This submission draws on the ACB’s extensive research and its fact sheet series on the various Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) targets which provide the analytical foundation for understanding SA’s obligations under the GBF. It reflects the ACB’s deep concern that the ongoing revision of SA’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) lacks a meaningful, accessible mechanism for civil society participation, contrary to the GBF’s explicit requirement for whole-of-government and whole-of-society processes.