Issuu

AFRICAN

SCIENCE STARS CAREERS

in Space Science

Mathematical astronomy existed in Africa way before modern science institutions

Making Astronomy for Everyone, breaking down barriers

ISSUE 1

AVIATION DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA Aviation Development In Africa is a registered non profit organization which consists of young aviators. Our aim is to bring aviation awareness to the youth from under developed & rural areas to different aviation careers. We annually host one of our biggest events #EveryBarHasAStory where we give the learners a platform to learn more about aviation and interact with different professions in the aviation industry. Our mission is to spread aviation awareness and our secondary mission is to fund aspiring aviators in the near future. To Find out more about Aviation Development in Africa these are our social media platforms

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CONTENTS

FEATURES

1 1 1 1 1 2

Profile: Phila Sibandze

Space Science in Africa

The Africa Millimetre Telescope

team Science Stars

Editor • Unathi Kondile Graphic designer • Stacey Swartz

IAU 2024 Comes to Africa!

Early African Astronomy

LOFAR exposes most sensitive

images of universe

2 3 4

10 Years of the OAD

Astronomy in Colour

Contributing writers • Zakiyah Ebrahim • Lusanda Tamesi • Mukosi Fulufhelo Chairman • Madambi Rambuda Subscriptions • info@sciencestars.co.za

Tribute to Zambia’s late Science Star

Copyright 2021Science Stars Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission. Science Stars is published by Science Stars Pty Ltd

REGULARS

8 2

NEWS: Minister Nzimande visits

SKA Site

3 3 3

NEWS: AfAS goes virtual

CAREERS

Amateur Astronomical Associations

in Africa

COVER STORY

Fun! Astro-Quiz

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FOREWORD

"LETTER FROM

The OAD Director I grew up in a rural part of South Africa, in a community driven by tradition, culture and often strong superstition. We lived far away from city lights so the night sky was spectacular – filled with stars, just like in many small villages and sparsely populated parts of Africa. However, we almost never looked up at the beautiful night sky, because there was a belief that if you counted stars, you would get warts on your skin. Going to school, and learning science in particular, opened my eyes to the beauty of the natural world that was sometimes hidden from us. It made me realise that science is everywhere and that science and culture can actually coexist, as long as there was a sufficient balance of respect and appreciation for our family traditions on the one hand, and current knowledge about nature on the other. Many of us were fortunate to attend schools where the science teachers were knowledgeable and could open our eyes to the beauty of nature through the lens of science. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and sometimes, science is not well taught (often through no fault of the teacher, who themselves may have not been well taught). As a result, a learner may not be inspired by the subject at all. This is why a science magazine is such a valuable resource for the African continent. It brings not only the knowledge of science to young people, in an understandable way, but also serves to excite and inspire the mind with the beauty and many possibilities of science. These possibilities vary across the African continent of course. While some countries enjoy strong government support for science, others have to make do with minimal funding or opportunities. This could very likely be due to a limited public understanding of the value of science and technology for a country’s development. If the general public of a country better appreciated the value of science, and put pressure on

their governments to invest in it, then surely there would be more attention given to it. Even a subject like astronomy (which may at first seem to have little practical value to people facing challenges such as poverty, inequality and unemployment) has a huge potential to impact on the development of our continent. Just think of the skills and technology that are required when tackling some of the most difficult questions humanity has asked (such as “is there life out there?” or “where did the universe come from and where is it going?”). These skills can be applied to all types of challenges faced on planet earth. Studying astronomy is not just about learning cool science while exploring the universe. It is also about building your skills that will equip you to take up any job that entails data analysis and problem solving (which today, thanks to the rapid advancement of technology, are some of the highest paid jobs in the world). Science opens up not only your mind, but also your career possibilities. Think big, but stay humble – because you will need to understand your community and the challenges they face, once you are equipped with the problem-solving skills that science will bring you.

Kevin Govender

Director Of The IAU Office Of Astronomy For Development. www.astro4dev.org

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ED'S NOTES

LETTER FROM

THE EDITOR

One of the many challenges in producing an African edition was finding content beyond South African borders. If you do a google search of Astronomy in Africa or space science careers, you will be inundated with South African hits. From top universities to astronomers. Surely this cannot be. We dug deeper and invited writers from across the continent to share their activities with us. We are sad to learn that Zambia’s Science Star, Nchimunya “Nchimy” Mwiinga, has passed on. We pay tribute to him on page 47. To answer the questions we started with here you’ll be happy to find regular references to the history of Astronomy in Africa throughout this edition. The role of Africa in space observation goes back many years; Egypt, Namibia, Ghana, South Africa to name a few have been at it for years. Africa hosts quite a number of satellites and observation sites. Whilst Astronomy looks out of the earth, we also have remote sensing which has earth observation satellites looking into the earth. If you ever wondered why we send up satellites to space, now you will know. They are our mirrors in space. This edition, through the Space Science is Everywhere feature will give you a better understanding of satellites and how they are used in the world of work. By referring to Astronomy as Space Science we also want to open up this field a bit more. Once you understand what space sciences are, it becomes much easier to spot opportunities for yourself. And indeed, there are many opportunities out there; you are finding that as the future shifts towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) we must be wary that some jobs are going to disappear. Think about your data capturers, think about those whose work was to tag satellite images manually, think about people who want to predict trends using satellites…

Unathi Kondile Editor, Science Stars unathik@gmail.com

“In the past, did Africans ever look up to the sky and wonder what lies beyond and what it means? Or has our history always been around the astrological meaning of galaxies beyond earth?” asks one of our writers in this edition. Before answering these questions, we would first like to thank you for taking the time to read our special African edition of Science Stars. 6

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There are now Apps that do all of this in one step. There are even applications that transcribe audio to words. The future of Astronomy heavily relies on computer programming and applications. Make that computer your best friend and get programming as soon as possible. In this edition we also take you through ways in which space sciences can be applied to agriculture, in government departments, and municipalities to solve common problems. Scientists are doing great work out there! We are also very excited about the upcoming International Astronomical Union’s General Assembly that will be held in Africa for the very first time in its 105-year history. Enjoy and keep this edition for future reference!

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COVER FEATURE

SPACE SCIENCE IS EVERYWHERE RURAL AFRICAN UNIVERSITY MAKES SPACE SCIENCE ACCESSIBLE VIA GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND REMOTE SENSING By: Unathi Kondile

Athule Sali

ambia's first president, Kenneth Kaunda, spent years at the University of Fort Hare’s lecture halls. Botswana's first president, Seretse Khama, studied there too. Zimbabwe's

late president, Robert Mugabe, also graced its corridors. Tanzania's President Julius Nyerere can be counted amongst this university's alumni. South Africa's first democratically elected president, Nelson Mandela, too. Many a notable African leader, will most likely have the University of Fort Hare listed somewhere on their CV. It is a rural university nestled in the forests of a small village called Alice, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. To date it caters for a majority previously disadvantaged black student body. Many of these learners travel from various rural areas to pursue their studies in law, accounting, agriculture, music, languages and other vocations to name a few. One would not immediately associate astronomy or space science with such a traditional rural-based university but it is actually there. It was roughly 25 years ago when the surveying department at this university was converted into the Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing department. It offers as Bachelor of Science, Honours and a Masters programme for students interested in space sciences. When Athule Sali (25) matriculated from Solomon Mahlangu High School in Tinarha, a small township community near Port Elizabeth, she applied for a general BSc at the University of Fort 8

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Hare. It was in her second year that she was exposed to GIS and Remote Sensing. Prior to that she had only ever heard of it via her Geography classes in high school, but at university it seemed much more interesting and appealing. “I wanted to do Computer Science in my second year and was advised that adding GIS and Remote Sensing would be a good combination,” says Athule. “And indeed it was, I enjoyed it. It was quite straight-forward and easy to learn if you are a person who enjoys practical classes,” she adds. That was six years ago. Today Athule is registered for her Masters in Applied Remote Sensing and GIS. She is doing a study on the development of an App that can detect forest fires in advance. The title: Towards an Automated Decision Support Model for Rapid Wildfire Response, base on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Reinforcement Learning. Quite a mouthful, but in essence she is using space science to predict wildfires. And that is at the core of Remote Sensing; using satellite images and data to make real world decisions. So, if we were to break it down further we would say: - Satellites, out in space, take pictures of the earth every day. When you take those images every day you then have what we call data. - Data: Is a collection of facts and figures. - Remote Sensing: Is extracting data from

COVER FEATURE

- - - -

satellite images and using it for various companies. Geo-reference: Giving data spatial components; give it an x and y so it has co-ordinates. Geo-tag: Incorporating co-ordinates onto an image. These days however, satellite images come embedded with geo-references. Once images are retrieved from the satellite they might have to undergo “atmospheric correction” which is removing all atmospheric noise; clouds, dusts, pollen, water vapour that interferes during the satellite picture-taking process.

In a nutshell, that is what a student like Athule would be doing; gathering satellite images of forests, images taken from space, and processing the data they come with (geo-references). She will be able to then work with layers of the image; see how many trees there are, see nearest roads, see nearest rivers, and so forth. The trick comes in being able to use that data to make predictions. So, a large part of Remote Sensing and GIS requires computer science. “The reason why computer science is compulsory is because GIS is a computer-based discipline,” explains senior lecturer Phila Sibandze. Sibandze says the university understands that most students have never interacted with a computer and so they must be trained in the first year. “In the first year we teach you how to actually use a computer, we start you with the soft parts and then the hard parts of the computer, so that by the time you start GIS you are able to run it on computers,” he adds. Standard university entrance requirements are all that is needed to get into this stream. Job opportunities? The opportunities are literally endless when it comes to Space Sciences like GIS and Remote sensing, every single working department can do with a GIS Officer. 70% of government departments should technically have a GIS Officer in each section, municipalities also need such a skilled person, space agencies like SANSA employ a number of GIS and Remote Sensing graduates, agricultural research companies need GIS Officers to actually predict a number of variables when it comes to crops and livestock. As a trained GIS Officer you are using your space science knowledge to model how things work or how they should work. If the department of Human Settlements wants to build new houses in a particular section but would like to see how informal settlements are spreading, they are most likely to use the services of a GIS Officer; someone who will come in and use satellite data to write up a report that shows how informal settlements have

spread over a fixed period of time. Fort Hare’s Sibandze reckons that now is a good time to start a company in GIS, “companies need those applications that can provide quality information at their fingertips. You can create Applications that will assist people. You have the power to develop solutions or ways of predicting things like flooding or any disaster.” Satellites out in space Satellites are really like our own eyes in the sky. Except that the satellite is much, much stronger than the human eye. The power of a satellite is that it can take big images of about 60 x 60km squared in one shot. The power of a satellite image is that it has an aerial view of your field. A satellite image can take a picture of all your crops; and it will also include indicators known as indices that show water content of the crops, the nutrient deficiency of the crops, chlorophyl content of the crops and so forth. All from one satellite image. The power of satellite images is that satellites can see beyond human vision. In the electromagnetic spectrum we have microwaves, ultraviolet, thermal, infrared and then the visible wavelength which is a small portion of what is there to be seen by the eye. As mentioned earlier, once you have studied GIS and Remote Sensing you might get the opportunity to work with the South African Space Agency (SANSA). Now one of SANSA’s mandates is to provide satellite data to private and government entities. Various space agencies provide data sets of images online. Some of these satellite images are now even available for free, via open-source software. Google a number of space agencies and view what they have available. In some cases, companies will have to buy satellite images or data. In your specific country you might qualify for a discount from your local space agency. Like SANSA gives South Africans special image rates.

Fun Fact: The human eye works on reflecting light. There are three basic colours it works with: Red, blue and green. When these colours meet at different proportions they reflect a certain colour. For example: 50% red, 50% blue and 50% green will give you gray. Black reflects no light. White reflects 100% of that light. Remote sensing works on how a substance reflects and absorbs light.

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COVER FEATURE

ROLE MODEL: PHILA SIBANDZE P

hila Sibandze was raised in Swaziland (eSwatini) and today is a senior lecturer at the Department of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing at the

University of Fort Hare. He holds an MSc in Environmental Science, BSc Honours in Geo-Informatics and a BSc in GIS and

He then continued with his Honours in GIS and Remote Sensing. And graduated in 2005. Soon thereafter he started working for the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). Before that he had already had some work experience from his student days.

Remote Sensing from the University of Fort Here.

“When most kids were going home during the holidays, I started sending out my applications to companies to work during holidays.” In his student days he was employed by an earthsciences consulting company called Umvoto. This gave him technical experience in scanning and data collection. Having grown up in Swaziland he then moved to Johannesburg At ARC he worked as junior to finish off his high school at focussing on Education Alive college in 2000. “When most kids were going home researcher, agriculture. That is where he The dream was to become during the holidays, I started honed-in on the skill of using a doctor. He submitted an satellites in an agricultural sending out my applications to application at Wits University for They assisted different Medicine, and it was accepted. companies to work during holidays.” setting. farmers with ways in which Sadly, due to lack of funding they could monitor their crop and living far from the city of performance. “When I left ARC, I then worked for the South Johannesburg he was only able to get to Wits two weeks after African Space Agency, SANSA, for five years,” he adds. registration. Medical schools have very strict numbers and his Like most of us from rural and township settings he struggled a bit to finally find himself a place in a university.

place had already been taken by then.

