, and Spanish wether goats consuming different quality diets at a maintenance level of intake. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):327. Urge, M., R. C. Merkel, T. Sahlu, G. Animut, and A. L. Goetsch. 2003. Growth performance by Alpine, Angora, Boer, and Spanish wether goats consuming 50 or 75% concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):328. Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, S. Soto‑Navarro, R. C. Merkel, G. Detweiler, and T. Gipson. Effects of different quality diets consumed continuously or after a lower quality diet on characteristics of growth of young Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):325–326.

Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, I. V. Nsahlai, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, J. E. Moore, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2002. Maintenance energy needs of goats: predictions based on observations of heat and recovered energy. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 2):29–30. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2002. Prediction of energy requirements for maintenance and gain of growing goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):192–193. Mekasha, Y., R. C. Merkel, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and K. Tesfai. 2002. Effects of method of offering broiler litter and level of prairie hay intake on growth of Boer × Spanish wethers. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):294. Merkel., R. C., A. L. Goetsch, M. Moseley, R. Blackwell, and T. Curtis. 2002. Variation in browse nutrient content in western Oklahoma throughout the growing season. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):295. Min, B. R., K. A. Soryal, S. P. Hart, S. Zeng, R. Puchala, A. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2002. The effect of diet on milk production, lactation curve, composition, and processing characteristics in dairy goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):317. Nsahlai, I. V., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, Z. B. Johnson, J. E. Moore, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2002. Metabolizable energy requirements of lactating goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 2):30. Nsahlai, I. V., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, and T. Sahlu. 2002. Metabolizable protein requirements of lactating goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):293. Ponnampalam, E. N., R. Puchala, V. Banskalieva, L. J. Dawson, T. Sahlu, and A. L. Goetsch. 2002. Influence of dietary protein level on plasma insulin concentration, subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid content and composition in Boer cross and Spanish goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 2):13–14. Puchala, R., I. Tovar-Luna, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and J. Luo. 2002. A comparison of two heart rate monitoring systems for goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):294. Shenkoru, T., F. N. Owens, R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2002. Effects of ruminally protected betaine and choline on performance of lactating Alpine goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 2):24. Soto‑Navarro, S. A., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, and R. Puchala. 2002. Effect of supplemental protein source on performance of Spanish × Boer wethers. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 2):26. Soto‑Navarro, S. A., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, and L. J. Dawson. 2002. Effect of ruminally degraded nitrogen source and level in a high concentrate diet on site of digestion in Boer × Spanish wethers. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):293–294.

2001

Villaquiran, M., T. A. Gipson, and H. D. Blackburn. 2003. Validation of a goat simulation model using performance test information for young fast growing meat bucks. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 2):25.

Abebe, G., R. C. Merkel, G. Animut, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of urea treatment of straw and dietary broiler litter on feed intake and digestion in Spanish wethers. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):448.

Villaquiran, M., T. A. Gipson, J. Joseph, and A. L. Goetsch. 2003. Global positioning system for monitoring spatial relationships of grazing goats within and across pastures. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):326.

Blackburn, H., J. Dzakuma, and A. Goetsch. 2001. Goat growth in relation to feed intake. Journal of Animal Science. 79(Supplement 1): 170.

2002

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of preweaning concentrate supplementation on performance of meat goats. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2):449–450.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, J. Hayes, R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 2002. Effects of ad libitum consumption of concentrate and forage offered separately or mixed on growth of Alpine doelings. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 1):294.

Gipson, T. A., and G. R. Wiggans. 2001. Modeling extended lactation curves in dairy goats using grafted polynomials. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):450.

Goetsch, A. L., G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Effects of milk feeding regimes on performance of artificially reared Alpine kids. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2):30.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Tovar-Luna, I., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, and T. Sahlu. 2004. Effects of feed restriction on heat production by mature meat goats. Journal of Animal Science 82(Supplement 1):358.

Hart, S. P., W. Pomroy, and T. A. Gipson. 2003. Evaluation of goat eye mucous membrane scoring for determination of the need for anthelmintic treatment. Journal of Animal Science 81(Supplement 1):329.

Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, J. E. Moore, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu, C. L. Ferrell, M. L. Galyean, and F. N. Owens. 2002. Prediction of endogenous urinary nitrogen of goats. Journal of Animal Science 80(Supplement 2):29.

E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research

Publications

Min, B. R., S. Hart, and T. N. Barry. 2001. Condensed tannins and ruminant nutrition. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2):31. Min, B. R., S. P. Hart, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Sustainable dairy goat milk production from forages. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2):32–33. Min, B. R., R. Puchala, and S. P. Hart. 2001. Effects of diet on milk allantoin and its relationship with milk production in dairy goats. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):360. Negesse, T., R. C. Merkel, A. Tolera, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, T. A. Gipson, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Feed intake and growth by Spanish and Boer × Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):448. Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effects of insulin administered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):449.

Merkel, R. C. 2005. A meat goat quality assurance program. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 34–42. Langston University, Langston, OK. Merkel, R. C. 2005. Introduction to a meat goat quality assurance program and HACCP. Module of a Web-based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers. http://www2. luresext.edu/goats/training/mgqa.html. Langston University, Langston, OK Merkel, R. C. 2005. Organic meat goat production. Module of a Web-based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers. http://www2.luresext.edu/goats/training/organic. html. Langston University, Langston, OK

Hart, S. P. 2003. Forage based dairy goat management. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 75–80. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. P. 2003. Goat nutrition — minerals. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 81–87. Langston University, Langston, OK. Miller, D., and T. A. Gipson. 2003. Dewormer resistance. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 34–41. Langston University, Langston, OK.

