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bottom-up approach, elaborating new development paradigms that are as inclusive as possible, and that include migrants, both as individuals and organized in groups and associations79. The challenges of pandemics in urban societies In 1979, the Municipality of Venice promoted a very uncommon exhibition, located in Palazzo Ducale80, and dedicated to the plague outbreaks that over the centuries ravaged the city. The exhibition catalogue, entitled “Venice and the Plague 1348/1797”81 approached the different waves of various plagues historically, analyzing their effects from various points of view in a transversal and integrated manner. The exposition and especially its catalogue was not only based on the works of art and architecture connected with the plagues in Venice. The number of scientific texts in the catalogue, linked to each other in a very interesting comparative analysis, dealt with the demographic, social, cultural, architectural, artistic, but also juridical, epidemiological and sanitary effects of the pestilences, analyzing their influence on the urban, social and International Organization for Migration (IOM) e Joint Migration and Development Initiative (JMDI) 2015, Mainstreaming migration into local development planning and beyond (White Paper), Geneva, p. 11. 80 The Doge’s Palace (Italian: Palazzo Ducale) is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, in the inner center of the city of Venice (Italy). The palace was the seat of the Government of the Venetian Republic, as well as the residence of the Doge of Venice, the supreme authority of the former Republic. Construction started in XII century, and the building was extended and modified in the following centuries. It became a museum in 1923. 81 Assessorato alla cultura e alle belle arti 1979, Venezia e la Peste, 13481797, Marsilio editori, Venezia. 79