He then went back home, convinced he was not getting a place to study that year but a family friend advised him to submit an application to the University of Fort Hare. Although the university didn’t have medicine he could register for a BSc and do the pre-medicine stream and thereafter go to the Nelson Mandela University to do medicine full-time. Whilst doing his BSc at Fort Hare he also majored in Computer Science. It was in his second year that he was given a choice to study GIS and Remote Sensing. He then majored in it, combined it with Computer Science. “Some of the courses were overwhelming. I never found the change from high school to university easy! I did manage to pass a lot of those subjects!” says Sibandze, who admits to deregistering from university Mathematics and then falling in love with earth-related sciences. 10

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At SANSA he soon realised that a lot of the job functions such as geo-tagging and referencing images were becoming automated. Satellites could now do all of that and simply send images with all that data. That is when he realised the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution where things like machine learning and artificial intelligence were starting to shape up in the workplace. In 2018 he decided to go back to the University of Fort Hare where he could help young people to capacitate themselves with the necessary skills of the future when it comes to space sciences like Remote Sensing. His single tip to anyone interested in a career in astronomy or remote sensing is: “Do include computer programming in your studies. That is the future. Include Python or Java programming languages. You will need it!”

SCIENCE

SPACE SCIENCE IN AFRICA By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

n the past, did Africans ever look up to the sky and wonder what lies beyond and what it means? Or has our history always been around the astrological meaning of galaxies

beyond earth? Our history shows that we, as Africans, have been gazing at the stars since time immemorial. That is why some African countries have African names for the planets and stars above. We were even able to add meanings to these stars activities, gauge the weather even, yet it is amazing that our astronomical interaction is recorded as being quite recent. It cannot possibly be. With the rise of African scientists, contributing towards the development and understanding of space sciences, we have also been able to dig deeper into our history as Africans. African Astronomers rooted in ancient history North West University’s Professor Thebe Medupe, who also stars in the myth-busting Cosmic Africa film, says that Africa’s astronomers have an ancient history which stretches far back. Medupe believes that mathematical astronomy existed in Africa centuries before modern scientific institutions were even started. For centuries Africans have measured time, seasons, cycles and direction through the stars. This in itself means we were astronomers before our time. According to Space in Africa, the African continent has had note-worthy developments in science and astronomy but has received little attention compared to other parts of the world. An example being the 7 000-year-old stone circle known as “Nabta Playa” which is located approximately 100 kilometers west of Abu Simbel in Southern Egypt, it is possibly Earth’s oldest astronomical site. Space in Africa also explains that until recently South Africa, Namibia, Morocco, Egypt, and Algeria, were the only astronomy references in Africa - with their optical observatories. However, as of 2019, a total of 12 optical observatories in Africa have launched 41 satellites, with 38 of them started by 11 of these countries, while the other three programmes involved several African countries in a multilateral project. To add to this, African countries are currently participating in a variety of notable space technology initiatives: “Africa is

regarded as both a collector and a user of data for and from the Earth observation satellites, with South Africa, Egypt, Algeria and Nigeria being the leading African countries involved in Earth observation,” says the South African Journal of Science. Let’s have a look at the African countries that have made space science progress: South Africa (After 1994) South Africa’s history with space science has been mistakenly traced back to the 1950s, when we were still toying around with rocket launch activities. Yet, it extends to far beyond that. From as early as 1841 the University of Cape Town was running its own Magnetic Observatory. This observatory was later moved to Hermanus in 1940. In 1980 we also had the French National Space Agency operating just outside Pretoria. With the end of apartheid and the arrival of democracy in 1994, things changed. There were more opportunities in the country’s participation in space science initiatives. This included the launch of South Africa's first Earth observation satellite, called SunSat 1, by a group of postgraduate students at Stellenbosch University in 1999. In December 2010 when South Africa also launched its own National Space Agency (SANSA). The Space Weather Centre also followed in 2011; providing weather updates and warnings. Egypt (Early 1990s) Egypt has participated in space science since the early 1900s. Through its Helwan Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, the country shared the discovery of planet Pluto (now classified as a “dwarf” planet) in the 1930s. Moreover, they participated in atmospheric aerosol studies in the 1980s and launched their first Earth observation satellite EgyptSat-1 - in 2007 (a working collaboration with Ukraine). However, EgyptSat-1 is actually not the country's first satellite, as two other communication satellites – the Nilesat-101 (launched in 1998) and Nilesat-102 (launched in 2000) – became the foundation of Egypt's space science development.

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SCIENCE

Oukaimeden Observatory

Aurés

Egyptian Large Optical Telescope

Bouzaréah Observatory

Kottamia Observatory

Tamanrasset

Entoto Observatory

1m Marly Ghana Radio Nigeria Radio Astronomy Observatory Telescope

EAARN AVN Longonot

AVN Mwenbeshi

International projects e.g: LSST, SKA

AVN Botswana AVN

HESS IDIA MeerKAT

AVN AVN

HartRAO

MRT

SALT/ MeerLICHT

Existing Forthcoming

Burkina Faso (2017) Algeria (2002) Algeria’s first satellite, called Alsat-1, was launched in 2002, and was done through their space agency, Agence Spatiale Algérienne (ASAL). ASAL started a 15-year national space programme (2006 to 2020) with the goal of strengthening its space infrastructure and increasing the capabilities of its space system. Nigeria (1999) Nigeria established its National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) back in April 1999. Through NASRDA, Nigeria entered space science and subsequently launched its first Earth observation satellite, called NigerianSat-1, in 2003. The success of NigerianSat-1 has led to further space programme development, including the fabrication of the Nigerian communication satellite, NigComSat-1 (launched in 2007), and the second Earth observation satellite NigerianSat-2 (launched in 2011). Ethiopia (2013) The Entoto Observatory in Ethiopia has been operating as an independent research centre since 2013. 12

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In 2017, the 1-metre Marly telescope was installed in Burkina Faso as a research telescope as part of the University of Ouagadougou. Namibia Namibia plays home to the world-renowned HESS telescope… The list is endless. There are further space science developments in places like Botswana, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Zambia to name a few. The continent is developing the very exciting African Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network (AVN), and several countries are rapidly developing their astronomy programmes and instruments. You can search for the exact details of each country’s activity in Africa freely from the Scientific Electronic Library (scielo.org.za). Browse through the website when you have time. We are making some serious space science inroads as Africans! As can be noted from the above article, Africa’s history with space science is very recent although quite a number of discoveries have been made in Africa, it is almost always certain that the research and studies will happen abroad. It is therefore important for us as Africans to pause and think carefully about what it is that we can learn from developed countries. Those from developed countries must be willing to share their resources and finances to ensure that African countries can independently produce more satellites and research in this field.

NAMIBIA

THE AFRICA MILLIMETRE TELESCOPE

THE MISSING LINK IN OBSERVING THE GALAXY'S CENTRAL BLACK HOLE By: Mukosi Fulufhelo There is a whole lot we do not know or understand about the vast expanse of the cosmos. Take black holes for example. They are amongst the most mysterious celestial bodies out there. Not even light can escape their gravity which means they are hard to study directly. On the other hand, it is important to study black holes because they can help us understand the evolution and formation of galaxies. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) made the first-ever image of the black hole in the galaxy M87 that was published in April 2019. The primary targets of the project are two supermassive black holes with the largest apparent event horizons (see note), that is, SgrA* (Sagittarius A*) at the centre of the Milky Way and M87 (Messier 87) in the centre of the Virgo A Galaxy. The EHT is an array of telescopes spread around the world. These telescopes use Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to combine data from telescopes massive distances apart.

Note: The surface of a black hole is called the event horizon. It defines the boundary where the velocity needed to escape the black hole exceeds the speed of light. Put simply, this is the point beyond which nothing can return. The Africa Millimetre Telescope (AMT) will be filling in the gap of the Event Horizon Array by being the only telescope in Africa joining this Array and adding to the number of eyes peering into deep space from the Southern Hemisphere. The AMT is expected to enhance EHTs work, helping it make clear-resolution-pictures of the black holes subject to its mission. However, that is merely a scratch on the surface when it comes to the overall mission of the AMT. The AMT will also contribute to the Astronomical endeavours of the host country when it's not doing EHTs work. We'll unpack this as we move along.

The image below shows the current EHT array and there is an obvious gap of a contributing telescope in Africa. That's where the Africa Millimetre Telescope (AMT) comes in.

Picture: Enhancement of EHTs work with AMT as part of its array Eli Kasai, an optical astronomer at the University of Namibia (UNAM), and other parties came up with the idea to bring AMT to Namibia. He says that the telescope could provide "the missing link in studying black holes."

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NAMIBIA

This collaboration was made between Radboud University (RU) and UNAM and all information about the entire process and stages can be found on the Radboud University website. The location of the AMT is atop a table mountain, Gamsberg, at the fringes of Windhoek, Namibia. The mountain stands at a height of 2347m above sea level and has a 3km long plateau making it perfect for erecting the telescope with ample space for other activities as well. The conditions at Gamsberg are prime for observation at millimetre wavelengths. The mountain offers a clear and dry sky as well as a unique view into the onset of the famous Namib desert during the day, and an exceptionally clear view of the sky at night.

The SEST dish in Chile to be refurbished into the AMT. Joining the EHT is not the sole purpose of the AMT, in fact, most of its time will be spent on local research work. Only 15-20% of AMTs time will be dedicated to its work as part of the EHT array. UNAM will lead the use of the telescope for the remainder of the time to do single-dish science and possibly, to join the Africa Very-Long-baseline-interferometry Network (AVN). Apart from academic benefits, AMT will benefit the Namibian community at large. This big project brings along multiple developments in infrastructure. AMT site, mount Gamsberg, Namibia "At the moment when the existing telescopes in the network are not facing the black hole they have to wait until the Earth rotates again," said Kasai regarding the current EHT array. This is why AMT is important. It'll provide that missing data and help make better images of black holes. The area is also inaccessible to the public as it is a property of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, a major German science organization. A millimetre wave telescope detects radio waves from objects in space whose wavelength is within the one-millimetre range. Millimetre waves that use the VLBI technique are currently the only wavelength that can be used to image black holes such as Sgr A* and M87 with event horizons subtending tiny angles. For example, this angle is about 10 μas (microarcseconds) for Sgr A*. AMT will be the first of its kind in Africa. This points to an impending increase in quality astronomy research from Namibia and an exciting perspective of the southern sky at millimetre wavelengths. The telescope is a refurbishment of the submillimetre SEST telescope from Chile. This process is already underway.

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For example, the mountain Gamsberg has a very precarious steep terrain leading to the top, it must be made accessible. Inevitably, the economy also gets a kick from little projects that make up the ultimate project, creating jobs and equipping schools and educators. More about the telescope and community outreach around it can be found on the RU website. This project may be the key to enhancing our understanding of black holes, but it is also an African perspective at millimetre wavelengths.

Some mind-blowing stats: •

The overall estimated budget for the entire AMT project is about €23 M - Only 26% of this has been raised

•

AMT is expected to be in operation by 2024

•

Sagittarius A* is relatively a lightweight supermassive black hole with a mass of 4.63 million suns, Messier 87 is much heavier with about 6.5 billion solar mass.

•

A microarcsecond is a millionth of an arcsecond (10-6)

EVENTS

IT’S TIME FOR AFRICA: THE INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION 2024 GENERAL ASSEMBLY By: Mukosi Fulufhelo In this very same edition of Science Stars you will find a feature on the history of Space Science in Africa. In it we conclude by hoping for more funding and African-based space science research. So, when we hear that the 2024 International Astronomical Union (IAU) General assembly will be held in Africa, Cape Town to be precise, we are very excited! It was in 2018 when Africa bid to host the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It was later announced that the 2024 IAU General Assembly will be held in Cape Town, South Africa, from the 5th to the 16th of August 2024. This will be the first time in IAU's 105 year history that the General Assembly will be hosted on African soil. This is a historical feat for Africa!

country in preparation for the World Cup. New infrastructure is built, new businesses spring up, the country gains an influx of foreign exchange, jobs are created, and it's a ripple effect of developments that will stay with the host country way past the World Cup. We expect a similar effect from the General Assembly coming to Africa. With about 2000 - 3000 Astronomers from around the world in attendance, this is a big opportunity for Africa to lead in a field as esoteric and technical as Astronomy. With a global audience, Africa can bring attention to science education, develop science programs and interest around the field, attract funding for various projects and develop communities by introducing new projects that'll create jobs and put the particular communities on the map as with the AMT project of Namibia.

