essential german gramar

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Word formation

11.2 The formation of nouns PREFIXES used to form nouns usually narrow down the meaning of the root noun in some way: Erz-

arch-, out and out

der Feind → der Erzfeind arch enemy

Fehl-

opposite or negative

die Kalkulation → die Fehlkalkulation miscalculation

Ge- … -(-e) (vowel change)

from nouns: collectives

der Berg → das Gebirge mountain range der Stern → das Gestirn stars, constellation (of stars)

Ge- … -(-e)

from verbs: repeated action schwätzen → das Geschwätz chattering, drivel

Grund-

basic, essential

die Tendenz → die Grundtendenz basic tendency

Haupt-

main

der Bahnhof → der Hauptbahnhof main station

Miss-

opposite or negative

der Brauch → der Missbrauch misuse

Mit-

co-, fellow-

der Reisende → der Mitreisende fellow traveller

Nicht-

non-

der Raucher → der Nichtraucher non-smoker

Riesen-

augmentative ( huge)

der Erfolg → der Riesenerfolg huge success

Schein-

not real, imaginary

der Erfolg → der Scheinerfolg illusory success

Un-

opposite, abnormal

der Mensch → der Unmensch inhuman person

Ur-

original

die Sprache → die Ursprache original language

Many other ‘augmentative’ prefixes are common in colloquial German, indicating that something is huge, enormous or important, often excessively so, e.g. Affengeschwindigkeit, Bombengeschäft, Heidenlärm, Höllendurst, Mordsapparat, Spitzenbelastung, Superhit, Teufelskerl, Topmanager.

SUFFIXES commonly used to form nouns are almost always linked to a particular

GENDER

(see 2.2–2.4): -chen, -lein ( Umlaut) neuter

diminutives from nouns

die Stadt → das Städtchen little town das Buch → das Büchlein little book

-e

( Umlaut) feminine

abstract nouns from adjectives

groß → die Größe size lang → die Länge length

feminine

action or instrument from verbs

absagen → die Absage refusal bremsen → die Bremse brake

feminine

place where something is done

der Bäcker → die Bäckerei bakery Bücher (pl.) → die Bücherei library

feminine

annoying repeated action, from verbs

schreien → die Schreierei constant screaming angeben → die Angeberei excessive boasting

-e -ei -erei


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essential german gramar by Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues - Issuu