2002 Dawson, L. J. 2002. Pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 41–44. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Merkel, R. C. 2005. Why have a quality assurance program for the goat industry. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1–8. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Dawson, L. J. 2002. Drug use guide: goats. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 45–50. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Villaquiran, M., T.A. Gipson, R.C. Merkel, A.L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2005. Body condition scores in goats. Extension pamphlet. 8 pp. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Hart, S. P., and B. R. Min. 2002. Forage based dairy goat management. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 36–40. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, S. Soto‑Navarro, R. C. Merkel, G. Detweiler, T. A. Gipson, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Feed intake, digestibility, and growth of Spanish kids consuming different quality diets. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):414.

Zeng, S. S. 2005. Quality assurance from milking to processing. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 84–93. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Gipson, T. A. 2002. Preliminary observations: inbreeding in dairy goats and its effects on milk production. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 51–56. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Wuliji, T., A. L. Goetsch, R. Puchala, S. Soto‑Navarro, R. Merkel, G. Detweiler, T. Sahlu, and A. Litherland. 2001. Carcass weight, dressing percentage, and lean tissue components of fall born Spanish kids fed forage or high concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2):11.

2004

Gipson, T. A. 2002. Pedigree analysis. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 57–60. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Puchala, R., S. G. Pierzynowski, T. Wuliji, A. L. Goetsch, and T. Sahlu. 2001. Effect of prolactin administered to a perfused area of skin in Angora goats. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 2):25.

Wuliji, T., A. Litherland, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, R. Puchala, T. A. Gipson, and L. J. Dawson. 2001. Extension of the cashmere growth period in Spanish goats with melatonin. Journal of Animal Science 79(Supplement 1):449.

Proceedings Papers, Extension Publications and Podcasts, Thesis, and Dissertation 2005 88

Langston University. 2005. Body condition scoring in goats. Podcast with audio and associated slideshow. http://www2. luresext.edu/goats/rss/podcasts.html. Langston University, Langston, OK

Dawson, L. J. 2005. Administration of injectable drugs and vaccines in goats. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 102–104. Langston University, Langston, OK. Dawson, L. J. 2005. A guide to drug usage in goats. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 94–101. Langston University, Langston, OK. Dawson, L. J. 2005. Basic goat husbandry. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 105–110. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. P. 2005. Interactive nutrient calculator. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 64–83. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. P. 2005. Introduction to goat nutrition. Module of a Web-based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers. http://www2.luresext.edu/goats/training/nutrition. html. Langston University, Langston, OK Hart, S. P. 2005. Quality assurance for goat nutrition. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 14–18. Langston University, Langston, OK. Langston University. 2005. General overview. (Do you want to be a goat producer?). Podcast of a Module of a Web-based Training and Certification Program for Meat Goat Producers written by L. Coffey, NCAT/ATTRA. http://www2.luresext. edu/goats/rss/podcasts.html. Langston University, Langston, OK

Animut, G. 2004. Evaluation of stocking rate effects with pastures that contain various forbs and grasses being co-grazed by goats and sheep and subsequent performance with an energy-rich diet. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. Dawson, L. J. 2004. Basic goat husbandry. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 22–26. Langston University, Langston, OK. Goetsch, A. L., and T. A. Gipson. 2004. Web-based goat nutrient requirement calculation system: usage notes and some examples. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1–11. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. P. 2004. Sustainable agriculture research and education project: goats for sustainable vegetation management. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1–11. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Joemat, R. 2002. Effects of supplementation schemes on performance of goats consuming low quality forage diets. M. S. Thesis. Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.

2001 Dawson, L. J. 2001. Caprine herd health program. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 16–23. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S. 2001. Types of fencing for goats. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 44–49. Langston University, Langston, OK. Hart, S., and A. L. Goetsch. 2001. Goat diet/feeding examples. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 64–85. Langston University, Langston, OK.

McKinney, T. 2004. DHI training. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 81–99. Langston University, Langston, OK.

McKinney, T. 2001. DHI overview and tester training. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 24–43. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Merkel, R. C. 2004. Tanning of goat hides. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 27–37. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Tomita, G. 2001. The mastitis problem. In: Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 1–5. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Villaquiran, M., and T. A. Gipson. 2004. Simulation goat production modeling. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 76–80. Langston University, Langston, OK. Zeng, S. S. 2004. Goat milk cheese manufacturing. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 44–53. Langston University, Langston, OK.

2003 Dawson, L. J. 2003. Basic goat husbandry. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 19–25. Langston University, Langston, OK. Miller, D., and T. A. Gipson. 2003. Dewormer resistance. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 34–41. Langston University, Langston, OK. Gipson, T. A., and R. C. Merkel. 2003. Goat production and quality assurance. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. pp 68–74. Langston University, Langston, OK.

Conference Proceedings and Special Issue Proceedings of the 20th Annual Goat Field Day. 2005. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Goat Field Day. 2004. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Goat Field Day. 2003. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Goat Field Day. 2002. Langston University, Langston, OK. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Goat Field Day. 2001. Langston University, Langston, OK. Nutrient Requirements of Goats. Special Issue of Small Ruminant Research. Volume 53, Issue 3, July 2004. Pages 189–378.