The IAU is an organization that promotes and safeguard the science of astronomy in all its aspects, including research, communication, education and development, through How can you contribute to the success of the Cape Town international cooperation. General Assemblies are the biggest General Assembly meeting? international meetings held by the astronomy community Going back to the Soccer World Cup “The South African and policymakers in the field. analogy, its success depends on the astronomical community, acting on efforts of the citizens. From things The meetings are held every behalf of astronomy stakeholders three years and they offer as simple as how they conduct six IAU Symposia, around 15 themselves, their courtesy and across the African continent, … Focus Meetings, and individual hospitality, to volunteering their invites the International business and scientific meetings time, knowledge, expertise and Astronomical Union to Africa…” of Divisions, Commissions, and sometimes money to the cause. Working Groups and Offices. - Opening sentence of the 2018 bid book It's a community effort and it contributes to a successful event. Why is this an important event for Africa? There are multiple ways for you to make your contribution to the The General Assembly is an occasion to give voice to Africa in 2024 General Assembly gathering. the global astronomical endeavour and will bring attention to the excellent science and education conducted on the continent. You can become an ambassador of the meeting if you are It will contribute to an enduring legacy of astronomy on the an Astronomer; help with communications, outreach and continent. fundraising, contribute your visions and ideas on www. astronomy2024capetown.org - bring in your marketing and social However, the benefits of hosting the IAU General Assembly go far media experience, create inspiring and creative content. beyond benefiting only the astronomy community. At this year’s African Astronomical Society (AfAS) conference You can also email thoughts, comments, input or suggestions to Dr Shazrene Mohamed made an analogy of a country hosting IAUGA2024@afasociety.org. a Soccer World Cup. Many developments happen in the host African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

www.sutherlandplanetarium.co.za

SPACE AND ASTRONOMY

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BOOK NOW AND EXPLORE Sutherland Planetarium is located in the centre of Sutherland en route to the Southern African Large Telescope. It is the latest and only privately owned Digital Planetarium in South Africa. The 30-seater Planetarium is open 7 days a week showcasing a wide range (54) of 3-D Fulldome films to ensure educational entertainment for the whole family.

GET IN TOUCH HOURS Monday - Saturday: Hourly shows (09:00-18:00) Sunday: 09:00-11:00 (Only long weekend and seasonal) SHOW FEES Daily: R80 per adult / R50 per child (under 12 years ) CONTACT US Phone/ WhatsApp: +27 78 603 0058 Email: info@sutherlandplanetarium.co.za

Walk among the stars and learn more about Sutherland’s incredibly clear night skies! Corner of Piet Retief Street and Sarel Cilliers Street Sutherland, 6920 Northern Cape South Africa

TRENDING EARLY ASTRONOMY TOPIC

EARLY AFRICAN ASTRONOMY By: Niruj Mohan Ramanujam Professional as well as public astronomy in Africa has been growing actively in the last few years with new observatories, amateur astronomy groups and outreach programs in various countries. One of the barriers to further growth, especially for astronomy in the public domain, is the disparity in access to amateur telescopes, information, and the internet. While we work towards ameliorating these issues, it is worthwhile to also focus on activities that do not rely on them. Astronomy and science communication groups have been promoting hands-on astronomy projects in many countries, and these are particularly suitable for school students.

is itself a nice experiment), we can use its shadow due to the Sun in many interesting ways. For example, we can find the four directions pretty accurately. We can also calculate the elevation and azimuth of the Sun as it moves from east to west. This simple stick then becomes a sundial, which will tell time during the day. But this sundial-time will change through the months, and if we want a sundial which is good for the whole year, we need to align it with the rotation axis of the Earth. How do we do that? These are experiments that need basic geometry, and some that use trigonometry, and hence adaptable for various ages.

They have the advantage of being low-cost and the materials needed are usually easy to find. Instead of seeing these as a poor substitute for technically advanced activities, one should appreciate them for what they represent. Not only are these accessible to everyone they also expose students to the way astronomy knowledge was developed by our ancestors centuries ago. Most school textbooks talk about what we know, but not how we came to know them. Many cultures across the world learnt how to predict the motion of the Sun and the Moon, and even calculate future eclipses. The main drivers for these ancient astronomers were agriculture and religion. Surely, what they could do centuries ago, we should be able to replicate in our schools today. In school, we might learn why we need a leap year, how the seasons are caused by the tilt of Earth's rotation axis, the periodicities of the Moon's orbit, the size of the Earth, and maybe even advanced concepts like precession of the Earth and the apparent motion of planets. Though these are not too difficult to comprehend, what we do not teach is how we got to know these facts. Many older civilisations came to similar conclusions, sometimes independently, and sometimes through interactions. How did they do so without telescopes or complicated equipment to measure positions? Understanding this not only gives the students a sense of history of science, but also the confidence that they too can arrive at scientific conclusions themselves, especially in such a seemingly complex field like astronomy. The simplest astronomy instrument is of course just a vertical stick in the ground, and its fancy name is a 'gnomon'. The gnomon is far more versatile than many would think, and we can deduce much from it. As long as it is vertical (and ensuring verticality

A vertical stick, or a gnomon, and its shadow due to the Sun (credits: R. Nandivada)

The sundial at the South African Astronomical Observatory in Cape Town (credits: T. Mantungwa)

If we study the sun's position over many weeks, we can see that its rise and set locations varies . This fact usually takes students by surprise. Can we measure the speed at which this happens, and explain why this speed is not constant over the year? These are experiments that are well suited for group projects. They will also realise that the Sun does not pass overhead every noon. With the gnomon, they can measure the length of the shadow as it varies with time. How do these phenomena relate to the seasons? Locations between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn will experience two days in a year when the Sun

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EARLY ASTRONOMY

does pass exactly overhead. On these days, the vertical gnomon will cast no shadow. This 'Zero Shadow Day' is becoming popular as a pedagogic tool in many countries in Asia and South America and can be popularised in Africa as well.

constellations are visible. Slightly older students can not only use the shadow of the gnomon to measure the size of Earth, but also study the variation of the length of the shadow across Africa on a given day. This directly relates to both the seasons and Earth's rotation and is a wonderful pan-African collaboration waiting to happen. So is the study of the steady progression of the 'zero shadow day' across Africa along the latitudes. The Outreach Committee of the African Astronomical Society is planning to initiate such campaigns soon.

The shadow of an object falling exactly below it on 'zero shadow day' (an event in western India).

Measurements like these are what the people of Africa must have performed for predicting seasons and the weather, for religious rituals, and for navigation across vast distances. Be it the nomadic Tuareg people as they crossed the great desert, the sea faring east African coastal communities as they sailed across the Indian Ocean, the authors of scholarly astronomy manuscripts in Timbuktu, or the southern African cultures whose quotidian lives were marked by the rising and setting of bright stars in the night sky, the ability to predict astronomical events has always been important to all cultures. We should teach our children about how this was done. Another versatile instrument is the well-known pinhole camera, whose history is a part of the development of optics as well as art. If we assume the distance between the Sun and the Earth, students can even calculate the Sun's diameter using simple geometry with a pinhole camera! These are just some of the examples of what can be done, and many of us have been engaging teachers and students in our countries with other hands-on experiments using the Sun and the Moon.

Measure the shadow length, measure the Earth! (credits: coopertoons.com)

A very famous example of using vertical instruments and the motion of the Sun is the Stonehenge in the U.K. A much older structure, the Nabta Playa in southern Egypt, served a similar purpose. Stones aligned along specific directions (eg rise or set position during solstices) are seen in many ancient sites as well.

We have been discussing activities that one can do from our own location. Africa is much larger than many people think, and its spread is around 75 degrees in longitude and 72 degrees in latitude. The latitude range is from 37 N to 35 S. Can we somehow use this large size to extend the scope of our school experiments? 'Astronomy brings people together' is an often repeated adage. But there are certain experiments that can be done only if we bring people together. The most famous of these is of course the Eratosthenes experiment to measure the diameter of the Earth. This was done centuries ago in Egypt with just the gnomon in two different places, and has been replicated many times since, using multiple locations, including in some African countries. We can now do this on a large scale with students in different countries working together, and communicating via free services on their cellphones. Younger students can talk to each other and figure out that the sunrise or sunset times vary quite a bit across Africa. They can also figure out how the orientation of the Moon depends on their latitude, and which northern and southern

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Nabta Playa "calendar circle" (circa 7500 B.C.), reconstructed at Aswan Nubia museum, Egypt

There is even a website (https://sztanko.github.io/solsticestreets) that marks the streets that align towards the solstice rise and set directions for a number of cities in the world, including in Africa. This is another example of an activity that can be adapted for school students groups working across many countries.

EARLY ASTRONOMY Left: Sunrise along a street in Manhattan, USA (credit: Sevitibidou) Right: Streets that point to sunrise during Winter Solstice in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania

The biggest astronomy project in Africa is the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), (co-located in Africa and Australia). The African component is primarily in South Africa, with some antennas to be installed in neighbouring countries. To prepare for the full SKA and to promote radio astronomy across Africa, the African VLBI Network (AVN) was conceptualised. Currently, the AVN has antenna stations in South Africa and Ghana, with 7 more countries to have an antenna in the future. Both the SKA and the AVN work on the principle of radio interferometry, which uses antennas spread far apart to synthesize an extremely sharp image of the radio sky. Just as a good radio image can be made only when antennas in different places work together in concert, the experiments we have described here can work only when students in different countries come together with their measurements. These hands-on activities are indeed in this spirit of the SKA and AVN as well.

How do we go about the task of promoting astronomy experiments in schools across Africa, and help them work together? Such efforts have been ongoing within countries for many years now, and we need to come together on a common platform. We can use the IAU networks, viz. the OAO National Outreach Coordinators, the Regional OADs, and the recent NAECs of the OAE as well as regional organisations like the East African Astronomy Society and others. The networks of school teachers in many countries can be the main implementers of this project. To bring all of this together, a number of resource material are needed, viz handbooks, tutorials, explanatory videos etc, and in many African languages. The potential reach and scale of these endeavours can be expanded only if we are truly collaborative and inclusive. The various IAU office coordinators, amateur astronomy groups, science networks, and the Outreach Committee of the African Astronomical Society can indeed implement a sustained program for many years to come. The General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union will be hosted in Cape Town in 2024, and is being organised as a pan-African effort. Building up capacity in every country in the continent by then is a milestone that can certainly be achieved. We often say that astronomy brings people together – let us make that a reality.

Niruj Mohan Ramanujam Chair, Outreach Committee, African Astronomical Society Contact: niruj@africanastronomicalsociety.org and twitter.com/nirujmohan The nine countries that will be a part of the African VLBI Network.

The author thanks Sarah Abotsi-Masters and Carolina Odman for helpful comments

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EVENTS NEWS

MINISTER NZIMANDE ON THE SKA SITE THE MINISTER OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE, AND INNOVATION IN SOUTH AFRICA, DR BLADE NZIMANDE, AND HIS DEPUTY MR BUTI MANAMELA VISITED THE SITE OF THE SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY (SKA) IN THE KAROO, NORTHERN CAPE. THIS WAS THE MINISTER’S FIRST VISIT SINCE BEING APPOINTED MINISTER IN 2019. By: Lusanda Tamesi

technical reasons. Furthermore, whilst the Karoo will host the core of the high and mid-frequency dishes extending over the African continent, Australia’s Murchison Shire will host the lowfrequency antennas. This big venture allows training the country's young scientists in data analytics and related skills, said Minister Nzimande. The Minister added that Covid-19 has shown us that “we are a country of science”, and that the challenge now is "to educate people about the impact of science and excite our young people, as South Africa is a country of many opportunities". In years bygone many dignitaries have visited the SKA; these include ambassadors from Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, China and Germany with the Premier of the Northern Cape, Dr Zamani Saul and others. Dr Saul appreciated the investment made in the province and also encouraged the youth to take up Astronomy-related careers. "What we need to do as the project goes ahead is to optimise those benefits to the hosting communities. This is a landmark project and a massive investment in the Northern Cape, which also contributes to job creation in the tourism sector," adds Dr. Saul. "Had it not been for the SKA, I would not be where I am today," said Priscilla Appies who is an instrument fitter at the SKA site, as she enlightened the youth on how astronomy and sciencerelated careers are the future.

Interesting Facts ·In 2013 all seven of the KAT-7 dishes were successfully fitted with “cold” radio receivers, which marks the successful completion of the telescope antennas. ·The first astronomical image taken with the cold receivers was of the galaxy Centaurus A, whose intense radio emission is powered by a massive black hole in the centre of the galaxy. At the SKA site, Karoo, Northern Cape SKA is a global project to build the world’s largest radio telescope, co-located in South Africa and Australia. It’s powerful enough to detect radio waves from objects millions or even billions of light-years away from Earth. The SKA focuses on addressing questions that can only be answered using a radio telescope where scientists will use it to help us understand how the Universe evolved, how stars and galaxies form and change, and what “dark matter” really is. Dr Nzimande was excited as he got an overview of how much work has gone into the MeerKat since South Africa won the bid to co-host the global SKA project in 2012 – funded by the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and operated by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO). South Africa's Karoo region and Western Australia's Murchison Shire were chosen as SKA co-hosting locations for scientific and 20

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·The January 2021 discovery by the MeerKAT telescope: two giant radio galaxies that were discovered are among the largest single objects in the universe – further demonstrating the technological advancement of the MeerKAT. ·The project has a huge potential for local economic development and human capital development in the Northern Cape. ·This project has made Africa & the African astronomy hub to develop into the continent and attract researchers from around the world. Today South African astronomy remains at the forefront of many initiatives and discoveries.

