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Anatomy
nostrils lungs
anterior air sacs parabronchi lungs bro nc hu s posterior air sacs
Inhaling The air sacs inflate as the body cavity expands and air is drawn from the beak into the posterior sacs. At the same time, the air that was in the lungs is drawn into the anterior sacs.
nasal cavity: consists of several interconnected chambers.
beak opening w
Exhaling
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windpipe:
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air sacs
ed
reinforced with cartil-age rings to prevent it from closing during breathing. Branches into two smaller tubes (bronchi).
The windpipe is more than just a hollow tube
NH3
tissue
cilia are not functioning properly, harmful pathogens can penetrate deep into the body because the air sacs are distributed throughout the body. This is different from mammals, in which these organisms don’t get further than the lungs.
formalin
rig ht
mucus layer
3. Immune cells in the lungs that kill harmful pathogens. If the
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The incoming air is freed from impurities in three ways: 1. The mucous lining traps impurities. 2. Cilia push impurities back up to the throat, but other substances such as particulates and bacteria can penetrate further into the respiratory system. cilia
The air in the posterior sacs is pushed into the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. The air from the anterior sacs is also exhaled now. This creates a non-stop, one-way flow of air through the lungs.
anterior air sacs parabronchi lungs bro nc hu s posterior air sacs
co py
dust
Inhaled air is cleaned by cilia in the windpipe which work mucous and any adhered particles back up to the beak.
Contact with irritants such as formalin in the hatcher affects the cilia, stopping the mucous lining from moving and causing it to thicken.
Harmful particles remain enclosed in the stationary mucous lining.
These harmful particles infect the underlying tissue.
Signals of respiratory infections
Early infection, runny nose, half-closed eyes 8. B re a t h i n g a n d h e a t stres s
Advanced respiratory problem
Severe infection: nose and eyes are completely closed 97
