100 Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 –10
84 71
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GVC integration (%)
Figure 4.9 Links to Manufacturing GVCs, by Industry: Minerals and Metals Exporters
Backward integration 2015
Forward integration 2015
∆ GVC participation 2015–1995
∆ Backward integration 2015–1995
∆ Forward integration 2015–1995
GVC participation 2015
Source: Abreha et al. 2019. Note: GVC = global value chain.
100 or more employees, have been in business for five years or longer, and are more likely to have foreign equity or possess a foreign technology license. Participants in GVCs that are importers of intermediate inputs and exporters are more likely to be owned by foreign investors (or more likely to receive foreign direct investment) than other manufacturers, particularly in countries such as Kenya, Senegal, and Uganda among the non-resource-rich group; Ghana and Zambia among the minerals- and metals-rich group; and Cameroon and Nigeria among oil exporters. This is also the case in the key comparator countries, including Indonesia and Vietnam. Such establishments are more likely than other establishments to operate under a foreign technology license in countries such as Uganda in the non-resource-rich group, South Africa in the minerals- and metals-rich group, and Cameroon and Nigeria in the oil exporters, as is the case in Vietnam.
Comparison of Establishments in Sub-Saharan Africa and Benchmark Countries
Establishments with backward and forward links are present in different industries across the different country groups in Sub-Saharan Africa and are comparable to their counterparts in the benchmark countries.