TIME LINE

SKA TIMELINE: 1991 SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY CONCEPTUALIZED

2006 SHORTLISTING OF POTENTIAL SITES 2008-12 DESIGN OF TELESCOPE SYSTEM AND COSTS

2011 SKA ORGANIZATION INCORPORATED

2013-15 DESIGN AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION

2012 SELECTION OF THE SITE 2016-19 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 1 2018-23 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 2

EARLIEST START OF MAJOR CONTRACTS (C0) LOW AUG 2021/MID AUG 2021

2024 FULL SCIENCE OPERATIONS PHASE 2

2020 FULL SCIENCE OPERATIONS PHASE 1

ARRAY ASSEMBLY 0.5 FINISH (AA0.5) LOW FEB 2024/MID MAR 2024 SKA-LOW = 6+STATION ARRAY/SKA-MID = 4-DISH ARRAY

ARRAY ASSEMBLY 1 FINISH (AA1) LOW FEB 2025/MID FEB 2025 SKA-LOW = 18+STATION ARRAYSKA-MID = 8-DISH ARRAY ARRAY ASSEMBLY 2 FINISH (AA2) LOW FEB 2026/MID DEC 2025 SKA-LOW = 64+STATION ARRAY SKA-MID = 64-DISH ARRAY, BASELINES MOSTLY <20KM

START OF CONSTRUCTION (T0) LOW 1ST JUL 2021/ MID 1ST JUL 2021

ARRAY ASSEMBLY 0.5 FINISH (AA0.5) LOW FEB 2024/MID MAR 2024 SKA-LOW = 6+STATION ARRAY SKA-MID = 4-DISH ARRAY

ARRAY ASSEMBLY 3 FINISH (AA3) LOW JAN 2027/MID SEP 2026 SKA-LOW = 256+STATION ARRAY, INCLUDING LONG BASELINES SKA-MID = 133-DISH ARRAY, INCLUDING LONG BASELINES ARRAY ASSEMBLY 4 FINISH (AA4) LOW NOV 2027/MID JUN 2027 SKA-LOW = FULL LOW ARRAY SKA-MID = FULL MID ARRAY, INCLUDING MEERKAT DISHES

OPERATIONS READINESS REVIEW (ORR) LOW JAN 2028/MID DEC 2027

END OF CONSTRUCTION LOW JUL 2029/MID JUL 2029

THE TIMELINE PROVIDED BY HTTP://WWW.SKATELESCOPE.ORG African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

ASTRO TOURISM

Touring the Southern skies with SAAO By: Mukosi Fulufhelo

hen you were young, did you ever fantasise about going to space someday, having a fabulous space adventure? Did you aspire to be an astronaut?

Perhaps you have always wanted to touch the stars or go to the moon? Well, unfortunately we can not quite do some of that yet, but we do know something that comes close stargazing. Sure you have probably looked up to the sky from your yard countless nights, seeing a shooting star at times or admiring a mesmerising starry night, but seemingly, many days, nothing interesting is going on. So how does stargazing come close to an immediate encounter with celestial bodies? Stargazing at home without the proper telescope may be fun and enough to motivate you to visit places that have state of the art equipment. With the right equipment at the right location and with people who know where to look for particular objects in the sky, stargazing can be an unforgettable experience. South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) offers exciting tours of their visitor’s centre and telescopes in the Karoo at Sutherland, Northern Cape. The Observatory is host to four high calibre telescopes including the largest single optical telescope, the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). SALT is an optical telescope with a hexagonal primary mirror array 11 metres across, consisting of 91 individual mirrors. It is the largest telescope in the Southern hemisphere. If you have ever worried that everytime you look up to the sky, all you see are fuzzy white dots on a pitch black background, then you will enjoy stargazing with an optical telescope. SAAO has such telescopes for visitors. An optical telescope gathers and focuses light to magnify objects. So, looking into the cosmos through an optical telescope is like looking into a magnifying glass. Instead of seeing faint blobs, an optical telescope will give you an immediate detailed view of your target. Here are some pictures taken by SALT. SAAO offers night and daytime tours. There is a lot to do during the day, but the thrill comes at night when the stars and moon start to climb. During the day, you can enjoy a fully guided tour through the visitor's centre adorned with astronomical exhibitions. The tour includes a visit to select telescopes including the SALT. 22

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ASTRO TOURISM

Once you have looked around, enjoyed the exhibitions and seen the world-class telescopes; the exciting nighttime stargazing awaits. These tours are all about astronomy. You get to look through the visitor telescopes into the southern skies. Visits should be well-timed since the night-sky objects are visible at different times of the year, planets may be fine to look at during full moon while other objects may be impossible to see. Under good conditions, you can expect to get an orientation of the sky and select very interesting objects. Tours are open to the public with a limited number of 12 people per group during Covid-19 alert level 1. Moreover, you don't have to be a formal group like an educational institution to book a tour at SAAO, you can always just hop along with your friends and explore the wonders of the heavens. SAAO offers special field trip type tours for students where they get to learn more about astronomy, the African perspective, opportunities, etc. These tours unfortunately, have been cancelled until further notice because of the pandemic.

Here is the price guide for bookings: Day tour: Time: Monday to Saturday at 10:30 and 14:30 Fee:

Adults: R120 Children 6 – 11: R60 Children under 6: free

Evening tours: Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. May – August: 20:00 June & July: 18:00 Fee: R120 per person. Stargazing is conducted on visitor's telescopes. All bookings are done online at https://www.saao.ac.za/visit-sutherland/ While you might not be able to have a close encounter with celestial bodies, you can enjoy touring through space from right here on earth, and isn't that a perfect setup? We all know you'd never want to part ways with all that mother earth has to offer, so stargazing with a high resolution telescope is the ultimate space adventure.

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ASTRONOMY

ULTRA-SENSITIVE RADIO IMAGES REVEAL THOUSANDS OF STARFORMING GALAXIES IN EARLY UNIVERSE AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM OF ASTRONOMERS HAS PUBLISHED THE MOST SENSITIVE IMAGES OF THE UNIVERSE EVER TAKEN AT LOW RADIO FREQUENCIES, USING THE INTERNATIONAL LOW FREQUENCY ARRAY (LOFAR).

he software needed to do this, specifically that which handles the direction-dependent effects that would otherwise contaminate the images, goes back to the

work of a former Rhodes University Postdoc Dr Cyril Tasse, who remains an honorary research associate of the University, and Prof. Oleg Smirnov, SKA (Square Kilometre Array) Chair in Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies at Rhodes University and Head of the Radio Astronomy Research Group at SARAO. By observing the same regions of sky over and over again and combining the data to make a single very-long exposure image, the international team has detected the faint radio glow of stars exploding as supernovae, in tens of thousands of galaxies out to the most distant parts of the Universe. A special issue of the scientific journal Astronomy & Astrophysics is dedicated to 14 research papers describing these images and the first scientific results. At LOFAR frequencies, observing the sky is like lying on the bottom of a swimming pool looking up, trying to make out 24

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patterns on the ceiling through the choppy water (the water being the ionosphere). Some very clever software was required to achieve this, said Prof. Smirnov. A collaboration between the two academics led to a paper describing the maths (Smirnov & Tasse 2015, MNRAS), and to the DDFacet/killMS software packages that Dr Tasse led the development of over the years. These packages are now at the heart of LOFAR data processing. “We quickly realised the same software can also be used to make MeerKAT images better, and several young researchers from Rhodes University and SARAO also became involved in this project with Dr Tasse,” explained Prof. Smirnov. According to Prof. Philip Best from the University of Edinburgh, UK, who led the deep survey, “When we look at the sky with a radio telescope, the brightest objects we see are produced by massive black holes at the centre of galaxies. However, our images are so deep that most of the objects in entire galaxies

ASTRONOMY

like our own Milky Way, which emit faint radio waves that trace their on-going star-formation.” The combination of the high sensitivity of LOFAR and the wide area of sky covered by our survey – about 300 times the size of the full moon – has enabled us to detect tens of thousands of galaxies like the Milky Way, far out into the distant Universe. The light from these galaxies has been travelling for billions of years to reach the Earth; this means that we see the galaxies as they were billions of years ago, back when they were forming most of their stars. Dr Isabella Prandoni of INAF Bologna, Italy added: "Star formation is usually enshrouded in dust, which obscures our view when we look with optical telescopes. But radio waves penetrate the dust, so with LOFAR we obtain a complete picture of their starformation. The deep LOFAR images have led to a new relation between a galaxy’s radio emission and the rate at which it is forming stars, and a more accurate measurement of the number of new stars being formed in the young Universe." The remarkable dataset has enabled a wide range of additional scientific studies, ranging from the nature of the spectacular jets of radio emission produced by massive black holes, to that arising from collisions of huge clusters of galaxies. It has also thrown up unexpected results. For example, by comparing the repeated observations, the researchers searched for objects that change in radio brightness. This resulted in the detection of the red dwarf star CR Draconis. Dr Joe Callingham of Leiden University and ASTRON, noted that "CR Draconis shows bursts of radio emission that strongly resemble those from Jupiter, and may be driven by the interaction of the star with a previously unknown planet, or because the star is rotating extremely quickly." LOFAR does not directly produce maps of the sky; instead the signals from more than 70,000 antennas must be combined. To produce these deep pictures, more than 4 petabytes of raw data equivalent to about a million DVDs – were taken and processed. The deep radio images of our Universe are diffusely hidden, deep inside the vast amount of data that LOFAR has observed, said Dr Tasse, who is currently based at Paris Observatory, France. “Recent mathematical advances made it possible to extract these, using large clusters of computers. LOFAR is unique in its ability to make high-quality images of the sky at metre-wavelengths,” said Prof. Huub Röttgering of Leiden University, who is leading the overall suite of LOFAR surveys. “These deep field images are a testament to its capabilities and a treasure trove for future discoveries". Looking ahead, Prof. Smirnov concluded, "I'm very excited to see what we find when we keep applying the same techniques to MeerKAT, which is an even more sensitive telescope, and will show us even more. The depth and breadth of the window on the Universe that these observations open up is simply unprecedented, so we can expect waves of exciting new results going forward." For additional images and videos are available at www.lofar-surveys.org/deepfields.html

This image shows the deepest LOFAR image ever made, in the region of sky known as ‘Elais-N1’, which is one of the three fields studied as part of this deep radio survey. The image arises from a single LOFAR pointing observed repeatedly for a total of 164 hours. Over 80,000 radio sources are detected; this includes some spectacular large-scale emission arising from massive black holes, but most sources are distant galaxies like the Milky Way, forming their stars.

About LOFAR: LOFAR is the world’s leading telescope of its type. It is operated by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, and coordinated by a partnership of 9 European countries: France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the UK. In its configuration, LOFAR observes at frequencies of around 150 MHz – between the FM and DAB radio bands. The International LOFAR Telescope is a trans-European network of radio antennas, with a core located in Exloo in the Netherlands. LOFAR works by combining the signals from more than 70,000 individual antenna dipoles, located in antenna stations across the Netherlands and in partner European countries. The stations are connected by a high-speed fibre optic network, with powerful computers used to process the radio signals in order to simulate a trans-European radio antenna that stretches over 1300 kilometres. The International LOFAR Telescope is unique, given its sensitivity, wide field-of-view, and image resolution or clarity. The LOFAR data archive is the largest astronomical data collection in the world. LOFAR was designed, built and is presently operated by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the UK are all partner countries in the International LOFAR Telescope. African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

EQUINOX

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE AUTUMN EQUINOX So, what is the autumn equinox, what does it mean and when is it in 2021 in the Southern Hemisphere? By: Lusanda Tamesi Equinox/ Equinoctial point simply means "equal night" - since the length of day and night is nearly equal in all parts of the world during equinoxes. The word equinox comes from the Latin word aequus for "equal" and nox for "night". The March equinox marks the time when the Northern Hemisphere starts to tilt towards the sun; meaning longer and sunnier days. When the Northern Hemisphere starts to tilt towards the sun in spring, the Southern Hemisphere starts to tilt away from the sun, signalling the start of autumn. Thus, in the Southern Hemisphere, the March equinox is called the autumnal equinox, and the September equinox is called the vernal equinox. The autumn equinox, which falls on the 20th of March yearly in the Southern Hemisphere, officially marks the end of warm days and the beginning of cold days as winter draws near. Technically our planet will experience close to 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness.

What do astronomers use March equinox for? The March equinox is often used by astronomers to measure a tropical year, the time for the Earth to complete a single orbit around the Sun. Also known as a solar year, a tropical year is approximately 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 45 seconds long. Equinox celebrations Many cultures around the world hold feasts and celebrate festivals and holidays to mark the March equinox. People have celebrated the vernal equinox for centuries. For ancient cultures, the vernal equinox marked the return of their food supply. Early Egyptians even built the Great Sphinx pointing directly toward the rising Sun on the day of the vernal equinox.

Let's be honest the recent mornings are starting to feel like a drag, although some may not feel it immediately, I'm no meteorologist but the promise of winter is in the chilly mornings and evenings. As Game-of-Thrones say "winter is coming!" How many equinoxes do we experience? There are two Equinoxes in a year; in March and September Why don't equinoxes have equal day and night? In reality, though, most places on Earth get to see more daylight than night-time on the equinoxes. Most locations of Earth, except those on the Equator, do have almost equal day and night twice a year. This is because of two reasons: how sunrise and sunset are defined and atmospheric refraction of sunlight. What happens on Equinox? The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.4° to the ecliptic plane, the imaginary plane created by the Earth's path around the Sun. This simply means the sun crosses the celestial equator, the imaginary line in the sky above the Earth's equator, from south to north. 26

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*Many cultures around the world celebrate the whole day as the March equinox. In reality though the equinox occurs at a specific moment in time when the Sun crosses the celestial equator, the imaginary line in the sky above Earth's Equator, from south to north.

OAD

10 YEARS OF THE OFFICE OF ASTRONOMY FOR DEVELOPMENT! By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

o celebrate its 10th anniversary, we took the opportunity to catch up with the Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) director, Kevin Govender, on how a wealth of

projects made possible through the OAD have played a progressive role and allowed people in numerous societies globally to lead better lives. The OAD is a joint project of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the South African National Research Foundation – with the support of the Department of Science and Innovation. The OAD, whose mission is to assist with furthering the use of astronomy as a tool for development, was first established in 2011 by Kevin Govender, who has extensive experience in using astronomy for development. Govender is also the first South African to be awarded the prestigious Edinburgh Medal for Science, jointly with the IAU. Through funding projects, the OAD shows the potential of astronomy’s ability to connect science, technology, and culture, and, in turn, lead to major societal benefit and sustainable development, its website - www.astro4dev.org - explains. Since the beginning, the OAD’s Call for Proposals has funded more than 200 projects. Speaking about these projects, Govender told us about two in particular that stood out for him, and why. One of these projects would definitely be the AstroStays project by the Global Himalayan Expedition in India. This was a brilliant initiative to use astronomy as a lever to promote tourism in rural villages. Local women were provided with a telescope and astronomy training, and set up homestays (where tourists could come and stay with the families in their homes). This was a very successful project and the astronomy feature attracted tourists and additional revenue for the community. We are now trying to expand this project and replicate similar initiatives across the world.

Another very cool project took place in camps for Internally Displaced Persons (IDP camps) in Nigeria. The coordinators of this project set up a solar-powered astronomy resources centre in the camp in a shipping container. Since many of the children in this camp had fled from their schools and homes, usually in very violent or unpleasant ways, the project coordinators brought in counsellors who would work with them. The counsellors and the astronomy educators would work together to ensure that the children were well cared for while learning about astronomy and space. Some of the inspiring projects have also tapped into the potential of astronomy to promote peace and a sense of global citizenship in refugee camps in Algeria. Can you tell us more about this? This is an inspiring project that aims to use astronomy in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria to inspire children through science education and promote a sense of global citizenship. Many of the children would have been born in the camps, which have been in place for decades. Using astronomy one could potentially broaden children's perspectives and allow them to dream big. The project includes engagement with the children, training of teachers, and also supporting trips for selected children to the Canary Islands for "holidays in peace". While astronomy facilitates support for many critical functions in our lives, has it received the support it needs from the government? In South Africa, the field of astronomy enjoys strong support from the government. Large projects like the Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) telescope and the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) have been some of the biggest projects among all sciences. I believe this is because the South African government has recognised the important role that investments in such high technology, visionary projects can play in addressing challenges facing society.

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OAD

value that astronomy brings, Govender said: Astronomy is a field that already connects with people and cultures across different geographies and different times. Our ancestors gazed up at the stars and wondered in much the same way that we wonder now. As such I do think that the general public appreciates the cultural connection of astronomy. I believe that major events such as eclipse and comet predictions, satellite applications, human space flights, probes to other planets, and of course the moon landing, have all confirmed in the public mind the scientific and technological prowess of the field. Where the gap lies in public understanding may be in seeing how these deep cultural connections, and scientific and technological applications, can work to positively affect the lives of, and help address the challenges faced by, the average person. How has the OAD been dealing with some of the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, and its subsequent effect on the lack of physical interaction during lockdown? From the OAD side we adapted quite quickly to the pandemic and released a rapid call for proposals for projects using some aspect of astronomy to deal with the negative effects of the pandemic. Responses were overwhelming and 43 projects were supported around the world.

However, globally there is a tendency for governments to support more applied sciences than physics or astronomy. I think what the work of the OAD has demonstrated over the past decade is that even though the field of astronomy may appear at face value to be disconnected from challenges "on the ground", one has to only intentionally apply all the different aspects of astronomy to development challenges and much can be achieved. Though huge progress has been made, is there still a lot more to be done regarding how this field can be applied in the service of humanity?

A negative consequence of the travel restrictions and social distancing though is that many OAD projects involving schools, workshops and other training events have had to be postponed indefinitely or cancelled. Not everything is possible virtually and the unreliability of some internet connections makes it even more difficult. The biggest challenge though is that we (humans) are indeed a social species, and many collaborations, relations and partnerships are established or strengthened through in-person communication. Although this is unfortunate, there are other benefits from doing everything virtually, such as widening the access to meetings and conferences to people who would have previously found the travel costs to be a barrier to entry. Has the pandemic had any silver lining for science and astronomy?

I think the biggest gap is making astronomers and astronomy practitioners (including astronomy communicators, educators, As mentioned, I think expanding access to meetings and engineers, etc.) more aware of the conferences has been a very development challenges facing When one is trained in astronomy positive aspect. It has also the world and supporting them or related fields, one is equipped to necessitated the development to apply their extensive skills and and advancement of projects/ expertise to help address some of apply oneself to different situations. programmes that use remote these challenges. telescopes or stored data to do astronomy research. This is a silver lining because making such When one is trained in astronomy or related fields, one is skills and resources available allows a broader range of people equipped to apply oneself to different situations (e.g. data to actively participate in astronomy. analysis, instrumentation troubleshooting, etc.). However, one is not always aware of how or where to apply those skills - that is What has the decade-long journey of the OAD been like? the gap that the OAD tries to fill by providing a space for these skills to be applied to development. This has been quite a rollercoaster decade indeed. We have been through ups and downs and have emerged stronger at the As for whether the general public recognizes and appreciates the 28

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OAD

end of our first 10 years. One thing I must emphasise though, in reflecting on these past 10 years, is how amazing the many people we have interacted with have been, and how much they have contributed to the OAD over the years. We have been so fortunate to work with eleven regional offices around the world, each with teams of their own; well over a hundred project leaders and their respective teams; truly exceptional members of our past and present Steering Committees; dedicated skilled members of our review panel; several driven and supportive officers of the IAU; capable and encouraging government officials at the NRF and DSI; friendly and hard-working support staff at the SAAO; and most importantly, an absolutely incredible team of OAD staff, fellows, interns and volunteers who have passed through our offices in Cape Town. I cannot possibly express enough my gratitude for having had the privilege of working with such a diverse, energetic and truly inspiring group of people. The OAD has indeed created a global family who share in the vision of "astronomy for a better world!" Finally, what do you envision for the OAD within the next couple of years? The vision of our founders was initially not easily understood nor accepted by the broader community, and we had to work hard in the early years to define this field of astronomy-fordevelopment. Importantly, we had to draw a distinction between the development of the field of astronomy on the one hand, and using astronomy to stimulate global development on the other. Now, with the new IAU Strategic Plan 2020-2030 in place, the various functions are made clear and our path is laid out towards 2030, with a clear set of actions for the OAD contained in that plan. You can visit the Office of Astronomy for Development at www.astro4dev.org

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ASTRONOMY

ASTRONOMY IN COLOUR BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS FOR THE FUTURE By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

stronomy in Colour (AiC) was first established at the beginning of 2020 by Dr Shazrene Mohamed, a Zimbabwean astronomer based at the South African

Astronomical Observatory and the University of Cape Town. African Science Stars sat down with the group to talk about AiC’s aims in championing underrepresented groups in the field of astronomy, the challenges that remain, and how you can become involved. Why was AiC established?

Although there are efforts to improve diversity in astronomy, these diversity goals typically focus on increasing the number of women in the field. Yet there we still have to include class, sexual or gender minority identities, disability, race and ethnic backgrounds. Which are currently overlooked says Dr Sthabile Kolwa, a lecturer at the University of Johannesburg and the first Black South African woman to hold a faculty position in astronomy. “Through discussions with Black women and women of colour (particularly at MSc and PhD level) it was clear that there was a great deal of uncertainty about staying in astronomy,” adds Dr Tana Joseph, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Amsterdam, going further to say that the reasons given varied, but were often linked to a sense that astronomy was ‘just not a good fit’, or that it was not for ‘us’. “With less than a handful of senior black women and women of colour in the field, and those coming up unsure of whether to continue, we knew more needed to be done to identify and address the underlying problems,” said Dr Shazrene Mohamed. Astronomy in Colour was therefore created so that these minority groups had a space where they could honestly and safely share their experiences in astronomy. 30

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It is a place not solely limited to encouragement and support, but where the group also educates each other and plans around breaking down challenges encountered due to the ‘double jeopardy’ of race and gender, she explained. A vision encompassing a sense of belonging AiC’s vision is to make astronomy a place where everyone, irrespective of their background or identity, feels that they belong and are in a supportive environment where they can grow and thrive. “We want to highlight the great work that is being done, in particular by racialised and gender minorities, to amplify their too often marginalised voices, and to provide support, mentoring and build networks,” said Mohamed. How AiC has helped to transform astronomy into a truly diverse and inclusive space “Transforming astronomy will take a long time. Our group is still very young, but we are happy with the progress made in this short amount of time and on a shoe-string budget,” explained Munira Hoosain, who has just submitted her MSc thesis in astronomy. “Despite the Covid-19 pandemic and without the possibility of any in-person events or gatherings, we have established a supportive, global community and network of scientists who are actively working to address the challenges faced by racialised and gender minorities in astronomy,” she said. Activities have included help with interviews, applications, dealing with difficult situations or news, learning to name and cope with issues like imposter syndrome, tokenism, code switching etc, as well as triumphant celebrations with group members publishing research, giving keynote talks, winning prestigious awards and research positions.

ASTRONOMY

1st row (top): Marie Korsaga, Shilpa Ranchod, Mpati Ramatsoku, Tshiamiso Makwela, Sambatra Rajohnson, Omphile Rabyang 2nd row: Nicole Thomas, Palesa Nombula, Nikhita Madhanpall, Katlego Sejake, Narges Hatamkhani, Tana Joseph, Mokhine Motsoaledi 3rd row: Sarah White, Tanita Ramburuth-Hurt, Kelebogile Bonokwane, Sthabile Kolwa, Munira Hoosain, Brenda Namumba 4th row: Shazrene Mohamed, Miriam Nyamai, Zahra Kader, Isabella Rammala, Moumita Aich, Wanga Mulaudzi, Denisha Pillay 5th row: Liz Naluminsa, Tankiso Moso, Narusha Isaacs, Mponeng Kopana, Jessymol Thomas, Vineshree Pillay

‘Flagship programme a huge success’

Magnifying efforts

One of AiC’s flagship programmes, sponsored by Women in Physics in South Africa, was the Trailblazers speaker series which featured local and international female superstars of science who have achieved great success in their research, and have actively worked to make a path for those from marginalised groups to follow in their footsteps. Joseph added: “Judging by the participants' comments the series was a huge success with more than 350 registered participants from 46 different countries.” “There is still so much more that needs to be done, such as dissolving biases in hiring practices, journal peer-reviewing, and other academic sites where minorities are negatively impacted in their career mobility,” said Kolwa.

AiC is also working jointly with many other organisations, including Black in Astro – an organisation that works to promote and support Black people in astronomy around the world, so that their efforts can have a global reach and impact, said Joseph. “We know that we can go further together!” added Mohamed. “Let us harness our full potential as we follow in the tradition of those that came before us in trying to understand our Universe and our place in it.”

“To this end, we also need allies – those in power positions who will not turn a blind eye to micro-aggressions and exclusionary practices that make the field unsafe and unwelcoming for minorities of all kinds,” she stressed.

Want to join AiC and become involved? If you are Black or a person of colour, and a gender minority in astronomy, you can join AiC by sending an email to aic@saao.ac.za If you would like to support their efforts and be part of the Astronomy in Colour allies community, you can sign up to their forthcoming allies mailing list (aic@saao.ac.za), join their Facebook group (facebook.com/groups/astronomyincolour), attend their events and contribute to their work and discussions. Visit www.aic.saao.ac.za for more information. African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

BOTSWANA

THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF BOTSWANA By: Zakiyah Ebrahim

rom viewing nights to lunar stargazing parties and annual science week events, you can stay up to date with each month’s top sights.

If you’re looking for an astronomical society where you can learn, socialize and meet other members who are as happy and eager to share their experiences and knowledge on all things astronomy, then look no further than the Astronomical Society of Botswana (ASB). Located at the Botswana International University of Science & Technology (BIUST) in Palaye, Botswana, ASB was founded in 2018 and is registered as the premier society spearheading Astronomy in Botswana. According to its website - astronomicalsocietyofbotswana.org - ASB’s knowledge-sharing is rooted in an effort to excite youngsters. In addition, it aims to obtain the interest of everyone to learn about and participate in astronomy in Botswana. The society is led by its Chairman, Professor Motsoptse Modisi, its Vice-Chairman and professional astronomer, Professor Mike Bode, secretary Mr Gihan Ilangakoon, and treasurer, Mr Bongi Radipati. There are also six other committee members that make up the ASB. With a current moderate-sized membership of 40 individuals, including four corporate members (including Maru-a-Pula School, Westwood International School, Livingstone Kolobeng College & Legae Academy), ASB expects these numbers to grow as people continue to take an interest in this field of natural science. 32

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Becoming a member The ASB welcomes new members to the society with excitement and warmth. Some of the membership benefits include: • Opportunities to connect with fellow astronomers and friends. • Opportunities for professional development in astronomy in Botswana and elsewhere. • Access to society events such as public talks, seminars and outreach programmes. • Invitations to annual fun social events, local and regional universities and organisations. • Members-only networking events with regional universities and international organisations. As a member, you’ll actively participate in meetings and events regularly and get to volunteer at community outreach events. You’ll also have the opportunity to recruit new members for the society, be an ambassador for ASB, and promote astronomy education, among others. N.B. Different membership types are available and fees are payable per annum. For more information and to check out their sky calendar of upcoming events, visit their website at www.astronomicalsocietyofbotswana.org

AFAS

AFRICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY CONFERENCE GOES VIRTUAL By: Mukosi Fulufhelo

his year’s African Astronomical Society (AfAS) conference was held virtually from the 8th to the 12th of March. In attendance were astronomers from all over Africa,

scholars, students and members of the general public. The main aim of this virtual conference was to gather people from across Africa to share research, showcase discoveries and discuss strategies for Astronomy and scientific output developments in Africa. The virtual event was a huge success with over 300 astronomers and representatives of African countries registered. The talks themselves were interesting and clearly showed how rich and strong astronomy is in Africa. A total of 90 abstracts were accepted for talks; 50 under Science and 40 under Education, Development, and Outreach. There were four special sessions dedicated to: •

• • •

General discussion on the IAU General Assembly 2024 in Cape Town. Check out page 15 in this edition for more information, as we unpack why such a gathering is important for Africa as whole. Science communication workshop African Network of Women in Astronomy (AfNWA): Its current status and way forward Amateur Astronomy Associations in Africa. Page 38 to 42 has a comprehensive list of the Amateur Astronomical Associations that we are aware of in Africa.

The first day kicked off with some opening remarks, a welcome

and a keynote address to the leaders of the program including the president of AfAS, Professor Jamal Mimouni. The talks included big projects in the field of astronomy that are underway like the Africa Millimetre Telescope of the University of Namibia and the IAU General Assembly that is, for the first time, to be hosted in Africa. Such projects offered opportunities for the entire community of astronomers to get involved, interact and contribute their effort and expertise. At midday, there would usually be special sessions or parallel sessions. The special sessions were used for talks listed above and during parallel sessions astronomers in attendance would share their research work in parallel with outreach and education talks. In these parallel sessions, the attendees could choose which they would like to attend. This made the entire facilitation of the conference well-organized and a delight to attend. The AfAS general business meeting marked the end of the conference. It was noted that AfAS has made good progress since the Astronomy in Africa meeting held in South Africa. The meeting discussed and approved amendments to the AfAS constitution, a note of the presentations on the status and vision of AfAS, from the various sub-committees which also proposed discussion points and calls for input and finally the acknowledgement of the funders, supporters and attendees. The coming together of African astronomers will help strengthen the science coming out of Africa!

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CAREERS

CAREERS AROUND SPACE IN AFRICA Contrary to what you might believe there are many space sciences jobs out there. Although this is a field that is considered as requiring very skilled people it can also be very rewarding in the sense that unemployment will not be one of your problems. You could literally work anywhere in the world or even outside the world so to speak! By: Lusanda Tamesi

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CAREERS

here does one even begin? There are Astronauts, Aerospace Engineers, Computer Engineers, Materials Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Robotics Engineers,

Telecommunications Engineers, Astrophysicists, Astronomers, Geoscientists, Atmospheric Scientists and Meteorologists, Technologist and Technician Positions, Telecommunications Technicians, AutoCAD operator, Laser Technicians, Quality Assurance Specialists, Radar and Sonar Technicians, Robotic Technicians, Satellite Technologists and many more career options out there for you when you consider studying Astronomy and Space Sciences in general. Your high school choices will help you a lot and holding a strong background in science is helpful for such careers. Geography, chemistry, mathematics and physics provide a foundation for understanding the world through observation and experiment. And, if your school offers them, consider taking classes in subjects that involve the solar system or nature, such as astronomy, earth science, and environmental science. Mathematics and computer science are also useful in many space-related occupations, including those in engineering and science. There are number of ways to go about pursuing a career in space but you have to first decide on which area of specialisation you would like to go into. If you want to directly study Astronomy then your best bet is Egypt and South Africa. Be that as it may you can still start your degree at any university which offers a Bachelor of Science or Engineering or Computer science stream. These are usually a good way to start your first year. Once inside a university pursuing your BSc in which your chosen field you will then be guided as to which university you can go to, to specialise in Astronomy. Here are some of the best universities in Africa that you can kick off your studies at: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Helwan University in Egypt Cairo University in Egypt Pharos University in Alexander, Egypt University of Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania University of Nairobi in Kenya Mohammed V University (AGDAL) in Morocco University of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso University of Ghana in Ghana Makerere University in Uganda Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria University of Khartoum in Sudan University of Swaziland in Swaziland University of Botswana in Botswana University of Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe University of Namibia in Namibia University of Cape Town in South Africa University of Stellenbosch in South Africa University of Pretoria in South Africa University of Witwatersrand (Wits) in South Africa

From the various careers we listed at the beginning of this article we would like to unpack three careers and how you go about pursuing them once you leave high school. We’ve picked Aeronautical Engineering, Cosmology and Meteorological Technician. Aeronautical Engineering? Aerospace engineering technicians help engineers design, develop and test products. They could select the management and production side of the industry or go for the operations and maintenance side. These areas tend to overlap. Let’s have a look at Aeronautical Engineering. Have you ever built an airplane using paper? Imagining yourself as a pilot whilst flying it? Those childhood memories can be a reality! Aeronautical engineers focus on developing the technology used in spacecraft that travels through the earth’s atmosphere and into space. The aeronautical engineer is involved in the design, development and modification of the components and systems of all types of flight vehicles including fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, sailplanes, airships, and missiles. Aeronautical Engineers may be involved in research, design and development. Who can apply? • Prospective students with a strong academic record • Those interested in working in the Defence industry • Achieved a minimum of Levels 5, 6 or 7 in Mathematics, Physical Science and English in Matric • Studying or intend on studying full time within one of the aforementioned fields of study at a recognized tertiary institute in the African continent • Those from a previously disadvantaged background Where can one study Aeronautical Engineering? The top ten universities in the world that offer Aeronautical Engineering are mostly outside of Africa. They are: - - - - - - - - - -

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) The School of Aerospace Engineering of Georgia Institute of Technology (located in Atlanta). The University of Michigan-Ann Arbour. The School of Aeronautics and Astronautics of Purdue University West Lafayette. The California Institute of Technology. The University of Maryland College Park. The University of Illinios at Urbana-Campaign. Standford University. University of Texas at Austin. The Virginia Tech.

In Africa there is quite a dearth of universities that offer this form of engineering. South Africa’s University of Pretoria, University of Cape Town and Wits University.

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CAREERS

Worldwide funding in this field (scholarships):

Where can I work?

Different universities usually have a financial aid office which can supply you with a list of scholarships, bursaries or study loans that are available. We can also advise you to check out your local government office as well as prospective employer’s company to see if they do not offer scholarships. If all else fails visit this link: www.worldscholarshipforum.com

You are most likely to find a job in an astronomical research facility, most likely within a university but there are number of opportunities in various Space Agencies and astronomical observatory centres. The best thing to do is to start looking for part-time jobs or volunteering at such places so you can have foot in the door whilst finishing off your studies.

Careers in Aeronautical Engineering may be found in major aeronautical companies such as Denel Aerospace Systems, your country’s airline company, Aerotek (CSIR) and the Directorate of Civil Aviation, as well as in many other, extremely active, smaller companies working and competing in both local and international aerospace programs.

Meteorologist

Placement

• Interested in the weather? • Interested in collecting data? • Scientific? • Decisive? • Pragmatic? • Good with communication skills? • A hard worker?

- Pilot - Airport Engineer - Aircraft maintenance technician and more. Cosmology Throughout recorded history, there are some unanswered big questions about our universe such as how large is it? Is it finite or infinite? How old is it or will it last forever? Where in the universe are we—the centre, corner, or outside? Is it evolving, decaying, or still being created and will it ever last? The science which finds answers to these questions about the universe is called cosmology. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that deals with the origin, structure, and space-time relationships of the universe. What does a Cosmologist do? • Examines the large-scale structure of the universe based on an observation made with optical, radio, infrared, ultraviolet, and x-ray telescopes. • Analyses those results based on our understanding of physics, as tested in the laboratory and against data from the solar system • Investigates and solves problems looking into various aspects of models of the Universe. How do I become a Cosmologist? Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in Physics, Mathematics or Engineering, or a specific undergraduate astronomy degree such as offered at various African universities. Other recommended subjects at university: Pure and Applied Mathematics, Computer Science, Statistics, Electronics and Chemistry. Scholarships For bursaries and scholarships to study Cosmology, visit: http:// assa.saao.ac.za/about/scholarships

In most cases Television news tend to feature a weather component. You might have come across the term meteorologist then. Or you might have heard the term atmospheric scientist being used. But let’s delve deeper.

If you answered “Yes” to any of the above questions please read below: Weather happens every day and in every corner of the world. So, if you have an interest in weather and its patterns – Meteorology is the career path for you! Meteorologists forecast the weather on a day-to-day basis. They usually forecast up to seven days ahead. This includes studying all aspects of the weather, for example, expected minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, winds, and any other severe weather warnings. Do you remember your Geography teacher when she used to demonstrate anabatic and katabatic wind? Yep, that’s where she was going with this. A Meteorologist can work in many areas: • Forecaster The Central Forecasting Office in Pretoria gets weather information from around the world. The Forecaster then studies this data. From that, they predict the weather for that region. • Researcher Researchers study weather patterns for national weather bureaus, government, and environmental protection agencies. • Climatologist A Climatologist works for The Weather Bureau and collects and stores all the data in an effective databank. Seasonal studies on climate change have become increasingly important. This service is provided by the Weather Bureau and some other organizations. • Forensic Meteorologist Investigate claims for insurance companies basing their

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CAREERS

information on past weather patterns. This will be used to assess the impact on the business. • Archive Meteorologist They research, study, and verify data and report on storms of the past. What does a Meteorologist do? - monitors weather patterns for specific regions - collects and compares seasonal weather patterns - studies the patterns and forecasts weather on a daily basis - collects data and shares it with the media - advises organisations, businesses on weather conditions so that they can make informed, productive decisions - gives weather warnings so precautions can be taken How do I become a Meteorologist? You need a BSc degree in Meteorology to become a Meteorologist. A lot of people like to do the Honours degree too. Some even specialize in Aeronautical Meteorology Forecasting. Check what programmes your local university offers; you might do a general BSc degree in your first year and find that you move to specialise from your second year onwards. If you have done a BSc without specialising in Meteorology, you can visit your local weather services company and do a 6-month course that will bridge this gap. Each country will have a weather bureau, know where your nearest one is and spend time visiting it. Minimum requirements: Senior Certificate with matric exemption. Compulsory school subjects: Mathematics and Physical Science on the higher grade. A driver’s license is also essential, sometimes even compulsory. Places to work: - Weather Bureaus - Forecast stations at Airports and Airforce bases - Television - Government agencies and more Science is having a tough time describing things from their standard models. Maybe it is time to set aside those models in favour of one with more explanatory power. When we can no longer define what we see, and when mathematics can no longer describe or predict the tsunami of unexpected observations, it truly is time to rethink.

Find a job: So now you have studied towards a career in space science. Here are current jobs listings for anyone based in Africa. Many of these expire before 15 May 2021, apply soon:

JOB: Astronomer WHERE: Kielder Observatory Astronomical Society Company Location Kielder, England, United Kingdom APPLY ON: https://kielderobservatory.org JOB: Atronomy Guide (English Speaking) WHERE: Te Runanga Group Company Location Mackenzie District, Canterbury, New Zealand APPLY: www.ngaitahutourism.co.nz JOB: Astrophysicist WHERE: Smithsonian Institution Company Location Cambridge, MA APPLY: www.si.edu/oeema JOB: Lecturer WHERE: Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, South Africa APPLY: www.uct.ac.za "vacancies section" JOB: Research Assistant WHERE: United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates APPLY: University website JOB: Astronomy Content Reviewer (Contract) WHERE: Outlier.org based in Brooklyn, NY (Work Remote) APPLY: Outlier.org JOB: Media Relations Manager WHERE: SKA Observatory, Paris, Île-de-France, France APPLY: Online JOB: Satellite Operations and Data Manager WHERE: CSIRO, CSIRO Centre for Earth Observation, Northern Territory, Australia APPLY: CSIRO website JOB: Senior Engineer RFI: Software & Analysis WHERE: SKA South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa VOLUNTEER: Astrophysicist WHERE: CareerVillage.org Lastly, keep an eye on the following websites and register your profile on them for job updates abroad as well: 1.Visit the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) website and search the jobs section to see what current listings they have. 2.Visit www.SpaceCareers.com 3.Space Individuals: Register your details on www. spaceindividuals.com 4.CSIRO Jobs: Register your details on www.jobs.csiro.au

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DATA BASE

AMATEUR ASTRONOMY ASSOCIATIONS IN AFRICA The Outreach Committee of the African Astronomical Society has been collecting information on amateur astronomy associations in Africa through a questionnaire and the current database is published below. We invite those who have not yet filled out the form to do so. These are available in English, Arabic, French and Portuguese. ALGERIA

Name: Sirius Astronomy Association Email: siriusalgeria@hotmail.com Phone: +213771 560658 Town: Constantine Country: Algeria Address: Palais de la culture Malek Haddad, Constantine, Algerie= Affiliation: Independent Website: http://www.siriusalgeria.net/ Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/siriusalgeria2021 Name: Ennejm Ethaqib Astronomy Association Email: astromosta@gmail.com Phone: 00213550163213 Town: Mostaganem Address: Maison de jeunes Aïn Tedles, Mostaganem, Algeria Affiliation: Independent Name: The Pleiades Email: assoscienceastronomiqueblida@gmail.com Phone: +213542370989 / +213658587344 Town: Blida Address: Blida, Algeria, Affiliation: Astronomy Sciences Association of Blida Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/AsaBlida Name: Orion Astronomical Association Town: Sétif Address: Cité Med Benbegag Bat B2 N°71 Affiliation: Association Social Media: https://facebook.com/A.A.S.Orion

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Name: Astronomy Club Guerrara Email: mzabmoon@gmail.com Phone: +213779149963 Town: Guerrara-Ghardaia Address: El Hadi Phones, Guerrara, Algeria Affiliation: Independent Social Media: https://facebook.com/astroclubgrara Name: Arzachel Astronomy Club Email: astro.medea@gmail.com Phone: +213798170599 Town: Medea Address: Route d'Alger, Médéa, Algeria Affiliation: Indépendant Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/ArzachelAstro

BOTSWANA

Name: Women in STEM (WiS) Email: astrowis2018@gmail.com Phone: +267 74661487 Town: Palapye Address: Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana Affiliation: Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) Website: https://www.wis.org.bw Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/Women-in-STEM-WiS Name: Astronomical Society of Botswana Email: astronomicalsocietyofbotswana@gmail.com Phone: Tel: +267 75547218 Town: Gaborone Address: Plot 1007, Boseja Ward, Palapye,Botswana Affiliation: Independent Website: https://www.astronomicalsocietyofbotswana.org/ Social Media: @astrosocbw on Instagram & Astronomical Society of Botswana on Facebook Name: Physics and Astronomy Email: Will be assigned by the university soon Town: Palapye Address: BIUST, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana. Affiliation: BIUST

BURKINA FASO

Name Youngs Burkina Faso Astrophysicist Email fabricebado@gmail.com Phone 0022674966483/0022671588796 Town Ougadougou Address UNIVERSITE JOSEPH KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Affiliation Associé à une école ou une université Social Media On a une groupe Whatsap

CAMEROON

Name: Astronomy Club Of Cameroon Email: ndungeroland@gmail.com Phone: +237681975722 Town: Nkongsamba Address: Institut Polyvalent Mitoukem, Le'le, P.O.B 36, Nkongsamba (moving soon to Buea) Affiliation: Universities of Buea, Bamenda, Dchang, and Yaounde II Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/AstronomyClubofCameroon/

EGYPT

Name: Scientific Society of Astronomy and Space,Egypt Email: ssasegypt@gmail.com Phone: 00201091014984 Town: Cairo

DATA BASE

Address: National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan,Egypt Affiliation: National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Social Media: www.facebook.com/pg/SSASEgypt

ETHIOPIA

Name: The Ethiopian Sky Email: ethiopiansky@gmail.com Phone: +251946601838 Town: Addis Ababa Address: King George VI St, Addis Ababa 8412, Ethiopian Space Science Society Affiliation: Ethiopian Space Science Society Social Media: https://facebook.com/theethiosky, https://twitter.com/ SkyEthiopian

GHANA

Name: IoT Space Exploration Email: iotnetworkhub@gmail.com Phone: +233277687772 Town: Accra Address: Advance Information Technology Institute- Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence. Affiliation: Independent Website: https://iotnetworkhub.com Social Media: https://web.facebook.com/iotnetworkhub/ Name: Astrophysics Club K.N.U.S.T Email: appekeysolomon@gmail.com Phone: +233591362267 Town: Kumasi Address: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Accra, Ghana Affiliation: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Name: Astronomical Society of Ghana Email: info@ghanaplanetarium.com Town: Accra Address: Ghana Planetarium,12 Osu Avenue Extension, Accra, Ghana Affiliation: Ghana Planetarium Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/ghanaplanetarium, https://twitter. com/ghanasciencproj

KENYA

Name: The Traveling Telescope Email: info@travellingtelescope.co.uk Phone: +254 719 892 530 Town: Nairobi Address: 105 riverside lane off riverside drive Affiliation: Independent Website: https://travellingtelescope.co.uk/ Social Media: The Travelling Telescope, @traveltelescope Name: The Nairobi Planetarium Email: info@travellingtelescope.co.uk Phone :+254 719 892 530 Town: Nairobi Address: 105 riverside lane off riverside drive Affiliation: Independent Website: https://travellingtelescope.co.uk/ Social Media: The Travelling Telescope @traveltelescope @travellingtelescope Name: Sayari Astrotourism Kenya Town: Nairobi Address: The Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428 - 00200, Nairobi- Kenya. Located along Haile Selassie Avenue

Affiliation: Development of Africa with Radioastronomy, Technical University of Kenya Website: http://sayarikenya.org/ Name: Mars Kenya Email: gmashizzo@gmail.com Phone :+254713204020 Town: Thika Address: P.O. BOX 1113-01000, Thika, Central Province, Kenya Affiliation: Independent Website: https://t.me/marskenya Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/profile. php?id=606560359833789 https://twitter.com/kenya_mars , https://www.instagram.com/mars_kenya https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6itjBuKZYqceztidU6rBADJ0b8q wbfw9

MADAGASCAR

Name: Haikintana Astronomy Email: haikintana@gmail.com Phone: +261347773030 Town: Antananarivo Address: HABAKA Madagascar Innovation Hub, Batiment CIDST Tsimbazaza 21 Rue Kasanga Fernand, Antananarivo Affiliation: Indépendant Website: https://www.haikintana.com Social Media: Facebook: Haikintana Astronomy, https://facebook.com/ haikintanaastronomy, Instagram: Haikintana_Astronomy

MALAWI

Name: Astronomy Club of Malawi Email: astronomyclubofmalawi@gmail.com Phone: +265991872602 Town: Lilongwe Address: Lilongwe, Malawi Affiliation: Independent Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/AstronomyClubMW/

MAURITANIA

Name: Mauritanian Association of Astronomy Email: astronomieassociationmauritani@gmail.com Phone: 0022241561782 Town: Nouakchott Address: No physical location Affiliation: Independent Social Media: Facebook - Mauritanian Association of Astronomy

MAURITIUS

Name: Mauritius Astronomical Society Town: Quatre Bornes Address: Sir Virgil Naz Avenue, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius Affiliation: Independent

MOROCCO

Name: Club Ibn Haitam d'astronomie Email: apdf.pourlesciences@gmail.com Phone: +212672453356 Town: Fes Address: Centre d'éveil culturel et artistique oum Aymane Rue d'irak Fes Affiliation: Independent Website: https://sites.google.com/site/lespetitsdebrouillardsdefes/stemastronomie Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/ ClubAstronomieIbnHaitamdeFES/

African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

DATA BASE

Name: Club vega Email: naimamariame@gmail.com Phone: 212670975804 Town: Kenitra Address: 577 Ismailia Kenitra Maroc Affiliation: Responsable du club Vega d'astronomie du 1er lycée militaire royal Name: Space Curiosities Email: space.curiosities.ma@gmail.com Phone: 00212649558190 Town: Fes Address: Fes, Boulevard Mohamed VI, Fès, Maroc Affiliation: Independent Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/SpaceCuriosities, https://www.youtube.com/c/SpaceCuriosities, https://www.instagram.com/space.curiosities.insta Name: AUI Astronomy Club Email: astronomy@aui.ma Phone: 212535862767 Town: Ifrane Address: Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco Affiliation: Independent Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/aui.astronomyclub/ Name: High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Club Email: hepac.ucam@gmail.com Town: Marrakech Address: Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Blvd Prince Moulay Abdellah, Marrakech 40000 Affiliation: Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech - Morocco Website: https://sites.google.com/view/hepac/home Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/HEPAC.Officielle Name: Africathon Email: hibatallah.rharrassi@emines.um6p.ma Phone: +212610687583 Town: Ben Guerir Address: Mohamed 6 Polytechnic university, Benguerir, Morocco Affiliation: Emines school of industrial management, UM6P Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/ Africathon-100530352055029 , https://www.instagram.com/africathon_/ Name: Association Sahara d'Astronomie Email: meteoriteman2001@yahoo.fr Phone: +212614776696 Town: Laâyoune Address: Complexe Sosiocultiral Alamal Affiliation: Ministère des jeunes et du sport Social Media: www.facebook.com/325045558114168 Name: Club ALWAHDA Email: ahmed.abom@gmail.com Phone: +212655609637 Town: AOUSSERD Address: Bir Gandouz Affiliation: Lycée Collège ALWAHDA Social Media: https://facebook.com/LYCEECOLLEGEALWAHDA Name: The Astronomy Club of Ibn Tufail, Dakhla Email: hb.hichame@gmail.com Phone: 212672630346 Town: Dakhla Address: Ibn Tufail Preparatory High School, Dakhla Affiliation: Ibn Tufail Preparatory High School, Dakhla

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Name: Space club Email: Ilhamdriouech2@gmail.com, space.club.am@gmail.com Phone: 2120632790930 Town: Meknes Address: National high school of arts and crafts,15290 MEKNES MARAJNE 2 Affiliation: National high school of arts and crafts, Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/SpaceClubENSAMMeknes, https://instagram.com/space.ensam Name: Sahara Astronomy Association Email: bendahhoua@gmail.com Phone: 00212661210242 Town: Meknes Address: Rue du Tetouan, Meknès, Maroc Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/325045558114168

MOZAMBIQUE

Name: Detetives do Comos Email: detetives.cosmos@gmail.com Phone: 258842605762 Town: Maputo Address: Boane, Maputo, Mozambique Affiliation: Independente Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/Detetives-doCosmos-110102813986748

NAMIBIA

Name: Astronomy Study Group of Namibia Scientific Society Email: nwg@iway.na Phone: +264 61 225 372 Town: Windhoek Address: 110 Robert Mugabe Avenue, Windhoek, Namibia Affiliation: Namibia Scientific Society Website: http://astronwg.wordpress.com/ Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/pg/astro.nwg

NIGERIA

Name: Young Astronomers Club Email: youngastronomersclub.unn@gmail.com Phone: +2349011219646 Town: Nsukka, Enugu state Address: University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu state. Affiliation: University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Social Media: Twitter: Young Astronomers Club UNN, Facebook: Young Astronomers UNN, Whatsapp: Young Astronomers club. Name: Imsu Astronomical Union Email: iheanacho22.pj@gmail.com Phone: +2348103407974 Town: Owerri Address: Owerri, Nigeria Affiliation: Imo state university, Owerri, Nigeria Name: Astrojet Email: astroject01@gmail.com Phone: +2347032736559 Town: Emure Ekiti Address: Online Affiliation: Independent Social Media: https://web.facebook.com/astrojet01/?_rdc=1&_rdr Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Phone: +2348034888991 Town: Abuja Address: 26, Hassan Usman Katsina Street, Asokoro, Abuja, Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International

DATA BASE

Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Phone: +2348034888992 Town: Ife Address: Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,Ife Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Town: Lagos Address: Ikeja, Lagos Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Town: Lokoja Address: Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Town: Abuja Address: Mararaba, Nassarawa State, Abuja Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Phone: +2348034888993 Town: Kano Address: Bayero University Kano (BUK) New Site Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria Name: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) Nigeria Email: yinkaojay@gmail.com Town: Garaku Address: St Peter's college, Garaku Affiliation: Astronomers Without Borders (AWB) International Website: https://www.awbnigeria.org Social Media: @AWBNigeria

SENEGAL

Name: Astropy Email: pythonsy275@gmail.com Phone: +221779451000 Town: Diourbel Address: Thierno Kandji, Diourbel, Senegal Affiliation: Indépendant Social Media: Facebook :Astropy Name: CLUB ASTRO SENEGAL AMATEURS (CASA) Email: nino96jr@gmail.com Phone: +221778537451 Town: Dakar Address: Sicap Mbao, Dakar, Senegal Affiliation: Indépendant Social Media: Seulement disponible sur WhatsApp

Name: Prytanee militaire de saint-louis Email: layelemajor05@gmail.com Phone: +221783830149 Town: Saint-louis Sénégal Address: Prytanée militaire de saint Louis senegal/ Dakar-bango Affiliation: Indépendant

SOUTH AFRICA

Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa Email: assabfn@gmail.com, info@assa.saao.ac.za Town: Bloemfontein Address: Email the centre Affiliation: Independent Website: http://www.assabfn.co.za, https://assa.saao.ac.za/ Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa Email: info@assa.saao.ac.za Town: Pretoria Address: Email the centre Affiliation: Independent Website: http://www.pretoria-astronomy.co.za , https://assa.saao.ac.za/ Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/groups/4935813132 Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa Email: capecentregmail.com , info@assa.saao.ac.za Town: Cape Town Address: Email the centre Affiliation: Independent Website: http://www.capecentre.org.za, https://assa.saao.ac.za/ Social Media: www.facebook.com/capecentre, https://twitter.com/ capecentre Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa Email: particles@mweb.co.za, info@assa.saao.ac.za Town: Garden Route Address: Email the centre Affiliation: Independent Website: https://assa.saao.ac.za/ Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa Email: astronomydurban@gmail.com, info@assa.saao.ac.za Town: Durban Address: Email the centre Affiliation: Independent Website: http://www.astronomydurban.co.za , https://assa.saao.ac.za/ Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/groups/376497599210326/, https://www.instagram.com/astronomydurban/ Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa Email: https://infohermanusastronomy.co.za, info@assa.saao.ac.za Town: Hermanus Address: Email the centre Affiliation: Independent Website: https://www.hermanusastronomy.co.za, https://assa.saao.ac.za/ Social Media: See website Name: Space and Astronomy Society, University of Cape Town Email: spacesoc@myuct.ac.za Town: Cape Town Address: University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa Affiliation: University of Cape Town Name: Students for the Exploration and Development of Space, South Africa Email: sedssouthafrica@gmail.com Town: Cape Town Affiliation: Independent Website: https://SEDSsouthafrica.blogspot.com Social Media: Twitter: @SEDSSouthAfrica African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

DATA BASE

Name: Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, Johannesburg Centre Email: secretary@astronomyjhb.co.za or chairperson@astronomyjhb.co.za Town: Johannesburg Address: There is no fixed location, please email them. Affiliation: Independent Website: https://astronomyjhb.co.za Social Media: Facebook: @assajhb Instagram: @assa_jhb, twitter.com/assajhb/

Website https://www.jsdjerba.org Social Media https://www.facebook.com/jsdjerba/

SUDAN

Name: Pavillon de l'Univers Cité des Sciences à Tunis Phone: 0021698484025 Town: Tunis Address: Boulevard de la Cité des Sciences à Tunis 1082 Tunisie Affiliation: Associé à une organisation (par exemple un planétarium, etc.) Website: http://www.cst.rnu.tn Social Media: Cité des Sciences à Tunis

Name: Astronomy and Meteorology Assembly Email: abubakar9590@yahoo.com Phone: +249 129303089 Town: Omdurman Address: Moon Pharmacy, Ombada, Affiliation: Omdurman Islamic University Faculty of Scince and Technology

TANZANIA

Name: Mugabe Astronomy club Email: nkafugugu@gmail.com Phone: 0652073834 Town: Dar es salaam Address: 33034, Dar es salaam, tanzania Affiliation: Mugabe Secondary School

Name: Mbezi Inn Secondary School Email: Beatymassawe@gmail.com Phone: 0756960182 Town: Dar es salaam Address: Mbezi inn

TOGO

Name: ONG SG2D (Science Géologique pour un Développement Durable) Email: sg2dtogo@gmail.com Town: Lomé Website: https://www.ongsg2dtogo.org Social Media: Twitter: @Sg2dTogo

TUNISIA

Name: " Tunisian Association of "youth and sciences" Email: benkadidakhawla@gmail.com Town: Tunis Address: Hyba Residency, km23 RN1 Borj Cedria Name: Astronomical Society of Tunisia Email: satunisia@gmail.com Phone: +21622977454 Town: Tunis Address: Société Astronomique de Tunisie Cité des Sciences à Tunis Rue La Cité des Sciences à Tunis 1082 – B.P. 114, Tunis 1004 Affiliation: Independent Website: https://www.sat.tn Social Media: https://www.facebook.com/SATienLibre/ Name: Association jeunes et sciences kairouan Email: khaledsegni@gmail.com Town: Kairouan Address: Rue tarbia kairouan 3100 tunisia Affiliation: Independent Name: Association Jeunes Science De Tunisie. Club De Djerba Email: jsdjerba@gmail.com Phone: 97202484 Town: Djerba Address: Association Jeunes science Club de Djerba, Tunisie Affiliation: Indépendant

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Name: Club d'Astronomie du Lycée de Sbiba Email: zarairidha5@gmail.com Phone: +21696926505 Town: Sbiba Address: Lycée Secondaire de Sbiba, Avenue de la Lybie, 1270 Sbiba Affiliation: Associé à une école ou une université

Name: Société Astronomique de Tunisie Section de Sbiba Email: zarairidha@yahoo.fr Phone: +21696926505 Town: Sbiba Address: Maison des Jeunes de Sbiba, 1270 Sbiba Tunisie Affiliation: Société Astronomique de Tunisie

ZIMBABWE

Name: Applied Physics and Astronomy Club (APAC) Email: thobekilesn@gmail.com Town: Bulawayo Address: Cnr Cecil Avenue & Gwanda Road Affiliation: National University of Science and Technology

https://www.africanastronomicalsociety.org/amateur-astronomyassociations-in-africa/

QUIZ

FUN! ASTRO-QUIZ PUT YOUR SPACE SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE TO THE TEST. CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER FROM THE FOLLOWING:

1 2 3 4 5

Different planets take different amounts of time to make one complete rotation along their axis and so they have different lengths of days (solar days). Arranged from longest to shortest time, which of the following is correct? A. Venus, Mercury, Mars, Earth B. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars C. Mercury, Mars, Venus, Earth D. Venus, Mercury, Mars, Earth

There are active volcanoes on a certain moon that orbits one of the planets in our Solar System. What is the name of this moon? A. Calypso B. Ganymede C. Titan D. Io

Different planets take different amounts of time to make one complete revolution around the Sun. Arranged from shortest to longest time, which of the following is correct? A. Earth, Uranus, Mars, Neptune B. Neptune, Uranus, Mars, Earth C. Earth, Mars, Uranus, Neptune D. Uranus, Earth, Mars, Neptune

What is the name of the planet around which the moon mentioned above orbits? A. Saturn B. Uranus C. Jupiter D. Neptune

The period that the Earth takes to revolve once around the Sun is approximately a _______ A. day B. year C. week D. month

Daytime is longer in the summer because the Earth spins more slowly in the summer months. A. True B. False

The Sun is a huge ball of very hot gas in space, which radiates heat and light in one direction. A. True B. False Burning is a process that requires oxygen to occur. The Sun is a huge ball of very hot gas because there is continuous burning of gases therein. A. True B. False During the day, we cannot see any stars at all. A. True B. False

African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

QUIZ

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

The period that the Earth takes to make one full rotation on its axis is approximately a _______ A. day B. year C. week D. month Which planet has its year shorter than its day? A. Pluto B. Mercury C. Earth D. Venus

19 20

Which planet in our Solar System spins the fastest? A. Saturn B. Earth C. Jupiter D. Mercury The area that separates the inner planets from the outer ones is referred to as the A. Kuiper belt B. Oort belt C. Asteroid belt D. Terrestrial belt The two main gases found in the Sun are: A. Oxygen & Nitrogen B. Hydrogen & Oxygen C. Hydrogen & Helium D. Hydrogen & Lithium Stars have the same temperatures, sizes and brightness. A. True B. False Which of the following is the biggest of the terrestrial planets? A. Jupiter B. Mercury C. Mars D. Earth

Which of the following planets in our Solar System has the most number of natural satellites? A. Earth B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Jupiter

Earth’s orbit around the Sun takes more time than its rotation along its axis. A. True B. False

African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

The Earth rotates along its axis from ______ A. West to East B. East to West Which of the following facts about the Earth is incorrect? A. The direction and angle of the Earth’s tilt do not change B. Its seasons occur as a result of its angle of tilt C. For six months of the year the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun D. It is the fifth largest planet of the outer planets. *Correct answers will be provided in our next edition, keep an eye on www.sciencestars.co.za

LEARN ABOUT APA BECOME A MEMBER

www.africanplanetarium.org info@africanplanetarium.org

ADVERTORIAL

What APA does

African Planetarium Association lends a hand in the fight against Covid-19 The fight against Covid-19 is far from over. Countries, throughout the world, are still scrambling to get as many people vaccinated. Funding has also been a concern for many countries using parts of the annual budgets to buy vaccines. In 2020 the African Planetarium Association (APA) also committed itself to helping in the alleviation of COVID-19 induced stress/pressure. To this end the APA has partnered with the Office for Astronomy for Development (OAD) to share support towards the OAD annual call for COVID-19 related projects. To this end, APA donated part of its early budget towards four projects selected through the OAD call. A bit of background: The African Planetarium Association (APA) is an affiliate of the International Planetarium Association, working under the umbrella of the African Astronomical Society (AfAS). It was created to become a network of planetaria and their development across Africa. The association is therefore the link between planetaria in Africa with those in the rest of the world. The Association was launched at the Iziko Museum and Digital Dome in Cape Town in March 2019, alongside the re-launch of the African Astronomical Society. More details about this and the APA in general can be found at the APA website: www.africanplanetarium.org

African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za

- Coordinate the International network of planetaria across Africa and serves as reference toward the IPS members outside Africa. - Participate in conferences and events to market and grow the APA community and its expertise. These events will include National and International Science events and planetarium events e.g. World Space Week, Global Astronomy Month, International Planetarium Day, National Science week, International day of the girl child etc. - Create awareness of available planetarium resources within the APA community and develop resources of special relevance to the African contexts. - Organize regional conferences. - Promote regional workshops and training on planetarium technology and software, communication skills and voice training for presenters, production of planetarium content. - Promote student training programmes to enable them to contribute to planetaria as presenters and operators, with technical support and through participation in outreach activities. - Promote exchange programs for African planetaria to access training in the IPS communities. - Foster the collaboration with African based science centres to enrich science communication and education, in particular in astronomy. - Promote astro and eco-tourism. - Share information on planetarium software and hardware, full dome videos and films, and educational resources with APA members with emphasis on resources that are freely available. - Promoting the creation of local African planetarium contents to be showcase both in Africa and internationally. - Promote fundraiser activities to support APA and planetaria in connection with local government and non-government Institutions. - Negotiate with IPS discounts for African members to attend global meetings, conferences and workshops. - Negotiate with planetarium service providers to have discounted rates for their products.

TRIBUTE

A TRIBUTE TO ZAMBIA’S LATE SCIENCE STAR By: Prospery Simpemba teaching and research. He was an anchor in organizing DARA Basic Training in Radio Astronomy in Zambia and he did the same for many other workshops and seminars in astronomy, heliophysics and solar energy among others. Nchimy graduated with a Bachelor of Science with Education (BSc Ed) degree, with physics a single major on 18th of November 2000, from the University of Zambia. He proceeded to pursue a Master of Science (MSc) degree in Desert Studies with a Specialty in Solar Energy and Environmental Physics at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, in Israel where he graduated on the 15th of June 2005.

Nchimunya Mwiinga (1974 – 2021)

t was Boxing Day, 26 December 1974, that Nchimunya Mwiinga was born in Monze, Southern Province of Zambia. Like always, the expectations were high for baby Nchimunya who

grew up to become one among Zambia’s science heros. Below, I profile Nchimunya Mwiinga, fondly known as Nchimy, who answered the call of the Lord on the 7th of February 2021 when he succumed to a short illness in Lusaka, Zambia. Nchimy was, until his untimely death, Zambia’s Country Coordinator for SAROAD and a Physics Lecturer at the University of Zambia. He served as Africa Regional Coordinator for Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) from 2003 - 2007. He was elected President of the Students Union for the period October 2002 to December 2003 at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. Many will agree with me that the man can be genuinely described as visionary, versatile, motivational team player, full of zeal and self-drive. He has inspired many young minds into pursuing physics and he will be fondly missed by all of us. He was an inspiration in the formation of the Physics Society of Zambia having served as an interim board member. We remember him for many achievements in education, outreach,

Nchimunya Mwiinga was truly a great educator and global science coordinator. “The world is richer for your having been with us,” - Anthony Coster, USA. “Nchimunya was a selfless man who did everything within his power to make an impact in our lives,” - Jackson Siantuba, Zambia. “He was a true astronomy for development champion,” - Pedro Ruso, Netherlands. “In celebrating Nchimenya’s life, I hope for us all to take inspiration from his dedication, warmth and kindness,” - Kevin Govender, South Africa. Nchimy’s genuine personality was self-evident and not something he could claim as we could all see it. He was a friendly educator, a science communication champion, a cheerful person who was able to interact with all without any form of restriction or hindrance. Too often on this continent our heroes die young. Every time one of our brothers and sisters fall a hole is left that is not only felt in the present but in all the lost contributions that they would have made to our future. We take recognition of the many contributions that Nchimunya Mwiinga made to the development of science, astronomy and space physics in Zambia, in particular, and the entire Southern African region. May his soul rest in eternal peace.

*The writer, Prospery Simpemba is the regional coordinator for the Southern African Regional Office of Astronomy for Development, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia. Contact: pcs200800@gmail.com African Science Stars Issue 1 | www.assap.co.za